K. Būga – lietuvių onomastikos pradininkas

THE HISTORY OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XX (1980) A. VANAGAS K. BŪGA —PREDINIER OF LITHUANIA’S ONOMASTICS The work of our great compatriot —the most famous representative of Lithuanian linguistics —K. The life and scientific activities of Bogdan Bogdanov have already received a sufficiently detailed overview and principled evaluation. This is first and foremost the study of Z. Zinkevičius and J. Kabelka, “Kazimieras Būga”, published in the first volume of K. Būga’s Selected Writings!. In this study a lot of space is devoted to the onomastics activity of K. Buga. Therefore, in our article we will try not to repeat what has already been interpreted more broadly by Z. Zinkevičius and J. Kabelka, but above all to try to evaluate K. Bugas’ onomastics activities in the light of this branch of science today. Of course, this is an extremely difficult and complex task. This is primarily because the researches and conclusions of K. Buga’s nomenclature were linked with the most distant past of the Balts and their neighbors, their homeland, migration issues, in a word, served ethnogenetic problems. Thus, the aspect of evaluation is greatly expanded, encompassing many such problems that go far beyond the framework of specific linguistic problems. už K. The evaluation of the onomastic studies of Bogdan Bogdanovich is complicated by the fact that today ir the solution of the problem of the ir ethnogenesis of the Balts is still in the embryo, in the state of many controversial hypotheses and assumptions. It should also be added that the development of this problem was suggested and is still suggested by ir ir K. Buga works. It is worth ir remembering that the extraordinary K. The erudition and ir competence of Bogdan Bogdanovich in the field of Baltic onomastics led to the fact that his works are still the last word in science today, ir and no one has even tried to say it in a different way. On the other hand, during those more than five decades of Lithuanian, Baltic, Slavic, Germanic and all Indo-European onomastics in general did not ir stand still, many new researches appeared, the names of the collections — and archives grew (Lithuania, Latvia) ir etc., so today some ką iš to, ką explained K. It can be interpreted, refined, corrected in a different way. Despite the obvious difficulties and dangers, we will try here very briefly to ir K. To summarize the ir onomastics ar activity of Boge in one aspect, more — precisely to try to find, define its place in the development of the Baltic onomastics. The first really scientific works on Lithuanian onomastics iš K. It was written more than seventy years ago. Antai 1907 m. of March 3 d. Peterburge K. Signature arc ir tų same year ,,Lietuviy tautos“ I volume (p. 82—84) publishes the article „Surname suffix -eikiair -eiko-". 1908 m. written a series of articles on iš baltic mythology etc. ir So it can be said that K. The Lithuanian Bug (and all the Balts) name study begins about 1907 m. From the time to of place names to ir personal names problems ! BūgakK. Selected Writings. V., 1958, t. 1, p. 13—100. The following is quoted in abbreviated form: RR I (V., 1958); RR II (V., 1959); RR III (V., 1961). K. Būga has been very intensely interested throughout his life, i.e. for less than two decades. Those ten years in the life of a humanist scientist, especially a linguist of that time, when almost everything had to be started from the very beginning, is a relatively short period of time, but K. Būga did so much during those years in the field of research and collection of the nomenclature that today we can without hesitation consider him the father of Lithuanian onomastics. The most important condition, the basis of the study of the lexicon, like other subjects of language, is the linguistic material, the linguistic wealth, the main sources of which are two — the living language of people and writings, in our case first of all historical documents. K. Būga clearly understood this and tirelessly collected and encouraged others to collect place names and personal names from the People’s language and from historical sources. Therefore, we can distinguish two most important directions of K. Buga’s onomastics activity — the collection and research of the nomenclature. It seems appropriate to discuss the entire work of K. Buga in two main directions. As with the wealth of the language in general, K. Būga began to collect the nomenclature at an early age. In a letter to J. Basanavičius, written on September 27, 1912, K. Būga informs: „The names of rivers and lakes help most to trace the homeland of ancient Lithuanians. For this purpose, I had to collect not only the names of the waters of Lithuania, Prussia and Latvia, but also those of the Gudes —Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk (part of) and Grodno. I have collected more than 3000 water names so far."* In 1912, he graduated from the University of California. So, during your studies and even a little earlier? K. Būga has already intensively collected the directory. Later, increasingly involved in the study of place names and personal names, K. Būga tried to accelerate the collection of onomastics treasures. He wrote the material for the dictionary himself and through his collaborators. This work, with longer or shorter interruptions, continued for about 20 years. During this time, K. Būga himself or through his collaborators and assistants collected a huge namebook wealth — his nomina propria card library consists of about 75,000 cards. There are about 35,000* cards written by K. Būga himself. The entire library has survived and is stored in the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. It is written on cards of the same size (format approximately 90 x 60 mm). The paper is quite diverse — newspaper, waterman, otherwise thick and so on. The cards are usually cut by K. Būga himself or his collaborators from notebooks, letter files, otherwise larger sheets. Until recently, the card library was arranged by letters, and the cards were not arranged alphabetically within the letters. In the time of K. Buga himself, only the letter A was completely arranged, arranged according to the alphabet. Recently, it has been divided into alphabetical order and thus has become a rich and accessible source of material for the dictionary. : RR III 806. 3 RR I 39. 4 This is evidenced by his letters to acquaintances written before 1905, i.e., before he entered the university.—Zr. RR I 42. 5 The number of 47 000 cards collected nomina propria by Mr Böge, which has been mentioned on various occasions above, is inaccurate. 8 The scientific value of this archive is enormous. It was compiled in compliance with the basic requirements of the methodology for the collection of the nomenclature, as far as possible at the time: the names of places and persons written in the living language were tried to translate, provide their localization, other most necessary metrics. Any special instructions for compiling the dictionary or the like. K. Būga, indeed, has not published, but otherwise on various occasions he indicated to his assistants, and as a list of names to be written. For example, in a letter to M. Grigonis dated 8 April 1922, K. Būga reminds: “Beside each name of a place, it is necessary to indicate where it is found (farms and parish). Kiekvienos kortelės gale turi būti rinkėjo(- s) parašas 119 2 20 (pvz., Pan. gimn. mokinys, mokinė...) ir rinkimo data (pvz., m.ys, Rinkėjų talkininkų būta gana daug —sklaidant nuo laiko kiek pageltusius lapelius, galima priskaičiuoti dešimtis skirtingų pavardžių, jų tarpe ir, sakysim, žinomo kalbininko A. Salio, žodžių rinkėjo S. Dabušio ir kt. As already mentioned, K. Būga’s own handwritten card collection contains about 35,000 cards, i.e. almost half of the entire collection. K. Būga's name book, especially the place names, was written mainly from his native