Šiaurės rytų žemaičių dūnininkų kai kurie morfofoneminiai dialektizmai

LITHUANIAN AREALINES LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS LITHUANIA TSR Some Morphophonemic Dialecticisms of Northeastern Samogitian Poets As is known, in dialects and colloquials there are words and forms where the history of some sounds is unclear. During the compilation of the “Dictionary of Northeastern Samogitian mud miners”, there were quite a lot of such cases and they had to be solved in one way or another. These dialect words and forms are difficult to relate to Ik. Correspondences due to the difference of phonetic laws and the inability to prove it as a regular dialect, called morphophonemic dialectisms. They usually have some form, which has acquired the functions of constructive and lexicological distinction due to the incorrect change of one or another vowel, consonant, diphthong. Considering that the phonetic law must work in a certain position of sounds, we consider those cases where some sounds cannot be clearly and firmly based on the lawfulness, regularity, as deviations from the phonetic system of pronunciation. This is usually related to a different root of the word, a different constructive element, with the appearance of non-etymological sounds and even with the disintegration of some phonetic law in the speeches due to some influences, analogies or the like. I. SOME MORPHOPHONEMICAL DIALECTISMS WITH BALS « In these speeches there are words and forms where instead of Ik. In other dialects of Samogitian, i(ę) is the pronounced vowel e. The inappropriate appearance of the vowel e and its alternation with i(e) even in the same word is worth considering more extensively. Such an e can also occur in the roots of Zodziai; and in suffixes, and in components of compound words. It is also written in both its own words and in borrowed words. Let's consider more important cases of this phenomenon in more detail. The root of the word. 1. In the root of some words instead of Ik. mixed diphthong il is present in these dialects: smé'lti Drv, Krš, Vrp | smé'lte Vds „,,sand“ (but sand Pvn, Vkšn), smelti'nc Drv, Krš, Vrp | smelti'nc Vds, Užv,,smėlynas“, kelmioti | kelnūotę,,kilnoti“, švel.pti Drv, Krš, Vrp | svel.pte Vds. This case probably includes the verb adjective vel.kinc | vėlkė'ne "drawing", cf. western Highlander Šiauliai vil kins, but Šakyna and Gruzdžių apylinkės vėlkins || vélkens (sometimes and vilkins). 1 For this dictionary and the speech it covers, see 2001. "The Snekty Group Dictionary Principles", LCC XIII 79—98. The most important settlements are: Dirvonėnai, Kuršėnai, Pakšteliai, Varputėnai — Šiaulių r., Ūžventis, Vidsodis — Kelmės r., Pavandenė, Viekšnūliai — Telšių r. 7. Užs. No. 1026 97 Toks č ir i (¢) the change in the mixed su / diphthong may sometimes indicate that 7 (e) in this position, a more spread-oriented position ir can even turn into an open one e (Here the šį phenomenon possible would be linked ir su older i : e, Zr. (see below). The descriptive dialect word smčė'Iti | smé-lte as the eastern ir Altay Dusety smé.lte. is clearly common to the Latvian su equivalent smelte (LV III 959), Probably also explainable presence in some of ir e the word švel.pti Wood, broken | soft Vds formose (plg. latvian k. svelpt), especially since these snickets have the word švē:Ipti Wood, Krš | light:Iptę Uv, Vds, Vksn “‘waving’ (plg. still whistling DZ! 829). On the other hand, this be assumption about the commonality of the word švelpti in Latvian, it is su possible to assume the influence of Latvian ir language, as it is oriented by the area of use of this verb į (Zg, Skn, Vgr, Kik, Akm, Pp, Straaudinė, Rdn, Vds, but whistle Pvn, Vkšn), t. y. those places where there have ar been Latvian farms or which have had closer ties su Latvia. The ir important thing is that the words used here are whistling whilpiūūoi Skn, Grz whistling | Drv, Vrp softwood | Vds “whistle. Whistle Skn, Grz whistle | Krš, Tree of life | Rdn, Trš, Akm ‘Whistle; whistling, whistling Grz | whistling pox Rdn, Trš, "whistle" Pp etc. ir For the verb kelniioti kelnūotę it can | be assumed that it is constructed differently than I'm going. move, t. y. be root vowel changes. 