Dabartinės lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos laiko konstrukcijos su kilmininku ir prielinksniais

GRAMMATICS CATEGORIES IR JŲ RAIDA LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XVIII (1978) A. ROSE CURRENT LITHUANIAN LITERARY LANGUAGES TIME CONSTRUCTION SU APPENDIX 0. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, the time constructions!, whose main focus is the verb form, and the dependent one — the noun-substantial preposition of the noun-substantial word, are quite productive, widely used and characterized ar by a considerable variety of meanings. In su other words, the pronoun without prepositions is used very limitedly to form temporal structures — only with verbs with the negative prefix ne-, e.g. : Vaandos nepasédi be munka (Grl). In such cases, the noun in the dependent démence is usually emphasized by the negative particles né, nei, e.g. : I didn't stay a month, —spit and left (BilR, I 79); Just take the chest, I don't want to keep it in my house for an hour! BalčAP 163. The main focus of temporal constructions with a genitive and prepositions is lexically unlimited — it can be followed by verbs of various meanings. As we will see below, the dependent element can consist not only of nouns, but also of noun pronouns, and in some cases of numerals with prepositions. One of the most important structural elements of temporal constructions with a noun and prepositions is the preposition. So first it is useful to briefly explain what. grammatical and lexical role the preposition plays in the construction in general. 0.2. There is no unanimous opinion in linguistic literature about the grammatical and lexical properties of the preposition. Of course, the prepositions of analytic and synthetic languages have some specific features, but in both cases the prepositions have many common features. One of the main features of prepositions is that they, like other auxiliary words, are not independent syntactic units in their construction (see H. H. Memannnos 1945: 295), but perform only an auxiliary syntactic function, signify a certain syntactic relationship of words (see A. Dauzat 1947: 343; B. H. Silpuesa 1955: 440; E. T. Uepracosa 1967: 11; B. I." Axmonu 1973: 6). The Lithuanian language (see Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, 1965: 38; 1971: 577), as well as other languages (cf. B. B. Bunorpanos 1972:531; I 'pavMaruka coBpeMenHoro pyccKoro JiKTepaTypHoro s135iKa 1970: 311; Mūsdienu latviešu literaras valodas gramatika 1959: 720; Cyuacna ykpaikcbka Jiireparypua MoBa 1969: 474; S. Szober 1966: 104; Die deutsche Sprache 1970: 904—905), prepositions indicate the syntactic relations of the noun or noun-like word with others! Time constructions or simply constructions are the combinations of words that denote time relations. 139 in independent words. In temporal constructions, prepositions denote the syntactic relationship of a noun, noun o pronoun, ir sometimes a numeral with a verb, e.g.: su <— po at noon, I will come < before you, darkness<— po seven. 0.3. And what is the relation of the preposition to the noun or noun-used word's syllable? In linguistic literature, the identity of the syntactic functions of preposition and verb is very often emphasized (plg. A. M. IlemkoBckuii 1956: 40; W. Schmidt 1967 : 125; Ch. J. Fillmore 1968 : 15; T. A. Full 1968: 92), prefix is treated as a formant (H. H. Memanuna is 1945 : 296), a certain morpheme, equivalent to the vowel ending (J. Kurytowicz 1960: 132, 134—135, 143; J. Kilius 1974: 52). V. Vinogradov, speaking about Russian prepositions, notes that the meaning of prepositions becomes more abstract, becomes similar to the meaning of verbal prefixes į (1972 : 546), that the grammatical load of the verb form passes to the adverb (1972 : 140). Many linguists point out that the preposition complements, specifies the meaning of the verb (see A. A. Illaxwaros 1941: 275 —276; R. Jakobson 1936: 246; A. Dauzat 1947: 343; B. B. Bunorpagas 1972: 531; B. M. HuxureBuu 1963: 78—79). On the other hand, in the prepositional construction it is not possible to see the independent meaning of the verb, the verb forms treated separately from the preposition (plg. A. B. Hcayenko 1954: 132—134), for example, the prepositional constructions came after the south prepositional po with the genitive form a syntactic unit denoting time, and the verb constructions came after the south genitive denotes a goal. This article adopts the view that the preposition is close to the syllable ending in its syntactic function, that it forms a syntactic visette with the syllable, which is equivalent in function and meaning to an independent syllable, e.g.: kalbéjo durante reunião e falou reunião, palijo durante meio-dia palijo meio-dia. ir 0.4.Although the preposition is not fundamentally different from the verb ending in terms of its syntactic function, it is not a morpheme, but a separate word, although it is not an independent word, but a servile word. So does a preposition have a lexical meaning? Can it be considered an independent lexical element of the construction? In literature, there are different views on the lexical meaning of the preposition. du Some linguists recognize only the syntactic function of the preposition (O. O. ®opryHaros 1956 : 169—170; A. A. Illaxwaros 1941 : 281; A. M. I'lemkosckuii 1956 : 39—40; She. B. Illep6a 1974: 82; H. H. Memannunos 1945: 295; J. Kurylowicz 1960: 132, 134—135, 143), others note that the preposition, in addition to the grammatical meaning, is characterized by a stronger or weaker lexical meaning (B. B. Bunorpanos 1972: 531; B. H. flpuesa 1955: 440; A. H. Cmupanukuit 1957: 88; E. T. Yepkacosa 1967: 11-15; B. M.)Kupmynckuit 1961: 4; T. B. IlapesBa 1969: 38). Academic grammar states that prepositions have no independent lexical meaning (Lithuanian grammar 1971 : 577). Their lexical ir meaning, as general service words, coincides with their grammatical meaning (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1965: 32) and is revealed in word combinations in which prepositions are used (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1971: 577). In this work, prepositions are also not considered as independent lexical units of temporal constructions, and when speaking about the lexical composition of prepositional temporal constructions, they are not taken into account: temporal constructions, in which the vowel forms of the same nouns coincide, and only the prepositions differ, e.g.: I will come in an hour, I will come after an hour, are only different grammatical structures, but of the same lexical composition. 