Būdingesnieji frazeologinių junginių geografijos bruožai

LITHUANIAN AREA LINGUISTICS PROBLEMS LITHUANIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES J. LIPSKIENĖ MOST CHaracteristic Features of Phraseological Joints GEOGRAPHY Atlases of various languages show that many words, phonetic features, morphological forms in one or another language area have very clear distribution zones. Some phraseologisms are also peculiar only to certain areas. True, phraseologisms. as compared to individual words, usually have a tendency to spread more, but some of them are more attached to their "native home" than, say, proverbs. Often their spread is hindered by the fact that they appear as phraseologisms only in the context of a sentence, and their semantics is perceived only from the necessary circumstances that accompany them, e.g. the simple statement I don’t put a tooth on a tooth*, meaning unevenly, crookedly sprouted teeth, and the phraseology — I don’t put a tooth on a tooth (coldly), meaning “very cold”. Meanwhile, proverbs have better conditions for spreading. They seem to be more established formulas, which in themselves have a clear weight of thought, an easier to perceive meaning and without context, without the necessary circumstance of phraseology, for example, who does not work, does not eat; crying bread lazy eaten, etc., etc. At the present time, when more factual material has not yet been accumulated, it is not possible to indicate the exact geography of individual figurative expressions, to draw more interesting or more justified conclusions, but it is still possible to grasp some general trends. Thus, in this article, based on the available, although incomplete material (phraseologisms have not been thoroughly collected from the whole area of the Lithuanian language- ), these general trends, and where possible —and areas of use of some specific phraseologisms are attempted to be described, because so far the geography of phraseological combinations in Lithuanian linguistics has not been completely studied®. In many cases, the ideas or conclusions raised in the article can still be refined. When studying the geography of phraseologisms, we notice that some of them occupy extremely large areas, are used not only in all Lithuanian dialects, but also have equivalents in other languages, while others are known in smaller areas — used in the area of one language or only in its individual dialects. Perhaps the largest areas are characteristic of many somatic phraseologisms, which form one of the oldest layers of phraseology. Many phraseologisms of that kind 1 In order to avoid inconsistency, the illustrated material in the article is presented unpronounced, because it is collected not only from the living language, but also from various unpronounced written sources, and when trying to translate a text not in one's own dialect, various errors can be made. 2 In individual works is reflected only the prevalence of another term phraseology, cf. : B. Rokaité, Rainbow names in Lithuanian dialects, „Lietuvos TSR MA darbai, Serija A“, 2(15), 1963, p. 275—295; Lithuanian Language Atlas, I, Lexicon, map. No. 58. 169 due to the same functions performed by the respective parts of the body, mental processes and factors of practice common to all Humans are identical in different peoples. For example, the Lithuanian phraseologism galvą nuleisti (nukarti), „nusiminti“ has counterparts in many other languages (see Latvian —nokart galvu; Russian: nosecums e20106y; in Polish: opusci¢ glowe; in German: den Kopf hdngen lassen; English —hang down onės head; French —baisser la tète; Estonian —pead norgu laskma. This idea is confirmed by the table of somatic Latvian phraseologisms with the word eye, in which Latvian phraseologisms are compared in terms of form and meaning with similar phraseologisms® of various nations, including Lithuanian. The commonality of somatic phraseology has been observed not only in the languages of European nations, but also between European and very distant languages. For example, the Estonian linguist F. Vakkas provides data showing that some Estonian somatic phraseologisms have counterparts in West African languages*. However, the opposite cases are not uncommon, i.e. somatic phraseology of one language does not have an equivalent in other languages. For example, in the aforementioned article of Latvian linguists it is mentioned that so far, in terms of the structure and semantics of the components, there has not been found in other languages an equivalent of the Latvian somatic phraseologism ce/a māja, „last cup or mug, drunk before the guests leave, depart“- “*, Here it can be added that this phraseologism has come in the same meaning from the Latvian language into some palatine Lithuanian dialects, e.g., Biržai, Joniškis, Skaistgiris, Žagarės, Kruopių, Šakyna neighborhoods, cf. : Well, neighbor, nothing will happen, drink a whole glass more Sk; More as you want, but celia kaj it is necessary to drink, and so Škn. In some cases it is even used as a value, e.g., Wait, don't go yet, you still have to drink the leg of the road, otherwise I won't let Jnš go. What factors determine the different areas of use of individual phraseologisms in one language is not easy to determine, sometimes almost impossible. Probably there are various factors that influence this: different social and economic conditions, variation of ethnographic realities and customs, relations with neighboring peoples, etc. In addition, the spread of figurative expressions is partly limited by the dialect or group of nearby dialects (e.g., Žemaičių, Eastern Highlands, etc.). However, the influence of the dialect on the area of use of