2. The verb kręčūotę krečdute in the Northern Samogitian (dounininkai) | dialects "to release shirts blouse on ar pants, skirt" is pronounced only in some of the descriptive dialects in the Kurėnai, — Dirvonėnai and Varputėnai ir dialects. — su e: crunchy (but cracked) Pvn, Uzv, Vkšn). It should be assumed that, as in the western ir Highland Snektos (Jūrbarkas, Vadžgirys, cf. LKZ VI 488)? there is another root vowel. 3. e instead of most other dialects ir 1k. i has a loanword kléjéir "glue" in these dialects. The form su vowel e has come from iš Slavic languages. Be apraSomuju šnektų, Zošį di su e vowel root pronounces ir dounininkai about Papilė, Akmčėnė, Raudénus, Tryškiai, Tėlšiai, Salantus, etc. ir That the ta form is not entirely new, shows S. Stanevičius, S. Daukanto, A. Juškos writings, see. LKŽ VI 37—38. Adjective of the word. 1. Some words, Ik. ir in dialects with suffix -ilas, in spoken conversation pronounced su - They. This is: diobels Vrp | doubles Pvn, Užv ',clover', eryngium'Is Pvn, Vkén „stallion- “, krė“tels Drv, Vds krė“tė"Is | Pvn, Vkšn "Kretil", sprū'gel For | example, the explosion is Pvn, VYkšn ',spragilas' ir spragėlga'Ivę Pvn, Ykšn ",scratch head," scratch Pvn, Ykšn ,,spragilo kotas'' brezgela Pvn ‘syringes’ (Whether due to It is said ar that in the area of these dialects, due to the influence of the western Highlanders, only ra'tils are spoken, mostly brizgila" | brézgeld-, in many places, especially about Kuršėnus, spra-gils, krétils, although it should be recalled that some say about Šakyna āmžels. The interaction of dialects is clear here). As shown by the medZiaga® of the Samogitian dialects, the suffix -elas* ir probably existed and still exists, which may have arisen due to phonetic ir reasons — ¢ (i) identification su e. 2 A. Yushka's dictionary ir Rietavo krečidti, probably, has an incorrectly transposed dialect e iš €. 3 See ir literature for more details. B. Vanagienėir V. Vitkauskas, Still about the bucket, LKK XIII 222. Plg. but A. Girdenis (rec.), ‘Baltistica’, IV(1), p. 143; VI. Grinaveckis, The development of phonetic features of the north-westir jų ern mud dialects,,,Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute Scientific Works“, 11, 1960, p. 44; V. Grinaveckis, Fiber of Žemaičių words,,,Language culture“, 22, 1972, p.. 71; 72, 74. 4 See. P. Skardžius, Lithuanian language word formation, Vilnius, 1943, p. 175. 98 To these Lithuanian derivatives, it seems, there is also one other loanword adapted: kū'“tels | kū'tė'Is „,katilas“, kūbels | kėbė:Is „,kubilas- “*, ė“sė"Is Pvn, Vkšn „asilas“. Similarly, the vowel e will appear in the words kūneks kė.neks "priest", gūzeks Drv, Krš, Vrp,,guzikas, saga", mūzeka Vrp,,violin", muzekudi- .c Vrp,,musician". In these cases, the open i of the Vysočina dialect and the open e of the Zemgale dialect (see gd.zeks, md.zeka in the Telšiai dialect) are probably replaced by an open e. kunegaikštis has been used by S. Daukantas, M. Valančius, zr. LKZ VI 8918, therefore perhaps there is also an influence of the 19th century written language here, because even now the Žemaites of these places sing the words kunegas, kunegaikštystė from the Kantic language of that time in their memorials). Such change of e and i (g) will have been encouraged not only by the greater spread of the vowels i (g) in these words, a kind of signification of the vowel ¢ in the northern Žemaites (dounininkai) in the north-eastern Dūninikai (east Varniškiai), but also by i: e in the case of such a type, as, for example, sg.bene: drukcobénis Jdr, Vvr, Šv, kas storu užpakaliu- “, stuorsobė'nę Pvn. For the same reason, *kūniks | kd.neks could have appeared: kunė:gbuvis | konė:gbuvis "ex-priest", kunė"kpalaikis | konė"klalūikis, "bad, unfit priest", and according to the latter's analogy even kunégisks | konė"gešks ",priestly". Finally, all of this could have been combined to create kóneks | kd.neks. For example, the word kūbils, more common in the nearby Kuršėnai, but only pūskubėlis ",puskubilis", vns. kilm. pūskubė'- le ‘,puskulio’’, dū'nkubėlis ‘,duonkubilis’’, vns. kilm. dii'nkubé- ‘le,,duonkubilio“. There it is said in the same way as gūziks, but, for example, the same person in the dialect who has said that form can also say the occurrence guzé ksegi "the binding". There are more such examples, e.g.: village name li“kšelis Krš, Vrp | li"*kšelis Vds, Užv. I'm going. "I'm Sorry, I'm Sorry" (feat. šilimdaržis Krš "greenhouse" and šilema Kis, Pkš "heat" (but šėlema Pvn, Vds, Užv, Vkšn), cibirs | cėbė'rs ","Sibiras" and cibė'=risks (šal.tis) | cebė“rūšks ",Siberian". All this confusion of the vowels e and i (e), especially in the Kuršėnai area, has been increased by one more thing: due to the high-pitched of these vocals (this mainly concerns Kuršėnai, Dirvėnai, Varputėnai, but is also noticeable elsewhere, even in the Pavandenė area) there is a very different vowel system. As even current facts show, the vowel i (and) is new?, having replaced the previously present vowel e (and 9)?*. When the phonetic system of the schnekt changes significantly, various hypernormalisms and duplicates of various forms are always formed. Since the articulation of the vowels e and ¢ is very close, the e turning into the w, sometimes could have been from e to i and vice versa, from e —e. This seems to be supported by a number of duplicates of this type, such as: skild'uda | skęelū'uda and skeld-uda | skelū"uda,,skeveldra; thin as a shell", skidé'rva | skedé'rva and skedé'rva | skedė"rva "„t. p.“, tikšūoti and teksioti Drv, Krš „gulėti; "to gather", "to gather" and "to gather" Drv ",to gather", "to gather" and "to gather--" 5 For doubts about the Slavic origin of this word, see S. Karaliūnas, Dėl keleto lietuvių kalbos skolinių, LKK XII 181—183, cf. also V. Urbutis (rec.), „,Baltistica“, VII (2), p. 205. 6 See also Z. Zinkevičius, Reikšmingas žemaičių rankraštinis tekstas, LKK XV 181— 182, 187. 7 Regressive vowel assimilation? 8 See. J. Kazlauskas, On the development of the baltic *ei and *o in the Lithuanian Žemaičių dialects,,- ,Baltistica®, V(1), p. 32—33; Z. Zinkevičius, On the narrowing of the first dot of the Lithuanian an-type syllable compounds,,,Baltistica“, I appendix, 1972, p. 9 See. Aut., New facts of regressive assimilation of vowels in the Kuršėnų dialect,,,- Kalbotyra* XXVI (1), p. 81—82, footnote 4. 10 See. A. Girdenis, Kada gi žemaičių tarmė atsiskyrė nuo aukštaičių?,,Kalbotyra“, XXII 1), p. 82, footnote 9. 7% 99 rice Drv, Krš "stimburys", vépiza vė"peza | "jįišsižiojėlis", paukštilis paukštelielis | paukštelis ir Wood, Krš, Pkš „,birkštužėlis’’, takilėlis | takilielis ir takalėlis Krš | takuzélis® ir et al. Thus, the morphophonetic dialectisms of su the vowels in e these dialects of the Žemaičių mudininkai have been created se for various reasons: due to, apparently, earlier occurred left only relic a) vowels change in derived words (could lead to ar b) ir ir e appearance in the main word); on c) further expansion i mo ar even of the eastern dialects examined here of the replacement of the ę former vowel with an open e (due to to the formation of even parallel ir word su root forms eir i (¢), perhaps even hypernormalisms). II. 1998-1999 MORPHOPHONEMICS DIALECTICS SU BALSIU x The u' vowels in these speeches a) are: of the same origin as I'm going. ū: li'pa lū'pa, | plitpti | plū'pte "to beat"; b) derived from *6 (>1k. and Altay uo): dirk | dik ~ diiok, jū'ks ~ juokas; c) in separate words responding lk. wo, but not different from other Žemaičių patarmiai u': sū'des sū'des | ‘,sounds’; d) responding lk. q: kū' ~k@ Drv, Krš, Vrp, sometimes Užv, Vds, si malinis | sū*malinis,,- sąmalinis“. In the latter two cases, some differences in the forms allowed them to be regarded as morphophonemic dialectisms. The root of the word. 1. By comparing some of the words of these dialects with the corresponding words of other Samogitian dialects, we see that u" instead of lk. uo Cia is also spoken by the northern Žemaičiai —dounininkai- 'l. For example: sū'des | sū'des | sides,,suodys, suodžiai“, with dinc | sū"denc „,,suodinas- ®, nusisū'dinis | nusesii*denes,,nusisuodines® (see sides Trk, Vkš, Jdr, Zr, TI, Ms, Lk, sides Pp, Rdn, Trš, sū"dė'nc Mzk, Klk, Trš, Rdn, Lk, Jdr, nusesidenes Trš, Rdn, Zr, Jdr, Ms); sii'sti's | sit*sti*s,,irzliam be; move; badly burn“: what the child becomes sū'sa's Krš (cf. sit’stéis, sii'sd’s Akm, Pp, Vkš, Sd, Gd —LKZ k; in neighbouring western Altay dialects there is also sūrstis || sū'sties,,judéti, friction: sii'ses i sū'ses | sė'dė"k when a person Škn)??. This is, a possible object, other roots, because "The phonemes i, ou, 6 of the Žemaičių dialects did not necessarily have to arise through the uo degree, they could have arisen simply from 613. 2. The origin of the vowel u' in these dialects is unclear in some borrowingsTM. For example, in the word a éu | aū"Čū: "ačiū, ačiū", in the word špū'lie | špū'lie "coil", in the word u'studrus | u'stiioros "moustache", in the word u'stū'e | u'stū'c "moustached", in the word špū'ks "feather" (and pū'kinc | pū'kė'nc "feathered- ", pit'kinti | pū'ki'ntę "feathered- "). From the pronunciation of the root vowel u' by the Dūnininkai (southern Žemaites), its origin is hard to determine. The Dounininkai (Northern Samogitians) here usually pronounce the diphthong ou: 1 See. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology (hereinafter —LD), Vilnius, 1966, p. 85. 12 as shown by the dialect data, and lk. the verb sudsti is a word typical of the Žemaičių dialect. The facts presented by S. Karaliūnas that suosti is used in Gegužinė, Vaddkliai, Vajasiškis, Žilinuosė, Biržai are completely unreliable. See. S. Karaliūnas, From the history of Lithuanian jo-kamieniy verbs, LKK XIV 96—97. 18 Zr. S. Karaliūnas, min. str., p. 60. See also J. Kazlauskas, min. str.,,,Baltistica“, V(1), p. 29 tt. 14 Zr. VI. Grinaveckis, Phonetic characteristics and development of the North-West mud dialects, Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute, XI, 1960, p. 73; V. Grinaveckis, History of the Žemaičių dialects, Vilnius, 1973, p. 190—191. 15 For the origin of this word, see. V, Urbutis, Lithuanianisms of the Contemporary Belarusian Language,,,Baltistica“, V(1), p. 48—49, 100 pduks Jdr, Vvr, Lk, Trš, Pp, Mžk, Sd, Ms ir t. t. (there's also poukė'nc, ir nusepoukinte), špdulie Lk, Jdr, Vvr, Krtn ir t. t. (in ampoules) || Spoulie Trš), Gustū" Rdn, Trš, Akm, Pp, Nv, TI, Jdr, Vvr ir t. t. Similarly pronounir ced word au Rdn, Trš, Nv, TI, Jdr, Vvr ir t. t. (@ éuu Pp, as kuy). vd Therefore, the dounists' schnets have forms, lk. transposable pudkas, spūle, ports ūčiuo. ir In the dialects of Donininkai (western ~ Samogitian) it is written d“"zna" ùznai Sg, Prk "Moustache"! * ~ poërks pudkas Sg, po"kens ~ pudding Sg, plg. pokens TDr VII 104 (prie Klaipėdos). Here are also clear the roots of these words endings vowel o“, ir atliepianéiu su I'm going. uo. How much varies only the name of the coil: $pd-/é Plik, Krg, Dov, Kin (Sakūčių k.), bet špū'lė Prk, Sg, Rmč, Rsn, spłuczkę Klp, Rsn.!"" Some words of the adjacent eastern ir Highlander schnekts are also pronounced with a diphthong uo: puéks su Sl, spool Šl (Žuviniūkų k., 1 km į east of the city), Mšk, Jnš, Lnkv, špuole Grz, KZ ir kt The transposition of these word forms by the ir Dūnin snakts lk. į is a very unclear and complicated ir matter, because the origin of a vowel can be u“ interpreted differently. Iš at first glance seeming to be of common origin with su other Žemaičių patarmių ou, these o borrowed vowels form a common u* range in the forms of the southern su northwestern Highlands schnektai pu'kai, Spirle (ii stai, used in Šakyna, Gruzdžių neighborhoods, is a clear loan from kuršėniškių ūšsta' iš ‘moustache’). Dūnininkų aČu" | a é limb -u" in the related ending of su adverbs -which shows "Raseiniai apylinkių šnektų a'éui" (in Lithuanian). Rs, Vdk, Nmk (as in ir pavaiėjui, pavaideiui, apsukūi ir t. t.) The word ū'sta" iistd-, | having only correspondences with the dounists Šusta" (partly donininkai 6°znd"), ir transposable only ports (and uostérius, uostotas). More complicated su is the word špit'lič | špu'ličė, which is used north of the line in the į mudniks Kurtuvénai— Vaiguva - Gifdi§ké — Tauragė — Guilty! ?. This area is only a few kilometers (The western outskirts of Šiauliai city) borders the western Altai su spi-le špūle, which raises many suspicions ~ about the ir common root vowel origin of the Altai variant of this loanword. Distinction of pronunciation from the Altay word su ir jo commonalisu ty of dounistov Spgulie, the common origin of all Žemaičių patarmiu vowels speaks the mud'nikov form špit'lič špu'lič už transposition | į I'm going. a spade. Donians spui-lie | špulie voice can u" have because uo (ie) response vowels in u* | i | these conversations? ?. The common origin of the word su doun. Pguka" ir don. pé-ké- (and western highland whistles Kž) would also allow transposition of mud-like genders puki ir (puékinas, squeezed down), although the whole section of the underground should still be examined more closely. : 3. Uncertain is the use of the ir auxiliary verb liuobéti, liūoba, -ėjo** for means of expressing the past tense mo (DZ! 347) root vocalism. 18 VI. Grinaveckis, Phonetic characteristics of the North-West mud dialects ir jų row, p. 73. '7 Data about the word špūlė ir jo variants prevalence take iš A. Jonaitytė- ’s map for the volume of the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” lexicon (in the press). '* Į south of this line is used the form špulič, common in the western Highlands, or su Spirli Skdv. ; 18 See. V. Grinaveckis, History of the Žemaičių dialects, Vilnius, 1973, p. 195—196. 20 See. more J. Aleksandravičius, Kretinga dialect verb,,,Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute Scientific Works,, VIII, 1958, p. 113—115; Aut., Current frequency time in north-eastern Samogitian dialects, LKK IV 157—164. 101 This Slavism (FrnW 378, 381) is pronounced by the Samogitians*! : a) In the Donians' talks: /o-b'er' | lo-b'er' | lo-b'ing (here it, as an be auxiliary verb, has the meaning of “to like, to be used to”). b) In the dialect of the Dounininkai: [pub ~ liūoba Krtn, Kal, Kl, Pp, Akm, sometimes Rdn; /ū"b ~ liūba Mik, Sd, Tl, Lk, Eig (this form will probably not be affected by another, semantically close Slavic lidbyti); lo'b ~ litioba Krt, Vvr, Jdr, Ms, Skd. The form I6+b vowel o" appeared, possibly, because of proklizés and also because it has no related words and sentences actually have interpunction, and these tend to be shortened, inappropriately phonetically changing, e.g. riūoc | rūoc < rodos, murioc | morūoc < mun rodos. Thus, instead of /6ub, I6-b has been pronounced over time, thus, here in Ik. transposable diphthong uo. For the same reason, the form /Šb ~ liūoba Viekšniuosė appeared. c) Northern mud dwellers (varniškiai)?? in speech: [ib | lib root vowelism is the same problem as with the Slavisms špuolė, puėkas, udstai, ūčiuo; Furthermore, it is not known whether hirb | lū"b has not been influenced here in the same way as the form lib of some dounists. However, having in mind the form fiob of the neighbouring western Altay dialects, and the larger area of the Žemaičių dounininkų dialects with /6ub (together with the forms I6°b, Iob that have emerged from it), it is possible to assume that the /4b | Iū"b root u' < uo of the Dounininkai dialect is also present. The root in Liubžemaičiai arose due to the previous law (Slavic borrowings) *G > ou |u| o" (cf. pouks | pirks | pé-ks, Gusta" | i'sta* | ūrsta" | #i'stai Rs, Vdk, Trg, Gr | ė"zna"). The noun lū'bi"ti | [ii*bi-te,,- mégti* seems to have come later, and liuobéti earlier. 4. Descriptive mud snickets instead of Ik. the short u in some borrowed words pronounces a long, tense vowel u'. For example: gū'ma Pvn, Uzv. Vds, Vkin "guma" (cf. dar gū'ma Grz), rii'sas,,rusas* (cf. rū'sas Grz, Skn), rūšišks | riišešks "Russian- ", jū'rinc (gaga-rinc) | jū'rė'ne "Yuriy" (so, apparently, the form brū'c,,dirt; bad man, biaurybė- ", bru'da'cije,,big rascal" also appeared from Slavic languages). Cia Ik. and Slavic languages, the somewhat tense vowel u (at least in the ears of the Žemaites and the West Highlands) was not adapted to their fairly open vowels u | o, but was pronounced long (Dunians, who