Forma „tai“ ir jos variantai lietuvių kalbos tarmėse

LITHUANIAN AREALINES LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY A. VALECKIENĖ FORMA or IR JOS OPTIONS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES IN THE SECTIONS 001. The form is known in literary language as a pronoun of an anonymous genus as a particle. ir It is widely used in ši sculpture. ir Be The form fai, in dialects there are many other forms: tatai, ta, to, tei, te, te, ti, tei, which form variants of the form fai. They are territorially distributed in dialects. Most of these forms were not previously raised by anyone, or if they were given no by someone in dialectal texts, they were restored to fai. ir į Iš in fact, the identification of at least some of these forms is unclear. Therefore, here we want to ir consider how to more accurately identify dialectal forms; examine how they are distributed in dialects, what functions they have, how they relate to each other. jų su 1. FORM EXPANSION IR IDENTIFICATION 002. In dialects, the most uz commonly used form is zai. Ji established ir itself in literary language. Si form known to all the Highlanders, except for those from Panevėžys (where the vague forms re, t€, are used), also in the area of ti Žemaičių raseiniškiai!. In the rest of the area, the form fai is unknown. The form this in dialects, as in literary language, has ir two functions: a particle and a conjunction 1) ir 2) (for more information on these functions, see 013 t. t.). However, the prevalence of the forms in the functions indicated differs greatly in dialects in literary language. The ir form rai is widely used in literary language in both functions: as a particle and as a conjunction as a pronoun of an anonymous genus. The latter function form fai here is primary compared to ir other forms2. su In contrast, in the dialects of the whole area, the form rai is only known as a particle and a conjunction. Bevardés family pronoun function form it has rarely, usually only western highlanders Kaunas and Southern Highlands of ir Klaipeda Region * The main material was taken for the preparation of forms distribution maps and the determination of forms functions iš A publication prepared by ir the Sector of Dialectology of Language History of the ir Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature , „Lietuvių kalbos dialektai“ (Chrestomatija was composed of E. 2008. ↑ A. Morkūnas, Vanagienė, K. Vidugiris, eds. B. A. E. "GrinaveckienK. ė, Morkūnas" (in Lithuanian). The forms were iš chosen from dialect texts. The database of the Lithuanian Language Atlas of the ir Lithuanian Language Literature Institute was also reviewed. Question 139a material ir The material of the corresponding forms of the dictionaries, some material iš taken from other previously published dialect texts and Vilniaus State V. University of Kapsuko students dialect diploma works. Part of the material is verified by the author’s own individual interview. The article complies with Z. Zinkevičiaus (Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius, 1966, p. 446; I map) dialect classification. 2 Zr. A. The form of the nameless genus is its interchanir ge with sa other su forms of pronouns, LKK XV 61, plg. 1, 2, 3 tables in the p. 51, 58, 62. 55 Altay dialects next to the forms used more productively for this function: ras (denominator tq position), (negator position). In the eastern Highland dialects, the form rai of the pronoun function of the genitive is almost not used. ir Occurs only ji in transitional cases between the function of a pronoun ir particle and a conjunction (see section 4.4). 016a, b). The clear function of the genitive pronoun here is almost exclusively used forms “as, that. This means that the function of the particle and the conjunction is much more widely ir established in dialects than the function of the pronoun of an anonymous genus. It should be said that in the old writings the form rai is also used more frequently only in those monuments that are written on the basis of the Altay dialect®, e.g. : K. Sirvydo (almost exclusively only that), Daukšos, M. Petkevičiaus M. (next to wheels) ir etc. In those monuments where there are clearly visible more or less ar Žemaitijos elements, it is not used at all (M. Mažvydo) or occurs relatively rarely near tatai (B. Wilento, VaishnavS. o, also J. "Brett's Letters". The use of this form in ancient writings corresponds to its present localization in dialects. Shape of tatty 003. The form tatai is used only in the Žemaičių dialektas, but it is not ir predominaji nt here, other forms are much more common. In the Žemaičių dialect ratai is pronounced with the long ending -d (tata), which corresponds to lk. diphthong ai. The form therefore now usually has the function of a particle and a switch. The function of an anonymous pronoun is very rarely used. The origins of the castle are now unknown. In modern literary language, the word is only occasionally used in the writings of some writers. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the form fatai was very common, especially in monuments written in the Žemaičių dialektas. As mentioned above, in the writings of M. Mažvydas only tatai (to is not) is used, and in the writings of B. Vilentas, J. Bretkūnas tatai prevails next to the rare tai*. Thus, the form and function of both the particle and the conjunction, as well as the pronoun of the infinitive genus in Lithuanian is now disappearing. It is being displaced by other forms. Shape fa 004. The form is fa used in the entire area of the Žemaičių dialektas, except Raseiniai. The vowel of this form is a short d, so that form in the Žemaičių dialect cannot be identified as 1k. do. The form ta is used as a particle and as a conjunction. There are no clear examples ta of where an anonymous family function should be found. So, down. ta corresponds to only one function of the form that. The function of the genitive pronoun in the Zemgalian dialect is usually used tas, ta. The same function, as now in