0.5 In contemporary Lithuanian literary language, the following prepositions are used to form time constructions with the genitive: near, without, at the end, until, from, from after, near, from, from —to, from —after, at the end, before, after, at the beginning, near, in the middle, halfway, between, behind, in the middle, in the middle. Next, we will look at the time constructions with these prepositions? grammatical structure, lexical composition, syntactic meanings and usage tendencies. 2 Since we have already discussed the constructions of the time with the prepositions near, nearby and before(a) (see A. Ružė 1971: 10—12; 1972: 41 —46), they are no longer discussed in this article. 140 1. CONSTRUCTION SU PRIELINKSNIU be 1.1. The su constructive be ir prepositional adjective means action ir jo the time of realization. The time value almost always has a strong shade of the discount value of the condition. In ar literary language, these constructions are quite rare. The main focus jų usually consists of the direct participle forms of the imperative participle ir verbs in the future tense. Predominance of construction verbs with a su negative MHe-. In addition, the term is used to refer to the number of days of the year, which is the number of hours of iš daylight per day. ir You won't be able to leave be this evening. JabIRR 1 649. Be I'll live. ŽiugždLKG will not finish rye II 34. Be on Saturday. Out. Look in. da light (not cleared). LKZ, 1 702. The su constructions of time-view units have a slightly different meaning: they say the action, the amount of time after which the action can be realized. ir GA Be Don't drink for half an hour. Dov. Be a couple of hours. rl. 2. CONSTRUCTION SU end(s), beginning(s), half(s), halfway, middle(s), middle(s) 2.1. To clear peripheries, usually only half mid(y), mid(e) ir (J. Endzelins 1971 : 500; J. Jablonskis 1957 : 664, 667; P. Būtėnas 1930 : 138 — 139; 1971. pp. 605–606. At the end, at the end(e), at the beginning(e) and at the half(e) separately as prepositions are not moved. However, in academic grammar it is noted that such words “approach prepositions in their function” (Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1971: 581). In fact, neither in use nor in meaning they differ from vidur(y), viduryj(e). Therefore, in cases where they are used in the preposition of the noun's parent, they are considered prepositions in this article, as are half, mid(y), mid(e). 2.2.Constructions with these prepositions denote the action and its period (a) or the moment of occurrence (b), destis of which is the verb of the action or event. Subordinate nouns that denote concepts or processes of time have a dependent accent. The spoken prepositions still have a clear lexical meaning, so they also indicate exactly in which part of the noun-denoted time interval the action takes place or occurs. a) And at the beginning and end of the school year [...] retreats lasted 3-5 days. Myk-PutR III 12. He ran out of the church in the middle of Mass. SimonR I 117. You feed nobody in the middle of the day. BorBM 92. b) Father Kazys was buried at the end of the same week. 1225. At the end of the year, Bucon burned down. VKS. Not suddenly stops the road at the beginning of winter. KatkR 245. Half breakfasted the eagles flew from the marshes did not dare to descend to the nest. Vienna 31. And now in the middle of the summer left us without a slaughterhouse. 235 pp.. I'll do the hard work in the middle of the day. JD, 32. There are also constructions with numerals, which in this case usually mean hours. The last steamer leaves at 7:30. VenclGD, 542. We'll start at 9:30. BarkS 204. 2.3. To form temporal structures, the preposition is semi-used and with At 7:30 a.m. the bell rang for Mass. Myk-PutAŠ 8. 141 3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH ANNEXES until, until(i) 3.0. In contemporary literary language, these prepositions go only with the genitive in the time constructions (see Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1971: 592). In older writings and dialects it is also used with other vowels — mostly with the noun and the adjective (see A. Bezzenberger 1877:244; E. Fraenkel 1929:241; P. Būtėnas 1930: 76—77; Z. Zinkevičius 1966: 419—420; J. Palionis 1967: 176—177). The originator of time-related constructions with the prepositions till, lig(i), as well as the originator of other meaning-- related constructions with various prepositions,,,does not show a tendency to stabarėti or prieveiksmėti“ (K. Ulvydas 1964: 24). In terms of meaning, time constructions with the prepositions till, lig(i) are divided into two main groups: 1) constructions denoting the action and its final time limit, and 2) constructions denoting the action and its approximate duration. 3.1 Constructions denoting an action and its final time limit 3.1.1. The constructions of this meaning with the prepositions till, lig(i) and genitive are syntactic antonyms of the corresponding constructions with the preposition nue and genitive and of the constructions with the preposition aus and genitive, denoting the action and its initial time limit. They are formed with verbs of both types. There is a construction with a staircase. The subject may include nouns of quite different lexical meanings, as well as noun pronouns, and in some cases numerals. 3.1.2. Most nouns denoting the concept of time (except in the cases specified in 3.1.7. and 3.2.1.) are used without signs to form speech-- meaning constructions. The most productive are constructions with the names of parts of the day, seasons, eating time, holidays, days of the week, months, etc. But I'll wait for you till the morning anyway. BinkRn 41. Catch crabs until midnight. KrävRg 163. The light flickered almost until dawn. LzPR II 52. So I crossed until spring. Pkl. In the winter, the young have wings. 224 pp. 224. So they went on until noon. BorJPK 100. Don't ask for fur. Shk. There are few children until New Year's Eve. KatkR 247-248. Pavel, I've done everything and arranged for your mill to be ready to grind by Sunday. JankKK 126. Do you want to beat until October: until the work is done? Gud-GuzR V 21. Bread was enough only until February. RdN. 10 Unfortunate is he that followeth the way of poverty: he begineth in it as a child, and goeth therein every day unto old age. JanR I 251. It was sufficient until the rye harvest. Myk-PutR VII 296. The ceiling will remain unbleached until the holiday. VaizgRR II 445. It's just to attract me to the market... BaltR II 36. Until the Neolithic people made tools by breaking and retouching stone. LAB 54. 