Iš lietuvių kalbotyros terminų istorijos

L I E T U V I Ų T E R M I N O L O G I J A L I E T U V O S T S R M O K S L Ų A K A D E M I J A TERMINOLOGICAL STUDIES, REVIEWS FROM THE HISTORY OF LITHUANIAN LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY 1. Letter The need for a term denoting a written character arose already for M. Mažvydas, who in his “Catechism” (1547) also printed the first Lithuanian primer, “A Cheap and Short Guide to Reading and Writing.” In this reading lesson, just four pages long, we find terms for the sections on letters and their basic elements (including sounds). Mažvydas regarded the written character as the basic element of reading and coined a neologism for it, skaitytinė: Skaitytiniu ira 27. Didžas…Mažas… In terms of formation, skaitytines can be compared with such participial derivatives as adytinis, dažytinis, dėvėtinis, penėtinis, mergautinis, kapotinis, and the like. Such words are used as adjectives. There are, admittedly, several dozen names for bearers of verbal properties with the suffix -tinis, -ė, close in meaning to names for the result and object of an action¹. Among these derivatives are quite a few neologisms: auklėtinis, įgaliotinis, rinktinė, statytinis, sumuštinis. Among the older examples, rokuotinė, “number sign,” R 408, N, K, is worth mentioning. Although Mažvydas’s neologism is formed in an unusual way, it survived for a relatively long time alongside later synonyms formed for it, skaitytinės—even until the beginning of the 19th century. Pirmiausia jis vartojamas B. Vilento „Enchiridiono“ vertime (1579): „… vertais mus padarė uredą daryti naujo testamento ne skaitytinės, bet dvasės. Nesa skaitytinė užmuš, bet dvasia atgydo“ Vln ElO³². Kitas Rytų Prūsijos religinių raštų vertėjas S. Vaišnoras 1600 m. išleistame „Margaritos Teologikos“ vertime taip pat vartojo skaitytines: Anabaptistai… apjuokė mokslą dangiškąjį, kaip skaitytinę numirusią MT5; … pagalei pačios skaitytinės (t. y. raidškai)… MT150. J. Bretkūnas also used a slightly modified form of this neologism, skaitydinė, in his translation of the Bible (manuscript from around 1590): Until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest skaitydinė, not a single jot of the law BBMt5, 18; see also PvR2, 29, 2PvK3, 6, 2PvK3, 7. We also find the masculine form in this translation: And there was also an inscription written on it in Greek skaitydiniais BBLuk23, 38. Lithuanian seems to have no derivatives formed in this way³. It is difficult to guess why J. Bretkūnas “improved” M. Mažvydas’s neologism. 1 See Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I, 1965, p. 323, 571. 2 The spelling of old texts and the abbreviations for sources are the same as in the academic Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 3 With the formant d, there is only the adjectival suffix -ūdinis, used to designate various varieties of apples. 232 Skaitytinė is also used several times (3 times, with litera added in parentheses) in S. Bytner’s translation of the New Testament (1701), see BtPvR2, 29. It is more often used with litera in parentheses; see PvR7, 6, 2PvK3, 6, 2PvK₃, 7. In other similar instances where the New Testament translators use the concept of a letter, Bytner expressed the idea in different words: žymelė at Luk16, 17, Mt5, 18, and jota at Mt5, 18. As an equivalent of the German word Buchstabe, skaitytines was also included in their dictionaries by the earliest authors of East Prussian dictionaries. Skaitytines are found in the manuscript of Krause’s German-Lithuanian dictionary (17th century) (p. 105), in the late-17th-century manuscript dictionary “Clavis Germanico-Lithvana,” see C17, 405, and in J. Brodowski’s manuscript “Lexicon Germanico-Litvanicum” (early 18th century) (p. 301). In F. W. Haack’s dictionary “Vocabularium…” (1730), alongside skaitytinė (p. 116), the synonym raštelis is also included (p. 165). In “Deutsch-Littauisches Lexicon…” (1747), Pilypas Ruigys, in addition to the earlier terms skaitytinė and raštelis at R87, provided two further neologisms: the analogous derivative rašytinė (and the word combination rašytines sudėmi) and a derivative formed in a different way, raštinėlis (see the entry rašau). All these