Lietuviška leksika 1724 m. Europos kelionių vadove

L I E T U V I Ų T E R M I N O L O G I J A L I E T U V O S T S R M O K S L Ų A K A D E M I J A Z. ZINKEVIČIUS LITHUANIAN LEXICON IN A 1724 EUROPEAN TRAVEL GUIDE In 1724, the travel guide “Leit-Stern der Reifenden”¹ appeared in Leipzig. It consisted of three parts, each with separate pagination: the first (152 pp.) contained a collection of prayers and sacred hymns needed on a journey at the time; the second (48 pp.) listed medical advice and prescriptions for medicines; and the third, largest part (215 pp.), described the countries of Europe and presented information related to travelling through them. A rather extensive (10 pp.) preface by L. J. Feler was added at the beginning of the publication. The date of its composition is given as 1681.II.29. Thus, the book must have been prepared almost half a century before it was published. This means that it presents information from the second half, or even the middle, of the seventeenth century. The book itself was issued in a convenient pocket format, printed in small type, and in every respect adapted for use on a journey. We are most interested in the third part of this publication, which discusses Lithuania and the Lithuanian language and presents a previously unknown list of Lithuanian words and sentences with German translations. This part has a separate title page and a separate title, as if it were an independent book². Gottfried Kirch is named as its author. As can be seen from the title given to him in the heading itself (der Stern-Kunſt Ergebenen) and in L. J. Feler’s preface (in der Aſtronomie 1 The book of customs of that year has a long title. In full, it reads: Unentbehrlicher dreyfacher Leit-Stern der Reißenden / So dieſelben richtig leitet I. 3u wahren Gottesfurcht durch D. Joh. Habermanns Morgen- und Abend-Segen, und andere Gebeth und Lieder / II. 3u erwünſchter Geſundheit durch einen kurtzen Unterricht von Erhaltung derſelben und Verſchreibung heilſamer Hülffs-Mittel / III. 3u richtiger Brkänntniß der Wege durch Gottfried Kirchs, Europäiſchen Wandersmann, dem etliche Kupffer beygefügt / in welchen die Wege und Städte auf eine gantz neue Art gezeiget werden. Mit einer Vorrede L. Joachim Fellers, Poëj. P. P. auf der Univerſität Leipzig. Mit Churfürſtl. Sächſ. Privilegio. Leipzig, 3u finden bey Gottfried Heſſens Witbe. Anno 1724. – One copy of this book was in Riga with Prof. M. Rudzis, who kindly allowed the author of this article to use it. Here, heartfelt thanks are extended to her for this. Later, she donated that copy to the Vilnius University Library (held in the Rare Books Department). 2 And here, too, the title is notable for its length: Europäiſcher Wandersmann, which, as a faithful travelling companion, briefly recounts the countries and kingdoms of Europe; and, as an interpreter, provides useful information about the most commonly used languages of those countries, without which a traveller can scarcely get by there. In addition, various calculation tables are included, serving partly for exchanging domestic and foreign coins, partly for buying and selling, and others for calculations of time and distance. All has been arranged and published for the benefit of travellers by Gottfried Kirchen, der Stern-Kunſt Ergebenen. Leipzig, to be found at the widow of Gottfr. Heſſen, Anno 1724. 