phraseologism is usually expressed indirectly, through the individual lexical units with which phraseologisms are formed and which are common in one or another dialect. It happens that a word that forms one component of a phraseology is not used in the entire Lithuanian language, but only in a few dialects. The isoglossa of the spread of this word often at least approximately shows the ranges of figurative proverbs formed with it. Thus, even without having complete data, we can approximately judge the prevalence of some popular phraseologisms and their variants from the main words that are included in those phraseologisms, the prevalence of which we already know. For example, in Lithuanian dialects there are many phraseologisms made up of the words kiškis and zuikis. These two synonyms are distributed in a relatively regular manner. Zuikis or its variant zuikys is used in the Zemgallian, western, middle and Dzūkian dialects of the left bank of the Nemunas River. 3 Zr. B. Karaitue, C. Pare, HekoTopsie napa.ijiesiu. COMaTHUECKHX (pa360JIOTH3MOB B A3blKe JIaTbInIeli Ho ux cOcejei, —BaaumMochs3H GanrtoB H npuGajiTKĖACKHX OunosB, Pura, 1970, p. 181—6. i O. Bakk, O comaruueckoit OpazeojiorHH B COBPEMEHHOM 3CTOHCKOM. THTEPATYpPHOM 36iKe (the author's dissertation), Ta; r.inH, 1964, p. 7. 5 D. Karaitne, C. Pare, min. str., pp. 175-176. 170 The term is most commonly used in literary literature. In the Eastern Highlands and almost all the Dzūkians on the right bank of the Nemunas, harškys or its variant kiškys is more commonly used, while hare is usually written with the note —,,naujesnis“. Thus, probably the areas of the phraseology catch the hare and its variant catch the rabbit (caught), “fall” should roughly coincide with the areas of the words hare (rabbit) and rabbit (rabbit), and in the intersection zone of these words both phraseology variants will be known. Of course, in the area of phraseology to catch a rabbit (caught) at the moment due to the influence of literary language, there will undoubtedly be a variant and with the word hare. Similarly, other popular figurative expressions and terminological phraseologisms made up of these words would probably be distributed, e.g.: rabbit cake “gifts”; rabbit cabbage, ‘rabbit cabbage’; comparative phraseology (fearful) like hare (hares) etc. In the areas of the latter phraseology and its variants, of course, should be reflected not only the morphology of the words harškys, zajkis, e.g., (shy) as harškys (zuikys) and so on, but also the variation of the adjective (bailus | baištus | baugus...), because the adjective is the necessary environment of phraseology, helping to clarify its meaning. Based on the same assumptions, similar generalizations could be made about the geography of other phraseologisms. For example, in Lithuanian dialects there is a phraseology that includes the word žarna, cf. žarna žarną ryja, „labai alkanas“: Mama, duok valgyt —žarna žarną ryja Kair. The word žarna is used in the sense of digestive organ in the greater part of the Lithuanian language area — it is used by the Dzūki, the eastern and central Highlanders, as well as the majority of the western Highlanders. As shown by the scarce illustrative material, the phraseology is written as true of that area (e.g., An, Bgs, Bsg, Btg, Cb, Dgiš, Drsk, Glv, Jnš, Jnšk, Kair, Ker, Kps, Krs, Kš, Kvr, KzR, Lnkv, MI, Mrk, Plv, Pn, Pun, Rd, Rdm, Sd, Švnč, Ukm, Vp). In addition, there are also more rare variants of this phraseology, e.g.: žarna žarną ėda Ut: Zarna žarną valgo RS; hose hose barking Grv; Zarna žarnu veju Uzp. There are also synonyms, e.g. žarna į žarną lenda Plk. The latter is also found in fictional literature — in the works of J. Baltušis from Kupiškis, cf. And that to me žarna žarnon lenda, be piety still as®… That this saying is not a novelty is shown by the fact that it has been recorded from the former East Prussia (Ragainė district) already by A. Schleicher." For example, in the same meaning, the phraseology used in Gervėčiai is žarnos maršą ūžia (= groja), plg. It's like hungry, then he cries (=speaks): oh, I want to eat —the gut march. It has exact equivalents in Polish (kiszki grają marsza®) and Belarusian (Kiki mapwa 2paoys). It is possible that it has come into the Gervėčiai dialect from one of those two Slavic languages. In the English language, the word "snake" is used instead of the word "snakehead". The word grobas in the area is written as a variant of the phraseologism žarna žarną ryja —grobas grobą ryna, plg. On the third day he does not give food, prey prey ryna Krš * "; Erž, Kim, Ms, Mžk, Rdn, Rt, Skd, Škn, Vn, Zr. From one place it is also written —grobas grobq gainioja, plg. "Group B: SG vs. SG". ¢ J. Baltušis, Sold Summers, II, Vilnius, 1969, p. 33. * A. Schleicher, Lithuanian Reading Book and Glossary, Prague, 1856, p. 113. 8 St. Skorupka, Phraseological Dictionary of Polish Language, I, Warsaw, 1967, p. 423. * O. Slukoyck, Besrnapyckis npbika3ki, npsiMayki, dpaseanariamst, Minck, 1962, p. 478. 