О двуязычии сельского русского населения Литовской ССР

SOCIALINES LINGVISTIKOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XIX (1979) Mapua CHBHILKEHE O JBYSAS3bINMH CEJIbCKOrO PyCCKOTO HACEJIEHHA JIATOBCKOM CCP B MHoronauvonanpuol Coserckoit JIuTBe WMpoKO pa3sBHTO AByAsEIUHe (OHgunrsv3M). Cpequ ocHOBHOrO HaceeHHA peciyOIHKH OHO MpelcTaBeHO Kak: JIMTOBCKO-PYCCKOe, JIHTOBCKO-JlaTbIIICKOe, JIHTOBCKO-GesOpyCcKoe, —JIMTOBCKO= HOJbCKOe, JIHTOBCKO-KapaHMCKoe, JIMTOBCKO-HEMeLIKOe H. Ap. (Togzpo6uee 06 3Tom cM.: Karaliinas S., Vidugiris A., 1970, a Takxke Bugyrupuc A., Kapa.oac C., 1972.) HanGonee mMpoKo MpeAcTaBseHO AHTOBCKO-PyCCKOe ABYASBIMHE. Tlo aannpim nepenucu Hacesenua 1970 r. (1973, c. 273), MMTOBCKO-pycckHe OHAMHTBEI COCTaBARIOT 34,83% OOulero YHCJa JMTOBCKOrO HacesIeHHA pecttyOAHKH. BuvwursaMu Takoro BHfla ABJIAIOTCA NOJIOBHHAa (51,10%) ropoxckux »HTevelt wu 21,02% cembckoro JMTOBCKOrO HaceJeHHs. Hockoapky pycekuit asbik B CCCP spinosnser byHkKuHi0 MexHallHOHaIbHOTO OOMeHHA, TO COMMasIbHat SHAHMOCTb HM POJIb TaKOTO OHMHTBUSMa CTaHOBATCH caMu no ce6e NOHATHEIMH. Oco6eHHOcTH HCTOpHYecKoro pasBHTHA Hallleli CTpaHbl o6ycsloBHJIH pacnpocTpaveHHe pycckoro AsbIKa CpeAH BCeX Hauuii H HapofHocteit. Takomy ero pacmipoctpaHenuio cojelicrByeT WMpoKas pacceeHHOCTh PyCCKOrO Haceslenna m0 Bceli TepputopHu CosercKoro Cosa. (O Apyrux ucTOpHyecKHx bakTopax, BbI,BHHYBUINX PYyCCKHii ASbIK B Ka¥eCTBe ASbIKa Me2KHallHOHaJIbHOrO o6menua B CCCP, em. Mcaes M. M., 1977.) Ha tepprtopun corosHbix pecny61mk npoxupaet 21,3 MAH. pyCCKHX, YTO B YCOBHAX OCYUIeCTBJICHHA JIGHHHCKOM HaUHOHAIbHOH NOAMTHKH BbISBaO MOABAeHHE PYCCKO-HalLHOHAbHOTO, a B aHHOM cayyae pyCCKO-IHTOBCKOrO OMJIMHTBHSMa. Tlo jaHupim nepenucu Hacenenua 1970 r. PYCCKO-JIHTOBCKHH OW HHTBH3M nipecTaBleH Tak: JIMTOBCKHM ASbIKOM BulaqeeT 30,77°%% 43 MpoxKHBaIOUlHX B pecny6suKe 267 989 pycckux. Ha6sogaetca Gombilloe pasiHyHe Mey TOporkaHaMU H OKHTEIAMH CIBCKOM MECTHOCTH: PyCCKO-.IHTOBCKOe JBYASHIMHE MEHDIIe pasBHTO Cpe ropogcKoro HacevleHHA (OHAMHTBHI COCTABAAIOT 28,73%) 4 6osbue — cpeaM CeJbCKOTO (KONHYeCTBO OHAMHTBOB COCTaB.IAeT 42,26, pyecKoro Hacenenua cea JIMTBBI). Pyccko-auTopckoe ypysspine B JIMTOBCKOH CCP, taku o6pa3om, ABAseTCA ABYCTOPOHHUM HJIH OGOIOHbIM, OAHAKO Tpeo6aaeT AHTOBCKO-pycckoe ABYA3bIdHe. Cek Top pyCCKO-JIMTOBCKOTO JBYASbINHA, HECOMHCHHO, B 3HaunTeIbHOH CTemeHH YBeNIHYMBaeTCA 3a CHET CEIbCKHX PYCCKHX CTAPOPKHOB JIurspi, KoToppie H Oblwin OObeKTOM Halliero Ha6ozeHHA. Ilo npoucxoxKeHHIO 9TO NOTOMKH cTapoo6psylleB, KOTOPbIe MPHIIH Ha STY TeppHTOpHio (H CocesHHeE C Heli) B CBASH C pacKOJIOM pycckoli MpaBocaBHOH WepKBH B KOHILe XVII B., BbIXOMIUbI H3 CeBepO-3allaTHbIX oosacteli Poccuu (IIckos, Hosropog, Tsepb), 10 CHX Nop COXPaHHBIIHe CBOH oObivan u A3bIK (roBop). Pycckoe HaceneHHe NpHObIBasIO clofa B TeveHHe XVIiTs. 1 nlosxke. Bovibilioe KOMYeCTBO PyCCKHX ObIvI0 HepecesieHo B J]HTBY Mocae NoAaBIeHHA TlosbCKO-MTOBCKOorO BoccTaHHa 1831 r. KononnsalHa ycHuHJacbh Noce poceranusa 1863 r. (Crankesuy A., 1909). 