15. Lietuvių terminologija 225 wohlgrįndete Mann), most likely this was the well-known German astronomer Gottfried Kirch (1639–1710). L. J. Feler considers the author a distinguished compiler of calendars. And indeed, astronomer G. Kirch made his living compiling calendars until 1700, when he was invited to join the newly established Academy of Sciences in Berlin³. The latter circumstance makes our assumption almost certain. In the section of the publication under consideration, the globe is first discussed briefly, then Europe, followed by individual European countries of that time, proceeding from west to east (pp. 6–79). Apart from Germany, Spain, France, Bohemia (i.e., Czechia), Hungary, Turkey, Italy, England, Sweden, Poland, and Lithuania are discussed in greater detail. Lists of the words and sentences most useful to a traveler in the languages of these countries are included. Other European lands of the time (Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and the Muscovite principality) are treated less extensively, and no language examples are provided. This is followed by extensive sections (pp. 79–215), containing various diagrams to help travelers orient themselves geographically, as well as tables to assist them with calculations (e.g., money) and with understanding unfamiliar systems of currency and measures, and so on. Considerable space is devoted to calendar matters: for example, tables of festivals, timekeeping, lunar phases, and other topics are provided, together with fairly extensive descriptions of how to use them. The complete text about Lithuania and the Lithuanian language (pp. 73–78) is presented below. Lithauen. The Lithuanian language has absolutely no connection with Polish. Otherwise, this land is the largest of all those belonging to the Crown of Poland; it bears the title of a Grand Duchy and has just as many offices and services as Poland itself. Vilna, or the Wilda, is its capital; here one finds as many different forms of religious worship, or religions, as anywhere in the world, and every week there are 3 Sabbaths or days of rest: the Turks’ on Friday, the Jews’ on Saturday, and the Christians’ on Sunday. The province of Lithuania has 10 voivodes. 1. at Vilna, 2. at Grodno, 3. at Minsko, 4. at Movigrodek, 5. at Brefſia, 6. in Volhinia, 7. at Poloczko, 8. at Witepsk, 9. at Minsko, and 10. at Mizeslau. These voivodeships are like duchies. The Lithuanian language extends into Prussia and is particularly used by the common people around Mömel and Tilſith. Lithuanian. German. Deews | God. Dona | Bread. Allaus | Village beer. Piewe | Town beer. Meſſa | Meat. Malka | Wood. Drubka | Salt. Swieſta | Butter. Keſe | Cheese. Schaukſta | Spoon. Tolerus | Plate. Bindus⁴ | Bowl. Schowis | Fish. Schirna | Peas. Ropes | Turnips. Kruſchtina | Groats. Ruckpiwe | Vinegar. Pußpiwe | Half-beer or table beer. Skincks | Kofent. Ognes | Fire. Schaudey | Straw. Schenes | Hay. Awiſcha | Oats. Meſche | Barley. Rugai | Grain. Lapene | Herb, cabbage. Käpure | Hat. Mutze | Cap. Miles | Cloth, fabric. 3 Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften… gesammelt von J. C. Poggendorff, I, Leipzig, 1863, p. 1257. 4 Perhaps Indus should be read instead, that is, vessel? 226 Aude klos | linen cloth. Jauthis | ox. Karwe | cow. Arklis | horse. Awis | sheep. Eritīs | lamb. Oda | hide. Kurpes | shoe. Buxwos | trousers. Streplis | stockings. Pirſchines | gloves. Schmogus | man. Moteriſchka | woman. Jumprowa | maiden. Geſellis | companion. Kudikis | child. Weirs⁵ | boy. Margeike⁶ | little girl. Konings | gentleman. Pohns | lord. Schupohna | lady. * * * * * * * * Gerey | good. Picktey | bad. Trumpoß | short. Ilgis | or Elks | long. Platos | wide. Sauros | narrow. The numbers. Wenes | one. Du | two. Trieß | three. Keturī | four. Penki | five. Scheſche | six. Septine | seven. Aſchtone | eight. Dewine | nine. Deſchims | ten. Winolke | eleven. Dwielika | twelve. Trelika | thirteen. Käturolika | fourteen. Penkulke⁷ | fifteen. Scheſcholika | sixteen. Septinolke | seventeen. Aſchtonolika | eighteen. Dewinolke | nineteen. 