area, although there are many names from other places as well. However, K. Būga himself was more concerned with place names, personal names, ethnic names, etc., recorded in historical documents —K. There are many more handwritten excerpts from them than from the living language. In the archive you can find onomastics material from many writings and documents. However, there are a lot of cards with names of places and persons from written sources such as: W. Pierson. Scriptores rerum Prussicarum (Leipzig, 1861—1874, B. I—IV); Prussian Register of Documents (Kėnigsberg, 1882, 1909, B. I-II); A. Bielenstein. The borders of the Latvian ethnic group and the Latvian language in the present and in the 13th century. century (St. Petersburg, 1892); VaSgants. List of Lithuanian geographical names (,,Dirva—Žinynas“, Kaunas, 1904, No. 10, 11); Stownik geograficzny królestwa Polskiego i innych krajow stowianskich (Warsaw, 1880—1895, vols. I—XIV); Russian chronicles, etc. When compiling the Lithuanian Zodyno kartoteka, K. Būga copied some of the old printed dictionaries and glued the cut-out words on standard cards.” Placenames found in such dictionaries were also cut out, pasted on cards and put into the nomina propria database. True, there are relatively few of them. It should be emphasized that K. Būga compiled only one nomina propria database — it included place names, personal names, ethnonyms, and everything else that belonged to the nomenclature. K. Būga’s large namebook archive provided a sufficient basis for taking up his pen and studying Lithuanian, and in general all Baltic, place names and personal names. This, as we will see, K. Būga did very well. * RR III 910. “Ibid., p. 485. The work of compiling the dictionary, which K. Būga worked with such enthusiasm, also gave another resonance, namely, it created favorable conditions, a suitable atmosphere to continue the compilation of the dictionary even after the death of this scientist. This was a very important step in the development of the language, and it was the foundation for the generations of linguists who followed after K. Buga. The merit of our onomastics pioneer, of course, is not only that he collected the namebook himself and gathered others to help. Here we must emphasize that K. Būga proved the importance of the namebooiš k, especially the collection of place names, by his works —the public was convinced that the namebook is indeed the namebook of all nations, o ne only the property of individual linguists. Without describing in more detail the subsequent course of the collection of the Lithuanian namebook, we can only remind that the collection of the namebook, although with quite large interruptions, took place after the death of K. Būga. It was particularly intense in the 1940s and after the war, in Soviet Lithuania. During this time, the Lithuanian name book has grown considerably — we now have about a million entries of place names, personal names, zoonyms and other names. The alphabetical directory of place names collected from the living language alone now contains about half a million cards. The alphabetical database of Lithuanian surnames consists of about 300 000 cards and others. Excerpts from historical documents are not so abundant yet, but they are already tens of thousands. What does this mean? This means that the nomina propria database of K. Būga is no longer the most important collection of the nomenclature — the new databases and collections are much more impressive. However, K. Buga’s record library has not lost its value even now — both as a separate important unit of K. Buga’s legacy and as a source containing facts that are not present in the current collections or have been significantly altered. Thus, K. Būga’s nomina propria library has a lasting value, and it can and should be used by all those who have to prepare dictionaries of Lithuanian place names, surnames, and other generalizing works on Lithuanian onomastics, toponymy, and geography. Research of the Namebook K. Būga used the accumulated wealth of the namebook very intensively — everyone can easily convince himself of this by simply browsing through his,,Selected Writings“. However, it is almost impossible to say how many onomastics works or how many onomastics texts K. Būga has written, because he uses and examines the facts of the nomenclature not only in special articles devoted exclusively to the problems of the nomenclature, but also in various other articles and so on. For example, in his “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” K. Buga included not only general but also specific words. Thus, the subjects of onomastics and appellative vocabulary in K. Buga’s works are often intertwined and go hand in hand. This, of course, does not mean that onomastics in these works cannot be discussed at all. K. Būga also published a number of special studies and articles, reviews, devoted only to the problems of the nomenclature. There would be about 60—70 of them, including such large studies as:,,Apie lietuvių asmens vardus*®,,,Upiy vardų studijos ir Aisčių bei Slavėnų senovė“,,,Lietuvių įsikūrimas šių dienų Lietuvoje““? ?, „„Kann man Keltenspuren auf baltischem Gebiet nachweisen?“- **,,„„Material for Lithuanian, Latvian and Prussian mythology“! * kt. * RR I 201—269. * RR III 493-550. 10 Ibid., pp. 551-583. 1 RR I 496-530. 10 ir ir Very many of the vocabulary subjects are examined In the introductory section of the Lithuanian language dictionary ,,Lietuviy nation language and its close ir relatives“ in the article „,CnaBano-Ganrnhckne aTHMOJIOTHH“! * kt. *, ir K. There are four main areas of research in onomastics: anthroponymy, ethnonymy, theonymy and toponymy. ir Anthroponymics As mentioned, the first scientific work on iš onomastics is 1907 m. ,,Lietuviy tauta“ published article,,PavardZiy suffix -eikiair -eiko-"! *. In this article K. Buga very reasonably proved, on the contrary J. Spudilis's opinion that the suffix of names - no Slavic, ne Baltic. o In the article, the author has ir provided adjectives, ir actual words, showing that Lithuanian surnames su -I-- (-eika, -eikis) has equivalents in other ir Baltic languages Latvian — (Penn-ekie, Tad-aiki, Zaraiki) and Prussian (Argan oak, Bar oak, Drun oak, ir etc.). The derivatives of this adverb are particularly abundant in Lithuanian — Mažeikis, Drąseikis, Juodeikis ir t. t. Adverbs su -eikvediniai undoubtedly iš Lithuanian words (maZas, drąsūs, iodas) leaves no room for any doubt about the Lithuanianness of the suffix itself, especially that it is common in the appellatives (atbul-eikis, ji neval-eika, ir Ziv-eika „,žuvelė“ ir etc. ). The greatest K. The work of Boethius on iš anthroponymics is a study ,,On Lithuanian personal names“**. In it, for the first time in the history of our linguistics, the structure of old diphthong personal names based on the endings ir of personal names was investigated su -a, -as authenticity. The pretext for writing this study was J. Spudulio ir M. Wenslow's articles, which claimed that compound surnames must end in endings -is or -ys, o endings of compound nouns -a, -as indicating the non-Lithuanianness of such names. K. Būga understood perfectly that „,the study of the ir present names of the princes will not have a solid foundation, po until we have studied well the appellative compounds, the two-stemmed words“! ". To this end, living iš languages ir iš the writing memorial lų collected compound 220 nouns a few adjectives ir having an ending or -a -as. Sie compounded general words with, in a sense, it can be said, unchanged second sando stem in terms of construction are no different from compounded personal nouns But-vila, Dar-butas, Dati-nora, Géd-gaudas it etc. It is remarkable that the words of such a construction are not nouns — other ide have them. languages: Latin (agricola, pari-cida, sangui-sūga), sen. vok. height. (war-ghetto), Slavic (voje-voda), Latvian (slep-kava), Russian (68empo-eon), Greek (5dpo-9690€) ir t. t. Today, by approving K. For the opinion of Booga on the endings of compound words ir su -a, -as antiquity, we could also add that Lithuanian enriched personal nouns with endings su -a, -as, 12 Ibid., pp. 143-189. 