59 HanOoubiee KouMuecTBO-pyccKOrO HaceseHHs | MpoxuBaeT B SapacaiicKom, Vonascxom, Ipexyéuckom, Pokaumkckom u MrnaauncKom palionax pecmy6HKH. 9ro MecTa MepBHYHOTO H JaBHero MoceseHua pyccKUx. Pycckue cTaporkHJIbt BcTpeyaloTca TakxKe H B Apyrux paiiowax, HallpuMep, B Kaynaccxom, Kejbmeckom, Mozercxom, Mayasiicxom, AnuktsiickoM, OMHaKO HX MponeHT 3fecb ouenb HeBerHK (oT 2 no 4). Euje MeHbille Takoro Hacewlenua mporkupaer B Inaytcxo, KenaiincKom paiionax. Pycckne noceseHibl MOABHJIMCb B STHX MeCTaX M03%Ke, B Konue XIX nau Hayaie XX BeKOB B PeSyvIbTAaTe MepeceeHUA U3 OKPaHH BOCTOYHBIX uacteli Kopenckoii H Busenckolt ryOepuuit (JIuackoro, Tpakaiicxoro u ApyTHX ye3jOB). Pycckue cea OO1bUIMMH HM MeHbILMMH OCTPOBKaMH pa3OpocaHbI Ha TeppHTopHu pala paiionos JIntoscKoli CCP. Xapakrep KoHTakTHpoBaHna HocuTeselt pyeckoro s3bIKa (TOBOPOB) ¢ JIHTOBCKHM ASbIKOM C TOUKH SpeHHA HX pasMellleHHA Ha TeppHTOPHM MHTOBCKOTO ABbIKA MOXKHO OMPeJeIUTh KaK BHYTpeHHee (BHYTPHPervoHaTbHOe) KOHTAKTHPOBAHHE ASEIKOBLIX OCTPOBOB, BKPalivIeHHBIX B HHOH A3bIKoBolt MaccuB. B wacTosiee BpeMA XapaKTepHa HallHOHaIbHaA PpasHOpOAHOCTh ‘wKuTeneli cela B HeKOTOpBIX palionax. HepeqKo B OJHOM HacezeHHOM MyHKTe NPOKUBAIOT TIPeACTABHTeIM HECKOMbKUX Hal[HOHA/IbHOCTel: PYCCKHe, HTOBILBI, nojiaKu, Setopycsl. Baepemexkky pacnomoxKenbl ycaqbObl JAMTOBIEB, MO.IAKOB, pyeckux cpenu secon u o3ep MraamnucKxoro, Sapacaitckoro, Mouerckoro paiioHOB. B 9THX YCJOBHAX NOCTeMeHHO pasBHJIOCb PYCCKO-IMTOBCKOe BY ASBIHE. Oco6eHHo OHO BOspocuio 3a NocegHHe 30 eT. Ilo coumonornueckolt KtaccuaKaIMM e€FO MOXKHO ONpeAeIMTh KaK KOHTaKTHOe JBYASbIMMe MeCTHOTO 3HaveHHA (Jlewepues IO. JI., 1966). Oxo aBaserca rpymnosbiM v HenomHbIM. Hapany c 6nJIMHTBaMH BCTpeyaloTca H MoHOAMHrBbI. TlocmenHux Goubule B palioHax Gouee KOMMaKTHOTO H H3Ha¥aJIbHOrO pa3MelleHHAaA pyccKoro Hacedtenua. Buvimursos Ooubule B MecTax BTOpHyHOro sacetenua (Hanp., HlayaiicKkuit p-H), a TakxKe B OTJCMbHBIX, HEOOMbIIMX HACeeHHBIX IyHKTAX H,Ha XyTOPaXx, PaCIiO/1OAKeHHBIX cpequ muToBcKoro HaceteHuA. ConocTaBjeHve BulaelOWHX JIMTOBCKHM 3bIKOM wuTeselt WByX pyccKHx JepepeHb PaiicrunmuKec (Raistiniskés) Sapacalicxoro paiiona u Cmauprait (Smilgiai) [Iayaaiickoro paiiona no faHHbiM nepenucn Hacesenua 1970 r. (B McTaXx MepenHcn 3HayH0Cb ,,CBOOOHO BvlajeeT™) BbIABHuO Takoe cooTHOUeHHe: B PaiicTHHHUIKec MOJOBHHAa *uTeNeH — OHAMHTBEI, B Cuuaprali — 6onee tperu. B Amanaii (Amaliai) Uayalickoro p-Ha ABysA3bI4HBbIM ABJA€TCA MOUTH BCe HaceseHue (u3 205 YenOBeK MOHOJMHTBOB TOAbKO 16). Cpequ pyCCKHX CTapOxKHIOB MIMpOKO pa3BHTO PYCCKO-MOJIbCKOe ABYASbIMHE. B MposBJeHHH ABYASKIMMA HeMaJIOBaxKHOe SHAYeHHe HMeIOT H BO3pacTHBIe oco6eHHOcTH Hacetenua. MoxHoMHrBbI — 3TO Mpere Bcero AeTH OUIKO/IbHOTO BOgpaCTa H WIKOJbHUKM HavaJIbHbIX K/1aCCOB, YACTb KEHCKOFO Hace/leHHA CTapllero Bospacta (HauHHaa c 1911 r. poayeHua uM CTapule). Pyccko-JIMToBcKoe AByA3bIMe pyccKoro HaceteHia cea JInTBEI pasHooOpasHo C TOUKH 3PeHHA CTEMeHH OBMaeHHA JIMTOBCKHM A3bIKOM, T. e. MO YHCy MmpHoopeTeHHBIX YMeCHHMi H HaBbIKOB JMTOBCKOM pew. Hapafy ¢ MpOAYKTHBHBIM THIIOM JBYASKIYMA WIMpPOKO TIpescTaBseHbI pempoxyKTHBHDIt (BOcNpousBOAMUIM) U peWenTHBHBIM (BocnpHHAMalolMi) Tanbt (Bepemtarun E. M., 1969). Muorue xuTeH PYCCKHX CEJ JMIMb MOHMMAIOT AMTOBCKYy!O pedb (B pas1M4HO! cTemeHH). TIpuBeyzem HeCKOJbKO BbICKa3bIBAHH MpeACTAaBHTeTeH PasHbIX palioHoB Hu epepenb. B nenpunyKJeHHon OOcTaHOBKe OHH CaMH OLHUBAIOT 3HaHHe MTOBCKOrO AsbiKa* : * @amusua uHopMaTopa He yKasbiBaeTesx. B TekcTax COXpaHeHbl HeKOTOpble AHaJeKTHEIE oco6eHHocTH. & 60 Tlo-nntoseku Bce nonumato. A nerpamorupili. 