the Žemaitijos dialect, form fa we find written from Dargužių k., Kretingalės aps., Klaipėda r., in the collection of folklore texts,,Mittei-lungen der Litauischen Litterarischen Gesellschaft“, II, 1887, p. 31: if you do not- * For the connection of Lithuanian old writings with corresponding dialects of the Lithuanian language see. J. Palionis, Lithuanian Literary Language XVI17th century, Vilnius, Lithuania 1967, p. 51 t. t. * Eino Nieminen (The Urindo-Germanic ending -di of the Nominative-Accusative Pluralis of the Neutrums im Baltischen, Helsinki, 1922), based on the fact that M. In Mažvydo writings only ratai is used, which is in later writings, concludes that rai appeared in this place relatively late, in the historical period of the Lithuanian language (see pp. 35, 43). In our understanding, the use of the forms zai, tatai in the ancient writings depends on the above-mentioned distribution of forms in dialects not to be an argument in explaining the origin of forms. tų ir li tų 56 sOrgosit me princess, you tą hide. The ta explanations és indicate that here are probably the following ta iš (p. 35). The same form we find ta Z. Zinkevičius published in the Žemaičių dialekte written (approx. 1636—1705 m.) texte® lines (162 covering text total found iš examples): 5 1) Pryimk S S. The sacrament is a wines once in a lifetime. O ta ape Swigte Wait a (86 second. ). 2) prysaka tapag idant Wy o oe The ie church would o ta have been solid, divided if the (112 mosque had been destroyed. ). 3) First/ then Ba'nizia Swieta kieyk Wysus Heretics, ta and, Luthers, Calvins, Sysmatykus yr hard chorus you not sinftatie eil. ). (120 4) Pyrmiaw/ kie[n]k Baznicie S. Wy Juice Heretic, ta ir Luther, Calvinus, Syzmatykus Yr durius korie no Church S. as you like Jpafabo ir replaces the line. ). (125 5) Tapag kiek tus korie kokius noris ktus, da pywas, dyrwas, Bodi/tie (= Bondijtie), jawus, pyn[y]gus, priegolincius ont Basic (=Baz[niélies] aba ont Atabu duchawnu Tu Baznic[ilu, kap fundu ta jus, legacyies [ High Toke] Wysus tus kietus korius c'ie Ir neys[zlgoldziaw kap pr3ysztarawnikus Baznicies S. (152 second. ). The same form is used fa S. In the form of a circle, e.g. : The name is derived ta from the Greek word DB 54. βίος, bios, meaning life, and ῥῆμα, rāma, meaning word. ta DB 27°. The same form fa, it seems, will be ir B. Vilento ,,Euangelias bei The Epistle... to the King... Meto MD. LXXIX”, p. 65 (Pagination of the original in the Manuscripts Department of the Library of Vilnius Ir State University): mes efma ludinikais wiffa | ką giffai dare Szidawos f3eme ir Jerusalem artichoke. It's easy to hang it on the wall. ir This thg is written su with a ą, nose but according to function is the same as the žemaičių one. B. Wilento, like many ir other ancient writings 4 ir a spelling fluctuates." F. In the Bechtel edition, the footnote thg of this sentence į corrects tha (see section 4.4). Bartholomius Willent's Lithuanian Translation of the Luther'schen Enchiridions and the Epistles and The Gospels... published by Fritz Bechtel. Gottingen... 1882, p. 81). So here B. Will's th's probably identifiable as ta. į In modern Lithuanian writings, this form is not used as a dialect. Similar forms are found in Latvian, e.g. gribi, nūc! ta Ja ta LV IV 120. Let us form you, you, ti 005. Instead of the literary language, it is the forms fe, te, ti used in the eastern Altay Panevėžys dialect. They also have a single particle and switch function, like the Žemaičių fa. The forms t¢ and te are used in the northern part of the Panevėžys dialect. The form fe is more common in the far north (about between Joniškio, Smilgių, Nemunėlio districts Radcliffe). These forms are short, ¢ more narrow, unstretched, non-mucous, soft. t — Form fe found further į south (approximately between "Baisogalas, Raguvos, Smilgių"). These forms are ¢ short, narrow, palatal, tight, f — cool. In the southern part of the Panevėžys dialect and its outskirts (about between Krakiai, Širvintos, Anykščiai) the same function is used in the form ti, which is trampas, * i Z. Zinkevičius, Reikšmingas žemaičių rankraštinis tekstas, LKK XV 171 et al. * E. Nieminen (min. veik., p. 51) in S. Daukanto’s writings replaces ta with tai: ta< taj. * Plg. : J. Palionis, min. veik., p. 44, unstressed, non-mural, f —soft. Further to the south, the vowels of the above-mentioned forms narrow. The identification of these forms—comparing them with the corresponding forms of literary language—is a major difficulty. In particular, it is unclear whether these forms can be identified as the zai of the literary language or the fei used in some dialects (see below), or whether they are forms with some vowel, not a diphthong. Therefore, we will review the phonetic features of dialects having the specified forms, allowing or contradicting their appearance from fai or tei. 006 or 006. In dialects that have fe or fe, the final syllable of bior polysyllable words is unaccented or strong, usually with the accent removed to the root, the diphthong ai > € (after a hard consonant) and ei > ¢ (after a soft consonant- ), pVZ. : Vyr. g. dg. ward. : use „ūsai“ Ps, du me,,dumai*“ Gst, vaikui „,vaikai“ Kršš, lėne,linai“ Kri, dar’bini-- ke,,darbininkai® Mg¢, ber'n'é ke,,berniokai® Pdz, pd'tale ,,patalai®“ SI¢; miéZe,,mieziai* Jrgn, paūk'š'če "birds" Jnšk, ai'k'le,,horses*" Sd, roge "rugs" Gln, medė'le,,- medėliai* Kri, mo kes’ ¢’e,„,taxes“ Gst, obolė',,apples“ Krs, esere „,‘perch’ Ps; Sgt. in. :visés,,visais® UZ, véses,,visais® Sd, ma tes,,metais* Rd, ditmes „,,dūmais“ Gst, javes,,javais“ Sdb, vakares,,- vakarais- ®“ Mkn; tra-ktores' ‘,tractors’ Ps, pari‘tses’ ‘,paryčiais’ Sd, ¢’r’obéses’,triobesiais* Vdin; karales’ , karaliais® PS; m. g. vn. caud. : d'ške ",goats" Ebr, rd'gane,,- witches* Uzš, mame "moms" Rgv, dione ,,dounai® Ps; Sister ,,sisters” Bsg; adverbial forms with -ai, -iai: gėre "good" Mgč, maze "little" Gln, labe "very" Pin, k'd'ure ",kiurai" Gražš, graite,,greitai" NmjP, gerd ke "well" Jrgn; labe "well" Jnsk, so:ce,,soliai* Pn, graZé,,graziai* UzŠ, baise,,baisiai* SIC, skor'džę "poor" Gst, pér'ne,,perniai* Sd; adverbial forms with ai, ei in the closed final syllable: ketép, egyébkéntTM Ps, vesép “anyhow” Nj; Si.tep ‘,šiteip’ UZS; es. I. vn. 2 a.: Zéne „Žinai“ Sml, isglo ste „„išglostai“ Sd, bije,,biai* Bsg; but. 1. vn. 2 a.: neuZdi'rbe,,neuzdirbai“ Krs, negalé dave,,negalédavai® Gst, bove „buvai“ PS, negalé-dave,,negalédavai® Gst; mate ‘matei’ Ps; néjaute,- ,nejautei* Všk, vdl'ge,,valgei“ Pbr; ivardZiuotiniy forms unit ward. with the particle -ai: gė'rase,,- gerasai“ Krs, foksé „toksai“ Pn, ase „„ašai“ Gst, tasé „,tasai“ Rgv, ji.ne,,jinai“ Ps; Mr. Mr. tablespoons su -ai: pd'ne,,poniai“ Dkn; conjunctions: kole ‘,kolei’ Mgč. In the same dialects, in single-syllabic words, ai >¢ and ei >¢ are not used anywhere. For example, in addition to the two-syllable forms mentioned above, the following conjunctions are used: ke "when" Kri, Pdž, Gln, Pin, Vdln, Jnšk, kep "as" Zml, SIč, Ps, Nj, Pn, ne "not" Jr, Vsk, adverb:fep "so" NmjP. However, in other places, where good "good", den "Jin", baise "horrible", arklį "horses- ", etc. are used, in monosyllabic words, from. to hold the diphthongs ai, ei: when Bsg, Sd, as Dkn, Rm, Pš, Sd; teip Pš, Sd, Rm, Sdb, Pin, Pdž, Sml, Gln, Vdin, Pn, Kr, Slč, Mkn, Gst; lei ‘lai’ Gln, SIE, Zml. 58 The strong diphthongs ai and ei are also preserved in the more monosyllabic forms of full-meaning words, e.g. bis. 1. 3a. ais „eis“ Gst, reiks Rgv, also in these forms with prefixes, e.g.: nebeis su ,,nebeeis’’ Zml. These diphthongs remain in the monosyllabic abbreviated forms (from two syllables, with the ending dropped), e.g.: es.l. 3a. ain "goes" Kri, UZ, Vdln, Mkn, Sdb, kaist ",goes" Zml, reik "must" Jnšk, SIč, p'rein,,comes® Pš, vaiks Sd. In the dialects under consideration, the strong diphthongs af, ei are always retained in the two-syllable and multisyllable forms in the non-vowel syllable, e.g.: es. I. 3a. (where the ending is not dropped) reike „must“ Sdb, ainas „,goes“ PS, pasetaisa „,fixes“ Mkn, būt. JIN I. 3a. reigdava "had to" Ps, eidava "was going" Kršš, es. 1st ed. 1a. „žeidžem“ "play" Gržš, lip. n.d. 2nd ed. ed., ed. ward. ap'sitaisę,,- apssitaisę“ Mgč. In these dialects, ai to € and ei to ¢ are not pronounced before the accented syllable in diphthongs and polysyllables, e.g. vyr. g. vn. ward. "Spider-Man: Far From Home". d.n. 1999. pp. 13. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac In the dialects under consideration, the strong initial diphthongs di, ei are not consonantized both in the final syllable of bi-syllable words and in monosyllable words, e.g.: tend'i Ps, Vdln, Žmi, Pin, Pn, Jrgn, jéigu Bsg, bëi Sd, Všk, Rm, mot. g. vn. caud. tdi givai Pbr, jai Uzš, Ps, Dkn As shown by the material presented, in the dialects under consideration, ai >€ and ei >e «most often in the final syllable of bior multi-syllable words, usually not accented, after the accented syllable (infrequently after removing the accent from the ending to the root). This suggests that ai > ¢ and ei > ¢ in the dialects under consideration are probably associated with the reduction® of terminal vowels and diphthongs, and partly with the deduction of the accent. In these dialects, the long vowel ė < en becomes €, €, shortened and narrowed at the unaccented ending, e.g.: vn. gal. saujė'le „saujelę“ Kri, kepū.re, kepureTM Rd, krautove „krautuvę“ PS, vyr. g. vn. ward. nušd'les „,nušalęs“ Nj, isputes,,iSputesTM Ps, įki.šes „įkišęs“ Rd, vyr. g. dg. ward. sosispdudę „,suspieudę“ Sd, ap'sitaisę- ,,apsitaisę“ Mgč. Short vowels are also reduced by narrowing them, e.g.: cze „cia” Šd, Pin, Kršš, Jnšk. It is difficult to say whether the form ze, te vowels are reduced from the diphthongs ai, ei, or from some other vowels. By good "good", bad "bad", etc., we should identify fe this and te —tei. The latter form occurs in some dialects (see below). However, in monosyllabic words, the diphthongs ai, ei and papasta are not unisonous. The positions of the forms te, te and the forms where the diphthongs ai > €, ei > e, are not exactly the same. The forms fe, fe are usually used as proclitically unpronunciated, intonationally connected to the accented word that follows them, e.g.: 8 For the reduction of endings in the Panevėžys dialect in the north, see 8. Z. Zinkevičius, Lithuanian dialectology, p. 119—120. 59 Tetorj balė: toks akm3. b.v. "Gržš (LKT 219)". Di.r'p't' te necesé:- je Žml (LKT 239). Instead, ai > €, ei > e usually occurs in a word or in a compound after the accented syllable. By position, the forms ze, fe correspond to forms where ai, ei are non-univocal, e.g.: vaidi.ndavos,,vaidindavos®, lei bū'n "let it be". In addition, there are places where the forms te or ze are used, but the diphthongs ai, ei are not consonant at all in the above cases. For example, the Taujėnų castle. is the form te, but the diphthongs ai, ei remain (kaip, kai, sijautuvais, duonai LKT 279), also in Joniškis: apyl. (according to S. Karaliūnas) the form ze is used, and the diphthongs ai, ei also become non-univocal (gerai, kai, etc.). Thus, it is possible that the forms te, te, which do not differ significantly in their isoglosses, the monophthongs €, e may not be from the bivowels ai, ei, but perhaps simply the short e (see Se "here"), which later coincided with those characteristic of these dialects. monophthongs &, e, reduced from various vowels and diphthongs. In this case, the forms te, te should be identified as ze. In the collection of Lithuanian folklore texts, “Mitteilungen der Litauischen Litterarischen Gesellschaft” (II, 1887), the form fe is written with the same function as the forms under consideration: Tada fopė saka: Tė czi nėgiarė, bėkim (p. 165). It is probably the same as the northern Panevėžys ze, re. 007. The form fe (with the short e) has the same particle and conjunctive function in Latvian as lit. fai and our examined Panevėžys ze, te (also ti) (see 025, 027)°. For example: : There it was! (Plavinas) (Plg. lit. Va tai tau!) Te nu bij! so iss, so spirit. Here