5 that is, Wiers. 6 Perhaps instead of Margeite, that is, “girl”? 7 -ulke instead of -olke. 8 that is, Dwidelchims. 9 Instead of Svečiks 15⁺ Dwike/chims⁸ | twenty. Dwidelchims erwena | 21. Trieß deſchims | 30. Schimtes | one hundred. Tuxtontis | one thousand. Aſch | I. To | or Tu | you (singular). Juß | you (plural). Mana | my. Tawa | your. Keip brangu? how expensive is this? Keip wardu? what is this called? Ant Lituſchki | in Lithuanian. Wokiſchka | in German. Armoki wokiſchka? can you speak German? Ja | yes. Moku | I can. Armocki Letuſchka? can you speak Lithuanian? Aſch ni moka | I cannot. Laps nieds | good morning. Labu denu | good day. Laps wackar | good evening. Decku | great thanks. Sweiſ⁹ parejes | welcome. Po kam? how much? Dunes | bread. Arnori Donas? do you want bread? Dog Donas | give me bread. Arfaug nori | how much do you want? 227 Uſch Graſchi | for one groschen. Uſch riß Groſchi | for 3 groschen. Give me. Stopa Pie-wa | a vessel of beer. Puß Stopa | half a vessel. Eick ſchá | come here. Eich ſchalm10 | go away. Tilleck | be quiet. Lieckeieck11 Burna | shut your mouth. Ka nori? was wilt du? Maſta millo | one ell of cloth. Keip | how | Dang12 | many | Mile | miles | tra13 | is | ik | to | Mümela | Mómmel. Keip dang12 Mile ira ik | how many miles is it to Mómel? Keip ptoli 14 ira Thilſcha | how far is it to Thilſe? I want to eat | I want to eat. I want to drink | I want to drink. I want to sleep | I want to sleep. Where do you want to go? Where do you want to go? Where do you come from? Where have you come from? Where are you from15? Where are you from? Ka ebi? was biſt du? Who are you? What sort of person are you? Please | I beg you. Show me | show me | The right road | the right way | to Königsberg. I go | go this | way. Afterwards you will find | two roads. Then go along the good road | so go to the right; Not to the left | not to the left. Is there not a German here? Is there not a German here? Let him come here | let him come. I want | I want | to speak | to speak with him. Where is the inn? Where is the inn | or the tavern? Please | I beg you | let me stay | keep me | for this night | through this night. I cannot16 | stay this night | this night | with you | remain overnight? I do not understand you. I do not know much Lithuanian. Where does this road lead? To Königsberg. NB. In the Lithuanian language nobody is addressed formally17, but everyone is addressed informally18, whoever they may be. God gave the teeth; God will also provide bread. Lithuanian coinage. Tolerus | Thaler | is a Reichsthaler. Half a Tolerus | half a Thaler. 10that is,one shilling. 11that is,a sixpence. 12that is,much. 13that is,is. 14that is,how far. 15that is,you are. 16that is,you can. 17no one is addressed formally. 18 called ‘you’. 228 Roudonas Akfinas | a red gold gulden | That is | a ducat | is worth 2 thalers. Akfenas | gulden | 3 gulden make 1 thaler. Grifina | mark: 9 marks make 2 thalers. Grafchis | groschen: Three Polish groschen make 1 Käyfer groschen; 30 Polish groschen make 1 gulden | 3 gulden make 1 thaler. Tretſchokis | Dütchen | 30 of them make 1 Reichsthaler. Scheſchroks¹⁹ | 2 Dütchen | or 6 Polish groschen. Tripölkes | 3 Pölchen | make 1 Brommer | or one and a half Polish groschen. Schillingas | schilling | 3 schillings | make 1 Polish groschen. Aschtonolikincjes | 18 Polish groschen: 5 such