3.1.3. In addition to the names of the concepts of time, nouns of other lexical meanings are also used to form these constructions, most often denoting processes, actions and persons. Until flowering plant immersed in water. F II 112. And bread will be enough for a new loaf. LKZ VI 824. I lived with her until we got married. DovZE 358. Until the frost [...] he lives on the shore. MarukŽŠG 19. But the old nickname stuck and held on to him until his death. 7th ed. Before Galileo [...) Earth was still different from other planets. SlavėnSS 91. The Yankees lived here until Puzo. Grl. In the spring he always made a living by borrowing from the rich until the harvest was fresh. CyR IV 329. And there were only a few geese left until the rye season. KatkR 78. Before university I studied at Marijampolė Gymnasium (tsp.) 142 3.1.4. Constructions in which the verb means or implies movement and the subject is the name of a place or object are transitive: they have a time-space meaning. Okay, I'll wait until the next source. BalčGP, 29. Barbora |žąsinas] joyfully accompanied to the front door. KatkR 114-115. And in saying goodbye, the old man accompanied the teacher to the gate. BaltrPS 69. We won't take any farms until Dubysa. VienR IV 9. They walked home in silence. Myk-PutR VII 122. 3.1.5. Comparatively few constructions are made with noun numbers, usually personal, jvardZii. ; But even before us, Mr. Siesicki used these pastures. VienR V 24. Nature has persisted to man and has not erased everything that it created before him. MarcinkPKJ 108. 3.1.6. In both spoken and written language, there are constructions in which the dependent object is a transitive and the noun is not said, but it is clear from the context or the language situation. The nouns day, hour, year are usually unspeakable. To be stirred up, done until 15. CvR VIII 125. Until twelve they fall asleep, and then they turn into young boys. Page 166. In your forties, you spoke differently. VKS. Sometimes, especially in colloquial language, one quantitative noun is used for the meaning of a certain hour. We have to leave at seven. JNSH. 3.1.7. Units of time, undefined amount of time, nouns denoting general concepts of time, as well as the words end, end, beginning, half, middle of the action and its final time limit form the dependent element of constructions, going with the necessary marks. It will stand until August. Sgt. Until 1939, this was a little-known obstruction. SruogR V 19. The nest was loaded from morning until 11 — 12 o'clock. IvanLP III 78. It was also a Gothic castle and remained so until the 16th century LI I 249. December stood silent until the last moment. GodGuzR V 359. They do not leave their children until the last moment. IvanAZP 243. The quantity of brass products and brass raw materials imported into Lithuania before our era was relatively small. LAB 105. In this case, the landlord and the landlord- 's servants are the same person. Myk-PutR VI 18. I had never seen him before. MarukŽŠG 9. In Kuršėnai and Viekšniai, entire families have been engaged in pottery until recently. LEB 164. By the end of the month we expected to work. Kv. The eggs are laid from mid-May to mid-June. IvanLP II 21. Bulbs were available until the middle of summer. JNSH. The noun diena usually goes with the necessary mark. Until August 7th, this couple of cranks still carried their children. IvanLP III 179. Until yesterday, no larger group of soldiers had ever visited the village. PetkKMD 111. The compound of this noun with a prefix in spoken constructions is quite often already fixed and has acquired a meaning close to that of the adverbs lig(i) so far, so far, e.g.: To this day, Matthew wonders how he has survived. Vol.169. There is no warmer and milder climate than the Atlantic to this day. L116. In all the above-mentioned constructions, the noun may be marked by words of different parts of the language, except for quantitative nouns or words that substitute them. The exception is when a noun is used with a quantitative number to describe someone- 's age (see 3.2.1.). The child grew up to three years and died. LzPR VII 141. I served until I was eighteen. Mžk. They survived for three weeks. Grl. 143 3.2. Constructions representing an action and its approximate duration 3.2.1. The value of the approximate duration of constructions with the prepositions till, lig(i) is closely related to the value of the final time limit. Prepositions till, lig(i) give a rather weak shade of obviousness compared to other prepositions (about, near, nearby). Therefore, it is possible to create constructions that include even words denoting an undefined quantity. in. In general, constructions of this meaning are rather rare in contemporary language and are usually made with the names of time-view units, which can go either alone (a) or with a word denoting quantity (usually a quantitative number or a numerical pronoun) (b). a) I had to take medication for a month. Shh. This temperature can be maintained by bacteria for up to 24 hours. Here, chickens are raised up to a month (etc.). b) Some ducks can stay in the water for up to 15 minutes. MastT Z 479. It may take up to a few months for the wound to heal completely. The perpetrators may be punished with imprisonment for up to several days. In this state they can stay up to 21 days. IvanPP 172. Our simplest species, the domestic owl, nests for up to 30 days. 288 pp. 288. The constructions of this meaning with the prepositions bis, lig(i) and adjective are synonymous with the corresponding constructions with the preposition about and adjective and with the constructions with the prepositions nahe, nicht weit and adjective (see also: A. Ružė 1971: 10—12). 4. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH APPENDIX from 4.0. The prefix iz with the noun meaning of time has been used in our writings since ancient times. In contemporary literary language, time constructions with this prefix are not very productive, they are made exclusively with nouns denoting the concepts of time (see M. Čaikauskas 1959: 40). Often, the preposition of these constructions with the noun origin is already very close to the adverb or has completely moved into the category of the adverb (see P. Būtėnas 1930: 78; K. Ulvydas 1964: 15—16; Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1971: 464—466). In terms of meaning, constructions with the prefix from can be divided into two main groups: 1) constructions denoting an action and its initial time limit, 2) constructions denoting an action and its period or moment of occurrence. However, there are no clear formal boundaries between the meanings of these constructions. The context (see 4.2.1.) in which they are used may also have a considerable influence on the meaning of the constructions, especially when their dependent focus is the names of parts of the day and seasons. 4.1. Constructions representing an action and its initial time limit 4.1.1. The constructions denoting the action and its initial time limit with the preposition i and the genitive are syntactic antonyms of the corresponding constructions with the prepositions do, lig(i) and genitive. The main element of these are usually the forms of the verbs of the present tense, and the verbs of the event - only the compound forms and participants. The constructions with the solid personified forms of the verbs of the event object more often denote the action and the moment of its occurrence (see 4.2.1.). The meaning of constructions with a preposition from the initial time limit in the sentence is reinforced by the particle pat, which in these cases is quite often used after the preposition (see Lietuvos kalbos gramatika 1971: 594), neither the preposition nor the noun shows, cf.: pat vakaro šveitėme tvarkėmės. 144 P. Būtėnas, speaking about the use of the iš preposition in the sense of time, indicates that “,the initial moment of action is in the middle of the time interval marked by the parentheses” (1930: 78). A clarification is needed here. The initial moment of the action is within the limits of the noun-speak time, but not necessarily in the middle: the initial moment of the action can be at the jo beginning of the noun-speak time, in the middle, or at the end of the noun-speak time at some other point ar jo — to Iš ir CvR, II 274. He's been so limp iš since he was a kid. Grl. ; 4.1.2. The most commonly used parts of the day to form speech-meaning constructions (morning, day, night, evening), seasons (summer, winter, autumn, spring) names of ir human age periods. After I've eaten, I don't want dinner for a iš day. — Shh. My head aches at iš night. As. Iš the night's nicely chilled. SruogR V 112. Whose meat will not be iš processed in autumn? Jurkūno! GricZ 40. Iš winter roads. LASUD 6. Very road was not iš winter. Stk. Iš I still have a virginity du skirt. Skdv. There tą are still iš stories of the ancient slides. MačAD 76. The name of the unit is a reference to the relatively small size of su the unit. In this case, the noun always has a structurally necessary sign. These memories arise iš 13 —16 years of my age. Myk-PutR VII 258. The ruins of the castle have survived iš 16th century (tr.) A little more commonly used is the construction su noun time, which also always goes with the adjective and forms an objective compound with it. The strong stone walls stand from Swedish times. iš SimonAŠL 89. 4.1.3. Constructions su with the preposition from, denoting the initial time ir limit of the jo action, are always synonymous with constructions with the preposition from of the same lexical composition (see 6.1.). Constructions with the prefix iz are used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action necessarily begins within the time limits indicated by the noun. The meaning of constructions with the prefix od is more universal: the action can begin both within the time of the noun and after that time, cf. : Since I was young I already had a considerable wealth left by my parents. BalčTVN, 123. The town has been crowded since the morning. KrėvRg 59–60. He hadn't had a sword in his mouth since autumn. BaltPV II 346. I've been watching them since day one. MykPutR III 46. The poor brothers have been groaning since ancient times. MairPB, 21. 4.2. Constructions representing an action and its period or moment of occurrence 4.2.1. The main focus of the constructions denoting the action and its occurrence moment is usually the uniform personified forms of the verbs of the action of the event. The same meaning have constructions, the main element of which is the interaction of the verbs of the course with the forms of the phase verbs (end, stop, etc.) (e.g., from the evening it stopped raining, from the spring it stopped shaving). Rarer constructions, denoting an action and its period, are formed with the verbs of the present tense. Constructions of the latter meaning are never formed with the forms of present tense verbs. In constructions denoting the action and its period (a) or the moment of occurrence (b), the dependent element is the name of the parts of the day (usually morning, evening, night) and the seasons. a) Do not hear the day from the morning, and girls before -before marriage. PP 215. From the spring he loved Whiteflower, who was much older than he. VienR I 365. b) In the morning, he laid out two heaps of rye. Mšk. She had soaked the ribbons from the evening. BaltPV I 88. The horses were weak, and the night was raining. Myk-PutAŠ, II 152. From spring the vegetable gardens dried up. Yks. He sat next to a pile of firewood cut in the autumn. BaltPV II 359. 10. Grammatical categories and their development 145 Pronoun su preposition iš clearest action period (a) ar jo of occurrence (b) has a meaning in those sentences in which, with the genitive be preposition su aus, there are other adverbs of the same meaning, connected by the same univocally used other verb. ar su ar a) Iš the ir morning, accompanying the į station, still begged to stay. ŽemR IV 221. Sukrypo Vincas all: autumn iš legs flower flower, now o hands. — Srv. b) That so for me, closer to autumn, iš spring I switched clothes... su BaltR I 11. į The prepositional origin of nouns of spoken-meanisu ng iš constructions is the closest to the adverb (plg. K. Ulvydas 1964: 15—18). 