13 RR III 85-282. 4 RR I 433-495, 15 Ibid., pp. 140-142. 16 Ibid., pp. 201-269. 17 Ibid., p. 206. 11 apparently not younger už this kind of formatiosu ns in the limbs -is, -ys and, adjective, -ius (plg. Butnorius): On the contrary, it would be reasonable to assume that the jų former are relics of very archaic production, o the latter may even be secondary, certain ir adjectives the iš ‘descendants’ of the first. This assumption is supported by the fact that ir such compound personal — names present names (ar iš jų local names) pairs: Daii-baras : Bar, Coffee shop : Kam-barjs (< *Kan-baras : *Kan-barys), Kim-bars : Kim-baris, Dar-butas : Work-apartment, Home-apartment : Ei-being, Gim-being : Birth-being, Nar-being : Nar-being, Nar-being : Nar-being, Skir-being : Skir-butis, Sū-daras : Sul-darium, Si-rich : Si-daugis, Gin-eitas : Gin-eitis, Bar-gdila : Bar-gailis, Min-gdila : Min-gailis, Skir-gdila (plg. Skir-gailai k.) : *Skir-gailis (plg. Skir-gailiai k.), Mam-gaudas: Mam-gaiidis, Mém-gaudas : Mem-gaidis, Mil-gaidis : Mil-gaiidis, Mim-gaudas : Mim-gaiidis, Viz-gaudas : Vis-gaiidis, Dail-gilas : Dau-gilis, Daii-girdas : Dau-girdis, Eigirdas : Ei-girdis (plg. Ei-gifdZiai mstl.), Daii-yotas : Dao-ye-ti, Bu-kan-tu : Bukaritis, Daii-kantas : Dau-kaitis, Der-kintas : Der-kiiitis, Mil-kintas : Mil-kintis, Skir-mantas : Skir-mantis, Bei-noras : Beinoris : Bei-norius, But-noras : But-noris : But-will, Ei-will : Ei-noris : Ei-norius, Daū-norus : Dau-noris : Daii-nérius, Saunoras : Sau-noris : Sau-ndrius, Vaikš-noras : Child's wish, Wife's wish : Vai-noris : Vai-nérius, Vais-noras : Vais-noris : VaiS-norius, Bei-naras : Bei-naris : Members : Bei-narius, Daū-naras: Member, Vy-tartas : Vi-tartis, Bū-tautas : Bu-taūtis, Gintautas : Gin-nation, Go-nation, Go-nation, Jo-nation : Yo-tai, Min people : * Mintautis (plg. Min-taūtiai k.), Bdr-vainas : Bar-vainis : Bar-crowns, Gird-crowns : Gird-wain, Kant-wain : Kant crown, Tar crown : Tar-vainis : T, or-vainius, Jovaisa : Jo-vaisis, Ndr-vaiSas : Nar-vaisis, Nor-vaisas : Nor-vaiSis : Nor-fruit, Tolvais : Tol-vaiSis : Tol-fruit, Bar-fruit : Bar-vjdis, Bei-vydas : Bei-vydis, Buivydas : Bui-vydis, Mil-vydas : *Mil-size (plg. ft Mil-vidZiai k.), Réi-vydas : Réivydis, Sii-vydas : Sir-vidis, Tdr-vydas : Tar-viduT. s, er-vydas : Ter-vidis, Ged-vilas : Ged-vilius, Gend-vilas : Gend-villas, Geid-villas : Gerd-villa, Gird-villa : Gird-ville, Yas-ville : Yes-ville, MaZ-ville : Little village, Near village : Nor-vilis ir et al. Judging by iš the current compound names of this species, it is clear that most of them have only variants with the jų endings su -a, -as, O su -is, -ys, -ius do not have. — Other linguists su have already noticed the greater age of derivatives with the unchanged stem of the second group of compound words. K. It is considered to be semantically motivated. He believes that ,,Taut-gina, But-gina, Vaish-nora, etymologically taken, means persons who ,,defends the nation",,,the apartment... gina", ",vaišių nori..."! ?, He further notes: ,,But the verb root of the compound word can stand in the first place, cf. ir chiupkula, kldus-zada, gridu-tree. In this way, next to su Taut-gina(s), Vaiš-nora(s), Butgina(s) appear in the language ir Gin-nation(s), Nė6r-vaiša(s), Gin-house(s)“*- '* ?, Skardžius P. Lithuanian cabriolet. V., 1941, p. 28; Balčikonis J. Selected writings, 1978, t. 1, p. 259; Urbutis V. Formation of nouns. — Kn. : Grammar of the Lithuanian language. V., 1965, t. 1, p. 447—448: 457. TI RR T 223. *0 Ibid. 12 By consent su K. It is possible that the old ir Lithuanians of the other ide. enriched personal nouns were semantically motivated, that they meant something in cases where the ir verbs change places jų (Būt-villa : Vil-butas, Gin-tautas : T, atit-ginas, Maiit-vilas : Vilmantas, Min-vydas : Vyd-mintas, Rim-tautas : Tai-rim, Mafit-rim : Rimantas < *Rim-mantas, Vytautas < *Vyd-nature : T, aut-nature, Vil-nature : Thai villas, Norway : Will-will, Vid-man : Maiit-vydas, etc.), ir however, it should be added that common words do not recognize such a free, generally free, sandy interchange of places as in ar compound personal nouns. This is a serious signal that the semantic connection between the two parts of the compound personal names can be compromised or even optional, always necessary. ne It is true that K. Būga gives three examples where the first syllables of the compound adjectives are the verbs čuūp-kula, klaus-žada, gridumedis. — This type of compound nouns in the second verb su sandu, as is known, are numerous. However, this is far from the same, we see in compound ne personal names, because the ką compound adjectives alternate in the same words (we have Gin-tautas ne ir Taiit-gin, but next to ciup-kula is not *kul-chupa!??- ). This means that the creation of compound adjectives does not explain why the compound personal nouns can change places completely freely. Without even attempting to solve this extremely difficult task, it is worth remembering that the free exchange of places of compound personal names is not only a feature of Lithuanian language. This phenomenon is noted in the ancient Prussian nomenclature: Store: Gede-buth, Gayle-minne : Mynne-gayle, Gawde-wis: Wisse-gawde, Monte-myle: Myle-munt ir t.t. Sandas often take the place of each other in Old Slavic personal names: Miro-liubov : Liubo-mir, Slavi-bor : Bori-slav, Slavo-liub : Liubo-slav ir kt. This was a similar phenomenon to the old ir name of many other peoples. — sen. German Bald-wig : See you soon, Fridu-bert. : Sieg-fried, Iranian Vanhu-date : Aipi-vanhu, sen. Indian Mano-rama : Vasu-man, Celtic Boduo-gnatus : It's a wedding, Sen. Greek At6-dwpog : ‘Ev-8iog ir t. t.22 Thus, the change of sands in compound names is only a widespread but very old feature. ne ir jų This is probably the most characteristic ar feature of old compound names. However, it is possible that it is not a genetic archaic of compound personal names, because, most importantly, all the old names were semantically motivated, although they meant, had such meanings, which were wished to the owner of the name. With the changing locations of the sands, the semantics of the entire name could not remain intact. ką Therefore, it would be reasonable to assume that the change of the sands was caused by word ne formation, completely o different, in a certain sense, even linguistic reasons. ne Let us take the classic example of Old German — enriched personal names, whose conjugations change places completely freely. German name researchers have long since identified the reasons for this phenomenon. It turned out that there was an old German tradition to express kinship, belonging to one family, in the following way: one part of a compound personal noun is passed on to a son, grandson, etc., ar t. y. becomes as if inherited, o the — second is changed. Antai In Hildebrand- 's hymn there is *! In the case of compound adjectives iš made up of two nouns, the change of sands is sometimes possible: plg, — gaid-vistis višt-gaidis, : Ežerėt-šlaitis: Šlait-ežeris, etc. ir i * Examples iš Fick A. Die griechischen Personal names. Gottingen, 1874. 