pieces make 1 Reichsthaler. To compare Lithuanian coinage with Meissen coinage, one may use the fourth exchange table. Anyone travelling must take care not to lose money: for in some places one receives a considerable premium for Reichsthalers and ducats, as well as for other good coinage; for example, good eight-groschen pieces, which here are called gulden, and sixteen-groschen pieces, which here are called 2 gulden. Maſtos | ell. Pundas | pound. Armines²⁰ | a stone. Ketwirtis | a bushel. Berteiniß | a quarter. The dialect represented by the Lithuanian words is Aukštaitian. They must have been taken from the Lithuanian speakers of East Prussia. This is indicated above all by vocabulary characteristic of them, for example: Buxwos (=bükswos < Ger. Büchsen) ‘trousers’, Eritis (=ėrytis) ‘lamb’, Gefellis (Ger. Geselle) ‘apprentice, assistant, journeyman’, ja (< Ger. ja) ‘yes’, Jumprowa (=jūmprova < Ger. Jungfrau) ‘young lady’, Keſe (cf. kéžas < Ger. Käse) ‘cheese; curds’, Kruſchtina (cf. kruštinė, kruštienė) ‘groats made from crushed barley’, Lapene (=lapiėnė) ‘cabbage’, Mutze (=mūce or mūčė < Ger. dial. mutze) ‘cap’ (cf. Kápure = kepūre ‘hat’), Piewe (cf. pývas < Pol. piwo) ‘commercial beer’ (cf. alùs ‘homemade beer’), Pußpiwe (=pūspŷvė, cf. Ger. Halbbier) ‘table beer’, Ruckpiwe (=rūgpŷvė) ‘vinegar’, Skincks (=skinikis) ‘weak homemade beer, kvass’, Stopa (=stópa < Ger. dial. stóp) ‘a liquid measure of about 1½ litres’ (cf. Stopa Piewa ‘a stopa of beer’, Puß Stopa ‘half a stopa’), Streplis (=strėplės or štrėplės, from the dialect form of Ger. Strümpfe) ‘stockings’, Tolerus (=toliėrius) ‘plate’, Schupohna (=žīupōnė < Old Pol. župani) ‘lady’. The Lithuanian sentences mention East Prussian towns: Königsberg (dial. Karliáučius), Tilsit (Thilſcha), and Klaipėda (ik Mūmela ‘as far as Klaipėda’). The phonetic features of the words also point to the “shortened” dialect of the Lithuanians of East Prussia; compare the reduction of endings: Dews (=diėvs) ‘God’, Pohns (=pōns) ‘lord’, Laps rieds (=lābs rýts < lāps ríc) ‘good morning’, gen. sg. Mana (=màna) ‘my’, Tawa (=tāva) ‘your’, etc. The spellings Akfenas ‘gold’, Roudonas Akfinas ‘red gold’, and ant Karlatſche ‘to Königsberg’ direct us to that part of the “shortened” dialect in which the falling-diphthongs ūu, úi, éi are monophthongized (rendered as á, é). Compare also dat. sg. ma (=mą) ‘to me’, instr. sg. masc. jim (probably a distorted East Prussian Lithuanian form juom or formed on the model of patìm ‘oneself’) ‘with him’, 3rd pers. pres. eiti ‘goes’, pareit 19 i.e. Scheſchtoks. 20 i.e. akmines. 229 ‘returns, comes’, adv. Ichá (var. fchie, i.e. še) ‘here, hither’, which were quite widely used in the East Prussian Lithuanian dialects of the time. The short vowels u, i must have been pronounced very openly. They are often represented by the letters o, e, for example Ognes ‘fire’, Schowis ‘fish’, Platos ‘broad’, βo ‘with’, melſcho (< meldžiu) ‘I ask’, Elks ‘long’, er ‘and’, Scheſche ‘six’, acc. pl. dantes ‘teeth’, etc. It is possible that not all the words were taken from the same dialect. The existing variants suggest this, for example Ilgis | oder Elks | lang, or To | oder Tu | du. In the expression Labu denu | guten Tag, we might recognize the East Aukštaitian accusative ending. Compare also gen. sg. Donas ir Dunes ‘bread’, 2nd pers. sg. imperative Dog ‘give!’ alongside 3rd pers. fut. dus ‘will give’. The second examples in these pairs suggest a South Žemaitian dialect. Three other words are written with i (i.e. ī) instead of the expected e (= Aukštaitian ie): Wokitſβ ‘German’, Winolke ‘eleven’, and