4.2.2. Constructions su with a iš ir prepositional genitive denoting an action ir jo the moment of occurrence, are synonymous with much less commonly used constructions of the same meaning prefix from genitive su ir (for examples see 6.2.1.). (Prefix of ir jo constructions denoting action period su »wu0 ir nobleman iš does not make it all.) Be to, prepositional su genitive of iš ir constructions denoting an action ir jo period (a) the ar time of occurrence (b), are always synonymous with the corresponding constructions of the tail su structures of ir the placeholder. su Jų the significance ar of the moment of occurrence of the period is always clear, unambiguous. The most abundant in contemporary literary language are synonymous constructions, formed by the ending of su spoken nouns (only the noun vakaras, the past tense, more be frequently used final, pronoun). ne o a) Su What's over the fence in the morning at the house? SruogR III 10. All the farmers are competing now in spring hiring. PetkKMD 472—473. b) Rising in the morning from the brick Dominique. CvMS 64. He's here. [fox] evening at the rancher's (= house). Lt III 62. A group of rain passes over at night. ŽemRII 238. In the spring, he sent me to Beaver grazing pigs. ŽemR 11 174. In the autumn all the sheep went out. JNSH. Synonymic constructions of the season su names of the word night in ethnologue, ir denoting the period of vi action ir jo (a) the ar time of occurrence (b), more typical of dialects, folktales. In the works of used fiction, they always have a shade of archaicism, dialectism. For the constructions of the words rytas, vakaras such shade is not su characteristic. a) In the ji morning he į ran the store. MarkPRL 133. Ir a heavy car was driving over us at night. VenclR I 162. First others do not need to be sown in spring. Ds. I see a ją slender, tall, digging spring garden beds. VenclPU 289. b) I went out in the morning. Dglsh. They say they would come out in the evening or in the morning. SimonOBT 96. Pavasary that the horse will escape iš the barn, it that will take (will go) with his feet up. Rod (LKŽ VIII 106). Rudenyj took people (people) cult. SlančSA 291. 5, CONSTRUCTION SU PRIELINKSNIU iš po 5.1. The su prepositional iš po ir pronoun of the construction means the time ir after which the action is realized. They are almost not characteristic of contemporary literary language: for this purpose, synonymous constructions are used with a prefix su po ir kilmininku (see section 4.4). 8.1.) . These constructions are very unproductive: they occur more often in the jų words night, su winter, and occasionally in another noun denoting a su process. In the tree at night found a red flag. iš po CvR IV 289. Iš po a winter fly crawled stubbornly through the window glass. BaltrTK I 109. Iš po tough ir hard winter spring is very cold. ŽemR 1194. Child iš po relapse. Grk. We had a iš po rest trip. ŽemR IV 218. 146 6. CONSTRUCTION SU PRIELINKSNIU uo 6.0. The meaning of the prefix from time is highlighted or one more example of this meaning is given in various works of grammar (see section 4.4). A. Schleicher 1856: 288; J. Jablonskis 1957: 655—656; P. Būtėnas 1930: 94; Grammar of the Lithuanian language i 598). More on the meaning of the preposition from time discusses E. Frenkel (1929: 116— 117). Time constructions su with a prefix from the ir genitive are very productive ir and are used extensively in both spoken and written language. They mean: the 1) action ir the initial jo time limit, the 2) action ir jo the moment of occurrence. 6.1. Constructions denoting the initial time limit ir of an action jo : 6.1.1. The su prepositional constructions ir from, denoting the initial time limit of the ir action, are jo syntactic antonyms of the prepositional su constructions do, lig(i) denoting the ir final time limit of the action. ir jo Jų The action represented by the verb can begin both within the time specified by the noun and after the end of the time specified by the noun®, cf. : My mother ją knew from her youth. CiurlRR II 244. The windows were still closed since the winter. SimonOBT 42. She hadn't come since she was born. Er. There was no serious rain since the frosts. CvR VIII 101. He had been squeezing since breakfast. Bird PM 56. The main su element of the prepositional constructions from, denoting ir the initial time jo limit of the action, consists of verbs of both factors. The verbs of the constructive course are dominant. The subject is usually used for su nouns that denote time concepts, less often for nouns of other lexical meanings. — Be most nouns denoting the concept of time (except where otherwise specified). In the case of the prefix from, the speaking constructions 6.1.6.—6.1.8. have a shade of quantitative significance. su ir 6.1.2. Most used construction parts of the su day (usually su morning), seasons, holidays, eating time, human age periods, work, rest, ritual time, etc. ir names. Gi We've been walking su around the po historian's museum since the morning. VienR VII 138. He's been working since dawn. Ds. From the cockfighting du the laying of eggs. Dks. Aš I have no straws since spring. Dov. Norbert worked In Vilnius from mid-summer. Gud-GuzKIT I 175. There were still all kinds of snakes ir here from the past autumn winter. Myk-PutR VI 169. From The God of George opens the garden. Lt V 379. Only a girl was hired from the Jurgens. VienIMA 7. We've been shaking the cows since Christmas. LKŽ VI 450-451. The cow has not been moved since noon. They had both been drunk since lunch. 451 and op. Since childhood, he began an independent life. MarcBR 36. He had a son who had been raised by him since his youth. LTR 232. No one has been walking at night since the rye harvest. Lt IV 565. He hasn't spoken to me since that Sunday. 143. SimonNTP. I've been working in the tile shop since April, but it's the same. Whoa. Our little sisters have been wearing margy clothes since ancient times. MairPB, 41. Miisy Baltija has been beating the sand for centuries. SNėrP, * 241. Too strict K. Musteikio assertion that the action of Lithuanian language time constructions with prepositions from the verb does not affect the time said by a noun (1972: 257). According to this statement, saying that he lived in Vilnius in 1955 would mean that he did not live in Vilnius in 1955, but only began to live there in 1956; saying nwo Monday rain means that it did not rain on Monday, but it started to rain only on Tuesday, etc. 10* 147 9.3. A considerable number of constructions of other meanings (e.g., way, condition, place, etc.) also often acquire a su temporal connotation with a preposition in the sentence?- *. In addition to the above, schnekts use other constructions of temporal meanings, but they are not characteristic of literary language. Instead, other time constructions are used (see J. Kruopas 1953: 27). 10. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH AN APPENDIX BETWEEN 10.1 Time constructions with the preposition tussen and the genitive denote the action and its time limits. They are not very popular in contemporary literary language. The focus is on the verbs of both factors. The subject may consist of nouns denoting concepts or processes of time. 10.2. One-noun spoken constructions are rarely formed. In this case, the noun always takes the plural noun form. We worked hard between the holidays. BarkS 204. Between the sessions, the radiation increased several dozen times. T 1970 290. The most common constructions consist of two nouns connected by a conjunction and, sometimes —bei. And now he waited for another servant to come between eleven and half past twelve. BalčAŽ 11. The manure was usually transported to the fields between the spring sowing and the harvest. MLTE II 565. Burned between breakfast and lunch. BeingPM 132. Between Christmas and the Three Kings there are twelve. KG 401. Nouns denoting units of time in such constructions always have structurally necessary indications. In this case, the noun is usually (but not always) said only in the second part of the dependent pronoun, which follows the conjunction, and in the first part there is only a word that serves as a sign. Between the years 400 and 800, new major changes took place in the territory of Lithuania. LI I 32. Between 15,000–14,- 000 BC and 8,000 BC there were three cold and wet periods. RimPLG 12. The young are fed |...) between August and October. IvanLP III 126. Nine passengers were hunted between 25 November and 15 February IvanLP II 68. After all, it has to happen between eleven and twelve o'clock at night. SimonVK II 110. 11. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH APPENDIX for 11.1 Time constructions with the preposition after and the genitive denote an action and the amount of time that separates that action from the previous time. They are syntactic antonyms of the corresponding constructions with prepositions before and after, and constructions with prepositions before and after, denoting an action and the amount of time that separates that action from the subsequent time. | J. Jablonskis has replaced the prefix of such constructions with the prefix po both in,,Linksniuose ir prielinksniuose“, and in his articles (see 1957: 667; 1959: 188, 231,297). The reasons for the correction, it seems, have not been clearly formulated anywhere, but from individual notes it is clear that he has considered the preposition for vartoseną in the meaning of the time to be incorrect, foreign to the Lithuanian language (1959: 187—188, 229). However, in the Lithuanian language, the preposition for this meaning has long been used. Examples of this are found in writing monuments (see A. Bezzenberger 1877: 246; E. Fraenkel 1929: 178). As the material of the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” and the catalog of the academic “Lietuviy kalbos Zodynas” show, time constructions with the prefix “už” are present in most Lithuanian m. Examples of such constructions can be found in M. Čaikauskas’ article (1963: 11—13), especially in subsection c. The author of the article assigns them to the meaning of time, but also notes that such constructions have shades of other meanings. 154 language speakers”. They are known in ir folklore. These constructions abound in the academic J. Translations by Balchikonis. Jų use in literary language is now legal (see section 4.4). B. Vosylytė 1951 : 31; J. Kruopas 1953: 28; Grammar of the Lithuanian language 1971: 645—646; Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian 1972 : 878). Therefore, there is no doubt about the su usefulness už ir of time constructions as prepositional nouns in contemporary literary language. | 11.2. The amount of su time expressed už by the adverbial subject of constructions, which distinguishes the action from the previous time, can be defined (a) ir undefined (b). a) A defined amount of time is expressed by nouns denoting units of time, followed by quantitative digits su ar be of them. UZ In a month, the sinus will arrive. Krishna. Už year god gives them a son. Lt IV 98. Another about už half a year came to me Tamulo's cousin. SimonNTP 389. Let your už cousin come in half an hour. BalčHP 259. Už week the ir harvest will begin. Nnd. The train is coming už in five minutes. Sk. Už diethylene jų glycol is already in use. KatkR 243. Two more už weeks later, the other milkers came. Lnkv. He recovered už from the war for only two weeks. PetkKMD 175. Už half an hour, the whole office knew. KrėvLŽ 183. Iš the mill always two days už arrives. Shd. b) Indefinite amounts of time are expressed by nouns denoting indefinite amounts of time or by nouns denoting units of time, followed by words denoting indefinite amounts. su Už moments drioksteléjo one shot (tr8.). Už 1 hour Smoke appeared on the Kaunas side. Grl. Už a few minutes he was already dragging steps on the coastal sands į Riga. Nobody II 62. Už will know for how many ir years. 8d. Už for a few days brought a prescription from a German doctor in Joniškėlis. PetkKMD 620—621. 11.3. All constructions su with a už ir prepositional noun, denoting mą ir defined (a) ar undefined (b) the amount of time that distinguishes the action from tą the previous time, are synonymous with the corresponding constructions prepositional genitive su po ir (see section 4.4). 