13 this order of names: grandfather Heri-brant, father Hilti-brant, son Hadu-brant**. Children's names can also be formed from different forms of father's and mother's names: father Gērhard, mother Gund-hild, and son Hild-ger, daughter Gēr-hild**. This was a widespread phenomenon??. But the most important thing is that it was not only typical of the ancient Germans. Many of these or similar facts occur in the ancient Greek nomenclature — cf. father of Apeiomachos, son of Anti-machos, grandfather of Hippo-krates, and his grandchildren Hippias and Hippo-archos, etc. This phenomenon has also been found in the names of some other peoples. Apparently, we are talking about the Indo-European tradition of a certain period. It is, of course, somewhat later, connected with the social and economic development of society, with the emergence of inheritance, with the need to emphasize belonging to this or that family and kinship, etc. Whether this tradition was also typical of the ancient Lithuanian names, there is no direct data. However, the fact that the unrestricted alternation of compound personal names is not supported by the formation of common words and the fact that the Indo-European tradition of this phenomenon may have had an influence on the Lithuanian name book, would lead to suspect that the alternation of the compound personal names in Lithuanian is not a regular continuation of the formation of common words. It could also be due to reasons similar to those mentioned above. Apparently, we are dealing with a phenomenon that would be difficult to isolate from the much broader Indo-European context. Especially common is the change of the sands in the Slavic name book (in addition to the above-mentioned personal names, see also toponymic and anthroponymic cases of sands change Mup-o-caas-: Caas-omup-; [Hdobp-o-dom-: Jom-o-ocup-; JKup-o-eum-: Bum-o-caas-; Mup-o-eowų-: JKumo-mupir, etc.), in the opinion of some authors, are the result of the desemantization of the sands — having lost their original meaning, they become certain typical formants26. In the study,,Apie lietuvių asmens vardus“ (On Lithuanian personal names), K. Būga investigated which Russian vowels are used to replace the vowels of Lithuanian names in documents from the 13th—15th centuries. This part of the study helped the author to identify the true, most authentic genders of the names of Lithuanian princes. His proposed names of the dukes are still recognized and used today: Mindaugas, Vaišvilkas, Treniota, Traidėnis, Vytėnis, Jogaila, Lengvėnis, Vytautas, Švitrigaila. The study of K. Buga,,On Lithuanian personal names“ provided a solid scientific foundation for further study of Lithuanian and in general all Baltic old personal names. The most famous continuer of this work today is J. Jurkėnas, who wrote a PhD dissertation on this topic and published several articles. But no further research into the personality of the persons involved was carried out. This, of course, does not mean that he did not study personal names anymore.,,Lietuviy kalbos žodynas”, articles and reviews about place names often use personal names for the etymology of place names. In such cases, of course, the object of study are already the place names, and the personal names only help to explain the origin of the place names. = Fleischer W. The German personal names. History, education and significance. Berlin, 1964, pp. 18. 24 Ten.pat, p. 32. 25 Dar zr. Gottschald M. The German personal names. Berlin, 1955, pp. 8. 2% [Tonoabckas H. B. BocrouHoc,iaBsiHCKHE THIOBBIE HCXOJHBIE TOTIOOCHOBbI. —B KH. : House HapHuareabHoe H cobcreennoe. M., 1978, c. 112. 14 Ethnonymics K. He is the most famous of the White Knights. He has explained the origin of the majority of Lithuanian and Latvian ir Prussian etymologies or, less importantly, has ne established the exact, authentic genders of Baltic etymologies. K. The key to the success of interpreting the ethnonyms of Buga was the correct methodological position. Despite the į fact that the Baltic ethnonyms up to K. It was almost impossible for Bogus to break the ice first, he understood a very important principle that the most characteristic pattern of the formation of — ethnonyms in Belarus is the formation of ethnonyms from other place names. iš K. The Booga wrote: ,,A nation often gets its name from the name of the land in which it lives, or from the name of a ji river or lake, on the edges of which a ar kind of political cultural center will be formed'?". Subsequent studies of the Baltic, Indo-Europear an ethnonyms K. "Boga's assumption was fully confirmed". Aisi, distis. In particular, these sexes identifiir ed suggested use K. Booga. He also explained that in the very beginning of iš „,will only be called the closest to the Goths of the Prussian people, living at Vistula mouth ir Fresh Haff'o, which not long ago still calledLitnę huanians Aismarėmis, t. y. Estonian seas"? ?, Later this name could be used for all Prussians. From X a. The name of the place is not — jo mentioned in the Encyclopædia Britannica. Ši circumstance allowed K. Bugai make the following conclusion: ,,Since the name of the dist is no longer X necessary to call the Prussian people, today we could use it as a jį name for the whole family, whose members are only Prussians ne (the true Estonians of ancient times), but ir Lithuanians, Latvians, Zimgalians, ir Sēļi Kurzi“3?, Thus, the first to ną propose to call the Estonian thermal Balts K. Booga. Ta meaning this ethnonym is used only ne K. It was widely used for a — long time in Buga writings, until it was finally displaced by the published jį 1845 m. F. Books by Nesselmann ‘The Language of age "Preussen" is the recommended term in the postposition "balti". Ethnologue Ethnologue Ethnologue K. But he didn't. Later researchers have attempted to fill this gap. In our opinion, the most plausible is K. The version presented by Kuzavinis, according to which the ethnonym disčiai is primarily related to su Aista River (Brown, Bartlett). This is not a list of Lithuanians. — Aisetas ež. (Labanoras), Eisra up. (Pagėgiai), Jiesia < *Eisia up. (Garliava) ir and others. ** The ethnicity of the people is of Indo-Aryan origin. Prussia, Prussia. It is one of the most iš widely studied ethnonyms*- *?. Despite numerous attempts, no one was able to correctly jo determine the origin. Iš of newer interpretations we will summarize J. Otrembskio, V. Mažiulio ir S. The Queen. J. Otrembski ethnonym Prussia connected su with old. ind. pyrus-h. The meaning of this word is not entirely clear, but it may be similar to that of sen. į ind. Pu-mchun ,,7mogus, ?7 RR III 629. ** Kuzavinis K. Origin of the name Lithuania — Linguistics, 1964, t. 10, p. 8; Cynepanckas A B. ['pynnosele 0603H6aueHHs JIIOJIeli B I'm sorry, I'm sorry. — B Kn. : House HaHlLATEJIbHOE H co6crBexHoe. M., 1978, c. 74. 2% RR III 730—731. 30: Ten-:pat,- "p. 731. 3 Kuzavinis K. Etymology. I. The Origins of the Whites. — Baltistica, 1966, t. 1, p. 177. ** Literature Zr. Fraenkel E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary. Heidelberg. Gottingen, B. 1, 8.659; ®acmep M. drumonoruuecknii c108apsb pycckoro si3bika. M., 1971, r. 3, c. 389 (and in the articles below). 15 He called himself the Grand Duke of Jotva and Dainava” (TponjieHb... H npososercs BeJHKHM KH3eMb SiTTLBe3cKHMb H J[oKHHOBbekKnHM“?), shows that Jotva and Dainava cannot be fully identified. Therefore, in the meantime, there is a basis to talk about jotvingi, dainaviumi, sūduviumi, which for convenience, if necessary, could all be called by one word — jotvingiai. The most important ethnonyms of the Balts were listed here, which K. Būga interpreted in one way or another. But this is far from all that K. Böga has done in this field. Among other things, he has interpreted in quite detail the names of many other parts of Lithuania, Latvia, Prussia, territories, lands, etc. In particular, K. Būga determined the genders of the names of parts of Prussia, most of which are still used today in the form determined by K. Būga. ir Pamedė —pr. Po-median: pr. po,,pd, unter“ and median,,- forest, grove, tree“**- ?. Pagudé - pr. Po-gudian: pr. po,,pd, unter" and pr. gudde,,krūmas"*- ". Most of the later researchers supported this etymology?!. In fact, V. Mažiulis, following K. Buga's etymology, very carefully mentions that the *Pa-gudroot gudgalinti may also be of hydronymic origin and links it with lit. "Gūd-upis" (Gaiid-upis?). In our opinion, the association with Gūd-upis is in principle possible, but the Lithuanian hydronymic root