have a tense short vowel w in their phonetic system due to regressive assimilation of vowels, sometimes do not pronounce the long vowel in those words, but have adapted their short tense u here: guma Trk**, Mžk, rúsa' KIk). In these conversations, the Lithuanian Ik was meaningful and understood in the long vw. and the Slavic accented vowel u. Thus, a string of phonetic dialectisms has been formed, but there is no complete consistency (cf. grūpi | gro.pe, ruské: | rėskė“,,rusai®). Differences between adverbs. As in all of Žemaitija (sometimes also in some parts of the western Highlands), in these dialects instead of 1k. the diphthong wo is pronounced in the suffixes -ūklis, -ūlas, -ūlis, -ė (ūlis, -ė), -ulys, -timené, -ūnė, -ūnis. Adverbs, e.g.: girtū'klis || girtū'klis "drinker" (see girtū'klis Pit, Tl, Rdn, Pp, Rsn, Sg, Prk, girtū'klis StnZ 82, girtukle Mz 30; see LKZ III 351 for words girtūklė, girtuklis, etc.), svi'rū'klis "swing" Krš (see svi.rū'klis Rdn, Trš); wiiobii-ls „,obuolys“ Pvn, Vkšn (cf. uūobū'Is End, Jdr, Pln; see LKZ VIII 990 obulas || obiilas); ūcpindu'lis || a"cpi.ndū- 'lis "reflection" (cf. acpi.ndū'lis Plnt, ac21 See Z. Zinkevičius, LD 357. ? ** The southern Dūnininkai schnekts (part of Raseiniai) —Gr, Trg, Erž, Vdk,Stl,Žip, Nmk,Rs,Kln, Paupys —use common with Ik, past tense forms. ** Doc. A. Girdenio information, but cf. gi'ma, rii'sos Ms, Skd (B. Vanagienės information) pindu'lis Žg; see. 102 LKZ 12 433 atspindūlis), a tli-ku-lis | a-tli-kilis "having performed something", (cf. a'tli-kiles Skd; see. LKŽ I? 398 reward, reward, reward; I guess I just had ar to do it. Up, raise Šv to the reward, when the other muddlers snarled madeta -jūlis), @-dzi.ndilis “after breastfeeding, the child started breastfeeding again” Pvn, Vksn, Vds, Uzv (plg. adži.ndū'lis Slnt, Brs, see at-zindūlis | atzindulys LK Ž 12 454), pra-gi-dru-léVkšn, Pvn ,,a cloudy place in the sky”; kuridu'lis For example, | Drv kendu'li's Pvn, Vkšn, Vds ,,nucleus’ (plg. kéndu.leTrš, Rdn), udbu'li"s ,,apple* Wood, Slab, Vds (plg. uiūobu.li"s Rdn, Trš, Pp; see. but LKZ VIII obulys 990 obiiljs), || #i-du'li-s Krš, Pvn, Vkšn ‘,žieduolis’ (plg. Żydów.du.li's Rdn, Jewish.li's Pp, Akm; LKT žydūlė); 492 didi meni dedii-mene, ‘the great, | the great’ (plg. dedii'mene Rdn, Ub, Jdr, plg. but LKZ II? 486 didūmėnė), jauni-meni | jaunti-mene ‘youth’ (plg. young-brown Jdr, young man Trš, Rdn, Pp, Klk; see. but LKŽ IV 313 jaunimėnė | jauniimenė), kari meni (sen. karū'mini) | karū'menę ,,Army’’ (plg. the art of war Kin, Jdr, End, karū'menę Lk, Trš, TI, Pp, Klk, karu-mé-ne Sg: see LKŽ V 288 military, military-style, LKZ V 349 kariimené), kitū'meni ,,other people“ Drv (plg. LKŽ V 909 kitiimené | kitūmėnė, only there the Karklėnai form kitūomenė was added to the word kitūomenė, reconstructed ketū"menę, supporting this with iš désning mudification); mūomurni mūomu'nę | ,,boy* (plg. Miyomi'ne Als, Tl, Brs, Pln; see. LKŽ VIII 344 momiūnė, mummies; only of all iš the Žemaites distinguishes Užvenčio form mdmuoné ,»t. p.%, although it is pronouncir ed miomu:ne), Sirsu'nc šė"ršū'ne | ‘,width’ (plg. custom Rsn, Kin, §é'rsi'ns Ms, Sint, Lkž, Tl, Pkl, Pln etc.) ir The pronounced vowel u of these suffixes, in all opinion, is another vowel of the suffixes, which has arisen from the change of vowels, apophony, about the non-pronouncer there are o various doubts. It is believed that in the unpronounced position in both the mudmen and mudmen's iš *6 speeches this has occurred lawfully??. A closer examination of the various formations u' ir "unfair" things. For example, roses Ms, Lnk, Sts, Skd „rūžulys“, vémboulie Sts, Ms, Dr, Pln, Lpl vambo-juice | Krg (the donors!) / vgmbouli's Trš (Plural) "Meslavebalis", a-cpi.ndoulis | acpi.ndpulis Jdr, End ‘reflection’, a‘tZi.ndpulis | atZi.ndpulis Vvr, Jdr, Grg, Zidoules ~ Zyduol LKT 69 (Dr)23, 5¢'rsoune VK§ | §é'rsouns Trk , SirSinas “, ko ndéuls (kgndoul@+) Ms ,,branduolys®, pi.nkoulé‘le Plt, Vrd ,,slaughter bone“, paki.soulis Grg ‘kyšis’ in Wiopéunés Plt who is , very sensitive, afraid of pain", kardunės Ms, Skd, Jdr ,,which climbs everywhere“, /6ndunės