8.2.). Jų the meanings are completely identical, different be shades, only the construction prefix in the current su literary už language is slightly rarer than the construction prefix su po (see section 4.4). P. Būtėnas 1930: 135; Lithuanian language grammar ka 1971: 646). Plg. : a) About a po month returned į Baghdad. BalčTVN, 146. Po After leaving the army, he worked in iš various newspapers. TysINR 5.0 Sikorsky- 's linens will definitely be gone in a week's time. AvyžĮSK 79. Eight days later, they put us in a į clean third-class carriage. — ir exported iš Tilžė. SruogR V 39. The train arrived only after half an hour. JNSH. b) Matthew disappeared and returned after an hour. Myk-PutR VI 153. Peter left after a few minutes. VenclGD, 33. After a few hours he was in town. LankNR 101. Only a few days later Pranas Strimas returned. VenclGD, 240. BsRR —Basanavičius J. Selected Writings. V., 1970. JučLM —Jučas M. Lietuvos metraščiai. V., 1968. LAB —Kulikauskas P., Kulikauskienė R., Tautavičius A. Features of Lithuanian archaeology. V., 1961. LastUD —Lastauskienė M. River's gift. K., 1946. MačAD —Mačiulis J. Augo diemedis. V., 1961. MarkPRL —Markevičius A. Poster in a restaurant window. V., 1967. MarukŽŠG —Marukas K. Žaliakalny sweeps the streets. V., 1962. MastTZ —Mastauskas S. Applied Zoology. K., 1947. * In some $nektos time constructions are made with the preposition za and the noun (see Z. Zinkevičius 1966: 429). In modern literature, such a distinction is not used. 155 MG = Science and Life. "Lithuanian Society of Jurists". The Little Soviet Encyclopedia. T. 1I—I1I. V., 19€€—1971. MonstP —Monstvilaitė J. Weeds. V., 1967. RimPLG —Rimantienė R. The first inhabitants of Lithuania. V., 1972. SirGirŠV — Syrian Gira V. That's it. V., 1963. SlančSA —Slančiauskas M. Northern Lithuanian tales and jokes. V., 1975. SRagSD, —The Witch of Shatria. In the old manor. V., 1969. TysINR —Tysliava in the hands of J. Nemunas. V., 1967. 2001. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. D. II. Syntax. K., 1957. Bezzenberger A. Contributions to the history of the Lithuanian language on the basis of Lithuanian texts of the XVI century. and of the XVII. Jahrhunderts. Göttingen, 1877. A Study of the Lithuanian Language. K., 1930. The word is derived from the Greek word for "sword" (stauros). —„Scientific works of Vilnius State Pedagogical Institute. Lithuanian Language and Literature- ", 1959, t. VIII, p. 31—48. Čaikauskas M. Verb combinations with the preposition „prie“ in contemporary Lithuanian language. —„,,Kalbotyra“, 1963, vol. IX, pp. 5-15. Dictionary of Modern English. 2nd supplemented edition. V., 1972. Dauzat A. Grammaire raisonnée de la langue frangaise. Lyon, 1947. The German language. Bd. Leipzig, 1970. Endzelins J. A selection of works. I. Riga, 1971. Fillmore Ch. J. The Case for Case. —In: Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York et al., 1968, pp. 1-88. Fraenkel E. Syntax of Lithuanian Postpositions and Pridpositions. Heidelberg, 1929. Jablonskis J. Links and prepositions. - Kn. : Selected writings. T. I. V., 1957, p. 551-672. Jablonskis J. Selected Writings. T. II. V., 1959, Jakobson R. Contribution to the general case theory. —In: Journal of Linguistics, Vol. Prague, T. VI. Prague, 1936, pp. 240-288. J. J. For the prefix. —Kalbotyra, 1974, vol. XXV(1), pp. 43-52. The expression of the circumstance of time in Lithuanian language. —“Soviet School”, 1953, No. 7, p. 21-30. Kurytowicz J. The problem of case classification. —Linguistic sketches. Wroclaw- -Krakow, 1960, pp. 131-150. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. T. I. Phonetics and morphology. V., 1965. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. T. II. Morphology. V., 1971. Grammar of the modern Latvian literary language. I. Phonetics and morphology. Riga, 1959. Otrebski J. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. T. HI, The Science of Forms. Warsaw, 1956. Palionis J. Lithuanian Literary Language XVI—XVII C. V., 1967. A. A. Ružė. Approximate time constructions with prepositions. —,,Language Culture“, 1971, p. 20, p. 10—13. "Rožė A. Time constructions with the preposition pirma (first)". —“Language Culture”, 1972, ed. 23, pp. 41-46. Schleicher A. Handbook of the Lithuanian language. Lithuanian Grammar. Prague, 1856. Schmidt W. Basic Questions of German Grammar. Berlin, 1967. Szober S. Grammar of the Polish language. Edition si6dme. Warsaw, 1966. Ulvydas K. Adverbs of singular noun and adverbs with formants -(i)o, -(i)os, -ės in contemporary Lithuanian language. - Kn. : Morphological structure of Lithuanian language and its development („Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, vol. VII). V., 1964, pp. 11-46. Vosylytė B. When to use the preposition po, when to 1951, use the preposition za? —,,Tarybinė mokykla“, No. 12, p. 31. Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian dialectology. V., 1966. Aamoun B. I. Cuxrakchc COBPEMEHHOr0 HeMenKoro s13bIKA. J., 1973. Bunorpanos B. B. Pyccknit a3eik. Hajilakne sropoe, M., 1972. and payiaavugs COBPEMEHHOr0 pycckoro JHTepatypHoro ssbika. Ors. pen. H. IO: Bad wife. +», 1970. Xupmynckuii B. M. O rpaunuax caosa. —„Bonpocbi s3biko3HaHHs“, 1961, Ne 3, c. 3—21. Hcauenxo A. B. I'pammatHueckuil crpolt pyccKOro si3elka B COMOCTABJIEHHH C CJIOBAIKHM. Mopdosorus. Y. 1. Bparucaasa, 1954. Memannunos H. H. Unennl npeanoxenns H yactu peun. M.—JI., 1945. Mycreiiknc K. ConocrasHrejnbHasi MOpiboJ10rHsA PyCCKOro H JIKTOBCKOTO 513bIKOB. Busbioc, 1972. HauxuresBuąu B. M. I'pammaTHuecKue KareropHH B COBpeMeHHOM pycckKoMm s135IKe. M., 1963. [Temkosckuit A. M. Pycekuli cuntakcuc B HayuHoM OcBemeHHnu. H3janne ceasmoe. M., 1956. Penumna T. A. O nporusonocraBjieHHH,, Nae —npejiior“ B COBPEMEHHOM DYyMbIHCKOM si3blKe. — wHayunsle JoKjaagsl BbiCcinelt IUKOJIbi. OnjiojiornueckHe Hayku“, 1968, Ne 5, c. 91—99. 156 Cuuprunknii A. H. 100% pure gold/wiickoro si3prga. M., CyuacHa 1957. ykpaitcbKa JiitepaTypHa I can. Mopdouioris. Quiet. 1969. Qoprynarton O. O. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. — B Ki. : House panties. T. 1. M., 1956, c. 23-197. Ilapesa I. B. CeoGoaubie cioBocoyeranus en Terra. OEujojiorus’ 1969, Ne 2, c. 31 —4]. Yepkacosa E. T. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm B not sure. I'm not sure. M., 1967. [laxmaToB A. A. I'm a little girl. I'm a little girl. M., Illep6a 1941. JI. B. O uacrax can B pycckom sasuke. — B Who: $13bIKOBasi I don't H know what to do. TeNnbHOCTb. JI., 1974, c. 77-100. peta arr BI ara H CaoBocoueranne. — B ki. : I'm sorry, I'm sorry. — ,BecTHHK MOCKOBCKOIrO yHHBEpCHA. PY)XE BPEMEHHbIE MPEJJIO)HBIE LOVEPYKI!HH C POAUTEJIbHBIM MALE)XOM B COBPEMEHHOM JIMTOBCKOM JIMTEPATYPHOM $I3bIKE Pesome crarbe B anasmsupyiores Bpe Menu KOHCTPYKUHHK', B POJIH OCHOBHOTO COMMOHEHTa KOTOPIX BBICTYTAET rJ1aroJ, B POJIH 3aBHCHMOrO COMIOHEHTa — DOJIKTEJIbHbIĖ MACK HMEIHH cyWEEKDAYS HJIH MECTOHMEHHA C NMPEA/IOraMH, a B HEKOTOPHIX CJIyuasiX H HMEHH UKHCJIHTEJIb= It's 11 o'clock. c¢ Oc BemaeTcs poJib Npejsoros B CTpyKTYpe KOHCTPYKIHH, JEKCHYECKHil COCTaB ONHCHIBAEMbIX KOHCTDYKILHĖ, HX NPOAYKTHBHOCTD, TeHACHIHH VIOTpEOJIEHHSA, BbisiBJIEHbI HX 3HAYEHHS H CHHTAKCHUYECKHE CHHOHHMBL. . B post 3aBeCHMOro KoMroHeHTa H3yuaemsix KOHCTPYKIHH BBICTYNAIOT HMEHa CYIIECTBHTeJbHbIe, 00603HaYalOIHe BpeMs, POLECCH, a HHOT Aa H KOHKpeTHBIe 00BeKThl, KaK C 005132 TEJIbHEIMH OMNpeJle/IeHHsiMH, Tak H 6e3 HHX. MBIMH