neologisms were repeated in K. Milkus’s dictionary “Littauisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Littauisches Wörterbuch” (1800), see pp. 218, 240, and 114. Only beside skaitytinės (see the entry skaityau) is there a note that it is supposedly a not very understandable word (nicht sehr verständlich), while beside raštinėlio (see the entry rašau) it is described as not very well known (nicht sehr bekannt).4 In 19th-century East Prussian primers, M. Mažvydas’s neologism skaitytinė was used, for example, in Naujasis Pibelis, arba Knygelės, iš kurių Kudikiai gal išsimokinti Skaitytines pažint… (c. 1839), as was the adaptation bokštavas of the German word Buchstabe; see Naujasis Pibelis, arba Knygelės, iš kurių Kudikiai gal išsimokinti Bokštavus pažint… (1808)5. Skaitytinės also appeared in newspapers published there: Apačioj stambiomis skaitytinėmis to abrozdo vardas padrukavotas LC1879, 41. In Bibles, alongside skaitytinių (2PvK3, 6), other neologisms were also used: rašytinė (PvR7, 6) and raštelis (Mt5, 18, Luk16, 17). They are found in the editions of 1816, 1863, 1895, and even 1931. Consequently, these terms are also included in the dictionaries of G. Nesselmann (1851) and F. Kurschat (1870, 1883) as equivalents of Buchstabe: skaitytinė N474, K376, K1267; rašytinė K346, K1267; raštelis N429; bokštavas K1267. G. Nesselmann’s dictionary also contains the synonym raštinė and repeats P. Ruigys’s diminutive neologisms raštinėlis and raštinėle (p. 429). In 19th-century primers and grammars published in Vilnius, skaitytines are found only in K. Nezabitauskis’s “Naujas mokslas skaitymo” (1824): … džiaugdamos tais abrozdeliais, arba paveikslais, … išmoksite skaitytinių, arba literų (preface); skaitytinės sudėtos (p. 3); and in K. Kasakauskis’s “Kalbrėda liežuvio žemaitiško” (1832). Lietuvoje leidžiamuose raštuose jau nuo M. Daukšos „Postilės“ (1599) iki XIX a. pabaigos beveik ištisai vartojamas iš lenkų kalbos paimtas lotyniškas terminas litera (žr. DP141, 373, 423, SD33, 134 ir kt.) ir aplietuvinta jo forma litara. Abi šios formos buvo vartojamos dažniausiai ir „Aušroje“. ⁴ In northeastern Lithuania, the word rašytinis is known in the sense “shaft, pole of a fence,” which probably should be associated with the meaning of rašyti, “to make a mark, draw a line”; cf. J. Otrębski, Wschodniolitewskie narzecze twereckie, I, p. 179. ⁵ Žr. Lietuvos TSR bibliografija, I, Vilnius, 1969, p. 447—448. 233 However, as authors of Lithuanian grammars began to create Lithuanian terms, they also coined equivalents for literos. In “Prasma lotynų kalbos” (1837) and his primer (1842), S. Daukantas used the neologism rodbalsė. This formation is rare (cf. sėbiržė, sravažolė). Formations with the reverse order of components—a noun and a verb—are more common (e.g., musmirė, sienpiovys, duobkasys, kelrodis, and so on). Consequently, it had few followers: rodbalsę was used by J. Juška in “Kalbos lietuviško liežuvio” (1861), and it is recorded in the dictionaries of G. Nesselmann (p. 319), F. Kurschat (p. 357), and M. Miežinis (p. 208). Another term introduced by S. Daukantas, balsė, a translation of the Polish głoska, was more widely used to denote both a letter and a vowel. J. Juška used it as a synonym for literų in “Ištarimas raštženklų,” in the spelling comments accompanying his brother Antanas’s editions of folk songs (1880, 1883). M. Miežinis also called letters Balsėmis in his grammar (1886). At the beginning of his linguistic career (while still studying at the Kaunas Priest Seminary in 1871—1875), K. Jaunius used the neologism balsrodis: Balsrodis in manuscript articles (also called raidė, lot. litera yra matomas ženklas kokio norintais garsnio: a, b, d, ir kt6). It seems that this term remained in the manuscripts and was not used more widely. Another neologism coined by K. Jaunius, raštženklis, formed around 1878, met with greater success7, and he used it when teaching Lithuanian in Kaunas from 1885 onward8. J. Juška adopted this commonly formed neologism and used it in the aforementioned explanations of the spelling of the song collections gathered by his brother, in “Ištarimas raštženklų” (1880) and “Raštženkliai” (1883). The term is also found in the