10 The abbreviations of the names of places of residence after the semicolon indicate where the phraseology is used. 171 The most recent variant « s prey prey swallows next to mouth mouth swallows was used (the older generation now uses) in jį the village of ir Spirakiai, on the border of the middle Highlands, where the digestive organ itself is now called the intestine. Šį The phenomenon could be interpreted in two ways: either this village previously entered the territory of į the word grobas, or the area of the whole phraseology is for various reasons wider than the area of the separate, entering, word. už į ji Mainly in written sources (S. In the M. writings of Daukanto, Valančiaus, as well as J. In the phraseology of the ta language, the word is used in the following meanings: ir žarna žarną lenda į variantas grobas grobą lenda, e.g., Grobas į grolenda, taip noriu valgyti. į bq M. Valanč; "Group 1: Groningen vs. PSV — Eindhoveį n". bą Here it can be added that the variants of other phraseologissu ms written with these iš words in a few places are also limited by the range of synonyms žarna grobas, having one another and only with one synonym of each, e.g., say (go) as a prey ir piites, „nothing-pesho ing, upset, dissatisfied“, the more widely used variant, formed by the word žarna, does not have at all. Thus, the jo range cannot deviate more from the area of use of the word prey, t. y. must be limited to Žemaitijos dialects. The idea that the geography of individual words determines the range of ir phraseologisms is partly supported by iš the example of the geography of phraseologisms formed by the words epušė, apušė, drebulė, drebuolė. For ir su example, the phraseology used in the Lithuanian language with the meaning of "fear" dreba (vibrates) like a pony (apus, aphus, trebulla) or treba (vibrates) like a leaf of aspen. Another variant of this phraseology occurs in those conversations, which instead of the word /apas use the synonym lakštas, e.g., Vilkenyčia (= wolf) svirpt peršoko, ė aš kap apušės lapas drebu Grv. In individual cases, usually in speeches more influenced by Slavic languages, the morphological structure of this phraseologism also differs: instead of the noun pronoun, the example of Slavic languages already has an adjective, for example, children shake like leaves autumn Dbg. Of the comparative phraseologisms presented here, the most widely used is the variant treba (vibra) como hoja de abejo. With the exception of the more southern part of the western Highlands and some eastern Dzūkijos dialects, its use has been recorded in almost the entire Lithuanian language area (e.g. : Bdr, Dbč, Drsk, Grz, Eiš, Jnš, Kri, Klm, Knv, Krs, Krš,. Lkm, Lkv, Lnkv, Lp, Mrk, Ob, Plm, Pp, Rgv, Rud, Sk, Škn, Užv, Vg, Žg). It should be said that this phraseology is not only familiar in Lithuanian literary language and dialects — it has counterparts in other languages and is of an international character, e.g.: Latvian —tric (dreb) ka apšu (apses rt.) lapa'®; in Russian: KaK ocuno8biūė aucm Opoxcum (mpsacemea'®); Polish trząsi sie jak lîse — (like a leaf) aspen; German — zittern wie Aspen leaves'®; — English quake (quiver, shake, trembling) like aspen an leaves. 1 Lithuanian fairy tales various, collected J. Basanavičius, II, Kaunas, Lithuania 1928, p. 13. 12 K, Miilenbacha Latvian Language Vocabulary, I, Riga, 1923—1925, p. 118; D. Caubulina, Ozolina, N. Plėsuma, A. Latvian—Russian phraseological noun, Riga, 1965, p. 56. 3 Opaseojiornueckuli CJI0Bapb PyCCKOTo si3bika, MOA pejakuneli A. MH. Mojio TKOBa, MocKBa, 1967, pp. 226-227. : 14 St, Skorupka, Dictionary of Polish Phraseology, II, Warsaw, 1968, p. 396. 15 D, §lapoberskis, German—Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius, 1972, p. 311; Hemeukopycckuii (pa3zeosornueckuit c108apb, moj peaakuueit But— Kaannmen6ax u K. Arpukona, Mocksa, 1975, p. 160. 16 A, B. Kyuun, Aurjo-pycckuil ¢paseosornueckrii ciaopapb, Mocksa, 1956, p. 628. Why this phraseology is used in different languages is not easy to determine. But in this case it is hardly possible to talk about the result of borrowing or interaction of languages, since it also connects geographically quite distant countries. Perhaps it would be more correct to assume that in many languages the same phraseology could have formed independently, i.e. that here we are partly faced with the same things that determine the geography of somatic phraseologies. . Other phraseologisms with the word apušė or its variants do not have clearer isoglosses in the area of the discussed phraseology in individual Lithuanian dialects, e.g.: dreba kaip apušė Grz, Kp, Lp, Mrc, Pkp, Pnd, Skp, Sint, Vs, Vvr; dreba kap apušis Alz, Srv. In some of the eastern Altay and eastern Dzūkian dialects, somewhere else even in Zemaičiai, phrases with the variant epušė are recorded, e.g.: dreba kaip epušė Als, Eig, Km, Kvr, Rk, Trš; shakes like a leaf of a poplar An, Ds, Kvr, MI, Trgn, Tršk, Uzv. In those dialects, where the tree name is synonymous with trebulė, it is used in various variants of spoken phraseology, e.g.: dreba kaip trebulė Brt, Dt, Jrb, Kb, KzR, Pc, Rdm, VI, Vikj, Vikv; tremble as a aspen leaf Šk, Vdk, || tremble as a aspen leaf Dkš, Erž. In the Ignalina district, the synonym aspen is written as treba kaip aspeno lapas Vdš. By the way, both in those areas and in the whole area of the Lithuanian language, the phraseology is used in parallel and without the name of the tree, e.g. (dreba) kaip lapas (Dglš). It can also be said that in the greater part of Lithuania, especially when the word apušė (or epušė) is included in the phraseology, it seems that its fuller variant, i.e. the noun lapas, is mostly used: dreba kaip apušės (or, less often, epušės) lapas. The variants of phraseology composed with the synonym trebulė are usually without the word lapas, — dreba kaip trebulė. This shorter version has not yet been found in other languages. Therefore, it can be assumed that it is a newer word, which appeared in Lithuanian by abbreviating the longer variant. As already mentioned, the ranges of these individual words and the phraseologisms formed with them almost coincide, except for one other deviation, which usually reflects the greater age of the synonym in some conversation. Here are some cases where both names of the tree are known in individual conversations, and the phraseology is formed with only