Ant Lituſchki ‘in Lithuanian’. The latter two words are badly distorted. The last may have i because of German (auf) Lithauisch, cf. Letowiſchke ‘in Lithuanian’. Alongside Winolke ‘eleven’, Wenes ‘one’ is written (with e = ie; for -lke compare Trielika ‘thirteen’). Apart from the examples mentioned, the letters o, e (ee) are generally used everywhere instead of the uo, ie of modern standard Lithuanian. A Žemaitian feature may also be the monophthongization of the ending -(i)ai, for example nom. pl. Schirna ‘peas’, Meſche ‘barley’, adv. wokiſchka ‘in German’, Letowiſchke ‘in Lithuanian’. The person who wrote down the Lithuanian examples must have been German. This is indicated by the failure to distinguish soft consonants from hard ones; compare Schaudey ‘straw’, Rugai ‘rye’, Sauros ‘narrow’, Kāturo lika ‘14’, Dewinolka ‘19’, etc. He also poorly distinguished voiceless consonants from their voiced counterparts, for example rieds ‘morning’, Artaug ‘is there much’, Dog ‘give!’, Grifina ‘grivna’. At times, instead of the nominative, he wrote forms from other cases, for example Allaus | Dorff-Bier, Swieſta | Butter, Schaukſta | Löffel. Overall, this person had a poor grasp of the Lithuanian system of endings: as is typical of a German, he often wrote -es, -e instead of -as, -a, and sometimes confused other endings too, for example Schenes ‘hay’, Miles ‘dear’, Wenes ‘one’, Schimtes ‘hundred’, Septinolke ‘seventeen’, Trumpoβ ‘short’, Uſch triβ Groſchi ‘for three groschen’, du Kāle ‘two roads’, and so on. Poor command of the language is also evident in inappropriate joining or splitting of words, for example Armoki ‘do you know’, Artaug ‘is there much’, Arnā ‘or not’, Keip ptoli ‘how far’, Aude klos ‘linen’, per Nakt woti ‘to stay overnight’, nā per ma nau (=nepermanau) ‘I don’t understand’. However, these may also be printing errors. It should be noted that in this book not only Lithuanian words, but also words in other languages added to the descriptions of the respective countries, are inaccurately transcribed. The Polish examples are almost as distorted as the Lithuanian ones. The spelling of the Lithuanian examples is excessively German, for example ie instead of y (Trieβ ‘three’, Dwielika ‘twelve’, rieds ‘morning’ …), ei instead of ai (Keip ‘how’, palleikik ‘keep’, Berteiniβ ‘a certain kind of hat’ …), doubling consonants after a short vowel (Allaus ‘beer’, millo ‘flour’, Schillingas ‘shilling’ …). The letter sequence sch is used to represent not only the Lithuanian consonant š, but also ž and even the affricate dž: Schowis ‘fish’, Awifcha ‘oat’, Schmogus ‘person’, Melſchu ‘I pray, ask’, etc. No evidence has been found that G. Kirchas himself knew even a little Lithuanian. Most likely, other people wrote down the examples for him in Lithuanian, as in the other languages. The informant was probably a German who had lived in East Prussia for some time. 230 3. ZINKYAVIČIUS LITHUANIAN LEXICON IN A 1724 GUIDEBOOK TO EUROPE Abstract A list of Lithuanian words and phrases, as well as information about Lithuania and the Lithuanian language, found in the book „Leit-Stern der Reisenden“, published in Leipzig in 1724, is published here for the first time. It is established that the book was compiled earlier and that the data presented date from the second half, or even the middle, of the seventeenth century. The source of the Lithuanian text was the spoken language of Lithuanians in East Prussia, but some elements of other dialects are also found. The author's informant was an unknown person, most likely a German who had lived in East Prussia for some time.