1909 r. poxa., Mraannnckuit p-H, a. Pamyruuike. : ‘A BOT Al M10-JIMTOBCKH He MOHMMAIO, MaJI0, MaJ1O, COBCeM MavIO. )KeHLHHa, OKOMIO 60 ner, Urnainuckuit p-H, 2. PamyTuuike. Ap wac Tanlepb KaxkHaa MoruT Mo-aHToBCKH. )Kenutuna, oKO0 65 ser, Sapacalickuli p-H, J. Cuernurkec. PasroBapuBaTb 10-JIHTOBCKM He BMeeM, TObKO OHO Apyroe. Mou JeTH BMeIoT rosopurb. )Kenmtuna, 78 ser, Sapacalicxuit p-H, A. Cantaksait. Beska MoruM pasToBapuBaTb H 0-H TOBCKH. /KenutnHa, 65 ser, Sapacalicknit p-H, a. Toxetmuc. A & XOTb M HerpaMOTHas, MOHHMalO BCe MO-JIMTOBCKH, XOPOLIO MOHHMAalO Ht TOBoplo 0-nowibcKH. PKeHIMHA, 1885 r. powy., Mruaamucknii p-n, a. Janruuxe. MoxKeM 10-HTOBCKH H M0-MOJIbCKH... S13bIK 3HaTb XOpOwlo, He MellaeT, 3a naevam He Bucut. )Kenmtwna, 1921 r. poxg., Monascxnii p-n, a. MepesosaiiTlo-noapeku, no-smToBcKH ToBopHTb Mory. )Kenmuna, 1906 r. poxaz., Mrnaauuckni p-H, 4. [porynenait. Tlo-auToBcKH HOHUMATb MOHUMalO, HO roBOpHTh TaxKeao. )Kenmuna, 1898 r. poaka., Moserckuit p-H, 4. Crackoc. Xolll no-MMTOBCKH, XOLI MO-pycckH, OouTalo nO-noAbCKH... UnTalo # Kak xoyelll 10-JHTOBCKH, no-pyccku. Myxxunua, 1901 r. poxz., Moserckuit p-n, 4. KyHa. S| mory rosoputb no-sutoscku. He Mor Tak 370 Otiio Obl cTpaHHo... Kuuru uutaio, Mory mo-autoscKu. Ilo-pyccku ue alerye. Myxunna, 1896 r. pox1., Mouserckuit p-H, 4. Cnackoc. Mpr Bpipocan 3/ecb, TaK C MaMAlLIKOH TOBOPUM Ha PyCCKHM, a Tak — MO-JIHTOBCKH, H YHTATb Morwkem. Myxxunna, 1924 r. poaka., Monetckuit p-H, 2. Kepaaait. HemuoxkKo 3Hal0 JMTOBCKHH, NOHHMalO, OTKa3aTb (OTBETHTb) TAXKKO. A 6a6a Kak c¢ coce{KaMH Tak TlaroMTb HM MO-pyCCKM MH MO-MOJIbCKH H MO0-/MTOBCKH. Myxunna, 1899 r. poxg., Moaetckuit p-H, 1. Hopacogait. Pycckne, a/IM M0-IMTOBCKH H MMIeM, H TOBOPHM, H YUTaeM HEMHOTO, a MIO-pyCCKH TOBOpHM, atu He mHueM. )Kenumina, 1924 r. poxn., MonapcKuii p-x, 2. ByaoTait. Y uac ceMbA MOMelIaHHas, H HO-PpyCCKOMY H MO-JIMTOBCKOMY H M0-no/IbCKy ropopat. My2kunna, 1902 r. poaka., Honascxuii p-H, 1. Bapnait. Tipuperenubie BLICKaSbIBaHHA elle pas TOBOPAT O HaJMYHM CpeMH CeAbCKOTO PYCcKOro HaCeeHHA MOHOAHHTBOB H HeOJHOPOAHOCTH ePO IBYASHIYHA: OT YACTHIHOTO NOHHMaHHA YCTHOI MTOBCKOM peyH 10 CBOGOAHOTO BUaeHHA ASbIKOM H YMeHHA UHTaTh AMTOBCKHH TekcT. CytlecTBylollad KlaccnpukalluA AByASbIMMA TO UHCAY YMeHHii H HaBbIKOB PedH Ha BTOPHYHOM ASbIKe KaXKETCH CJIMIUKOM OOLIeli B IPHJIOXKEHMH K KUBOMY MpOWeCcy PasBUTHA H NpOAB.EHHA CTO B YCOBHAX BHYTPHPerHOHaMbHOTO eCTecTBEHHOTO KOHTAaKTHPOBaHHA A3bIKOB. BepHa MbICJIb O TOM, UTO CPaBHHTebHas CTCHeHb BMALeHHA JBYMA ASbIKAMH BOOOWEe He MOxeT ObITh TOUHO CPOpMyAHpoBaHa B YHCTO JHHTBHCTHYecKHX TepMHHax (Baiinpaiix Y., 1972). HanGosee npHHATIM aBAseTCH Onpezetenue OutuHrsusMa y Y. Baiinpatixa: ,[lpakruka nonepeMenHoro HCHOMb30BaHHA ABYX ASbIKOB HasbiBaeTcA OUAMHTBH3MOM, a COOTBeTCTBYIOUIee JMO — OusMHrBOM™ (Weinreich U., 1968). 3a ocHoBY eFo IIpHHHMaloT H Apyrue uccAegoBatenH, Hanpumep E. M. Bepeuarun (1969): ,, +. HOCHTe/b JIBYX CHCTeM OOMLeHHA (T. €. YeMOBeK, COCOOHBIT yNOTpeOAATS WA OOMLEHHA ABE SSKIKOBbIe CUCTEMBI) Ha3biBaeTCA OHHHTBOM (6YKBaJIbHO: AByASbI4HbIM), a YMeHHA, MpHcyujHe OuHHTBy — OUJIMHTBH3MOM™. B ocnobe TeppHTOpHalbHO-2HaTeKTHBIX H COMMOMMHTBACTHYeCKUX HCC/e1OBaHHH JleKaT HaOIOJeHHA Hay peyeBbIM NMOBeJeHHeM He HHAMBHa, XOTA HCCeNO61 BaHHe HaYHHaeTCA TOJIbKO C HeTO, a WeMOFO peyeBOTO KOJIEKTHBA HH ASbIKOBOH o6uiocTH (CM. 06 9THx Tepmuuax [IIpeituep A. JI, 1976). CnegoBaTenbuo, NOHATHE OusIMHTBH3Ma pacnpocTpaHsetca Ha Ppynny WIM KO/MeKTHB Juogeii — Ha CyMMy @NUHHU, OGbIMHO HEOLHOPOMHBIX B 9TOM