one of them, for example, next to the tree name apušė the name drebulė is used, but in the phraseology only apusé Grz, Jnš, Klm, Lkm, Plm, Sk, Skn; The phraseology of the word is: apušė || apušis || drebulė || drebulys, but in phraseology only apusé Dbg; It is a phraseology, but only with the suffix Als. The opposite case, i.e. the name epušė || drebulė, and in phraseology has drebulė, so far recorded only once — in Urkuvėnai. Since the geography of a phraseology usually cannot deviate greatly from the geography of the independent word that forms one of its components, if the area of such a word is fragmented (sometimes even consisting of separate parts that do not connect with each other), the area of the phraseology that contains that word will also be non-entity. Let’s say, the comparative phraseology thick as ušėtkas “„ėlabai storas“ is recorded in the most southern Dzūkijos proverbs about Dubičiai. Its equivalent with the same word variant ušėčkas is found in some palatine dialects (Grz, Jnš, Kri, Sk, Zml), where, in some Dzūkian dialects, a certain bowl is called ušėčkas. The Ušėčko | ušėtko area is divided into parts by interspersed areas of different names of the same object (zebras | ceberas | ceberkas), in which the colloquial phraseology is hardly known. Another case, when the words entering into the phraseology are used in all or almost all of the Lithuanian language area, and the verb function performed by the phraseology itself mas, formed according to the model D + V, (Vs, Vs...)! ", only in some dialects. For example, the noun žaibas (or its variant žiebas) and the verbs mesti, pilti, pliekti have most Lithuanian tarmiy'®. Meanwhile, the phraseology žaibus mesti (pilti, pliekti),,,„- žaobuliti“ area is limited to the Žemaičiai, the north-western Highlanders,. the northern part of the central and eastern Highlands (e.g.: žaibus mesti Antz, Brs, Brž, Grz, Jnš, Jnšk, Kair, Kri, Krs, Krš, Lg, Lnkv, Mšk, Ms, Pbr, Pkr, PS, Pvn, Rdn, Sk, Skd, Sint, Skn, SI, Sts, Šv, Užv, Vvr, Žg, Žml; lightning flashes Pnm, Rk; lightning blows Shkn, lightning blows Jnš, Mšk, Sk, Šl; Pvn). South-western Highlanders, the southern part of the middle Highlanders, the Dzūki and some Easterners, as far as it can be judged from the available material, seem to use the verb žauvekti instead of this phraseology. With the lexical variant žiebas the variant of this phraseology is used in some Žemaičių dialects, e.g.: žiebus mesti Kv, Lkv, Prk, S11, žiebus pliekti Pj. Variants of the phraseology žaibus (žiebus) mesti(pliekti...) are also recorded in written sources, e.g.: žaibus mesti B, M, N, Žem; lightning to throw Sin; 2017-10-02. "BZF 202, Mit I 72" (in German). So this phraseology is not new. Its antiquity would also be shown by the exact equivalent in Latvian, made up of words from the same root as in Lithuanian, cf.: zibenus meta allaZ bieZak „smarkiai žaibavo“; pērkuons rūcis un zibens metis*". Another example of phraseology of the same kind and according to the same model, where the ranges of variants come essentially only from the verb of the second component, are phrases denoting vomiting (usually drunk or drinking), cf. : Better drinked, what of that, that you drank, that you need to whiten goats Vb; Drank, drank, until the goats began to scratch Msn; It's a wet goat, clinging to the fence Btg; Yesterday drank, now goats grazing Dbg; Drink until you start feeding the goats Bgs; You're a big goat, just don't go from the table Vlkv; You'll start diving goats, don't drink so much Sl; He sat at the table until the goat was cut. Skn; Prisigéré, and now the goats rob Ut; Goat rains, and enough, risen Glv. According to the available data, the ranges of the various variants are approximately as follows. White-headed goats are mainly 1zrecorded north of the line Obeliai —Dusetos — Antalieptė —Daugailiai —Užpaliai —Debeikiai —Troškūnai —Karsakiškis — Šeduva —Pakruojis —Joniškis (see: An, Ant, Br, Dgl, Ds, Jnš, Jnšk, Km, Kp.. Krs, Lnkv, Ob, Pbr, Pkr, Ps, Rk, Sd, Užp, Vb). The variant oZius lupti (sometimes alongside others) is recorded from separate places south of the variant gozius bielyti in the eastern Altay and eastern and western Dzūkian dialects, as well as in the so-called Priedzūkian and southwestern Altay dialects, e.g. : Alk, An, Ant, Brt, Dbč, Dbg, Dglš, Dkšt, Ds, Dv, Grv, Jz, Klt, KzR, Lb, Lp, Lzd, Pls, Pun, Rod, RS, Sik, Srj, Šičn, Švn, Švnč, Trgn, Vdš, Vdšk, Vikv, VšR, Vv, Zr, Žl; goats cut mostly recorded west of the goats bleed range, e.g. : Erž, Grz, Jnš, Krp, Mžk, Sk, Škn, Trk, Vkš, Žg. Gožius plėšti is recorded mainly in the eastern part of the Lithuanian language area, somewhere near the variant gožius lupti, e.g. : Bgs, Čb, Dbg, Dv, Grv, Ign, Ker, Kvr, MI, Mlt, Msn, Rud, Šlčn, Ut, Vp, ZI. In some cases, it is also recorded from the South-West Highland dialects next to the variant oZius lupti Vv. Other variants, also more common in the eastern part of the Lithuanian language, are also used alongside other variants, e.g.: 17 D —noun, V,, Vs, V; —different verbs. 18 The word žaibas seems to be missing only in some eastern Lithuanian schnets, e.g., about Dau-. gėliškį, Vidiškes and others. instead of it, it seems, is used bliskavica(?). 1* K, Miilenbacha Latvian Language Dictionary, IV, Riga, 1929—1932, p. 716. 