you have your seven zeser! Here you are, driving through the house. (A collection of writings of the Latvian Society of Jalgavas, 1890—1901). Isa Janu night... there's a chance, there's no chance. The sun was shining, and the black clouds disappeared. LV IV 151. Plavinas and Jelgava are just north of the Lithuanian dialects, where the corresponding Panevėžys forms re, te are used. This usage of lat. fe is probably genetically related to the mentioned Panevėžys forms re, fe. Dialects ti with a form In a small number of places (in the eastern-southern outskirts of Panevėžys) ai > wir ei > ii are not pronounced or are strongly accentuated in the final syllable of biand multi-syllable words and in monosyllable words. For example, in Ukmergė, Kavarsko apylinkėse it is used: vyr. g. dg. ward. vi'rer "men", luukor: "fields", -adjectives labs "good", amžinor' "forever", es. 1. vn. 2 a. mate "you did", conjunctions ker ", when", komp "how": Man. g. dg. in. t'rini'čiis ',trinyčiais', particle ni , no”. In these places the form ti can be identified as fei, tor —tai. However, in all other areas where there is a form ti, there is no such ai, ei transformation. In most areas with the form ti ai, ei in the cases indicated or never- * From lat, re, corresponding to lit. to, it is necessary to distinguish lat, re < *tė, used as an adverb meaning ",,here", cf. lit. fen, ryt. height. you. Ę ciami, or 60 ai > €, ei > ę as in the above dialects, which have either f€ forms. fe Undialectized ai, often retained in the southern part of the ei area in the final syllable of bi-syllable polysyllable ti words, e.g.: adverbs: sehr ir Cb, okay Pbs, Mang, whatever Vp; urgently Pbs: vyr. g. dg. ward. : money Pbs, edges Pg, baravi-kai Krk; vukečei Manč, paal'k's'nei Krk; 2004-2005 g. dg. in. : fourth Manč, with children Cb; noun forms g. vn. ward. jisai Cb; es. l. vn. 2a. You know Ssk; walked. n. nuveik ‘mueik’ Pbs; switch ir particle only Nvrn; bisyllabical and polysyllabical words in an invalid syllable, e.g. es. I. 3 a. time out ‘does not remain’ Ssk. Diphthongs ai, ei are also usually preserved in the following dialects and monosyllabic forms: Conjunctions: when Vp, as Vp, Pbs, Krk, if Manč; adjectives: teip Pbs, Ssk, Manč, Cb, sheip Glv; will be. 1. 3 a. ais ‘eis’ Glv. The unaccented ai > €, ei > ¢ is found in the northern part of the area of the ti form in the final syllable of bior polysyllable words, e.g.: adverbs: std're ",thick" Er, gare: "good" Srv, labé-, "very" Er, labe "t. p.’ Srv; pėr'ne "last year" Er; Vyr. g. dg. ward. : darbini'- ke „,darbininkai“ Srv, špd'ke,,špokai“ Srv; Me'je "trees" Er; Sgt. int.: nuddes „nudes“ Er; 2000) and a number of non-fiction books, such as: 2000. 1999. pp. 13. "A.R.I.S.E- .R.". In monosyllabic words, the diphthongs ai, ei are retained, e.g.: teip, kiel, se, bas. 1. 3a. ais “,is”, but ki “,when” Er. According to the above-mentioned characteristics of the dialects under consideration, the form ti cannot be identified as toa or tei, i.e. in these dialects ti is probably not reduced from toa or tei. PasiIn some 4 places, the form ki „,kai“ next to ti may be an analogy to the post-Panevėžys dialect, where the final short e > +, e.g., šauksm. form wolki „„wolke- “? ?, plg. nibi "nebe" Trs. In dialects that have fi, the monosyllabic form #57 is used in some places, "çi" Ėr, Srv, Trs, And, Čb, Glv. In these dialects, the final syllable -ia after the soft consonant of diphthongs and polyphthongs is pronounced as ¢, e.g.: alr,,ale" Ssk, unkšč'd'- ust "the earliest" Srv, es. I. 3 a. kld'usi ",ask" Vdšk, Pbs, Pg, réki "scream" Er, lake,Jekia* Vp, reiki "need" Ssk, trd-uk:,,- pull" Mang. 10 3 3yuksBuuloc, O pa3BHTHH Gaatuiickoro BokaausMma, —BaliTO-cJiaBsHeKHH cGopHHK, Mocksa, 1972, p. 7. 61 Similarly, the vowel i of the form ti is narrowed from e, as in the northern Panevėžys dialects ze, fe. Since these dialects are connected, they may have the same form fe as the Latvian fe mentioned above, but its vowel is narrower to the south, analogously to other forms found here with z. Fei Shape In the northern part of the Panevėžys dialect, usually in the outskirts, where the area of use of the forms te, te contacts the area of use of the form fai, the form tei occurs, often next to the forms fe, fe. In those places where the form fei is used, we find, although not consistently everywhere, the unpronounced or strong diphthong ei < ai and ei < ei in diphthongs and polysyllables, as well as in monosyllables ZodZ, e.g.: adverbs: /abei „labai“ Ltk, labei „t. p.’ Rd, Jkn, maZei "a little" Krb, kaskeip "somehow" Der; for the fungus Jkn, but not Ltk, Jkn, Rz, Nrv, Der; Vyr. g. dg. ward. : for work „,darbai“ Ltk, for Semite „Šimtai“ Rd, for thin „„lieknai- ““ Krb; š'n'u.rė.lei „„šniūreliai“ Vrs, ghost „ghosts“ Jdz, rye „rye“ Ltk; Sgt. in. : Id"peis "lopais" Der, gereis "gerais" Krb; dal-geis „,dalgiais“ Ltk, s'tip'reis „,stipriais“ Krb, but jeis Krb; conjunctions: kei,,kai” Jkn, Krb, Vrš, Dknn, keip,,kaip” Rd, Jkn, Vrš, Jdz, Der, Nvrn, Dknn, tiktei “only” Vrš; m. g. vn. caud. md'chine "machine" Jdz; noun forms vn. ward. dSenci,,aSenai* Vrs. The latter forms and the form tei should be identified as This is a form with a not entirely reduced diphthong. Fei Shape 010. The form fei is found in the Samogitian and Western Highland dialects south of the Samogitian to the Nemunas. The Si form occurs rarely, sporadically next to other forms of the same function. It usually has a particle and switch function. Sometimes a more or less close function to the pronoun of the anonymous family is used. In these dialects, the form tei cannot be identified as fai, because they are used in parallel in some of these places. From the ancient writings, the form fei is widely used in S. B. Chilinski's Bible. It has both the meaning of a particle and a conjunction, as well as a pronoun of the infinitive. This form is also found in other ancient monuments (K. Sirvydas, B. Vilentas, S. Vaišnoras, etc.). Pyz. : Do you understand what I'm saying? ChB 31. aff tey e/mi, nefifiokite. ChB 33, they remember the regiment. SD 153. First of all, dear Theophile, I did about wifs what you start to do and teach Jefus. I'm coming! 