periodical press, for example, in “Aušra” (1884, 287), “Lietuviška ceitunga” (1887, 38), “Tėvynės sargas” (p. 20 of the 1899 supplement), and in separate publications, for example, A. Jakštas’s “Mūsų alfabeto klausimas” (1914). Later, some authors also used raštženkliai to mean punctuation marks; for example, in A. Lelis’s “Lenkų ir lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (1912), punktuacija is rendered by the phrase raštženklų statymas. Before the current term for ‘letter’ became established in the late 19th century, earlier neologisms coined by authors of East Prussian and Lithuanian writings were used in print alongside litaros. For example, in the short article “Žodelis del Prūsų lietuvininkų” in the first issue of “Aušra,” alongside litarų we also find skaitines (2 times), rašytines (2 times), rašmenes (1 time): Dabar jau visas svietas pripažino, kad lotyniškosios litaros (skaitytinės, rašytinės, rašmenės) geresnės ir gražesnės yra ir akių teip negadina 1883, 21. One such neologism was rašmenė, nominative plural rašmenės9. In forming it, the model seems to have been literos and its Lithuanian equivalents skaitytinė, rašytinė, which are feminine. Over time, however, this neologism was replaced by the masculine form rašmuo, nominative plural rašmenys10. More words of this type of formation are masculine, 6 See K. Jaunius’s manuscripts in the Manuscript Department of the National Library, F23—16, p. 95, and also pp. 57, 73, and 74. The manuscript notebook was written in 1870—1873. 7 See the aforementioned K. Jaunius manuscripts in the National Library, F23—17, p. 2. The term is also used in a letter to A. Juška (1879.III.6) about the spelling of his songs; see LTI549—562. 8 See his Lithuanian-language lectures, hectographed in Dorpat in 1897 under the title “Lietuviškas kn. Jaunio kalbomokslis.” 9 The plural form of this term varies in other issues: alongside … apie įvedimą rusiškų rašmenių į mūsų knygas, we also find … rusiškos rašmenys negali būti vartojamos mūsų knygose A 1883, 81. 10 Initially, the form rašmenis was used; see “Jablonskio raštai,” III, p. 80. This form is also found in J. Jablonskis’s 1919 and 1922 “Lietuvių kalbos gramatika”: Thus, letters are written signs of sounds. The letters of the alphabet follow one after another in a certain order /p. 5/. 234 e.g., akmuo, raumuo, tešmuo. The use of the masculine grammatical gender for the term was also endorsed by J. Jablonskis, who established it in his Lithuanian-language grammars. The present-day term for ‘letter’ began appearing in print in Aušra in 1883: …wipes off the wax and finds the impressions of letters (litaros) (p. 262), although otherwise litaros continued to predominate in this newspaper. Only Varpas used raidės almost consistently from the very beginning (1889), without even adding litaros in parentheses. What is the origin of this term? The history of the emergence of raidė should be linked to the Polish term gloska (translated from Latin vocales), which was used as a Polish synonym for litera. The term gloska is undoubtedly related to glos ‘voice’ and to the adjective glosny, which, besides the literal meaning ‘loud’, also has the figurative meaning ‘clear, obvious, distinct’. In nineteenth-century primers and linguistic writings, vowel sounds and letters were called by some authors with the calque balsemės of gloskos. A. Baranauskas, who taught a Lithuanian-language course at the Kaunas Priest Seminary (1871—1883), apparently did not like the ambiguity of balsė. He draws attention to the Eastern Aukštaitian word raidus, whose meaning is close to the aforementioned figurative meaning of glosny: Koks raidus audeklas (a cloth with clear, beautiful patterns)! Kp. Raidus koks raštas (a vivid, clearly visible pattern on a cloth) Pl. Katros raidis rašteliai, tai tą imsim panelė (d.) Kp. Su akiniais labai raidu, o be akinių nematau Dbk. For A. Baranauskas, raidus was a word in living speech: we find it used in linguistic letters and other manuscripts; see APhI94. Apparently, he derived the noun raidė from this adjective and, from 1872, began using it alongside litera in his lectures¹² and letters to linguists. For example, in an 1875 letter to H. Weber he wrote: Reikia gi vieno kalbomokslio, vienos rašybos ir draug parodymo, kaip lietuvininkai kiekvienos tarmės tas raides (literas) turi ištaryti, see APh I76. L. Geitler¹³ was the first to write about the term raidė used in A. Baranauskas’s grammar. K. Jaunius rejected this, as he did many other neologisms coined by his teacher. J. Jablonskis initially used litaros and raštženklai, and only from 1887 did he begin using raidės. Through his articles on spelling in the final decade of the previous century, this term became firmly established. This brief overview shows the various attempts to create a Lithuanian term for a written sign. Some linked the concept to reading (skaitytinė), others to writing (rašytinė, raštelis, rašmuo), and still others to voice (rodbalsė, balsrodė, i.e. a sign that indicates a voice). The concept is expressed most clearly by raštženklis—‘a sign of writing’. Although this term is a popular coinage, it is a little long and not very smooth to pronounce. 11 J. Karłowicz, Słownik języka polskiego, Warszawa, 1900, I, p. 845. Be to, gloska buvo vartojama ir spaudmenų reikšme, žr. ten pat, p. 844. 12 This is confirmed by a manuscript article by his student K. Jaunius, “Apei garsnius,” written in 1873. At its beginning, alongside the neologism balsrodis, the word raidė is also given; see K. Jaunius’s manuscripts in the Republican Library, F23—16, p. 95. 13 Žr. L. Geitler, Litauische Studien, Prag, 1875, p. 105. L. Geitleris lankėsi pas A. Baranauską 1873 m. Taigi raidės terminas sudarytas dar prieš šiuos metus. Pradžioje A. Baranauskas vartojo iš vokiškų žodynų paimtą Buchstabe atitikmenį raštelis: Kiekvienas balsas turi savo raštelį, arba literą; Rašteliu lietuviška kalba saviems žodžiams reikalauja 39; Balsiniai rašteliai esti. Žr. „Mokslas lietuviškos kalbos“ (p. 2—3) – seminaristo J. Lideikio rašytų lietuvių kalbos paskaitų užrašai Respublikinės bibliotekos rankraštyne PR25. 235 More convenient, single-stem terms rašmenė, rašmuo. However, Baranauskas’s calque raidė became established: though not entirely motivated, it is convenient, alongside the broader term rašmenų. The entirety of the letters of a language was initially called by the international word alphabet14 and the Polish word abecadło adapted as abėcėlė15. In his articles on spelling, J. Jablonskis also used the term alfabeto16, and only in the 1919 and 1922 editions of “Lithuanian Grammar” did he provide a suitable Lithuanian term for this concept—a suffixal derivative: raidynas: All the letters, brought together, are called the alphabet, or raidynas (p. 5). This term, as a synonym for the international term alphabet, is still used today. 2. Spelling In K. Širvydas’s dictionary, ortografia is translated as the science of writing, following the Polish pisania nauka SD296. When Lithuanian grammatical terminology began to be developed, the Lithuanian botanist J. Pabrėža was perhaps the first to coin a Lithuanian equivalent for this concept. In the preface to his work “Taislius auguminis,” prepared for publication in 1843, we find the neologism raštynė: „Apeji raszthumny | pisownia, lot. orthographia |, kokios cė jemiau. Žemaytiu rasztumny tór sawa įpatingumus…“ However, the work remained unpublished until 1900, so Pabrėža’s term could not gain currency. Moreover, there are few derivatives with the suffix -ūnė, whereas derivatives with the suffix -ūnas, denoting nomina agentis, are more numerous. Thus, the term raštynės was not suitable for expressing the concept of orthography. For a time, therefore, people were content with literal calques of orthography. Examples in Russian, правописание, and German, Rechtschreibung, also encouraged this. J. Juška used statrãšymą; see “Kalbos lietuviško liežuvio ir lietuviškas statrašymas, arba ortografija” (1861). This kind of compound noun is formed unusually: the components of adjective–noun compounds most often lack suffixes, e.g., juodžemis, blogmetis; among neologisms: juodraštis, švarraštis, greitraštis. K. Jaunius’s calque statrašas17 was more plausibly formed. Alongside this calque, J. Basanavičius added tiesrašti: Mūsų statrašas (tiesraštis, ortografija) yra Šleikerio pastatytasis in “Aušra,” 1883, 120. In “Varpas,” V. Kudirka used