gudvargu can hardly have anything in common with pr. gudde, "bush". In this case, the allusion to Gaūd-upis is hardly unnecessary due to the difficulty of explaining the apophony. Without claiming to the final decision, we would like to draw attention to the opinion of J. Endzelynas and especially R. Ekblom®- ®, which in our eyes is undeservedly forgotten, that the Prussian word gudde meaning “bush” may be completely unauthentic and that its connection with the ethnonym gūdas “,,Belarusian” is genetically completely impersonated®. In fact, this connection is very clearly confirmed by the entire name book of the Balts. We have in mind many (several hundred) Lithuanian and quite a lot of Latvian toponyms and anthroponyms, whose connection with the ethnonym gūdas does not raise the slightest doubt. In our opinion, it would be very risky to exclude from this context only the Prussian toponymy. On the contrary, there is no basis to believe that Lithuanian and Latvian toponyms and anthroponyms may be related to the Prussian word gudde “bush”, since these two languages do not have such an adjective. It is also impossible to suspect that it has existed, because it is impossible that a word that has given so many place names and personal names has disappeared either from here or from there. Therefore, the question arises whether Pagudė (Po-gudian) will not be just,,pagudė”, where gudreiškė meant,,gudai, belarusiai” or even “goths”. It is obvious that the final answer to this question can only be given by a very careful analysis of the nomina propria and nomina apellativa of all Baltic languages. Meanwhile, one can only raise a question, especially considering that pr. gudde has no more accurate etymology and is a very isolated word. 88 Three cars, c. 238. 8 RR III 113. But Mr. Mažiulis V. Min. veik., p. 16; Endzelins J. Min. veik., p. 7; Frenkelis E. Min. veik., p. 60; Tpy6aueB O. ¥Yka3. cou., c. 55. ° RR IIT 113-114. ** Mažiulis V. Min. veik., p. 17; Endzelins J. Min. veik., p. 7; Frenkelis E. Min. veik., p. 60; Tpy6auer O. Yas. cou., c. 55. 2 Endzelins J. Min. veik., p. 182; Ekblom R. Balt. gudas und. schw. Good,,Gotlinder*. — In: The Writings of Jan Endzelin. Riga, 1959, pp. 91–99. ** R. Ekblom’s hypothesis about pr. gudde’s connection with St. Gute,,Gotlinder* I would not be inclined to support without reservation. 22 Varme — pr. Heat ,,Raudoné“: pr. wormyan ,,red’’**. Notanga — pr. Notangé or Nūtangėo, Notungo®. K. The name is šį derived from the bridge. su nétung-aris "a beast, a gruesome man". This is not an explanation of the origin of the word, but it is clear that it is a Germanic word. but let. "Nothing, Nothing, Nothing, < Nothing, Nothing, Nothing, Nothing". dial. Don't tell me. The same German dialect word in turn may be related to the toponym su Notanga (Voice. Natanger — or The name "Nottingham" means "nothing but a town". jo Dad K. The etymology of the name is uncertain. Notang's origin was later explained V. Baby. Jo opinion,,,Notangas name (lotn. Notangia, Nattangia), iš of which we have notangus (lotn. Nottangi), could also have come from a river nickname: iš *Not-ang-, plg., e.g., liet. Not-a ir (about the suffix) Al-ang-a'". This hypothesis seems to be supported. Of course, that The name of Notanga cannot be taken in lit. iš Note (river Žasliai apyl.), nei iš Noted || Notija (river Salantų aps.) ar Mr. Rivers (or lake) the name of which iš was formed Notanga, we still need "uncover" iš the past vocabulary. That such a name is possible, that it could have been in Prussia, among other things, ir confirmed by be Prussian place names ir Notis, Notkaymen ir pan.”® Pronouns, jų pronouns, pronouns pe ir hydronyms, which may have had the root not-, occur in ir the Jotvingian nomenclature, e.g., Nacéwidek (Nocturne) op. near Slamų, in whose name K. - Oh. Falk reconstructs the shacknį *Nat-*". Special attention, in our opinion, should be paid to į the name of the lake Notist1°, This name of the lake has remained in Polish to this day — Notyst*".. In German it was written Gross Notister See'®®. Iš Lake (having about ha) 160 name later formed the village name — polk. Notyst (Dolny, Maly i Wielki) *. Lake (and villages) are Olsztyn Voivodeship, Mrongowo district, t. y. just in those places where K. Booga managed to be Notanga sritj4, Lake name Notyst, whose Lithuanian sex could have been *Not-ista ar etc., considered to be the derivative iš root of the suffix -ist(as) Not- < *Nat-. For such vedic plg. let. Sav-istas (ež. A lot of people. ), Ab-ista (up. Many people.) bei Pekl-ysta (up. The New Yorker. ). ** RR III 114. See also Mažiulis V. Min. veik., p. 17. “RR III 114-115. ** Dictionary of the Lithuanian language, vol. 8, p. 872. It should be noted that in this dictionary, after a few pages, the word ndtungaris is also given, taken from the writings of K. Būga: „gruesome man, beast“ (K. Būga’s sentence is quoted: „Notangas name may be of the same origin as the Lithuanian word ndtung-aris from Sūduva“), which in Germanic is no longer considered, for some reason, to be even unrelated to nétangaris, although the connection with the latter word nodtangaris is obvious. 97 Mažiulis V. Min. veik., p. 17. 9% Gerullis G. The Old Prussian Place Names. Berlin and Leipzig, 1922, pp. 109—110. *9 Falk K.-O. Summary of some parts of the work,,Studiir es on the names of the su Suvalski waters“. jo Lund. 1973, pp. 28. 100 Gerullis G. Min. veik., p. 110. 01 Leyding G. Składnik nazw miejscowych okregu Mazurskiego. Part II. Names physiographically. Poznan, 1959, pp. 87. 102 Ibid. 103 List of localities of the Polish People's Republic. Warszawa, 1967, s. 749. "RR III 119. 23 Sēmba —pr. Sembo: Sembo*’- **. In his book, "The Origin of the Names of Places", K. Būga writes: "I derived the name of Sembo from the obsolete word sembas ",saviškis, Sippenangehoriger, socius", with which I associate the Slavonic word sębr "t. p.’ : rus. ca6p...“. This etymology is supported by O. Trubachev??*. This interpretation of the origin can be said to be theoretically completely acceptable, but the problem is that, as V. Mažiulis correctly observed, "it is impossible to determine the quality of the consonant at the beginning of the word (whether the Prussians pronounced *sor *z-)"*9. In this case, of course, other interpretations can only be considered as hypotheses, among them V. Grinavecki, who says about the name Sémba that,,the land of the balty tribe, called Semba, Sambia, until historical times was probably called Zemja (Zemja)”. And the inhabitants thereof shall be called Zemites. "Nadruva - pr. "Natural- ". K. Būga notes that the origin of the name of the area is unclear. It may be related to pr. nadruw-isnan "hope, Hofnung" < na "on" and druwit "to believe" (nadruvias would then be,,the trusting, the man of hope"), or to the prefix na "on" derived from the word *dravis,,- dravis, Gopr5". "Nadruva, according to K. Bugas, would be "Ant-dravė"". V. Mažiulis considers the name Nadruva to be of unclear origin, but suggests that it may have come from a water name: * Na-drav-< * Ne-drav-, cf. lit. No-name in dialect Na-name. The water-named root drav-V. Mažiulis compares with pr. Drew-ancz (Drayanta)?, In our opinion, the water-named origin of the local name Nadruva would be the most possible. Almost at the same time as V. Mažiulis, K. Kuzavinis’s study published quite convincingly explains that the hydronym that gave rise to the local name Nadruva could have been the river name Druoja (Įsrutis, Priegliaus int.). The relationship between the current gender Driloja and the supposed previous *Drava would be similar to Knitūoja: Knituva, Knitava; Wrocław: lat. Braslava and so on. K. Kuzavinis, in our opinion, rightly states that *Nadrava, Nadruva —that is,,shore, located on the banks of the Drava river“ (pr. na“;,ant“ pl, Skalva —pr. Skalvé. The origin of the name is not clear. According to V. Maziulis, this local name may also have come from a river name, cf. lit. "Silver (Silver-plated)". This origin of the name of the region was confirmed and supplemented with new facts by K. Kuzavinis"*. Barta - pr. Bart. K. Būga observed that,,Bdrto name may be of the same origin as the Curonian river name Bdrtuva- ‘14, This association would be acceptable only in the case, 105 RR HH 115. 