174 goats to roam Čb, Ker, Msn; Dbg for grazing goats; goats Glv. In individual cases, such rarer variants also occur in the West Highland and Zemgale dialects, e.g.: gozius drėksti Ar, Bgt, Btg, Rs; goats for diving Shl. It is more common to use a spoon to crush the meat, e.g. : Better yesterday and not one goat's skin peeled Gdr. A further variant with a different second and modified first phraseological component (perhaps even considered a synonym of the phraseological component discussed) gožkenas pirkti is recorded from individual Žemaičių dounininkų šnektai, e.g. : Only a few glasses drank and already behind the corner goats; Maybe you'll go to the grocery store to buy goats Brs; So what, you're buying a goat Sd. It can also be added that in Latvian there is also a phraseology with the same first component, formed according to the same model, with various variants, e.g.: azi (ozes) dirat (to cut, to expand), “0zi (ozius) lupti (to beat, to rob)”; ažu adas spilėt “to wash, darken goat skins”; the rams to punch, the goats to punch; or am I a man to ride,,with goat skins“*? ?, Concluding about this phraseology, it should be said that in Lithuanian dialects there are also various synonyms used to describe vomiting, e.g.: ačiū sakyti; back to grow; push back; gold (golds) to read; gold two kopeks; the heart is angry (angry, turned); he turned his head; into the crust throw; to carry a teleo; calf roar, etc. However, their composition and geography are not discussed in this article. Sometimes some variants of phraseologisms of this kind form relatively clear areas. For example, in Lithuanian dialects there is a profusely varied first-component phraseology, formed according to the model D, (D,, D,, D,...)+D, to describe snowing with large wet snowflakes, e.g. bobos | diedų | šunies | ubago | wolko | kąsniai. Plg. : Snowy bean bites Grk; Diedas bites snow, scary and go Ker; Now and dribble with dog bites Lk; As the poor man dribbled with his morsels, so does Luke; That he began to shake with the wolf's bites, and the eyes climbed Ki; J. Of all the variants mentioned here, the most striking isogloss is probably the phrase ubago kąsniai. According to the available material, its range of use is north and west of the line Biržai —Pabiržė —Pasvalys —Joniškėlis —Šeduva —Kelmė, and from Kelmė its southern boundary is no longer clear. Thus, it is used mainly in the northern dialects of Žemaitija and Altaja (e.g.: Brž, Grz, Grž, Jnš, Jnšk, Klk, Klm, Kri, Krp, Krš, Lnkv, Ms, Mšk, Mžk, Pbr, Plt, Ps, Rdn, Rd, Sk, Sd. Škn, TI, Trš, Užv, Vvr, Žg, Žml). The range of the rarer variant — bobs bites — seems to begin approximately around Eržvilkas, Girkalnis, Raseiniai and extends southwards beyond the Nemunas (e.g.: Erž, Grk, Gs, Kb, KzR, Rs, Sil, Sk, Švn, VI, VIkj, Vikv). This variant has been recorded in some places in the eastern Highlands (e.g. Bgs, Ēr, Pn), but the exact area of its use cannot be determined. From another notation it seems that in addition to bobos (bobų) kąsniai, in some conversations the variant ubago kąsniai is also used for interjection (e.g.: Kps, Plv). What are the ranges of rarer variants of this meaning, —diedov biskvi, dog’s biskvi, wolf’s biskvi, as well as the only once recorded phraseologism bread biskvi (see: It snows bread biskvi Grz), —until our phraseologisms are collected more systematically, nothing can be said. 20 K. Miilenbacha Latviešų kalbos vardnica, I, p. 246; D. Caubulina, N. Ozolina, A. Plėsuma, Latviešu- —rusu frazeoloģiskū vardnica, p. 175 There are also other words in Lithuanian dialects to describe such snowing. For example, from the sentence “Pradėjo sniegas bobos žosniais kristi, tai bus bene gandro kepėjai, kaip mūsų tėvai sakyt liubéjo*- *” published in the Klaipėda weekly “Tiesos Prietelius”, it is possible to guess that the phraseology “gandro kepėjai” may have been used in the dialects of that region in the past, but we do not have more data on the basis of which it would be possible to define its meaning more precisely and at least say something about the area occupied. Separately taken, the word kepis, „paplakščia bandelė“, appears to be used only by the Samogitians**. The first component of phraseology — the name of the bird gandras — was also used most widely in the Žemaičių dialects- **. Somewhat clearer is the comparative phraseology of the same meaning —snežuje (dávati) jako hovězí areál. From the available data, it seems that it is used more widely in the conversations of the western Dzūki, but there are also entries from the eastern Dzūki and from elsewhere. (plg. : Al, Alv, Dbč, Dg, Dv, Eiš, Grv, Kls, Knv, Mrc, Mrk, Nėč, Pls, Pun, Rod, VIk, Vrn). There is also another variant, ir e.g. : jo Falling like chickens (like chicken heads) Aln, Blnk; Snow it delivered like cocks Rud. In particular, various comparative phraseologisms of the same meaning have been recorded in the dialects of the Eastern Altays and iš some of the ir Eastern Dzūks, e.g. : Nu ir shaking už the window like flakes Kp: Wait, God forbid, how cats tremble Vdšk; Mr. It snows like kittens D1; Crumble, snow like kittens Kp; It's snowing like leaves Cb; Kš, Ut, Zr; Outside like ladders turn Out; That snow, that snow, like snowflakes Lkm; As it snows in our nose Oak; It's snowing like gloves Bgs; It snows like a scar Zl; Shaking like a scoop Oak; An, Blnk, Dbg, Ktk, Kur, Lkm, Mit, Sdk, Skdt, Sv, Tršk, Uzp; Outside as snow flies Km; All day they were turning the snow like flat coats, the — ir bearer ir wet Grv. However, there is tų still a lack of material to establish all the ranges. Be Such phraseologisms, both components of which are words, are present in all, at least in many of our ar dialects, there are such phraseologisms, one component of which is a ir word, taken separately, known only in a very limited area, but the area of the phraseologism formed by it is much larger. su For example, a sheep ,,vaikštikas, padauža, nenuorama“ tėra žinomas tik In the vicinity of Kupiškis? *. Meanwhile, the phraseology sheep go (go out, go away); go on the roads to walk; I'm gonna go. ,,nikais virsti, išvirsti, niekais nueti“ is used in a much larger area, cf. : Sheep went, sheep ir went Lnkv; I worked, I worked, ir the work went away Ram; Alz; No one jo watched went ir man sheep paths Faster; Pbr, Ps; That's where her child is going. It is found in the ir iš tų writings of local writers ar and cultural figures, e.g. : The money went out ir P. Oats. Based on this material alone, it is difficult to determine exactly what led to such a discrepancy in the geography of the whole ir phraseology of the word sheep taken separately. Hardly right ar # "Pretending the Truth". Publisher and Printing of G. Trauszies in Proculs, 1881, no. 13, p. 3. 