190. tei Skaitlumi, tei pakilmis toli didezaus prafinefch. MT 262. In modern writings, the form fei is not used. In dialects, it is endangered. Form to Very rarely, sporadically, in addition to the form it occurs also the form fo eastern highlanders and western highlanders in some places. The Eastern Highlander form fo has the meaning of an anonymous pronoun; used only in certain statements, e.g.: yr, that he has 62 Anyone with money would pay the debt, but gi to ir not. Trgn. Here it is: ne for ne anger they divide. Trgn. To yr It's hard to do. Kpčn. When you no longer to care, it becomes a cliché. iš Kp. Jau Jam ne to I care. Dglsh. Plg. Anyway to ,,all the same“ Ds, Western Highland form used as a particle fo function, usually at the beginning of a sentence. To ką aš now I'll do tei teip) ka went (= out. Jrb. To ti You got up early this morning. Jrb. — A tu Did you tą take the wire off? — To and (of course, a yes), lduksi ké. Jrb. To and (so how) you like tu it? Jrb.11 Anna to seems to want to marry. (The manuscript of the Juška Dictionary, at the title word, it seems.) ta to ir C. In Jurkšaitis' O tales: you will find if would you t6 like to see? (Vok. And Do you want to miss something?) Jrk 82. However, there may be a part of the cause here. ir The form is not used in current writings. fo Shape of this, tq 012. The form fas, used tq throughout the Lithuanian language area only as a pronoun of the genitive. The form tas is used in the position of the denominator, form tq — in the back position, ir both of them replace I'm going. that used in the relevant headings. In the Žemaičių dialektas, where the forms fai are not used, but tatai and tei are rarely used and usually have the function of a particle and a conjunction, the forms tas, tą in the sense of a genitive pronoun of the singular can be said to be the only ones. In the Aukštaičių dialects, especially in the eastern one, the form fas, that is, the unnoun in the meaning of a pronoun of the family, is also dominant. In the western and southern Highland dialects, the form fai of the genitive pronoun function is used more frequently than in the eastern Highland dialects, although fai as a pronoun function is not common here. The function of the genitive pronoun of the dominant form of the Lithuanian language is this, that. Forms of this and that are already found in ancient monuments. In modern writings, unlike in dialects, the forms fas, tą are secondary to the form to. So the present scriptures are the original form? ?. 2. FUNCTIONS OF THE FORMS 013. The above forms differ in dialects according to the area of use, frequency of use and functions. The function of the genitive pronoun in the whole Lithuanian language area is usually performed by the forms tas, tą. There are also other forms that have the function of a particle and a switch. Some of them are used as a pronoun of the unnamed family. Thus, in one place, several forms of particle and conjunction function and several forms of genitive pronoun function are often used. One of them is predominant, others are rarer. The approximate distribution of the aforementioned forms in dialects according to functions can be shown in the following diagram: 11 From Jurbarkas written by E. Grinaveckienė. 12 7r A. Valeckiené, min. str., p. 61, 65; cf. table 3, 4, p. 62, 63. 63 ko tatai, tei (in Žemaitija and its surroundings), very rarely ro (recorded in the western Highland dialect). (See Figure 2) These forms do not differ in their basic types of consumption and are therefore reviewed together. 1. This and others are very often used at the beginning of a sentence, especially when telling something. So they asked me, those nurses: "Will he die?" - Well, I say, "I see he's already dying!" “Then leave it to Jiji!” —Then I say:,,He will not see the morning- !“ I say:,,Give me to carry him.“ He says:,,No, I will not give the weak to carry, leave him!“ So I say:,,Give me to stay“... Grl (LKT 199). I wish there were more of those meadows. We were herding cows. Let there be three cows like this. "Gržš (LKT 219)". Bees used to drive around the village. Let him drive some [man] under the doc or put him in the tub. (...) Let him go and pour water on that tub. Mkn (LKT 241). That [father] says: “,Tear down the roofs, there will be straw, put the straw in the fields and sow the fields. So they all sowed the fields. StirL (LKT 104). I begged my mom to offer me a shirt as soon as possible. Stack. That's why you got up this morning. Jrb. The same at the beginning of autonomous dementia. It was said that this was the former castle on that mountain. 176 (Spring). I'm going to take it, so who am I going to take it with. Ar (LKT 181). He says: “You help me!” Nrv (LKT 243). When the child grows up, she cries for the fools. Als (J.) The same before insertion. Wo barley, you know, benešant trupa. 121 (Lt. Col.) Last year, you've seen how the rye was! GIE (LKT 210). But my father was bitten by a snake. Bsg (LKT 219). The young lady was screaming, screaming. Klm (LKT 107). These forms can also start any phrase. They can be: Before a questioning sentence, beginning with a questioning particle, e.g. : Thai than lichen? 233 (Spring). So what are you doing here? Plm (LKT 226). To kai (=as) you tu thought. Jrb; before a conjunctive sentence that begins with a conjunction, e.g. : So when they shoot, they share as much as they can in the tree. 160 pp. ) Those triggers are broken, so when you pull them off, it will be only one fight. Jrb (LKT 179). And now with this Įmeškere)], it's a thing of the past [bait] — takes, doesn't — fit runs away [fish]. Zp (LKT 192). In indirect speech, this and others can be done by starting the subjunctive phrase after the conjunctive, e.g. : People say that it be here such is an enchanted castle. ta Field (LKT 173). 