OTHOLIEHHH. Tlospasetca HeOOXOAMMOCTS B Gosee OGOOMEHHOM ONpeeseHHH NOHATHA Ov JIHHTBH3Ma. Tax, M. M. Muxaiisios ompezenseT 6H.AHHTBH3M Kak CHOCOOHOCTb OTeIbHOTO HHJIMBAa HH Hapoa B WevIOM, HIM ero 4acTH o6ujaTbeA (106HBaTbCA B3aHMOoHMMaHHs) Ha Byx s3bikax (Muxaiinos M. M., 1969). Tlo cnopam ®. IT. Ouanna (1970, c. 202): ,,[Bys3bI4He B WIHPOKOM CMbIC€ — OTHOCHTEJIbHOE BJlaeHHe BTOPbIM S3bIKOM, YMeHHe HM B TOM HJIH HHOM O6beMe MOMb3OBAThCA B OPE eMeHHbIX cipepax oOulenus (Hay4Holi, TIpousBoAcTBeHHOH, GbiTOBOH HT. 11.)“. Jipyaspune B paccMaTpHBaeMoli HaMH CUTYAalHM CeLyeT MOHHMATb HECKOJbKO O60OILeHHO: He BCe pyCCKHE CTAPOXKHUbI BAeIOT BTOPbIM, JIMTOBCKHM A3bIKOM, HO BC€M MPHXOJUTCH CFO CAIbIMATb H BCTpedaTbCA C HUM B ccbepe MpousBoscTBeH - HOM JeATeMbHOCTH, OGU[ECTBEHHOH 2KHUSHH, B Mpollecce COBMECTHOTO Tpyda (B Komxo3e, B COBXO3€), B WWKOse, B PpasHonepefayax, B TeeBHACHHH. PaaBuTHio WBYASHIMHA CTOCOGeTByeT CaMa OOCTAHOBKa. Bee 370 coelicTByeT BOSHHKHOBeHHIO XOTA Obl PelleNTHBHOTO OMJIHHTBH3Ma, T. €. NOHHMAHHA JIMTOBCKOH pedH. Jlaa BuyTpucemefinoro oGileHHA (B HeCMeIlaHHbIx Ce€MbAX) HCMO/b3yeTCA OObINHO NepBHYHAA ASbIKOBaA cHcTeMa. UacTb pycckoro Hace/eHHA mo60ro HaceJIeHHOTO MIYHKTA B OMpeseTeHHbIX CHTyaMAX OOUIeHHA MOXKeT MepexOAHTh Ha BTOPHYHYIO ASIKOBYIO cucTeMy. JIHMTOBCKHIt ASBIK HCMObSyeTCA PYCCKHMH TPH OOULeHHH C MeCTHBIM JIHTOBCKUM HaCceJieHHeM B ObITY, B KOJIXO3HOM HJIM COBXO3HOM MpOMsBOACTBe, B YIPEXMeHHAX, YUALMMHCA — B LUKOJe, B BHICIIMX yuedHEX 3apeqenuax. TlonHdyHKUMOHabHOCTh JMTOBCKOTO A3bIKa B pecmyO1HKe BBISbIBaeT PASBHTHE PYCCKO-MTOBCKOTO ABYASMHA Y pycckoi yacTH 2xuTeWel pecnyOAHKH B WesOM H y Ce/bCKOrO HaceJleHHA B oco6eHHOcTH. Kasasocb Obl, HMCIOTCA BCe YCOBHA JA PasBHTHA NOMHOTO NPOAYKTHBHOTO PYCCKO-AHTOBCKOTO ABYASBIMAA CpeAH PyCCKUX CTAaPORMOB Ce JIutspt. O6cToATeIbCTBAMH, HaHOosee coselicTBYIOUJMMH 3TOMY, ABJAIOTCA JaBHOCTb NMepeceJeHHA U OCTPOBHOH XapaKTep Pa3MellleHHA TMepeceteHeB CpeAH HHOASbIMHOTO HaceleHua. Omuako MepHod NOTHOFO NPOAYKTHBHOO ABYASHIMHA HE HACTYNH NO HacTosiilero Bpemeni. Tem Gov1ee Hes1b3A TOBOPHTb O CMeHe ABbIKa. ITO OGycJOB.eHO COUMAJIbHBIMH (bakTOpaMH, BaXKHOCTbIO CpyHKIMH PYCCKOTO ASbIKa Kak CpeCTBa M@KHAUMOHAaTbHOTO OOWeHHA, Ha/IMYHeM JIHTOBCKO-pyccKoro OHJIMHTBH3Ma. B uenom no JIntBe 21% 1MTOBCKOrO CeJIbCKOrO HaceeHMA BulaqeeT PYCCKHM ASIkom. B MecTax CKonseHua pyccKoro HaceeHua (NOCTOAHHBIX 2KHTeseli H MpHes- >KalonlHX Ha JleTo B o3epubIit Kpaii JIMTBbI 43 JIeHuHrpaga, MocKBbi m Ap. Mect) — Ilsenuéucxnit, Urnanunckuii, SapacaiicKult paliobl — YHC/10 JIMTOBCKO-pyCCKHX 6u1HArBoB BospactaeT 0 40% (cm. Take MuxasbuenKo B. 1O., 1976). C passuTHEM JIMTOBCKO-PYCCKOTO OUJIMHTBH3Ma OCMaGeBaeT HEOOXOLMMOCTb B ObICTPOM CTaHOBJI@HHH MOsHOFO MpOLyKTHBHOTO PYCCKO-JMTOBCKOTO OXAHHTBHSMA. VizonuposanHocTb A3bIKOBOTO OCTPOBa ChIrpada ONPeeeHHyIO POJIb B TOM, YTO H€pHOA OAHOPOAHOTO MpPOAyKTHBHOTO ABYASHINHA AVIA paccmaTpuBaemolit rpyinbl HaceeHHa He Hactynun. Vsyyaemple A3bIKOBbIe OCTPOBa H3OTHPOBAaHbI TO/IbKO OT KOHTHHEHTA PYCCKOTO A3bIKa, DTO AMiMb TeppHTOPHabHaA paso6urex - HOCTb, a H€ A3bIKOBaA. ITH OCTPOBAa He H3OJMPOBAHb! OT BOSeHCTBHA pyCcCKOrO JWTepaTyPHOTO ASbIKa B COBETCKYI0 9TOXY, KOFa OH ABJACTCA ASbIKOM Me2KHAHHOHaJIbHOTO OOUIEHHA, He BCerja GLH OFparKJeHBI OT ETO BOSeHCTBUA HB MpOUlom. JIutepatypHat opMa pyccKoro ASbIKa paclIpOCcTpanAeTCA H Ha ASbIKOBHIE OcTpoBa Ha TeppHTOPHH