22 Pig, LKZ V 582-583. ** By the way, the relatives of phraseology gandro kepkai may be such sayings as ir April Kepi Kepa Rt; May Bakes a Cake KrvP(Tv); May has to bake its own cake, i.e. must snow with snowflakes 5; May will bake its own cake, i.e. cold JI 588,but jų the meaning is slightly different. They are mainly used to describe the unstable weather that occurs in spring. (Dar plg. for another figurative meaning of the word — kėpis, which means padrébta,,- ,roasted“, „feces“, see. LKŽ V 582—3). 4 LKŽ I 44. 176 tą to explain the discrepancy solely by the great depopularization of narrow local phraseology. Could it be that the word gif ir was known more widely in the past, today the range is significantly reduced*? *, By the way, sometimes a o word forming jo one component of phraseology, according to available data, taken separately, can be unused, not have its own area. iš t. y. Let's say, almost in ta the same sense (,,dead, become nothing“) go like ir sheep The phraseology paiparibais (palparybais, papauribais, pauparibais eiti (go out, go away), e.g. : After all, they're all in the same boat. Ms; The father worked, took care, children palparybais eit Grg; As soon as the lord withdraws, the workers go to work, t. y. one in country, the other another in J; Plan: They drank drunk all life — palparymi jo went Sd; What can be like that, all day long! nu iš Angry. It is interesting that Lithuanian language dictionary su to phraseology variant is recorded sentence of the poet's cultural iš actor ir Silvestro "Gymnastics, e.g. : Petrasnuvejo papauribais,t. y. led in the ways of iniquity, led in the way ne of the righteous. S. Where Gimžauskas came from iš Eastern Linkmenų apylinkės. The way in which the jo variant of phraseology characteristic of the Zemgalians appeared in ne the writings is quite clear. However, it is known that he was well acquainted with the works of earlier su writers and linguists of ir his time. Gal ir šį Phraseology he will have borrowed from Žemaičių iš authors. Kad S. Did other Lithuanian language researchers notice that the language of Gimžauskas’ writings is ir heterogeneous in terms of dialect? ". The first tų component of all variants (paiparibais, palparybais, papauribais, pauparibais) is the same word, only slightly changed for phonetic reasons. As a separate independent word, it seems, it is not recorded in any dialect of speech. ar A similar type is a phraseological compound formed by ir a conjugated dgs. iš In the shape of a spoon (with) cans some form of ir the verb signifying movement, e.g., run, ran away, push, go, go, fled, etc., which is a phraseologically necessary environment. ir mo This phraseological combination describes the intensity, speed of the performed action, e.g. : Run cans, su otherwise you will not warn Žvr; All the children in su cans smoke out the door Vv; When I shot once, it flew away in su cans VI; Dog in cans ran su out of the yard iš Long; Nm. There ir are several variants of this combination. It can be extended by a comparative particle (Go fast, like cans su V1); noun component may have a variant form (Shut up if you want, o ne — You'll come su out in cans Jrb. If I take the stick, you'll leave the kitchen in su cans iš Jrb); or can be omitted, but the necessary circumstance of phraseology of the verb form is perceived (The — father comes drunk, that's all the children in cans at home su iš LKS). As can be seen from iš the examples, this phraseological iš combination is recorded ir in the dialects of Veliuoniškiai, the northernmost part of the Kapsai Zanavykai, and occasionally occurs in the dialects of the adjacent northwestern Highlanders. It is recorded in ir written sources, e.g. ; In the dictionary: We went in cans, t. y. we danced funny, cheerful; J. In Jablonski’s Su writings: work goes on in cans; P. Cvirka's work: As a sharp squirrel slips out of Simukas tree, first iš breaks a slim snake with cans The word sheep ir su geography 25 has been interested in earlier, cf. :K ir ITI, Vilnius, Lithuania 1961, p. 487. * LKZ IX 351. ?7 V, Vanagas, A. Vidugiris, Silvestras Gimžauskas, — Ignalina region, Vilnius, Lithuania 1966, p. 218, 221. 12, No. No. 1026 177 (Antk, Brn, Kik, RdN, Grd, Tvr, Ždv); St. Peter's Cow || God's Cow (Brkl, Klvr). This change in the first component may have been influenced by the monosyllabic names of the bird, such as petrel, petrukas, petronėlė. . Other equally rare term phraseologisms of the same meaning and similar construction with general nouns are written only from separate places, e.g. dievo bobyté Vit, || dievo karvytė Kpr, Skrd; god's grandmother || god's cow Vb; mother of god Plkn; Mother of God Eič. Often, next to the cow of God, less often its variants, various "hybrid" terminological phraseologisms of the same meaning are used. They are made to mononyms, usually names of personal noun origin, adding (probably according to the example of the already discussed term phraseology) the noun god's pronoun form. The names of such works are mainly found in the middle and eastern Highland