2. These and others, going into the sentence, dot the phrase at ar the beginning, form groups with other particles and su conjunctions. Examined forms can be in front of other particles and conjunctions (a), other po particle switches ar (b) ar between other particles and conjunctions (c). These groups are also often unpronounced sticking intonationally to ir po jų of the following pronounced full-meaning word. a) It's no longer a joke if the leg swells. Drg. So we started shouting, all of us! That he smokes, quit smoking [wolf]. Slv (LKT 189). It's just the music, it's fun. ir Klm. Ta it's been a hot year. Knb. Let all your bandages leave the door fatdaras]! Vg (LKT 102). '* In the sentence, the forms in question are usually not pronounced. They are placed in a rectangular shape that follows the contours of the sculpture. In the following ir sentences, the words to which the forms in question go are pronounced. The forms tė, te, are left untranslated in ti the examples. 70 b) Nu that's good, that's aik dai now) (= tu in aiguillon. Užg (LKT 233). When the cranberries..., it na tė (=there) snakes it is. Shh (LKT 159). O I guess I jo didn't find it, he might have given an in ear. - Oh, shit. Is it okay to throw stones at su an old — a man? yr Excl. Vo I said, how do you eat onions? Vg. I've been there for a long time, i ta squeamish. BAS (LKT 113). What ta stupidity people! Vrd (LKZ V 362). Nu ti kdrvém them put such crowns of birch iš branches. Nū ti come su with crowns. Rye (LKT 183). Na te aš I was there for three years. Zml (LKT 239). c) Nu So I da stayed for a ir while, aš then I ran iš away. Lkč (LKT 191). But or dd no (=though) the coat was not torn. Slv (LKT 189). Dūre ir izdūrė [fish] net went ir out, so that's what vė [high]. Kriū (LKT 188). Nu He's already agreed, he's already drunk the bottle. Pvk (LKT 181). O ka tč ka than earlier beJuice. M.Sc. 3. Similar to dalelytémis, su fai etc. ir used as su adjectives. The adverb is at the beginning of the sentence, the dot ar phrase, passes the po jo subject form. Some adverbs used in this way are very close to particles and conjunctions (where, here, how, ir etc.). Where is it seen that children do not obey parents. I'm sorry. How could it be that I stole one rabbit? aš Pv (LKT 365). The first ti lay lifted to me, now the legs do o not lift. nė Srv. 4. That is, ir etc. also forms initial groups with particulate adverbs. su ir Nu I don't remember where they aš took them. Ktč (LKT 167). O dabaF that's already the further, the better the technique. Stkn (LKT 164). To be fittings, you don't ka need to tie — va then it would be a living thing. Stkn (LKT 164). Nū o nature as well as te you live, you can never be better. te Mgč (LKT 245). Nu te dabaf goes, when the linens are unfolded, tados turns the other side. te į Blood (LKT 238). 5. Similar to adverbs, it is su etc. ir goes in any form su having the function of circumstance. The forms in question are immediately circumstances. po I went to learn to be a seamstrį ess. Kav (LKT 166). In front of the cliff is a cliff. Uzb. Nu o in the evenings, let the beggars get dressed. Mkn (LKT 241). 6. That is, ir etc. used as a direct noun po and syntactic equivalent, jo usually in the beginning of a sentence, démens phrase. ar ir Po or ir others. goes conjunction su in their group words. The factor is often absent or only implied. Sometimes there is a factor against the adjective at the beginning of the sentence. The horse is on the vadziy has, the o ox is the teip. Blk (LKT 190). You see, an ko to whom withdrawal: kits guns, an kits gert, 0 md or Fishing. Kt (LKT 188). It's hard to find a man like him. Trgn. He didn't catch big o ones, but he caught small ones. Kriū (LKT 188). The bad ta guys do it. Kvl. Aš ti I'm afraid ti of ghosts. Skt (LKT 159). I'd go fishing ti day and night. Krk (LKT 162). Iš td We've got a lot of i fun. Gd (LKT 73). Aš I won't touch tears, you won't kill us! Urk (LKT 97). O tų kaušinių, pieno tei anims kožna diena duok duok. i Klm (LKT 106). Plg. cases where the form in question complements another particle po with an adverb: su ar I'm feeling a lot te better now. Mgč (LKT 244). That's ta hard to do. Pnt. 7. Taiir kt. also used for noun and syntactic po equivalent jo (can be dependent su words), the running sentence, the dot at the beginning of ar the phrase and the 71 function of the performing factor. The forms under consideration are followed by a conjunction, which can be composed of various forms (descriptive noun, adjective, adjective indefinite form, adverb, verb). Humans without a push it's a fox. Plv (LKT 200). Well, weddings are so bad. Pvt. Ltd. pp. 181. I'm not afraid of that. Raud (LKT 184). Sitting like this is good, but work awaits. SDL. Science is good. Stl. Daddy's dead a long time ago. Jkn (LKT 245). Ana tatai slopuli biškį tur. Ip (LKT 63). The beautiful hairs of the lady. Klm (LKT 107). In these cases this and so on can also go with other particles. My brother used to do this with oxen. Blk. (LKT 190). The cup is small, the cone is big. Bjr (LKT 193). Because there are three cuties, one of them is already a bull ka o-o. St. (LKT 159). It's hard for me. Krtv. 026. In all the cases calculated above, fai and others have a structural, not semantic function. Even a clear accentuating meaning does not exist in this form. They start a sentence, a subject, a phrase. With other particles and adverbs they form initial groups. These forms reinforce the division of phrases, sentences, sentence elements in context. Especially this is typical of spoken language, where whole phrases are į spoken, which are difficult to divide into sentences. In the middle of the sentence, the forms under consideration reinforce the division of sentence members in the sentence. For example, in cases 6 and 7, where the noun or its syntactic equivalent is first, and only after the latter comes the form in question, this form separates the noun that precedes it from the other sentence members. The noun is accentuated separately in the sentence, and the form under consideration is intonationally connected to the independent word that follows it. In this way, the noun is more or less emphasized in the sentence. Sometimes, in order to emphasize the noun and its equivalent and to emphasize the importance of the object they represent for the idea of the sentence, another pronoun form (that, he, all) is additionally used after the form under consideration, which corresponds syntactically to the noun and the word that separates it (combined with them) and as if subordinates them. For example: : Wooden tq saw it had to learn plotters and make, and Sitas ironworks blacksmiths did it. Blk (LKT 190). And the leafy plants are those shrubs in the evening they give (suck) greatly well. Tkn. The younger ones are all out there. Gg. And his buttocks are all shining out of the same thing, so shiny! 