the feminine form statrašą: …uždraudimas lotyniškos statrašos 1889, 18. There we also find the adjective statrašiskas: Statrašiskų klaidų išrodyti neapsiimu 1889, 133. All these calques, although they differ in how objectionable their formal components are, are unsuitable for expressing the concept of orthography because of the semantics of their first element: neither upright nor straight writing conveys the prescriptions and rules for correct writing. Apparently for this reason A. Baranauskas took a different path: rejecting J. Juška’s statrašymui, he derived the suffixed noun rašyba from the verb rašyti. Nouns in -yba (more often plural) are old words of the Lithuanian spoken language, semantically close to derivatives in -imas: derybos, lažybos, šėrybos, dalyba, gamyba, and so on. 14 Žr. „Varpas“ 1889, 18; J. Basanavičius, Prie historijos mūsų rašybos, Tilžė, 1899; A. Jakštas, Mūsų alf abeto klausimas, Kaunas, 1914. 15 Indeed, for a long time this word meant the rudiments of reading and writing, see SD198. abėcėlė had the same meaning in the 19th century. We can see this from the titles of primers, for example, that of S. Daukantas (1842). 16 See Jablonskis’s writings, III, p. 7. 17 Šį terminą K. Jaunius vartojo laiške A. Juškai 1879. III. 6: … jei noram ištraukti visą naudą iš Tamstos daimų, būtinai reik įvesti į anų statrašą dar du rašženklu…; Sulyginus statrašus mūsų rašytojų…, žr. LTI550. 236 A. Baranauskas’s neologism18 was therefore understood and accepted as a term. He used rašybą as the equivalent of ortografijos in his Lithuanian-language lectures19 and in his 1875 letters to H. Weber: Kad Tamstai lengviau būtų mano gramatos skaityti ir suprasti, pasakysiu apie savo rašybą (orthographia); see APh174, and to Baudouin de Courtenay (1876), see LTI417. After some hesitation, K. Jaunius, too, accepted his teacher’s neologism and used it in his Lithuanian-language lectures20. The first use of the term rašybos in print is found in “Aušra” in 1883. The editor, J. Šliūpas, explains: Rašyba 5. numerio „Aušros“ raiba ne per mano kalčia 1883, 296. For a time, the term Rašybos was used in “Aušra” (see 1884, 26, 149, 243, 388, 421) alongside statrašų 1884, 211 and statrašymu 1884, 252. “Varpas,” too, switched relatively quickly from statrašas to rašybos. J. Jablonskis’s articles on spelling helped establish and popularize this term there: “Dar keletas žodžių apie mūsų rašybą” (1893, 8–10), “D-ro J. Basanavičiaus rašyba” (1894, 71–72). J. Jablonskis’s first use of the term rašybos terminą was perhaps in “Aušra” in 1884; see p. 149. Only the term rašybos is also used in J. Basanavičius’s essay “Prie istorijos mūsų rašybos,” Tilsit, 1899. As the term rašybos was becoming established, attempts were also made to coin other neologisms. One such form—rašysena—was immediately criticized by J. Jablonskis as having an unsuitable suffix for this concept21. Another, rašmena, was used only in J. Šopara’s short grammar “Trumpūtis lietuviškai rusiškas kalbomokslis,” Vilnius, 1906. The first dictionary to include rašyba was, as far as we can tell, A. Lelis’s “Lenkų ir lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (1912), where it appears as the equivalent of ortografija and pisownia.22 3. Dictionary The earliest printed or manuscript dictionaries of the Lithuanian language were given non-Lithuanian names, most often Latin or Greek ones. K. Širvydas called his “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (1620), F. Hakas—“Vocabularium Lithu anico-Germanicum et Germanico-Lithuanicum” (1730). An eighteenth-century dictionary by an unknown author is called “Clavis Germanico-Litvana.” P. Ruigys titled his dictionary “Littauisch-Deutsches und Deutsch-Littauisches Lexicon” (1747), and J. Brodovskis, “Lexicon Germanico-Litvanicum et Litvanico-Germanicum.” At the beginning of the nineteenth century, as Lithuanian-minded intellectuals became concerned with the development and rights of the Lithuanian language and began writing its dictionaries, a Lithuanian term was also needed to name this kind of lexicographic work. Perhaps the first to coin a Lithuanian slownik was Kajetonas Nezabitaukskis (1800–1876). 