dialects, i.e. from the already mentioned western (Žagarė — Šiauliai — Radviliškis — Dotnuva — Kėdainiai — Vilkija) line of the cow god and its variants to the east. E.g.: God's beard Er; Rm, Vrš (|| the cow of God); God petrel Pasl; God's little cow Ob (|| god's cow). In addition to these, in the vicinity of Žeimelis, Biržai, Linkuva, Joniškėlis, Pasvalis, Vabalninkas, Pakruojis, Šeduva, the common hawk has a particularly regular range, e.g. : Dkn, Er, Gst, Jrgn, Ljn, Nj, Rgn, Rgv, SmlIB, Srk, Stgv, Stpr, Skt, || God's cows Bčn, Der, Dknn, Gtč, Jnšk, Jrgn, Kngš, Kri, Kršš, Lpč, NmjP, Nrn, Nrš, Obl, RdN, Pbr, Pkr, Ps, Sd, Škns, Šičn, Sin, Uzš, Vb, Žml. Such a frequent presence of two single-meaning phraseologisms in one geographical area may be explained by the expansive expansion of the more widely used phraseologism god cow into the area of older single-word names. Such one-word names are still written in that area today, for example, marytė, more rarely marusyté, marusia, and their antiquity is also evidenced by the analogous names of the boar in other languages, e.g. Latvian marite**, German Marienkūferchen, Marienkėifer*", Bulgarian mapuuka- ®®. On the other hand, it is also possible to assume that the names of two different creatures — Coccinella septempunctata (god's ladybird) and trombidium holosericium (god's cowbird) — are mixed here, which were probably distinguished in the area before and had their own separate names, and eventually as living beings, and their names may have been identified. In the southern part of Lithuania, there are not widely used phraseologisms, where one or more components probably arose only because of rhyme and rhythm, for example: babuška —rabuška Alv, Dsm, Kb, Ndz, Pvč, Ski, Tit; rabuska —barabuska (sn. || dievo karvyté) Jz; babuska — turnip Dsm; boruška — poroska Sk; marska —pomparška Pls. Sometimes the second component of such a phraseology is a personal noun derivative, e.g.: babushka —mariuSka Gnn, babiiska —mariska (|| god's cow) Mrc, Seln; babuska —maruška (|| god cow) Lpln, or, conversely, the personal noun derivative is the first element of a term phraseology, e.g. mariicka —baboučka(|| cow of God) Mrc, Smn; Avi: petronėlė —poruškėlė (|| dievo karvyté) Skrd; petriukas — brother (|| cow of God) Ds. There are also such kinds of terminological phraseologisms, where both components are derived from adjectives, e.g., about Joniškėlis, Panevėžys, Ramygala somewhere near the god kar46 A, Bojate, V. Subatnieks, Lietuviešu —latviešu vardnica, p. 98. 17 J. Elisonas, Zoologijos sistematikos terminų žodynėlis, Kaunas, 1928, p. 19; D. Slapoberskis, German-- Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius, 1963, p. 602. 18 M. A. Jleounposa, min. veik., p. 111. 184 vytės Vartojama marytė —katrytė Ėr, Jrgn, Nj, Pn, Rgv, Rm, Sml, Spr, Srk, Trs, || dievo katrytė Aukš, Brz, Gražš, Jnšk, Kvr, Pbr, Pšš, Srv, Ši, Tršk. There are also rarer variants: katrytė —marytė || dievo karvytė Kngš, Lnč, Pg; katriušytė > mariušytė (||god's cow) Vb; katriité —mariūte (t. katriūta —mariūta) || cow of God Nrn; mariušytė — katriušytė Vb; marytė —karusytė Vb; marusytė — karusytė (|| cow of God) Pc; marusia —petrusia (|| cow of God) Pg; maruška — petruska- *® Slvk, || god's cow Psd, Jkt; "Petruška — Maruška (|| cow of God)" Kngš. As we can see from the given examples, one component of the terminological phraseologisms, which have arisen due to considerations of rhyme and rhythm, is relatively often the one-word name of the boar used in that dialect, and the second is probably added because of a custom in the folk*?. In Lithuanian dialects, there are also various other phraseologisms for the name of the boar, used rather infrequently, e.g.: St. Peter's beetle Svb; St. Peter's beetle Aks, Jdr, Sv, Tv, Tvsk; St. Peter Brn, Klt, Ml, Tvr, Varn, Vsn; and its variants, e.g.: the holy petrel Krkl, Pšt, Ptk; holy petruk Kv, Vn. There are also other names for the place, e.g.: God's beetle Vndk; flying hawk Skd; Small barb Vndk. However, the term phraseologisms, which are used to describe a living thing known throughout Lithuania, are not always as diverse as the ladybirds of the examined species. in the case of names. For example, the synonyms of the names of the bald bird — the thunderbird oZelio® (Capella gallinago) are not found at all, and the term phraseologisms are also few. Of these, the more widely used morphological variants of thunder goat — thunder goat, thunder goat, etc., probably formed as the basis of association, from the experienced impression caused by the lamb's blaring sound. The range of the Thunderbird and its morphological variants occupies the largest part of the Lithuanian language area. Only the eastern and south-eastern edges of the area are distinct, where one-word names are more commonly used. The approximate limit of the use of this phraseology in the eastern and southern part reaches approximately Obelius, Dusetos, Utena, Ignalina, Dubingi, Mustynus, Kaišiadorys, Prienai, Alytus, Simnas, Veisiejus®. In the area of Thunder Goat, sometimes in addition to this phraseology, the names of one Word gožys, oželis, gožiukas are used in parallel (e.g.: Brz, Grl, Jnšk, Mrk, Ps, Smn, VIk). The Žemaitijos mud miners between Varniai, Kelmė, Tauragė, Vainuto use the word perkūno oželis next to the monosyllabic compound form perkūnožis (e.g.: Drb, Grd, Kim, Lkv, Paši, Skdv, Strg, SII, Šlpg, Tn, Varn, Vdk, Vn, Žv). ** E.g.: (petruska — petruska „,spotted wings, and the cow of God — small bright red bug, unable to fly“). ** For example, when shepherds were grazing their flock out of boredom, they would put a beetle on their palm and say: “Boruškéle —poruškéle, fly to heaven, ask God if it is noon or