HallHOHasIbHBIX pecnyOMHK Yepes WIKOMY, KHHO, MedaTb, pagquo, Tenesujenve. Hepenko uenbl ceMeli PpyCCKHX CTAaPOMKHJOB OKAHYHBAIOT 62 cpemune WKOVIbI H By3bI B TOpofax pecnyO61HKH H 3a ee Mpesetamu. Bee sto nofjlepxKuBaeT ,,CBepXy PYCCKHe TOBOPHI, BJIMAeT Ha J/IHTEbHOCTh UX COXpaHeHHA B YCJIOBUAX CCTECTBEHHOTO KOHTAKTHPOBaHHA C JMTOBCKHM A3bIKOM H pasBHTHe PYCCKO-JHTOBCKOTO OHJIMHTBH3Ma. CeabeKne pyCCKHe 2KHTeH CTaIKHBalOTCA C JBYMA PasHOBHAHOCTAMH JIHTOBCKoro s3bika: 1. Capmuat u ynoTpe6aloT Ty pasHOBUAHOCTH, Ha KOTOpO OOtIaeTCA MeCTHOe JIHTOBCKOe HacesleHHe, T. €. YCTHO-2MaJeKTHI BapHanT. 2. Capilat 4 yCBaHBaioT HOPMMpOBaHHY10 JMTOBCKYIO Ped Yepes WIKOIY, paso, TeTeBUzeHHE, mevaTb. Tockoupky cpequ pycCKO-AHTOBCKHX OHHHTBOB HMeeTCA OouIbioe KOHUeCTBO YMCIOUMHX MHCaTb H YHTATb MO-JIMTOBCKH, HaO/lOLaeTCA TeHAeHIMA K yCBOeHHIO HOPMHPOBaHHOH HTOBCKOH pew. M3 ycT TakHX OWJIMHTBOB He pas NpHXOAHNOCb C.1bIMaTb ,,KPHTHYeCKHe 3aMeYaHHA OTHOCHTEIbHO MeCTHOTO, JHaJIeKTHOTO npowsnoulenna. Hanpumep: Tym eoeap’dm korvé, a mot eseap’lim kdrvé (Koposa). Bupxkalickuit p-H, 2. Ksenopuuikec. OjHako MHOrHe JHaeKTHBIe YepTHI HM TOBCKOFO ASbIKA COXPAHAIOTCA HE TOJIbKO B JIHTOBCKOli, HO H B pyccKoli peyH pycckHXx cTapoxwknos JIuTBpI. Mpexze Bcero 3TO KacaeTcd *OHETHKH HM JeKCHKH. B pean 6HIMHTBOB, MpoxKHBAaIOUAX B apeavle JeiCTBUA ONPENCEHHbIX JMaTeKTHBIX ABMEHHH, OTPaKaloTCA 9TH ABJIEHua. Tak, B ped HOcHTeseH pycckux ropopos Mrnaimuckoro paiiona oTMeyaetca jlenlanataausauna cormacHbix. M’sdarun y_Hac, 1Y40'u pabdm’siiym 6_m’edaNin’ e (Aep. Tepacnike H p.), MTOBCKOe AMTepaTypHoe c MarKUM d: medelynas (ntoqonMTOMHHK). Cp. medeaun c MATKAM O>03 B pewH npescTaBuTenel pyccoro ropopa MonaBekoro p-Ha: noznelt Oasdp w4ande (4epeHKoB) C_#’303'a2'tna xo6'a3.2' ti (Hem4enkoB. H., 1960, 391). BosMoxnHo, uas1eKTHbIM pacxorwK1eHHeM cmemyet OObACHATS TakKxKe TIPOusHOUeHHe Opa u 6dpAa (oré — T1OBO3Ka C BBICOKHMH [pAKaMH JI BO3KH CeHa, COJIOMBI H T. 11.), OTMeYeHHOe TaBHbIM O6pasoM B MosercKoM p-He; Kepsinaa (kerépla — nepactoponubiit, HeyK.110>%KHH YenOBeK), 3adukcupoBanHoe B Mrnaauuckom p-ne. JInaneKtHble aeKcembl epynm griptas ‘KoMOK ccoxuleiica 3eman’, Kpiouxa krucka ‘OptoKspa’, adwKa laska ‘“Kposath’, yOaetina ubagyné B 3HaveHHM “OM MpecTapedibix’ H HeKOTOpble APyrue BeTpewaJOTCA B M@CTAX HX PaCIPpOCTPaHeHHA B AHTOBCKHX roBopax. B ANTOBCKYIO peyb PYCCKUX OHAHHTBOB HAH B PYCCKY10 J[HaAeKTHY10 Peyb OHH BOILIN HB OKP yKalOulAX TOBOPOB JIMTOBCKOFO ASbIKa B Pe3yJIbTATe HelocpeACTBeEHHOFO YCTHOTO OGIeHHA C MeCTHBIM JMTOBCKHM HacesleHHeM. KoutakTHOe JByASbMHe CeJIbCKOFO PyCCKOLO HaCeJIeHHA, JHTOBCKOe ASbIKOBOe OKPy2xK eHHe OOy CAOBHJIH HHTepepeHILHO CO CTOPOHDI JIMTOBCKOPO Ai3bIKa B CHCTeME pycckux rosopos. Mutepdepeniiua AMTOBCKOTO siSbIKa NPOABAAeTCH 3f/eCb Kak MaTepHaJIbHOe H MOJeAbHOe BJIMAHHe, HH KaJIbKHpOBaHHe, B BHC OKMBICHHA A HOJeprKKH HEKOTOPHIX JHa/IeKTHBIX PpaMMaTHYeCKHX (PopM H KOHCTPyKUMi, B Bue HapyWeHHH HM OTKJIOHeHHH B KaKOli-HuOy Jb NOACHCTeMe — B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YPOBHA CHCTEMbI roBopa, Ha KOTOPOM OHa ckasbiBaeTcs. (HekoToppie us 9THX BOMpPOCOB 3aTparHBaich B padotax: O. H. LIlysene, 1965; M. K. Cupuuxene, 1974.) 