18 True, in the spoken language of the Lithuanians of East Prussia, the plural form rašybos was used in the sense of “will, inheritance,” for example: zuikelio rašybos. However, this word is found recorded only in K. Jurkšaitis’s collection of folktales (Litauische Märchen und Erzählungen, 1898, p. 40) and in translations in “Tiesos prietelius” (1880–1882); see A. Bezzenberger, Litauische Forschungen, 1882, pp. VII and 162. As we can see, it was published later than A. Baranauskas’s term and was probably unknown to him. 19 Žr. Kalbomokslis lietuviškos kalbos, Tilžė, 1896, p. 5. 20 Žr. Lietuviškas kn. Jaunio kalbomokslis (1897). Tačiau 1879.III.6 laiške A. Juškai vartojo dar statrašo terminą, žr. LTI550. 21 See Jablonskis’s writings, III, p. 12. Rašysena was used for this concept by M. Kuprevičius, who published the article “Is y needed in our rašysena?”, see “Varpas,” 1894, no. 4. 22 Rašybą randame ir M. Miežinio žodyno (1894) leidėjų pratarmėje, bet ten jis vartojamas „raštų, literatūros“ reikšme: „ ačiū pagalbai mylėtojų latviškai lietuviškos rašybos ir kalbos... Pačiame žodyne rašybos termino dar nėra. 237 term (since Polish-Lithuanian dictionaries were the most common) was coined by Kajetonas Nezabitaukskis (1800–1876). While still studying at Vilnius University, he had begun writing a Polish-Lithuanian dictionary and named it žodinyku23. This term is also found in the bibliography of Lithuanian books appended to his 1824 primer “Naujas mokslas skaitymo.” There he calls dictionaries žodininkais, or surinktžodžiais. These terms are not equally good. Surinktžodis is entirely unsuitable as a name for a dictionary because of its formation, and apparently no one else used it. Žodininkas is not entirely suitable either. Derivatives with this suffix most often denote persons, and sometimes a place. Thus, a place where words are written down is a žodininkas. Wordbook writer was also used as a term in his dictionary by D. Poška: “For you, brothers, I write a wordbook” (vol. I, p. 163; the dictionary itself is titled in Polish), by J. Juška in “Kalbose lietuviško liežuvio” (1861), and by A. Baranauskas at the beginning of his linguistic activity; see APh171. Wordbook writer was also the title D. Sutkevičius gave his handwritten Lithuanian-Latin-Polish dictionary, “Žodininkas Letuwiszkay-Lotiniszkay-Lenkiszkas” (1848). We find the shorter adjective-derived term žodinis used by S. Valūnas in a letter to D. Poška, “Rašančiam lietuvišką žodinį” (1826), and in L. Ivinskis’s manuscript Polish-Lithuanian dictionary as an equivalent of dykcijonarz. S. Daukantas coined the compound neologism žodrodis for the glossary appended to his translation of “Istorijos šventos” (Epitome historiae sacrae) (1838): Žodrodys toie kningeliee essontių žodiu. In the manuscript of his Polish-Lithuanian dictionary, dikcijonarz was left without an equivalent. A. Juška initially also called his dictionary žodrodžiu, but later replaced this neologism with žodininku24. Indeed, judging by its formation, žodrodis is too narrow a word to denote a dictionary. F. Kuršaitis vokiečių-lietuvių kalbos žodyne (1870) terminams Lexicon ir Wörterbuch pateikė verstinius atitikmenis žodinės knygos, žodknygės. How did the term for ‘dictionary’ come about? This neologism was coined in the first half of the 19th century. Dictionarium also needed a Lithuanian equivalent for the first Lithuanian botanist, Jurgis Pabrėža, who compiled a Lithuanian dictionary of botanical terms and a register of plant names. The term Žodyno is found in the titles of his works: Žodyns augmyniczėynvis – Dictionarium botanicum (1834) and Žodyns Biliu Augmyniczyniu Lotin-žemaytyniu (i.e., a register of plant names), written before 1843. 25 It is true that these works by J. Pabrėža were not published, but the term for ‘dictionary’ could also have spread through personal contacts. Moreover, in Žemaičių vyskupystė (1848), M. Valančius, describing learned men, lists several of J. Pabrėža’s botanical works. Among them he also mentions Žodyns Bilhu Augmyniczyniu lotin-žemajiniu26. Žodyno, as a well-formed derivative, seemed acceptable to the lexicographer Mikalojus Akelaitis. In a letter to M. Valančius dated 1856.IX.25, writing about a planned comparative dictionary of the Lithuanian language, he even explains why this term is supposedly bet- 23 Žr. A. Janulaitis, Kiprijonas Juozas Zabit is-Nezabitauskas, Kaunas, 1931, p. 70; Mažoji lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija, II, 1968, p. 691. 