Ms, Jdr, Vvr, "trap", Rt l¢iZounés Ms, Skd, "disease when Tv the fingers of the feet are knocked out" etc. ir These facts would show that there is no regularity here. ir There have been complicated phenomena, for which the eastern dounists schneets, some dounists summarized in the prepositions u' < *o. The to regressive assimilation of vowels has contributed a lot to *zidolijas (*židolis) > židuulis > Zi-duli-s | Zidulis. (The western Žemaičių dounininkų schnekts, which have not been affected ta by assimilation, often have the suffix -oulis.) Diphthong (diphthongoid?) uu in the middle of the word is inconvenient to pronounce, it turned u' | u in all syllables, covering the whole paradigm of the word. So here we have a phenomenon of regressive su assimilation of vowels with ir subsequent unification of paradigm vowels. (especially when the process of shortening of the long vowels began in the Douniniai dialect). For the entanglemeu' nt of the analogy of the complexity ir of the vowel in this case, *“ see. Z. Zinkevičius, LD, 86; A. Girdenis, V. Zulys (rec.), „Baltistica“, VIII (2) p. 200. ' ?** Darbėniškės J. The spelling of , 103 Laučiūtė should be consistently presented in the dictionary forms with suffixes -ūklis, -ūlas, -ūlis, -ė, -ūlys, -ūmenė, -ūnė, -ūnis. Differences between prefixes. 1. The prefix nu", the prefix nu'-(especially in nouns) has the vowel u' along with all Samogitians. Is this a case of a crash? *, or because of. vowel changes, but this is an unjustified phenomenon that has encompassed the entire Žemaičių dialect. The prefix nu' has formed a whole string of dialectisms, e.g.: mibraukas | nū'braukas,,nubraukos", nuū'laida | nū'laida,,rogo nuleidimas- ", nii'saika | nū'saika ",,laiks; consistency“, mi‘lunka | nūlonka | nū'lė'nka,,consistency; "a person who requires bowing", nu'lunkd-uti | nulonka ute,staying bowing", mū*šišdūs | nū'šė'rdės "heartfelt", nū'sai.kūs | nusd@ikds- ,,nuosaikus®, nū'vai.zūs | ni vaiz0s,,beautiful, beautiful", mu'dalé: "consistently; each one separately", nu"kal.iu* nwkalnū" "to the hill". In the case of nouns, the dialectal nu' —(in Western dialects consistently in both nouns and verbs) is pronounced instead of lk. and the western Altay dialects nu-, e.g.: nu'bū'lielis "who is pale" Pvn, Vkšn, nu'sigi'vėnielis | nu'sigi-vé nielis "who is old", nu'sko'rdielis "poor" Užv, Vds, mū"manūs | nirmands ",numanus- ". This is a distinct type of phrase making*", which should be emphasized in dictionaries, especially in dialects. The prefix nu" —(and the preposition nu“) this interpretation of the incorrect case is contradicted by only one fact —dounininkai néusokas,nuošukos“ (and the adjective: nodušokenė"): LKT 25 (Dr), Krt, Pln (Babrungėnų k.), Rt and others.28 Those néusokas, like préic (donists) /prėc (donists), without even forming isoglosses (it's like facts), raises such thoughts. Žemaičiai iš *na-, *preigaly having from-, prie-(>nou-| nu'-| no'-, *prei-| pri'-| pré-), only later, due to the prolapse, regressive vowel assimilation generalized the vowels w", (which may have been involved here also by the adj. i“ ir polarization, when the louder, clearer, more comfortably pronounced sound is generalized). In spite of these reasonings, there is still an entangled analogy, other things that cannot be explained by lawfulness have occurred, so ir nu" — (and pri'-) derivatives can be considered phonetic dialectisms (n0ušokas, préic préc would be only exceptions, a relic of older | vowel development- ). 2. In these conversations, sometimes instead of I'm going. prefix is pronounced su'-. Since these schnekts belong to the group of schnekts that have retained the "nasal" vowels, they require special consideration. It is known that the long in u* these conversations in certain cases is pronounced instead of I'm going. ą. For a) example: : Pronouns vns. back (approx. Kuršėnus, Dirvėnėnus, Varputėnus consecutively, elsewhere only sometimes): kū" ką, ti', ~ anūt', katrū etc. ir b) This is the essence of the Eastern Orthodoxy. gin. of participants dgs. Name: (always): skėnū" „skiną“, šnėkū“, dėdū', dū'du' duodą, žinu', ~ ma-tuw, saku- (in western dialects: dū:dū'n, žėnū'n), in the pronounced singular. at the ending of the noun: šnė-kis, dirbū's, augi's, nésii's (in western dialects: šnėkūnc, dérbii'ne, dugiinc) etc. ir * See. J. Endzelins, Selection of works, I, Riga, 1971, p. 429; Z. Zinkevičius, LD 85. * VL Grinaveckis, Siaurés vakary Phonetic characteristics of mud dialects ir jy row, p. 73. ** Doc, Girden's A. information. 