228 (Lt. Col.) In this purely structural function, the forms under consideration are closer to particles from a synchronic point of view. However, they can also be treated as conjunctions—these forms, especially when they appear at the beginning of a sentence or period, actually connect passages of the text. The only thing that matters to us here is that, apart from their structural role, these forms have no other functions in the cases indicated. . -027. In addition to the purely structural function mentioned above, this and some other forms (ta, te, te, ti) have other syntactic and semantic functions that are defined by a particular context. | 1. This and others are used in the connective sentence at the beginning of the main subject and correlate with connective conjunctions and connective ZodZi in the secondary subject (that... that, that... how much, that... what, etc.) There are relationships of cause, condition, effect, etc. between the nodes. '4 Lithuanian Grammar, II, Vilnius, 1971, p. 657. 72 Last year that you come in, it's berry red, red. Broken. As soon as the work becomes harder, it becomes the greatest heat. Tt (LKT 108). I can't even tell you how much I was scolded. 191 (Lt. Col.) What is on the belly, everyone sees, what is in the belly, no one sees: Kbr (LKT 203). What's red is beautiful. Alif Lam Mim. If you go to steal on Easter night, you can save yourself from death. 71 (Lt. Col.) If there were all these children, no one would cry. St. (LKT 159). When I was twelve years old, I married a shepherdess. 239 (Lt. Col.) 2. Tai ir kt. are used in a conjunctive sentence and are joined by conjunctions. Between the nodes there are the same relationships as in the first case (only there are no connecting switches here). The first thing that died was a worm. Kbl (LKT 107). Just give the pig the will, and you'll have your eyes open. 163 (1st ed.). Well, you can't live alone, so I got you. Prn (LKT 231). Give me some money, I'll get you. 122 (Lt. Col.) He feeds himself, he milks himself, that's it — the cows. Lc (LKT 43). In the morning, porridge, and in the evening, milk, you run to paint. Psd (LKT 222). Hot, te kuf she goes?! Gst (LKT 243). Let's play, let's not even think about the animals. "Gržš (LKT 219)". He's better than the devil, we can live together. Rdn (LKT 74). 3. This and so forth are repeated at the beginning of each connecting sentence, deducing something. In these cases, it's... it's a repeat switch. And those jobs are what: you fed the dog in the evening, you washed the dishes — these are so easy jobs. (1870) (Lt. Col.) He raises this animal, this, that, and so on and so forth. I'm coming. That pear, that again to whom —tep i is not left. Run. All these cases of rai and others have a connection with the above mentioned cases of the same forms of purely structural (non-semantic) function. They have in common the fact that in both cases this and the other begins a noun. The latter cases differ from the above only in their semantic-- syntactic function. In the latter cases, this and others not only connect the démens, but also indicate their interrelationships. Meanwhile, in the above mentioned cases zai and others do not have even such a generalized meaning (noting the relationship of the elements of the sentence), they only divide the elements of the sentence. The definition of the term is dependent on the context. In the latter case, the syntactic and semantic function of the forms is only due to the context. This shows that the use of the forms at issue in the latter cases is the result of a subsequent evolution of those forms. The oldest stage of the use of these forms is reflected in cases where the forms have a pure structural function. 028. This and others have also a reinforcement function — they emphasize the meaning of the words they precede. In these cases, the mentioned forms are often pronounced. They also begin a sentence, a subject, a phrase (infrequently with other particles). This and others reinforce. value: a) noun: This is health (bad health): when at the chickens (= chickens). 168 (Greek). Luckily, I didn't go anywhere. Dm. That's the problem, man—the last dove fell. Gdm. O darkness of the night! St. (LKT 159). Te da Idimė, ka nežudė. Dkn. b) various forms of adjectives and adjectives: These are exploded eyes (very exploded). Jrb (LKT 180). It's hard in the old age. Jtk. It's beautiful that you're such a man and you're afraid of a goose! Alcohol; c) adverb: These cases of the use of this and so on are also determined by the context and a certain intonation of their mentioned forms and other sentence members. They are also more recent than the cases of use of the forms under consideration in purely structural function. 