24 B. Tolutienė, Antanas Juška leksikografas, – „Literatūra ir kalba“, V, Vilnius, 1961, p. 153. 25 Žr. Jurgis Pabrėža (1771–1849), Vilnius, 1972, p. 98. Dėl žodyno termino rašybos žr. Z. Jonikaitės str. „Apie J. Pabrėžos botanikos veikalų rašybą“ cituojamoje knygoje (p. 62–65). 26 M. Valančius, Raštai, II, Vilnius, 1972, p. 275. 238 ter than the word-based form: “I call it ‘Žodinas,’ not Žodinis, as Walleniwicz and Iwinskis wish; for we say – karklis, karklinas, puszis, puszinas: therefore also žodis – žodinas27.” M. Akelaitis may have adopted the term žodyno from J. Pabrėža’s works, since he had copied from his manuscripts, for his own dictionaries, a list of Lithuanian plant names entitled “Rodykle wardu sawiszkųjų, kaip kores augimes wadina Žemajčiai”28 (although the year is unknown). In addition, M. Akelaitis owned Žemaičių vyskupystė (1848), which mentions a work by J. Pabrėža with the term žodyno in its title29. Unfortunately, none of the dictionaries compiled by M. Akelaitis was published. The first printed lexicographical work, entitled dictionary, was Mykolas Miežinis’s “Lithuanian-Latvian-Polish-Russian Dictionary,” written in 1868 and passed through many hands and deliberations before it was published in 1894 in Tilsit. At the request of M. Valančius, A. Baranauskas also reviewed the dictionary manuscript in 187530. He, too, considered the term dictionary acceptable, and we find him using it in letters. In a letter to H. Weber dated 1876.I.14, he wrote: Reading the dictionary (Wörterbuch) by the Reverend J. M. Miežytis, I find nearly all the proverbs, the same ones as in V. V.’s collection, see APh185. We also find this term in the letter of 1876.V.4 to Baudouin de Courtenay:...since last autumn, His Lordship the Bishop had ordered [me] to review whether the Lithuanian dictionary (lexicon), translated into Polish, Latvian, and Russian by the Reverend Mykolas Miežinis, was good, see LTI417. In an earlier letter to H. Weber (1875.X.4), he still used the term dictionary: ...P. Kuršaitis had come to Kaunas from Königsberg to compare Mielkis’s dictionary with the living language spoken in our country, see APh171. Thus, in his lectures and letters, A. Baranauskas popularized the well-formed term dictionary. The history of dictionaries suggests that their compilers may have adopted the term žodyno from one another through personal contacts or by other means. However, M. Akelaitis and M. Miežinis may also have coined the term žodyno independently, for various reasons and without knowing all the Lithuanian synonyms already in use for this purpose. If that was the case, it merely demonstrates the suitability of the term žodyno for expressing this concept. The suitability of the term Žodyno is also supported by the derivatives that can be formed from it. We find several of them in M. Miežinis’s dictionary: žodyninis “словарный” [‘dictionary’], žodinykas “составитель словаря” [‘compiler of a dictionary’], žodinykystė “словесность” [‘literature’]. Incidentally, today žodynas is also used with another meaning: “the body of words used in a particular language or dialect, by a writer, or by a person in general.” Žodyno terminas tiko ir K. Jauniui. 1879.III.6 laiške A. Juškai jis rašė: Girdėjau neseniai nu alsėdiškio jaunikaicio, kaip darbiai rašai Tamsta milžinišką mūsų kalbos žodyną, žr. LTI549. The term žodyno was finally established by Aušra, which began using it in its very first issue: “...Miežitavičius... already has a žodyną ready,” 1883, 20; “This žodynas (i.e., F. Kuršaitis’s) is the newest and still the best today,” 1883, 88. Thus, by the end of the 19th century, alongside many new Lithuanian terms, raidė, rašmuo, rašyba ir žodynas. A. Balašaitis 27 Žr. Tauta ir žodis, III, Kaunas, 1925, p. 293. 28 See J. Kruopas, “M. Akelaitis the lexicographer,” in Iš lietuvių leksikologijos ir leksikografijos, Vilnius, 1970, pp. 172–173. 29 See ibid., p. 160. 30 Žr. V. Biržiška, Lietuvių bibliografija, Kaunas, 1929, p. 905. 239