104 These are cases of transposition of lexical forms into Ik. would have almost no significance- ,. but here considerable similarity has derivatives with Ik. prefix-fluctuating pronunciation: some forms are used in all dialects only with si'-, others —in eastern dialects with si#'-, and in western dialects —sg'n-, and finally in a third case all the dialects in question use sun-| sė'n-. For example: : a) sū'malinis | sū"mali.nis „,sąmalinis“, sé muoni | sū"muone,,suprasting, perceiving“ | sėlėg anū" sū"muonęs kėtū'p ėšei.n Uzv |, si mieZi'nc Vds, Užv | su'mieZi'nc Pvn, Vkšn „litter bin“, sū'nari"s,,joining the belts of the cams“, stūrmals | si'mals,,rupus mažinimas“, sųūplavas | sūrplavas,,samplovos“, sū'plavinis | sū.plavi.nis „paplavinis“, sū'šuta,nevala*; : b) sū'sprundis | sė:ncprondis „,sąsprandis“, sū'maištis | so“'nmaištis „,susišimas- “; c) sūncu'ka | sė"ncū'ka,,posiikis, kreiva linija“, but stū"suka | sii'soka „,sudžiūvėlis“; ta sū'suka a neieėjusi Drv, sūncmauga | sė'nemauga,- ,kas suspaugta“. Why is there such a disparity? The schneckets that retain n before s, š, z, ž (the so-called nasal vowel retention zone), in this case, as we have seen, fluctuate greatly. In Eastern dialects suū'sprundis, sū'maištis, possible thing, u' has new, as in the forms tū', katrū' (plg. but Pakštelių k. Zii'sis, Zi sii'). However, the first group remains unclear, where all descriptive schnets use only su'-. Perhaps the prefix su" has sometimes formed here —as a variant of the prefix są-(san-, sam-) due to the change of vowels? This opinion seems to be confirmed by certain data. 1. Žemaičių šnektos, not only described here, regardless of how they would be repeated lk. vowel ą, pronounced u' in the following words: sū'soka,,- sąvėka“ Pkl, Lc, Mžk, Zeml, Trk, LZ —„Kalbotyra“ IX 71, sū"sū'ka „,sąvėka“ Kal, Sts, Gršl, sū"va'rgis,,suvargimas“, sū'va'rta,,suverstos dvi vagos“ Sint, with those „,sutema“ Sd, sū'kala „,kas sukalta“, sū'gruva Skdv, sū'malenis „,sąmalinis““ Lkv (here more often sé'nmalenes), Sv, Jdr, dgs. ward. sū'nas,,sąnašos“, sū'neša'Is,,kas susinešama“ Grg, Sts, sū'grd0'ndas,)kas sugrandyta“ Brs, Vgr, sū'mūonę,,supratimas, suvokimas“ Ms, priev. sūrgroužū's "returning" Sts, sisokekle' "braces (in a rope)" Pp and others. (see also sūvarža,- ,žambrio virvė" Ldv). 2. A number of such forms are used by some of the western and central Highlander schnekts (according to the new classification, Kaunas and Šiauliai people): sū'frauko*s „„susitraukėliai“ LKT 200 (Plv), su'nari"s Kps (Tursūčių k.), Plv, sū'naris Gs,,sanarys“, su‘varza,,akėčių dalis“ Ldvn, GZ, Sn, Gs, Zvr, Nm (LKT 194), Prn, Brb, Brt, (cf. su'varza „etc.“ Plv), su'vara,,- vezéCias sutvirtinanti geležis“ Ldvn, sū'vara Brb: ji kap sū'vara „„ėlabai išaugusi, liekna“, (cf. sūvara Arm), sū'vė'la „,susivėlėlis“ Ply, Dkš, Brb, Klvr, Alk, sū'našo'- s,,sąnašos“ Dkš, si'linkis,,- posūkis“ Zg, Skn, sū'tema Kt, Pun, (-ū'-) Ldvn, (-@) Kps (Tursūčių k.), plg. dar si‘rema iš Knv, Eiš, Prl, Rod, suotema PSS, Lnkv, Rm, Trs®, suté-mini's,,sutema* DKS, su'malini- ‘s „„malinys“ Dkš (A. Juškos from Veliuonds is written with the compression „,scisk“) and so on. See also the sentence in J. Bretkūno writings- :,,...dassiliteia ghis Sussilenkimo (upper sunari) io Strenu“ BB 1 Mos32, 25. In the case of western Altays (Kaunas), the presence of the "nose" ą-—-u'* is not suspected, but it is assumed that there was a prefix sū-, the relics of which have been preserved in some dialects, usually without forming a more uniform range. * Data about the word siitema and its variants are taken from the map compiled by B. Vanagiene for the volume of the lexicon,,Lietuvių kalbos atlasas“ (in the press). 105