TIDOAYKTHBHBIMH H HAHOOJICE UACTO Inside. MEMBERSHIP SBJASIOTCSH KOHCTPYKUHH C npeanoramu iki, lig(i), nuo, po u already. Koerpukuun e petepnoramu iki, lig(i) BRIDAXKAIOT: |) feficTBHE H difference It's not a game. BO BpemenH (sleeps until night ,,monoTaT 110 Houn", went till(i) noon ‘men no obena’, 2) gelicTBHe H ero NpuOJIH3HTEJIbHYJO NPOJOIKHTEILHOCTL (via link(s) (up to) two weeks ,BICHIKUBAET OKOJIO ABYX "Helenb". Concretly, this e is the same as, lig(i), Bbipaxatonmne JIeHCTBHE H €ro NIpKOJIH3KHTEJIbHYIO NPOIOIKHTENLHOCTh, CHHOHHMHUHbI AHA TOTHYHLIM KOHCTDYKUHAM C Hpejorami about (C BHHHTeJIbHbIM Najįe>xXxOM), near, nearby (breed about two weeks, near (near) two weeks ,,BICHXKHBaeT OKOJIO IBYX HeJesp"). KoHCTpyKumi c npesoroM nuo uauie BCero BbipaxaloT JeliCTBHE H item Have a good day. BO BpeMeHH (working since youth ‘paGoraeT c I0HOCTH). DTHM KOHCTDYKUKAM CHHOHHMHUHbI KOHCTPYKUMH € npejijioroM Iš (working in iš youth ‘padoraeT c IOHOCTH®), HO TIOCJEHHE JIOBOJIbHO orpaHHnueBbi JieKCHUuecKH. H3pejika BerpeualoTCS KOHCTPYKUHH C NMPEAJIOROM nuo, KOTOPhE BhipaxaioT InledteTBHe I MOMeHT error COBepuIeHHs (sick since morning) ,,yTpOM 3a60.e.1 “). B atom cayuae OHH CHHOHHMHYHbI AHAJIOTHUHLIM COHCTPYKUHSIM C NMPeJJIOroM Iz, Take a COHCTPYKIUHSAM C BHHHTEJIbHbIM HJIH C MECTHBIM NAajįexxOM (In the morning sick, in the morning sick, in the morning sick ,,y pou 3a6ojien“). Koncrkukuun e mpejuioroM po seipaxaior: 1) geiierBHe u BpeMS1, NO HCTEUeHHH KOTOporo 3TO AEHCTBHE pejnsyercsi (after breakfast began to dig ‘nmocjne 3aBTpaka HayaJu KONATsL", po the meeting got angry 'power co6Gpaunsi NOCCOPHAKCHTM), Hau 2) AeliCTBHE H KOJIHYECTBO BpeMeHH, KOTOpOe OTJe/ISIeT TO AeiiCTBHE OT NpejuNeCcTBVIOLIETO BpeMeHH (after a month returned ‘4Uepe3 MeCSst Bo3BpaTHJ/ICA “). I'm not sure. I'm ¢ not sure. I'm not sure. H KOJIHUECTBO OHRM, OTAEASIAe ITO JCHCTBHE OT NPEAUIECTEYVIOUIEr0 OPEMeHH, BCEr/la CHHOHHMHUHbI aHAJIOTHYHBIM KOHCTPYKUHSIM C NepeioroM už (for the month returned ,yeah Mecsily BO3BPAaTHJICA“), HO NIGHT B JIHTEPATYPHOM $5I3bIKE BCTPEUAIOTCHA pee, ueM KOHCTPYKLHH C NMPEAJOroM yes. Kouerpukuuu ¢ nimegnoramu from to — (from morning to night crying yTpa „c 10 B2uyepa n.jauer’), from the disease(- — s) (from piety lig(i) dinner rests oGena „c yxHHa 10 OTABIXAIOT"), a TaKxe tarp € (come between the tenth ir and twelfth hour "npuxojin MX Ly AeCATHIO H JIBEHALLATBIO yacamu“) BHIDAXKAIOT ACHCTBHE H Npejiejibi BO BPEMEHH, MEXKJIY KOTOPHIMH 3TO JAECTBHE pea/ins3yercs. Koucrkuchuuu ec npegnoramu end, end(e), beginning(e), half(e), half, middle, middle(e) BbipaxaioT JeiiCTBHE ero nepnojį H (sleeps in the middle of the day ‘cnaT B cepefune AHA’) HH MOMeHT ero copepiueHHs (at the beginning of the year died "B nuauane ropa cKOHuaJjiocs", at the end of the summer warmed up „B KOHIIe JIeTa 13blKe HeETNpOJĮyYKTHBHbI, BCTPEUAIOTCS ĮĮOBOJIbHO PEIKO. In! BpeMeHHEiMH KOHCTDYKIKSAMH HJIH KOHCTPYKUHSIMH 3[€Ch HA3bIBAIOTCHA CJIOBOCOYETAHHS BHIDAXKAIOUIHE BPEeMEHHEIe OTHOLICHHA. 157 A. ROSE TEMPORAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH GENITIVE AND PREPOSITIONS IN MODERN STANDARD LITHUANIAN Summary The paper discusses temporal constructions the principal component of which is a verb and the subordinate component is a noun, pronoun and in special cases a numeral in the genitive case with prepositions. The role of prepositions in the constructions, their different meanings, lexical structure, the productivity, the usage and their syntactical synonyms are also considered in the paper. The subordinate component of the constructions in guestion is expressed by nouns denoting time, processes and in certain cases objects with or without attributes. The most productive and frequently used are temporal constructions with the prepositions iki, lig(i), nuo, po and už. Constructions with the prepositions iki, lig(i) express 1) action and its time limit (kulia iki nakties "he threshes till the night“, ėjo lig(i) pietų he was walking till the afternoon“); 2) action and its approximate continuation (per lig(i) (iki) dviejų savaičių "they hatch about two weeks“). Constructions with the prepositions iki, lig(i) expressing action and its approximate continuation are synonymous to the corresponding constructions with the prepositions apie, arti, netoli (peri apie dvi savaites, peri arti (netoli) dviejų savaičių "they hatch about two weeks"). Constructions with the preposition nue mostly express action and its initial limit (dirba nuo jaunystės “they work from youth”). These constructions are synonymous with the constructions with the preposition iš (dirba is jaunystės "they work from youth") which are rather limited lexically. Constructions with the preposition nuo rarely express action and the moment it took place (nuo ryto susirgo “he fell ill in the morning- “). In this case they are synonymous to the corresponding constructions with the preposition iš, accusative or locative (iš ryto susirgo, rytą susirgo, ryte susirgo he fell ill in the morning). Constructions with the preposition po express 1) action and the time after the expiration of which the action is realized (po pusryčiams pradėjo kasti "they began digging after breakfast", po susirinkimo susipyko "they quarrelled after the meeting- ") or 2) action and the period separating it from the previous time (po mėnesio grįžo ''he returned after a month"). Constructions with the preposition po expressing action and the period separating it from the previous time are always synonymous to the constructions with the preposition už which are not so frequently used in standard Lithuanian (už mėnesio grįžo "he returned after a month®"- ). Constructions with the prepositions „uo —iki (nuo ryto iki vakaro verkia “she cries from morning till night”), nuo —lig(i) (nuo piety lig(i) vakarienės ilsisi “she rests from dinner till supper”) and with tarp (ateik tarp dešimtos ir dvyliktos valandos “come between ten and twelve”) express action and time limits within which it is realized. Constructions with prepositions gale, pabaigoj- (e), pradzioj- (e), puséj(e), pusiau, vidury, viduryj(- e) express action and its period (miega vidury dienos "she sleeps in the middle of the day") or the moment it took place (pradžioj metų mirė "she died at the beginning of the year", gale vasaros atšilo "it got warmer at the end of the summer- "). Temporal constructions with the prepositions be, iš po and prie are not productive and are very rarely used in modern standard Lithuanian.