3ameTHee Bcero HHTeptepeHUHA HTOBCKOLO ASbIKa B JEKCHKe. Tloy lekcnueckoli HNTepdepeHniiveli NOHHMaIOTCA BbISBAHHbIe MK bASHIKOBbIMH KOHTAKTaMH H3MeHeHHA B COCTaBe JICKCHYeCKOFO HHBEHTaps, a TakxKe B (PyHKUHAX H yMOTpeOeHHH eKCHKO-CeMaHTHYeCKHX eAHHHL, B HX CMbICNOBO CTpyKType (Hamu pa3Jemsetca MHeHHe Ka1yKTenko IO. A., 1974). Han6onee spko BuiparxkeHHbM THNOM JI@KCHYeCKOl HHTepdepeHUHH B pacCMaTPHBaeMOli HaMH CHTYallHH ASbIKOBOrO KOHTAKTHPOBaHHA ABAAeTCA Mepexoy, (MepeMeleHHe) JIMTOBCKHX CJIOB H coyeTaHnii B pycckyio peub. I]pHunHbl nepemellieHHA JHTyaHH3MOB pa3uHbie, pasJMUHbIMH ABJIAIOTCA STH COBa NO CBOei HOMHHATHBHOK byHKuHH. CpeaH HHX HAaXOJMM HaHMeHOBaHHA MeCTHBIX peasHi ObiTa, MIL H COIMMaJIbHBIX SABJIeHHH, 63 XapaKTepHBIX 1A ObITa MTOBLEB, HalpHMep: 6yav6éna)] 6yaveénsn bulviené “Kaproembublit cym’; exdépor védarai ‘KytlaHbe’ (KMUIKH, HauHHeHHbIe TepTbIM KapTodbeieM HIM Kpynioit); KYee2o kugelis “3alleKaHKa U3 TepTOrO KapTodea’ ; CKUAGHQuc skildndis ‘cannoli %KeryAOK, HayHHeHHBI MACOM, KOMMeHbIHi, CbIYyI”; CKpoLau skrjliai ‘Kylanbe 43 MyYHOTO TecTa, pacKaTaHHOTO HM NopesaHHOrO KBapaTHKaMH WI poMOUKaMH’; Waamandcol Saltandsiai “KyllaHbe, pol BapeHuKoB’; Kaymnol || Kagunu || KajmOo kitmpés ‘jepesanubie OalliMaKy’; xdeunu || HOeunu naginés *KonkaHasd OOYBb C OCOPKaMH, NOCTOJLI; Kd pol MTOB. RHavleKT. karai, karai ‘“teneTa C BBICOKHMH TpAKaMM J BOSKH ceHa, ComOMbI’; Adeadac miovadas “yuactKOBBUI HavaTbHUK TOs’; caNiOHAC senifinas ‘cenpcKMii cTapocTa’; Kymemun kumetfnas ‘ioM, Tle usu Gatpakn’; mpadéaonun trobélninkas ‘6e33eMe/bHbIli HAH MasloseMesbublii KpecTbAHHH B mpouliom’; Kpusio aimai kriziy metai “robl Kpusica’ u Ap. Onnako GoublJHHCTBO JIeKCHYeCKUX JIMTyaHHSMOB ynoTpeOaneTcA B pew ceabCKOTO PYCCKOFO HaceyeHHA KaK BTOPHUHbIe HAMMeHOBAHHA pasHbIX ABACHMI Okpy2Kaloulell 2XXH3HM, TIpeMeTOB, JHU, JeHCTBH M Npu3HaKos. Jay anus Mbt MIPHXOAAT He Ha CBOGOHOe MeCTO B JIEKCHKO-CeMaHTH4eCKOH cHcTeMe roBopa, a Kak ,,,JIPOHMKHOBeHHA“ (no tepMHHosornu Maprtinosa B. B., 1963), opasysx CHHOHUMHYeCKY10 HJIH AyOeTHYIO Mapy C aBTOXTOHHEIM C1OBOM; CeMaHTHYeCKOH CaMOCTOATEJIbHOCTHIO OHH He OO1afal0T. IpuBeyeM JIMIIb HeCKOAbKO TaKHX JIMTyaHu3MOB: Gap dmaras ‘Tas’; Oaanoedme balnoti ‘ceanatb Kous’; aed vagd ‘6oposfia’; eanced vapsva ‘oca’; edxOpac gandras ‘auct’; OjmO6aa dumblas ‘an’; au26metti ligdtas ‘GonesHenublii, OoubHoit’; adcea Ipsvé ‘rpaaka, rpaya’; 20x litinas *rorkoe MecTO, TpsacHHa’; Kamdéolil naminis ‘“ToMalinero u3,eIuA ; ndOakea padanga ‘noxpbuuka, umHa’; napdaséa pardavéja ‘nporaBuluna’; naan plentas “mocce’; paéséa ravétoja ‘NodO/buMa’; mpanel MH. 4. trdnas ‘TpyTeHb’; wiéuy p S@iuras ‘OTe, My2Ka’; waropol Sliurés ‘oMaumue Typiu, tanouKn’. JIerKo BbILeJIAeTCA TPyYMNa COB, OOOSHAYAIOUINX NOHATHA H ABJICHHA COLMAbHOM 2KHSHH, Ha3BaHHii yuperkeHHi, THI MO poly 3aHATHH, MOHATHA, CBASAHHBbIE C o6y"eHHem B IKOe, C ObITOM LIKOJbHHKOB Hi T. I1., HanpuMep: ndceduc pdsédis ‘saceqanue’; eanvdti6a valdyba ‘npapaenne’ (Kouxo3a uum coBxosa); OapOddeH» darbddienis ‘rpynonenb’; ckaun sklfpas “ipwycageGupii yyactoK’; amdcmoeu atostogos ‘orilyck, Kanukyibr; edpuaunk || elipduk girininkas ‘necnuuuii, 3aBenyioumnii mlecHHuecTBoM ; #xenduc iikvedjs “3aBx03"; exeyocunsa geguziné 3necb ‘TyJ1AHbe Ha mpupone’; ndmatica, ndmaticot pataisd, -os “nepedK3aMeHOBKa B KOHIe JeTHUX Kany’; cndaee. spalvos ‘upeTHbie Kapatilali’; mpuxmyx trintikas “pesHHka Jia cTRpanus’ wT. A. (cM. Takxke Hemuenxo B. H., 1968). TIpupenenubie c10Ba HeOAMHAKOBbI NO YacTOTe ynoTpeO.leHuA H CTeTeHH OCBOeHua eKcuueckolt cucTemolt ropopos. Hexoropple H3 HAX 