not yet Sun; Petriuk — brother, if it rains — fly, if it doesn’t — don’t fly! Ds. Maryte =, katryte, show the truth, if it's raining, then sit, and if it's clear, then run! Come on. Marška —pomparška, when it gets warm I'll let it go, when it gets cold I'll hang it Pls. In Bulgaria, a similar custom exists, but there it is believed that the ladybird, flying from the girl’s palm, points to the place where her fiancé is (cf. Kaauxxe — Mmaaunke, nokaxu smu noma (M. A. JleonngjoBa, min. ill., p. 111). ** The component perkūnas, which performs the functions of a testimonial, may be related to the name of the old faith god, so the beginning of the use of phraseologisms formed with it may reach the distant past. *2 Beyond the specified eastern and southern thunderstorms and its variants, this term phraseology also occurs, but there are more characteristic names of one word: borrow bekosas, or more rarely meketys, tekutis and their variants. 185 The morphological variant of the thunder goat (Hybrid perūno govis Prvn, Sug) has no continuous range. It is recorded from various places, usually near the main variant of thunder-- goat (e.g. : Adm, And, Dknn, Gml, Iš, Jc, Jknn, Jnšk, Jrgn, Krč, KzK, Ljn, Lkš, Lpr, Lzd, Mrs, Mžč, Nj, Pd, Pj, Pkr, Prv, RdN, Rgv, Rk, Pašl, Pkl, Pn, Pp, Sug, KetS, Skrd, Ssk, Strg, Svn, Sauk, Sn, Tr$k, Vdln, Zg, Zml). The same applies to the variant perkūno oZiukas, but it should be added that it is almost completely inconsistent in the northwestern part of the Žemaičių dounininkų dialect (cf. : Auk, Alvt, AžB, AZ, Brd, Brt, Ck, Ds, Erž, Gml, Grd, Jdp, Kb, Kč, Kkl, Kim, Kpr, Kps, Kri, KzR, Lbn, Ldv, Ldvn, Min, Mnšk, Mrč, Mrg, Mšk, Mtl, Mzr, Nj, Nmk, Nrn, Nv, Ob, Onš, Pbr, Pbs, Pd, Pg, Pjv, Pkp, Pkrž, Plm, Pp, Prn, Prvj, Sim, Smn, Srj, Stpr, Škns, Si, Šln, Smn, Tn, Tr, Trš, UZ, Užv, Varn, Vb, Vg, Vn, Vrk, Vs, Zp, Zl, Zml, Žv). In Southern Lithuanian 3nektos there is a variant perkūno oZukas (e.g.: Dg, GI¢, Gnn, Mrs, Smn, Srj). Relatively rarely near thunder oZelio (sometimes also near its variants) occur uZrasytos variants with changed or completely different first component, e.g., thunder goat (Šlpg, Varn); Thundergoat (Strg); Sky Goat (Brč, Klv); tar oak (Trs); the god o0Zys® (Kdn, MI), the god goat (Ant, Dgl, Dkšt, Ilgn, Tue, Wed, Shlpg, Thu); goat of God (Ds, Ig, Klvr, Kps, Mlt, Mnkn, Prvn); devil's goat (e.g.: devil's goats when the goats shout their throats loose: it seems that there are plenty of sheep in that[e] swamp[e] Jrb), devil's goat (Alz, JnšM), devil's goat Aln. In addition, other rare phraseologisms of this meaning have been recorded from individual places, e.g.: lamb of God (Prv, Sug); Thunder Baron (Kpč). After reviewing some features of the geography of phraseologisms, it can be stated that the following factors influence the areas of phraseologisms: a) geography of individual words entering into phraseology; b) the geography of the individual meanings of the word in the phraseology; c) geography of morphological elements of words in phraseology; d) a personal name in phraseologies of local significance; (e) in individual cases, natural conditions determining the peculiarities of the living conditions of the inhabitants of some part of Lithuania or differences in flora and fauna; f) ethnographic peculiarities of various regions of the Lithuanian SSR, from which phraseologisms related to daily life, various traditions, customs and beliefs arise, as well as the influence of other languages. A. JIMTICKEHE HAMWBOJIEE XAPAKTEPHBIE 4EPTbI T'EOrPA®HH GPA3EOJIOTHYECKHX COYETAHHMH Pesome I've written to you, Mr. President, and I'm sorry to hear of your death. C aTOH LejibiO MOAPOGHO aHaJiK3HpyeTCA reorpadus onpejeseHHoro unciaa gpaseoJIOTHUECKHX COYETaHHil, OTHOCAUIMXCA K pa3JIHuUKHbIM THnaM. K rnepBoMy THIly OTHOCSTCS coyeGod's goat | goželis | oZiukas, as well as the names of the boar —dievo karvyté | karvelé | karviké | karvuté may have been formed later than perkūno gožys | goželis | oZiukas, because the first element of the singular form god, as a general name of many deities, is probably a creature of later times. 186 TaHH3A, ‘BCE COMMUNITY KOTODbIX OGpa3YyIOT CJIOBA, VIIOTpeOJISIOLIHEeCS TIOuTK Ha Bee TeppHTOPHH pacnpocrpaHeHHSA JIHTOBCKOTO A3blKa, Hanp., Goats whitened (sawing, peeling, wetting, tearing) ‘One BaTb’; KO BTOPOMY — CO4eTaHHSA, OAH COMIOHEHT KOTODpbIX OGpa3yeT CJIOBO, YIIOTpeOJIAIOLIeEeCcA TOJIbKO Ha GoJbiueil HH MeHbiueil yacTH TEppHTOpHH JIKHTOBCKOTO A3blKa, HANp., catch the hare, catch the rabbit (catch) "ynacTb- "; K TperbeMy —cOueTaHHA, OHH KOMMOHEHT KOTOpkIX obpa3yeT CJIOBO, BHe JAHHOrO (pa3e0jiorH3MA He YTNOTDpeOJISIOUIĮEeCA HH B OJJHOM JIHTOBCKOM TIrOBOpe, manp., with ribs (palpably) go ‘nearahunuaTb, TIOpTATbeS’. ITH OCHOBHBIE THIIEI, B CBOIO Ouepesb, AeasATcs Ha 6ojiee MeJIKHE CTpyKTYpHbIe H I'm sorry, I'm sorry. Ha ocHoBe npoBegeHHOTro aHaJM3a yCTaHAB/JHBAeTCs, UTO reorpadus OpaseojioruuecKHx COUETAHHH 3aBHCHT HE TOJILKO OT S3BIKOBBIX, HO H OT BHeA3HLIKOBHIX (PakTOpoB: |) reorpaduu OT/IEJIbHbIX CJIOB, BXOJSIIMX B COCTaB Opa3eojiornueckKoro CoueTaHHsi; 2) reorpaduu OTAEJIbHBIX 3HAYEHHH CJIOB, BXOJSIAX B COCTAB (Dpa3eojiorHtuecKoro COYeTaHus; 3) reorpa@uu MOp(OJIOTHYUECKHX 3JIEMEHTOB CJIOB, BXOAAIIAX B COCTAB Opa3eojiornueckoro coyetanus; own 4) oT name, COCTaBASIOMHAX OHH KOMIOOHEHT COYETaHHMIT MECTHOTO MPOHCXOMK EHS; 5) BJIHAHUSA APYTHX A3bIKOB; 6) B HeKOTOPHIX CIyYasX — OT MPHPOAHBIX VCJIOBHĖ, OGYCJIOB/IHBAIOIIHX CBOe06pa3He OuiTa J0Aei, a TaKiKe pa3siuuns OJOpsi H (ayHsl; 7) CBOOOPa3us Pa3HUHBIX STHOrpaduueckux paioHos JIHTBH, KOTopble OGYCJIOBJIKBAIOT Apeabi Opa3e0ji0orHuecKHX cOueTaHHH, CBA3AHHBIX C GBITOM, BEpOBaHHsimi, obbiuasiMu H obpsijlaMi It's sour.