106 Tpy6aue O. ¥ka3. cou., c. 55. 107 Mažiulis V. Min. veik., pp. 17–18. 108 Grinaveckis V. Min. veik., p. 47. 100 RR ‘HI 115. 110 Mažiulis V. Min. veik., pp. 19–20 (footnote 91). 11 Kuzavinis K. Etymologica, p. 179. 112 Mažiulis V. Min. veik., p. 20. For the river name Skalvys and its relationship with Skala (Žaslių apylinkė), see Žasliai. Schmid W. P. On the primary -u derivation in some Baltic water names. — Donum Balticum. Stockholm, 1970, pp. 476. 13 Kuzavinis K. Min. veik., p. 179. out RR III 118. 24 if the ir toponym Barta would be as she can V. Baby? **, river-named origin. In our opinion, the water-named jo origin appears quite possible, cf. — that ir river's name Bdrtuva adjacent ar even older sex Bartwa®, the name of the river Baftis (Krekenavos apyl.) and so on. Sasna. Šį domain name K. The bridge su connects pr. sasnis "hares" ir suggested that Name of a river in Suduva region Sasna (Sasnavos aps.) bei iš jo the name of the town "The origins of the Prussians". Su this K. The Boolean assumption agrees ir A. Nepokupnas®. The corner. K.. The name of the šį river is Polish. — jį Chetmno : sl. xelmo ,.kalva “119, Liubavas. Šį name K. It also has a Polish-language version. — left. Lubdw, Lubowo?? ". Be Prussia, K. Buga explained ir many Lithuania and The name of the part of Latvia and determined the most acceptable genders for jų use. Let's say he noticed that „,The western part of the Lithuanian people, having lost the Lithuanian name over time, now only call themselves LowHey, hey, hey, hey. Iš The history documents we know that even in the century XV Žemaičiai still carried the name of Lithuanian." This thought K. Boge supports the facts iš of historical jų documents, including the letter of Vytautas to King Sigismund- ?? !, Furthermore, K. Būga writes that,,The Lithuanians did not use the names Augstaicis and | Žemaitis to express their nationality or origin, but to indicate the nature of their dwelling area (Wohnsitzbezeichnung- )… We know from history that both Augstaici and Žemaičiai are Lithuanians of the same clay, because they both have the same language and the same people, in Vytautas’s words —unum idioma et uni homines” **. K. Būga believes that the inhabitants of the highlands (Vilnius — Ukmergė — Zarasai region) in the 13th century received the name of Vysokiaičiai, while the inhabitants of the lowlands (Nevėžis basin, up to Dubysos and Ventos rivers in the west, almost to Musės river in the north) at the same time received the name of Žemaičiai*- ?**. K. Būga also mentions the areas of Latvia in antiquity, sometimes saying something about their origin?? ?. Concluding the review of ethnonyms in K. Būga’s writings, it should be added that K. Būga was not only interested in the ethnonyms of the Balts. From the original interpretations of the ethnonyms of the neighboring peoples, one could mention even the Guads, Germans, Rus, Lybians. Good, good, good. K. Būga quite convincingly proved that the ethnonym gūdas in the meaning of “Belarusian” is from those times (about 400 or 300 BC), when the Goths themselves, under whose rule was part of the Slavs, changed their name from *gutaz to *ghudas (*ghudos- ). After the Goths moved and their place was occupied by Slavs, the Lithuanians transferred to the latter the name of the Gauds “,Goth”? **. 115 Mažiulis V. Min. ill., p. 18. 16 See. Vanagas A. Lietuvos TSR hidronimų daryba. V., 1970, p. 105. 117 RR III 118. us Henogynubiii A. II. 104. ns RR HI 112. 120 Ibid. 121 Ibid., p. 85. 122 Ibid., p. 86. 123 Ibid. According to K. Būga, in the 18th century there were still Curonian settlers west of Vents in 1250. Upstream of the Ventos flowed the border ir between the Curonian Lithuanian Samogitians (also, p. 559). 1 Idem, p. 556—559. 125 RR II 87—88; III 124, 782—783. 25 Germans, Germans. In the opinion of K. Buga, the word „vėkietis“ is derived from the name of the region Vėkia (Latin: Vaca), as „šaulietis“ —from Šiauliai or similar.** * The name of the region Vokia he derives from the name of the southeastern Scandinavian people Vagoth mentioned in the writings of the 6th century historian Jordanas, which K. Būga believes may have been formed from *Vaūk(ia)- -goth"?". But right here K. Būga makes a reservation:,,I leave it to the Germanists themselves to decide whether my assumption... is possible- ®“.12® As the research of the famous specialist in this field M. Senfeld shows, the origin of the etymology Vagoth may be different — from *WagoR or similar. " Thus, the question of German origin remains, as E. Frenkelis notes, unsolved- **?. Rust, rust. It is an ethnonym, which, according to the attention of researchers, has few equals. In the words of S. Rospondo, since 800 years, since the editing of "Povesty vremennyh let", the discussion about the origin of this ethnonym has been going on**?. K. Būga was a determined supporter of the theory of ethnonym Russian Scandinavian origin. He wrote:,,In ancient times (IX-XI centuries), the name Russo (Finnish: ruotsi, ruossi, Greek: $6c) was used only for those Swedes who settled among the Slavs of Novgorod, the Krievi of Polotsk and among the Kievan Poles. But since the 11th century the name of “Swedish” is also used for all the Slavic peoples who lived after the Russian rule of Sweden!- ”**. Later researchers supported the Scandinavian version of the Russian origin, while others tried to find the roots of the etymology in the Slavic languages themselves**?. Lybia, Lybia. The origins of the ethnic group are unclear. But in this case, K. Buoga’s opinion about the Lithuanian gender of this ethnonym is important, because now in our writings, including linguistic ones, two competing variants of this ethnonym are used — /ybis and /yvis. K. Buga was for the first sex — for Iybis. He used this gender in his writings, and in a letter to M. Fasmer he unequivocally stated, based, among other things, on Latvian /ibietis, Old Russian aubs, that the consonant of the root should be b, but not v. It seems to us that the gender /ybis (with consonant b) could be accepted for further use, since there are no particularly strong arguments for the gender with v (/yviai). K. Būga is also the founder of the Baltic theonomy and one of its most famous representatives. His most important work in this field is a series of articles published in 1908—1909 in “Lietuvių tauta” under the common title,,MedZiaga lietuvių, latvių ir prūsų mitologijai”**. Other articles, which also deal with the names of the Balts, include,,Pri126 RR I 550-552; II 226-230; III 824. 127 RR II 229—230, 128 Idem, p. 230. 129 Schonfeld M. Dictionary of Old Germanic Names and Placenames. Heidelberg, 1965, S. 250. 180 Fraenkel E. Min. veik., p. 1272. 131 of recent worksy see Rospond S. Origin of the name Ruso. —The Slavic Yearbook, 1977, t.38,cz. 1,p.35-50; Tpy6auep O. H. Jluurpucrnueckas nepudepus ipesneiiurero CJiaBsiHCTBA. Wn oapuiius B Ceseprom IpnuepHomsopbe. - B ku. : CjiaBstickoe s3bik03HaHHe. VIII mMexayHapojiHbIK Cbe3] casuctoB. M., 1978, c. 401—403. 132 Reply S. Min. ill., p. 35. 133 RR II 88. 13% Literary Review. Reply S. Min. I'm sick. 135 RR I 143-189. 