3acPHKCHPOBAaHbI JIHIUb B CJMHHUHBIX CJY4aAX H HEMOBCeMeCTHO. STO ropopuT o HeGoMbUON hy HkUHOHAbHoli C1a6OCTH COOTBETCTBYIONIUX HM pyccKHXx ekcem. UactoTa BocnpoHMsBeyeHHA JIPYTUX PYCCKUX JIEKCEM 3HAYHTETbHO YMCHBUIMaCb, BMECTO HUX WIM Hapayy C HMMH BbICTYMAIOT JIMTOBCKHE JeKCeMBI, Halip.: ede, OYMOAA, AIOH, CKAUN NU T. I. KOTOpbIe lO YNOTPeOAeMOCTH M OCBOCHHIO CTaHOBATCHA 3aHMCTBOBaHHBIMH, HJM HHTerpupoBaHHEiMn. Mcnompsopanue JIMTyYaHH3MOB CBASAHO CO CTEMeHbIO pasBHTHA IBYASHIMHA Y OTJC/bHOFO JIMA HIM HaceseHHOTO TlyHKTa B evioM. Cama roBOPALLMe OOBACHAIOT STO JETKOCTHIO HX BOCTIPOHSBeLeHHA: .,.OBOpKa B Hac MelWaHaa, MHOFO CJIOB HTOBCKHX, lerue Tak ropopuTb“ (Ustydiicknit p-n, 4. CMHuIbrai, 75 ater). Vimeer snayenve cutyalus pei u Tema. B pasrosope 0 nopcesHeBHOH 2H3HH, 0 TeKYIIMX Neax Valle yNOTPeGMAeTCA JIMTOBCKOE C.1OBO, B Pa3TOBOpe O MIPOLWIOM, IIpH HHO BPeMeHHOM OTHECeHHOCTH COOHITHH OObIYHO BbICTYMaeT PyCCKOe C/10BO, 64 Kak HB Tex CJly4aaXx, KOPLa TOBOPsLLMi XOYeT BCNOMHUTb, Kak TOBOPHJIH panbiie »Ml0-pycckH™. Kpome paccMOTpeHHbIx HHOSSbINHBIX CJIOB, OXaPakTepHSOBAHHBIX Kak 3aHMCTBOBaHHA H MPOHHKHOBeHHA, B ped PyCCKOTO CeAbCKOTO HaceeHHA BCTpeyaloTcA JMTOBCKHE C/10Ba H BbIPaxKeHis, yNOTPeO.1AeMbIe B KOHKPCTHOM Culydae. Oun noaHOCTBIO OCOSHAIOTCA TOBOPAILHMH Kak 4y2KO0e, HHOASHIYHOe BKPAlieHHe, 210 — OKKa3HOHAJIN3Mbl, HIM HCMO/IbSyeMbIe JI@KCEMbI (Bepemarun E. M., 1968). BpejleHHe HX B peub ele TecHee CBAZAHO C ABYASHINHEM KOHKPeTHOTO JHUA. aa TAKUX HHOASBIUHBIX C/IOB H COUeTAHHA MaJIO XapaKTepHa COOTHECEHHOCTS C TpaMMaTHYeCKHMH KlaCcaMH H KaTerOopHAMH 3aHMCTBYIOULeTO ASbIKa. Ucnospsyemoe cioBo O6bINHO BCTPevaeTCA JIMLUb B OAHOM HIM AByx hopMax PyCCKOTO ASbIKA, HO MOXKeT BLICTYMATb HB HCXOJHOM AMTOBCKO! chopMe HesaBHCHMO OT TpeOoBaHHit npegviowkenus. [ipupeyem mpHMepbi: Pa6duutie noaam’ in u Smom a’ ec cp’asddym (Annkinsiickui p-H, 2. Mpanunmsti); nuolatiniai ‘noctoanupie’. YKoaw MH’e Oatiyym, n’dpmpayxy O'éaviiym (ram me, A. Tlasepsii); pértrauka ‘“nepeppie’. Homdn’umy @adjm maxyiy... (Sapacaiickuit p-H, A. Banentuuke); istatymas ‘saxon’ A 20’e 66. mam H%_Keapm'tipol, 6_@emOyn’uc Uru abwuianctim uti? (Bupxalickuii p-H, 1. Keenopumxuc); viesbutis ‘roctunuua’; A namém nawoa tia HB_cmam’t6a, O2’%_@yO'dx Oamd cmpéiiau (SapacaiicKnit p-H, 1. Tlaryaaii); statyba ‘CTPOWTeMbCTBO’. B pycckom TeKcTe BO3MOXKHbI TAKKE TePMHHOJOTHYECKHE JTHTOBCKHC couetaHHA, BKpatienva B Buge wuTaT. TlocneqHee OOBIHHO HaOsOfaeTcA pH nepezaye pasropopa-HaJlora Ha JIMTOBCKOM ASBIKe. Hanpunep: /716a’xy c_paedm su ragitciais 6dym moxyasdm’ (AnuKuyalickuit p-H, 1. Bemuutoc). Anti mw’e eveap’dm — @ kario ligoniné xéd% (‘Trocnutase’, Vonascxuit p-H, 4. Kucesuuiec); @Yapda eaxtinu nowop, kultiiriné Zalé eastiau (kultiriné Zolé; Monerckui p-H, A. Kenenait). Ho_erasy O’'aa’mo cmdaa, epav't rizikuosim exasG.a’ u (rizikuoti ‘pucxopats’, Monapckuli p-n, 2. Yaycaasit). ...A Hac amnycr’tia Oam6ti: aikit namo (eikit naméd ‘uxute Romo’, 3apacaiicxnit p-H, 4. Jaryasit). Jaa Takoro BKPaIIIeHHA HHOASBIMEBIX COB H BbIParKeHuit HeOOXOAMMO HasMune NposyKTHBHOTO Hu MO MeHBIeii Mepe penpoxyKTHBHOTO (BocnpousBoAsmero) THMa pycCKO-HTOBCKOrO GH AHHTBH3Ma. Kparko pacemotpeiipie ocoGenHocTH Jlekcuueckolt HHTep(epeHLlHH JIHTOBCKOro #abika B pew pycckoro cesbcKoro HacetenuA JIMTBbI ABSAIOTCA PesytbTATOM JAUTELHOTO ECTECTBEHHOTO KOHTAKTHPOBAHHA ASbIKOBbIX OCTPOBOB B