029 In individual cases, this and some other forms, used at the beginning of a sentence, a point or a phrase, with one or other particles, depending on the context 73 It's good what we've created for the eyes of the day. 126 (Lt. Col.) It's so good that it'll end there. Užv; d) verb: It happened that the dog got a whip. Plm. It was a lucky day for the girl—she had such a husband. rą VKj. and the language situation, come very close to the function of an anonymous pronoun. They have a more or less clear indicative value. These are transitional cases between the above mentioned structural particle and conjunction functions and the pronoun function of the genitive. It is the wind that chops the shoes, the axe is banging, she says: “It is my father who chops the wood”. "Auk (LKT 362)". Rise early in the morning: before the sun goes down, you get ready, and then you come back, eat, and again go to the animals all day long. This is not dai (= now), it still works the same way. si Dg (LKT 367). It wasn't far. Because. I put the hay in the heap, the iš heaps will be the cart. Oh, it's all my hands. Lš (LKT 383). Here it is short [sitlo] tip. Dkš (The man 210). who is a man is a man.) ne Plv. Usorius very good fish. It was the most expensive fish. Zp (LKT 192). There was no plough, but there was a cutter! Shaukl (LKT 65). The house was built — ne by laughs tatai. Vg (LKT 102). Beautiful ano balakons tatai! Vg (t. p.) Pabenga daddy! Vg (t. p.). Plg. still examples of what has 016 a, b. 030. Iš been examined, it is possible to make such generalizations. 1. In the Lithuanian dialects, ir these variants are more particles than pronouns of an anonymous genus. This, used in almost all dialects of the Highlands, usually has the function of a particle, the function of an anonymous genus occurs relatively rarely, usually only in transitional cases. The forms fa in Žemaičių kalba, re, te in eastern Altaičių ir kalba, have only a particle function. Shapes ti tatai, tei, to iš rare, occurring in both functions. The function of the genitive in the whole Lithuanian language: the most commonly used masculine singular forms of the genus are tas, tą. 2. The functions of the pronoun particle of the infinitive genus are closely related to each other and may ir have evolved from each other. ir iš The reason for the convergence of these functions is that the designation of pronouns of the non-noun genus is very general, undefined, abstract. There is a close relationship between the particle and the conjunctive ir pronoun of the infinitive in the nominative position. In addition, the pronoun function of the nominative form in the nominative position also often goes at the beginning of the sentence, as having a ar particle and a conjunction ir pure structural function. 3. The oldest function of mention forms, such as particles and conjunctions, is purely structural to begin a sentence, — phrase and strengthen the division of sentences, phrases in context. Especially this is typical of spoken language, where whole phrases are spoken, which are difficult to divide into sentences. į Other particle and switch functions enhanced — The meaning of verbs, connecting elements ir to denote jų relationsh- — ips is the tų result of the later development of forms (depending on the context). 74 The forms that, that do not have the functions of a particle and a conjunction, because they have come from the masculine paradigm and are still closely related to the latter (in another sense they are used as masculine forms). The expansiveness of the forms tas, tą probably prevented some particles from taking over the function of the pronoun of the genitive of the genitive (cf. ta in the Low German, te, te, ti in Panevėžys dialect, next to which the forms tas, tq are usually used for the pronoun of the genitive of the genitive), although these particles, according to their semantics and types of use, completely correspond to other forms (tai, tatai, tei), which are used as particles and as conjunctions and, in addition, have the function of a pronoun of the genitive of the genitive. Since there is no intransposible boundary between a particle and a conjunction and an infinitive pronoun, many of the forms known in Lithuanian as particle and conjunction can be compared with the ide. forms of adjective pronouns. Wife. ta < *to; Panevėžys te, te, ti, if they are not from tai, tei, but reduced from fe, like Latvian fe, could be considered the old form of the *e/o stem *fe, which has retained the e reflex. Thus fa and te would be parallel forms of the same *e/o stem. As that relates to fe, so that relates to tei. The form fo is an elongated ide. *t4 (Ntr. Pl. Nom.-Acc- .) More about the origin of these forms is planned to be published in another article. A. BAJISOKEHE GOPMA rai © EE BAPHAHTbI B JIMTOBCKHUX TOBOPAX Pe3iome 1. I'm not sure if you're going to be able to do it. I0TCS she PeBHHE UACTHHUbI-COIO3bI: XKeM. fa (<u.-e *fo), NMaHABEKCKHX TOBODpOB tē, fe, fi, Cp. JlaTsilll. fe (MO Bcelt BEPOSITHOCTH u.-e. *fe — (opMa C e u.-e. OCHOBBI *¢/0), B OTACABHBIX CayyasixX to (u.-e *ta, cp. Name - Acc. Pl. Nine. -ū), fei, KoTopas OTHOCHTCH K (opMe rai Tak, Kak thopma te —K opwme fa. 2. Camas apeBHAst (PYyHKUHSA STHX (OPM —YHCTO CTPYKTYPHAsi: OHH HAaUKHHAIOT TIpelį10XKEKHHA, KOMITOHEHTEI IpeĮIJIOXKEHHH, ODpa3bi H AeJAT TpelįjIOXKEHHSA Ha COCTABHBIE HX YACTH. 3. Hekoropkie H3 3THX 4aCTHIL-COIO30B (tai, tatai, tei, to) npuoGpejiu H DYHKUMIO cpejnHero Poa ykKa3aTejibHbiX MeCTOHMeHHĖH. B yKa3auHOH (yHKuHH B TOBOpaX OHH VIIOTpeGJIAIOTCA CpaBHHTEeJIbHO DpeJĮKO, Yalile BCEero TOJIbKO B TeX C/IY4Uas51IX, Korja NDHOJIHXAIOTCHA K UaCTHHAM-COI03aM. 4. B dynku cpejtuero poja yYKa3aTeJIbHbIX MECTOHMEHHI Ha Bceli TeppHTOpHH pacnpocTPaHeHHs! Jihtobckoto S5i3bIKA IIIKpe Bcero ynorpebasiores OopMeI tas, ta. Octanbusie OOpMBI TePPHTOPHAJIBHO pacnpe/te. IAIOTCA TaKHM OOpa30M: B AayKLITAKHTCKHX TOBOpaX, Kpome IlaHABEH(CKHX, H BKEMalTCKHX paceliucKHX —OopMa tai (B OVYKHKUHH UaCTHUbI-COI03a, pexKe B (DVHKUHH cpejiuero pojįa yKa3aTejIbHbIX MeCTOHMeEHHĖ; B JKeMalTCKHX roBopax, KpoMme pacCeliHCKHX, — dopMbi fa (B PyHKUHE UacTHUbI-CO103a), tatai (B (dfyKHKŪūKH YaCTHIBI-COI03a, H3PE3AKA B (YHKIHH cpejuero pojįa yKa3aTeJibHbIX MECTOMMEHHH; B BOCTOYHBIX AVKIUITANHTCKHX NMaHSBSXCKHX TOBOpax —(opwmsl fe, fe, ti (B OyHKUKHH UacTHUbI-COI03a). Oops fei, to BCTpeualOTCS, CNOpajįHuUeCKH B pa3HbIX MecTaX B QYHKIUHH UaCTHUbI-COI03a, a TaKXe B (dyHKUKH CpegHero pojla VKAa3ATE. JIbHbIX MECTOHMEHHII.