26 sų Gods Pelvyjas ir "Zvaiggstias- , ", Panikas ir Ukaprimas 1%®, | Waidelotte* 137, "Gods Piculas ir Patulus*, "God of the Prussians Kurka",,,Krivé"!s, | Patrimpas su su giminaičiaisTM'®, "The God of the Prussians "The Gods of Persia". Gardaitas®®- ,,,Žinčius“, „Romuva“, print ,,In the ir language (1922 of antiquity" m.). Individual names of the gods K. He is also mentioned or discussed ir in other works. Antai “In the introduction of the Lithuanian language dictionary, when you talk about the Jotvingian- — s, you summon the Jotvingian Prussian gods Ockopirmus, Awschawts, Peckols, Gardoayths, Puschkayts**?, Zeitschrift fiir |, vergleichende Sprachforschung® review of the name of the Prussian god Swuaixtix43, in the studio "ChnaBaKo-Ga/iruhckHe arTHMOJIiOrnK" explains the name of the Prussian god Curche'®, in , Aesthetic Studies" of the — Prussian god (shipping patron) name Gardaitas*** ir etc. Mentioned K. The Letter of Booga R. Bertuleitis, in which he analyzes most of the Prussian theonims in quite detail! *?, Po K. The investigation of the White theonymy of the death of Buga was not intensive. O ir in recent decades the development of theonymics has been noticeably slower than, say, the development of Baltic onomastics in general. Therefore, K. The work of Boge in this area remains of paramount importance. Iš recent researches mentioned in particular V. Toporov's series of articles on iš Baltic mythology, the most — important study ,,3aMeTrkH ro GaaTHICKOH MHOOJIOTHH", which, based on the distribution of the theonims in the surviving lists of Prussian gods, attempts to reconstruct the overall picture of the entire Prussian god pantheon!? ". The names of the Prussian gods are analyzed in great detail ir V. In Toporov's book ,,Ilpycckuė si3bik “M8, A more detailed literature review and a detailed ir bibliography can be found in the other ir V. Toporovo shops** and N. In the late monograph ,,Mitinés lietuvių sakmių būtybės““13?, Toponimika Among K. Būga’s works on Lithuanian onomastics, the study of place names occupies the most important place. The first clearly scientific work in this field could be considered his 1909 article,,Bopoyra. Ariogala. Believed"?! *!, in which K. Būga very argumen138 RR II 155-156. 137 Ibid., p. 139. 138 Ibid., pp. 78 and 79. 139 Ibid., pp. 77-78. 140 Ibid., pp. 98-99. M41 Ibid., pp. 32-33. 12 RR III 132-133. 143 Idem, p. 674. 14 RR I 448-449. 145 Bouga K. Aistiški studio. Peterburgas, 1908, d. 1, p. 8. 146 RR III 808-810. 47 Tonopos B. H. 3amerkn no 6aatuiickoit Mugdojiornu. - B xu. : BajiTo-CJIaBaHCKHH COOpHHK. M., 1972, c. 289-314. '48 Tonopos B. H. Ilpycekni s3uk. Caosaps, A — JĮ. M., 1975. 149 See also Usanos B. B., Tonopos B. H. Uccaenosanus B 06.1aCTH CJiaBSHCKHX JApPEBHOCTEI. M., 150 1974. Vėlius N. Mitinės lietuvių sakmių būtybės. V., 1977. 151 RR [I 131-137. 27 immediately proved that Mindaugas’s castle Varuta cannot be identified with neither Ariogala nor Veredava. Some time later in his “Corrections and additions” he stated that Varuta should be found in eastern Lithuania between Medėnai (Sudeikiai district), Kalviai (6 km from Tauragė), Maleišiai (4 km from Linkmenai to the northwest), Latavos (9 km from Anykščiai), Tauragė, Užpaliai, Utena? *?, Later K. Būga wrote a dozen more works on toponymy, among which we can mention the following:- ,,On the real names of ancient Prussians and Lithuanians“! **, | Kann man Keltenspuren auf baltischem Gebiet nichtweisen?“***,,,- Studies of river names and the antiquity of Estonians and Slavs“! **,,,Gudija Place Names of Aesthetic Origin“! **,,The past of Aisčiai in the light of place names“**- ,,,Zarasai (Ežerėnai) and their founders seeds““! *8,,River names — a source of history“15?, | Lithuanian settlement in today’s Lithuania- “9?,,,„Dvina“191,,,The ending -da of the names of the rivers of the Jotvingian land“! **,,,Sirinca and Crpaua“,,,- Laukesa®,- ,,,Yrpos and Brpos“,,,Spera, Kena, Gauja, Neris“,,,Palanga®,,,- Jeznas“,,,- Dukstas®,- ,,Sozies paupio lietuviai“1- **, „,In the light of place names“! **,, Repetition of Pronouns- “165,..UpévardZziai Adula and Ojura“! **, J. Endzelyno book,,Latvian Place Names“! *" and reviews of G. Gerulio book,,Die altpreussischen Ortsnamen“***, etc. Many place names are discussed in the fifth part of,,Lietuviy Zodyno“,,- Lietuviy people and language and its close relatives- “**, in,,Lietuviu Zodyne“lTM (because, as is known, K. Būga added not only generic but also proper words to the Dictionary), in some articles written not specifically on the topic of place names (,,CnaBsiHoOanTuiickue aTKHMOJIOTHH“!*!, „Lituanica“!??,, Kalby mokslas bei mūsų senovė“!7- ?,,,Prefix -ng-“1TM and others). Very often K. Būga discusses the origin and spelling of place names in his letters, especially to J. Basanavičius, J. Endzelynas, Fasmeris. M. 152 Idem, p. 132. 153 Idem, p. 419—428, 13% Idem, p. 496—530. 155 RR III 493—517. 138 Idem, p. 518—550. 157 Idem, p. 728—752. 158 RR II 19-23. 15% RR III 491—492, 180 Idem, p. 551—583. 161 Idem, p. 600. 162 Idem, p. 601—602. 163 Idem, p. 607—611. 154 Published po K. The Death of Booga RR III 786. 165 Published po K. The Death of Booga RR III 786. 166 Published po K. The Death of Booga RR III 788. 167 RR, p. 612—648, 168 Idem, p. 676—677; RR II 383—385. 1698 Idem, 85—282. 170 Idem, p. 283 —480. 1 RR I 323-338; 433-495. 172 Idem, p. 339-383. 172 Idem, p. 401-410. 174 RR III 789-797. o ao 28 It is also noteworthy ir that the origin of many placenames is explained ir K. In the database of the etymological dictionary of the Lithuanian language! **, In these works K. The author has touched on so many topics related to placenames and other su related issues, especially in the area of the ethnic history of the iš Balts’ ethnogenesis, ir that it is not possible to review or even evaluate all of them in this jų article. Therefore, abandoning mi the examination of individual placenames, from the etymology of placenames review, we will try to cover more general features and K. It is a contributiį on to ir Lithuanian toponymics in general. In his toponymic works K. The name is commonly used to refer to different — types of mountains, mountain ranges, forests, forests, ir forests, forests, forests. However, there is be no doubt that he focused on water names, especially river names. It can be said that most of the most important conclusions about the past of the Balts, about migration, about former jų territories jų came from the analysis of water names. iš As with most of his other works, the title is etymologically ir incorrect. The etymology of K. water names K. The book has reached a maturity that is rarely achieved even by modern researchers who have a much better basis, especially in terms of the abundance of the material in the dictionary and the development of onomastics in general. No special research on ir the etymology of water names or all place names was written by Bogas. K. However, the practice jo of etymology alone already allows us to form a fairly clear picture of how K. Būga understood the method of interpreting the origin of place names. But most importantly, in his works he sometimes talks about the etymology of place names. The most important of these interpretations of the etymological principles is set out in the article “Studies of river names and the antiquity of Estonians and Slavs” (published in 1923). In it, K. Būga wrote: “In comparative potamology (pekoBeJenne) we must act in the same way as in the comparative (etymological) dictionary of each language. In the etymological dictionary, words are compared, i.e., common (appellativa) names, and in potamology, river (lake) names must be compared with river (lake) names, i.e., proper (propria) names. And only when the river names of the same origin have already been compared and the geographical area of their knowledge (spread, expansion) has been determined, we will have the right to look for the etymology of the river name under study, which is found to be a true comparison of the river name with common names. When the name of the lake Moporu... was compared with the common name of the Lithuanian language margas „„bunt“, Yca... with oose „„Esche“, Yma... with ūžiū, ūžti,,brausen®..., then there was no comparative potamology. It only appears when linguists start comparing river names with river names!”