HHOS3bMHOM OKPY2KeHHH HM WHPOKO pasBHTOTO OHAHHTBHSMA. Jlutepatypa Karaliiinas S., Vidugiris A. Bilingvizmo tipy Lietuvos TSR klausimu. — Misy vardy kultita. V., 1970, sas. 19. Weinreich U. Languages in Contact. Mouton, 1968. ee Y. Onuosssune u muorosspmme. — B xu.: Hosoe B JHHTBHCTHKe. M., 1972. pin. VI. Bepemarun E. M. [lcuxouormueckan ¥ MeTOAMuecKad XapaKTepHCTHKA apy s3bmnd (6HANHTBHSma), MY, 1969. Bepeuarnn E. M. O npo6sieme 3anMcTBOBaHHa gonem. — B ku.: Sabix 1 O6ulecTRO. M., 1968. Buayrupuc A., Kapamonac C. K sonpocy 0 THNaX ABYASBIUHA B Jlutoscxoit CCP. — B ku.: Tipo6iemnl AByASHUNA H MHOTOSSbIUHA. M., 1972. Asmenuchs 1. i SaKkowOMepHOCTH Pa3BUTHA H BIAHMOJelCTBHA ASbIKOB B COBETCKOM o6miectae. —M., | MKayxrenxo 10. A. Jiuureuctiveckue acteKTbt ABy ASB. — Kues, 1974. Hcaep M. HW. Pemenne xaunonanbh0-s3biKOBbIx MpoOeM B COBETCKYIO STIOXy. — BSA, 1977, Ne 6. Worn pcecois3xoit nepenicn Hacesenus 1970 r. — B kH.: Hanwonanbublii coctas HacereHHist CCCP. M., 1973. T, 4. 5, Uds. Nr. 1554 65 Maptetnon B. B. Caapsano-repmalicKoe sekcuyeckoe p3auMogeitcraue Apesnelimeit mopst. — Muxex, 1963. Muxaiiaos M. M. Jisyassrmue. ([Ipungunst u mpo6emst.) — UeGoxcapsr, 1969. Muxaapyenko B. 10. Uersepraa crynexb auToBcKo-pyccKoro ABys3bua. —B Ku.: Passutue HaltuOHasbHO-pycckoro AByssbHA. M., 1976. Hemuenko B. H. Tosop pycckux crapoxusios MonascKoro p-na JIuroscKoii CCP. Kang. que. Maumuonncs. Bunputoccknii roc. yuusepcuter, 1960. : Hemuenko B. H. Jlvanextuaa aekcuka B pyCcCKHX CTapoxkusbuecKkHX rosopax JIuTsHt, o6ulat ¢ weKCHKOii quTOBCKOrO a3bIKa. — Yuen. 3anucku JlarsuitcKoro roc. yHusepcurera. Pura, 1968, 7. 92. Cusuukene M. K, 06 oguom caryuae Mopionoruueckoit unTepdepenunu. (Ha marepHaae pyccKo- -JMTOBCKOTO JHaJIeKTHOTO KOHTaKTUpOBaHHa.) — DumonoruyeckHe HayKu, 1974, Ne 6. Cranxesuy A. Ouepk Bo3sHHKHOBeHUa pycckHX nocenenuit na JIuTse. — BuaencKknit BpeMeHHHK. Ku. TV. Pycckue nocerenua Koseucxoi ry6epxuu. — Buapna, 1909. @uaun ©. M1. Mcropua o6uecrsa u pasBuTHe AByasbuust. — M38. AH CCCP. Cep. auteparypst x a3pika, 1970, 7. 29, Bein. 3. Illseiiyep A. J. K paspaOorKe noxaTuituoro annapata counoauursuctaku. — B kx.: CounanbuoaMHrBHeTHYecKHe ucc.IeqoBaHus. M., 1976. yaene O. H. Cuutaxcue pycekoro rosopa Sapacaiicxoro paiiona JIutCCP. (Mpocroe npequookenue.) Kany. auc. Maumuonucb. Bunbutocckni rocyxusepcuret, 1965. Katbegpa pycckoro s3bika Busbulocckuit rocyHuBepcuTeT um. B. Kancyxaca DEL LIETUVOS TSR KAIMO RUSU GYVENTOJU BILINGVIZMO Reziumé Straipsnyje apzZvelgiami Lietuvos kaimo rusy gyventoju dvikalbystés klausimai. 1970 m. gyventojy sura8ymo duomenimis, rusy—lietuviy dvyikalbiai sudaro 42,26% kaimo visy rusu gyyentojy skai¢iaus. Daug rusy nuo seno gyvena Zarasu, Ignalinos, Sventioniy, RokiSkio, Jonavos rajonuose. Tai palikuonys sentikiu, kurie émé keltis j Lietuva XVII a. pabaigoje. Gyvendami tarp lietuviy ir bendraudami su jais, susidurdami su lietuviy kalba visose sferose (buitis, viduriné ir auk3toji mokykla, gamyba, spauda, radijas, televizija ir t. t.), daugelis vietiniu rusy tapo dvikalbiais (ivairaus laipsnio). Jie daugiau ar maziau kalba ar supranta lietuviSkai. Dvikalbystés rezultatas yra lietuviy kalbos interferencija vietinéje rusu kalboje. Labiausiai ji pasireiskia Ieksikoje. Kalbédami savo gimtaja kalba, rusai vartoja daug lietuvisky skoliniu, okazionalizmy, jterpia iStisus lietuviskus sakinius ar Zodziy junginius.