**. The principle of the etymology of common words, formulated in general traits by K. Buga and close to the methodology of the so-called internal reconstruction, remains relevant to the methodology of the study of place names: “A Lithuanian, who wants to trace the origin of any word, does not have to immediately, just after taking out a word from the dictionary, without any connection with others, go to the distant land of the Indians, Greeks and (this is very fashionable now) even to the Armenians. First of all, we look for an explanation of the etymological word in the Lithuanian dictionary. The library is kept in the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute of the Lithuanian SSR MA. 176 RR III 510. 29 language dictionary, we go to our language brothers Latvians and Prussians. From there we go to the land of Slavs. And only after working here do we get the right to Zvilgteréti also into the dictionaries of Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Germanic, Celtic and other related languages''? "", These principles of etymology are, it can be said, classical, which have not ir lost relevance in our time. The correct methodology of interpretation of the origin of place names, K. Buga’s great linguistic erudition and competence in Baltic studies, Slavic studies and Indo-European studies in general. his extraordinary scientific integrity were the conditions that led to the rarely occurring accuracy of the interpretation of the origin of specific place names. And now, more than five decades after K. Buga’s death, most of his etymologies are still almost uncorrected and form a good basis for the further development of the etymology of Lithuanian, Latvian, Prussian, and partly also East Slavic place names, most importantly water names! "?, Interpretation of pronouns K. Boogie was not an end in itself — K. Būga belongs to those linguists who understood that language science, besides its immanent tasks, has a much broader, extending framework of special linguistic ir problems serving much more general purposes už related to the history of the Lithuanian nation, ir ir su ir su its current status. In order to solve the problems of the language, especially the study of toponyms, Būga proved it in all his works. K. He has once emphasized this purpose of linguistics: ne “The ir research of linguists has shown that language is the best source of history. Only need to know how to use itTMTM; ,,our language can represent an archive for a linguist and a historian, in which the historical documents ne consist only of generic, but real ir names. Where the people lived in ancient times, the earth can tell us: we only need to know how to ji ask her answer ir to understand" *?; “The land itself į speaks to us through the names of places. The words in her — language are for cities, gardens, rivers, lakes, ponds, forests, mountaiir ns, etc. names’’91; | For the unwritten history of nations, so-called prohistory, comparative linguistics has as a du source, one of which is human, the other is the language of the earth — (toponomastika). Common names fit the human language (abbreviated name). The Earth Language Department is going through a test (nomina propria) Place names given to uninhabited areas of the earth surface inhabited by ir human beings. Countries, cities, towns, gardens... names of forests, islands and other places on the earth’s surface form the language of the earth “182 jr kt.183 Greta ,,The languages K. of people”, Buga very intensively examined The “Languair ge of the Earth” came to a wide ir range of important conclusions. It is enough to remember that very often, rem. damasis ir place names (or of actual words in general) studies, Būga K. determined the peculiarities of the — language of the Baltic tribes of Sely, — Jotvingy, Ziemgali, jų 17% ‘Byre Mb 06s53aHbi MOUOUHCJIEHBIMH JTHMOJIOTHAMH THAPOHHMOB, NpPHUEM 3HAUKHTEJIbHas YacTh THX JTHMOJIOTHH MOXKET GbITh OTHECEHA K UKHCJIY GECCINOpHLIX AOCTHKeHUIT’, — B KH. : Tonopos B. H., Tpy6aues O. H. JIunreucruueckuii ana ns THApOHHMOB Bepxuero [Iloanenposbs. M., 1962, c. 7. 179 RR I 402. 150 RR III 491. 181 ‘Idem. 122 Idem, p. 493. 182 See also there, territorip. 560, 568, 633, 728, 743; II 547. 30 es, their migration directions, routes and even time, explained the relationship of Baltic languages with other neighboring languages, among them with Finno-Ugric, and the interrelationships, contacts, time of formation of the Baltic languages and dialects themselves, etc. Most of the statements and results of K. Boegh are still valid today, so in many cases a more detailed discussion is simply unnecessary — to be interested is enough to study K. Boegh. Furthermore, the further development of Baltic onomastics often clarified, corrected, and interpreted some of K. Buga’s conclusions in a slightly different way. For example, the Latvian linguist V. Dambē in her study,,Blynienės vietvārdi kā pagātnes liecinieki“ (Blynienės Place Names as Witnesses of the Past) proved that in the Zimgalian language until the 13th century the soft consonants 4*, g' had not yet been transformed into afrikatas c, dz'®, and the folk-language r in the mixed diphthongs was preserved as '8*, K. Būga was of the opinion that the Zimgalians instead of k", g' pronounced c, dz'8*, and the folk-language nm was no longer present." However, such larger corrections of K. Boega's conclusions are not common in later literature. Regarding K. Būga’s works on toponymy, it seems appropriate to distinguish the part of them, in which he examines Baltic place names outside Lithuania. These works constitute, without exaggeration, a whole epoch in the history of the study of the Baltic toponymic substratum in the eastern, and partly also in the southern, Slavic toponymy — they not only stimulated further research in this field'®®, but also to a considerable extent suggested ways and means of solving the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Balts. K. Būga found **? and simply proved that far to the east and south-east of today’s Lithuania, throughout the territory of the present Belarusian SSR (except perhaps only its south-western part) there is a significant layer of Baltic place names, especially Baltic hydronyms. Based on this fact, K. Būga concluded that the ancestors of the Balts had to be in the places where he found the area of substrate Baltic place names. K. Būga believed that the subsequent history of the "Eastern" Balts was connected with the arrival of Slavs to these lands — this happened about the 6th century- ?*??. After the arrival of the Slavs into the former Baltic lands, the Balts, under Slavic pressure, retreated to the west all the time and only in the 6th—7th centuries occupied the territories of present-- day Lithuania and Latvia*"- *. Before reaching the Baltic lands, the Slavs lived south of the Baltic peoples: “The ancestors of the Slavs are to be found in the present-- day Polish land and in Valynia (BojJibins), approximately in the area between the Vistula, the Carpathians and the Dnieper from Kiev to the mouth of the Pripyat”- *?*. Thus the Slavs came to the Baltic lands, according to K. Buga, from the south, from beyond Pripetés- '®®. The Balts, pushed by the Slavs, retreated to the west, to the Baltic coast, where,,even before the Nemunas in the 6th century still live 181 Dam be V. Blidienes vietvardi ka pagatnes liecinieki. - In. : A tribute to... Jan Endzelian. Riga, 1959, p. 433. 185 Idem, p. 438—439, 186 RR III 256-257; 266-267. 187 Ten ‘pat. 188 For a broader overview, see the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Tonopos B. H., Tpy6auesg O. H. ¥Ykas. cou., c. 3 H ejej. 188 for an overview of researches prior to K. Böge, see ibid. 120: RR TIT55151 730. 191 Idem. 192 Ibid., p. 730. K. Būga wrote elsewhere that,,the Slavs do not have their own names for the Dnieper, Dniester, Danube rivers and the Carpathian mountains, so this fact shows that the Slavic ancestors did not seek neither the Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, nor the great Carpathian mountains” (ibid., p. 716). 1983 See also. ibid., p. 744, 103. 31