Daugiskaitiniai asmenvardiniai oikonimai ir jų reikšmė linksniavimo bei kirčiavimo sistemų rekonstrukcijai

LITHUANIAN ONOMASTICS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXI (1981) BONIFACAS BARREL PLURINUMERICAL PERSONAL NOMENA AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF LINKS AND PRONUNCIATION SYSTEMS 0. A large group of Lithuanian toponyms consists of place names of personal noun origin. It is composed of 4000 individuals of different ages and backgrounds. 0.1. Names are taken from the “Lithuanian SSR administrative-territorial division guide” (V., 1976, d. 2), personal names! —from the database of names of the Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute of the Lithuanian SSR MA and the Zodyno?. 1) the surnames in the file are often written by non-specialists, with errors, sometimes not even spelled, so what to say about the determination of the pronunciation; 2) o-kamieniy (Survila: Survilas) often occurs next to g-kamieniy surnames, so it was necessary to determine the geography of both variants more precisely; 3) we do not have an etymological dictionary of Lithuanian surnames (it is still being prepared), therefore we could not use some oikonymes: a) who have not been able to determine the root of the name, e.g. : Axe: Axe(s), Buz: Buza || Buz, Jovaisha: Jovaisha- (s); Bears: Bear || Bear (a total of about 20 pcs); b) whose etymology of the base avd is doubtful or unclear (some of them, apparently, not authentically written): Čiūlada, Dubrava (cf. lit. dubrava, -ūvas LKŽ II 78, pol. Dubrawa, bros. Iy6pasa etc.), Kiena, Medekša (cf. bros. Madskwa, left. Medeksza)?, Pažėra [: Zéréti (?)], Silva [< Šiluva (?), cf. šilma < šiluma resp. šilima], Tuita, Valečka —Valentinas (?); Vinča —Vinca(s)? etc. (a total of about 25 okn)*. 0.2. A total of 226 plural oikonimes were found; 183 (a slightly higher number is used for geographical analysis, see footnote 4). Most of the selected oikonimes (from 183 —156) are made from g-stame personal names (from ė-stame — 27 inches). 1 Personal names (avd) identified based on current surnames. The term anthroponym is used here because most oikonymes are old, originating much earlier than our current surnames. 2 Taking this opportunity, I would like to thank the Head of the Contemporary Lithuanian Literary Language Sector of LKLI, Ph.D. A. Vanagui for his help, advice and permission to use the above-mentioned archive and the first volume of the name dictionary. 3 Neither M. Biryla (Bipsmia M. B., 1969, 265) nor J. Bystronis (Bystron J., 1936, 281) explain the origin of this avd. 4 Some of the latter oikonymes are included in the distribution chart (see footnote 11). ; 185 1.1. When examining the plural oikonimes of interest to us, it is appropriate to distinguish two models of them (according to the relationship with the singular root or paradigm of the base personal noun): 1) (i)o-root oikonimes, i.e. the model with the replacement (neutralisation) of the roots or paradigms; 2) a resp. ė trunk oinonimai (simple model). 1.1.1. Much more productive is the (i)o trunk model, which includes 118 oikonimy (i. e. X 649, all okn)®: Barzdai: Barzda, Bulkai: Bulka, Juškai: Juška, Linkai: Linka, Noreikai: Noréika: BloZiai: Blėžė, Dirsiai: Dirsė etc. For this model 104 base names are g-roots, 14 —have ¢ root. 1.1.2. Paradigm without trunk replacement has 65 oikonimai? (16 of them have a parallel model and with trunk replacement, see footnote 5), e.g. : Alseikos: Alsčika, Andreikos: Andreika, Dindos: Dinda, Karéivos: Karéiva; Carpenters: Carpenters, carpenters Lip. 1.2 The plural oikonimes of the first model [(i)o kam] indicate not only a paradigmy change in the pronunciation, but also in the inflection. More than two-thirds (out of 55-39) of such oikonimes have a terminal accent (4 p.), compared with the baritone (or prepositional) singular accentuation of the base name (1, 2 p.): Dilbai (4): Dilba (1), Guobai (4): Guoba (1), Kirkai (4): Kirka (1), Minelgai (4): Minélga (1), Paurai (4): Pdura (1), Šarkai (4): Šarka (1), VarZai (4): Resistance (1); BloZiai (4): Blėžė (2), Dirsiai (4): Dirsė (1), Lapiai (4): Lapé (2) etc. Most of these 4 and ė root personal names are derived from the appellativy (from 39—33). Thus, it is necessary to assume that in this case the laws traced in onomastics can serve to solve the problems of historical morphology and accentology. The analogous distribution of pronunciation paradigms in some dialects is also characteristic of other (i)o-rooted plural oikonymes (without root substitution), in the “Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas” (V., 1976) over 200 non-dual-rooted plural oikonymes of personal noun origin were found, which are pronounced with the 4th accent, compared with the baritone or adverbial accentuation of the base avd singular. Such settlements are concentrated in the area of Kaunas (x 449) and in the northern and western part of Žemaitija (x 27%). There are fewer of them elsewhere, not to mention peripheral dialects, e.g. : Banaičiai (4) Šk*: Banditis; 4 (4th ed.). pp. 10. "Griffin, P.J.". Grigaliūnai (1) Sr, Svn&; Stumps (4) Cloth: Stump; (4) Klp: 2nd round; (4) Brž: The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time; Peter's (4) Viln: Petrėlis; Lzd: Šeštokas etc. 1.3. The reference avd of both models are of different kilmés®. From 183 avd 105 (= 579) are related to Lithuanian appellatives, e.g. : Bilda: bilda (:bildéti), Būrba: ¢ Sixteen of these oikonimies have also parallel @ (13 okn) or € (3 okn) stem forms: Bimbai || Bimbos, Linkai || Linkos, Petrėškai || Petréskos etc. ; Lapiai || Lapės, Laumiai || Laūmės, Pėmpiai || Pėmpės, Tokių gretutinių formų skiriasi geografija. 6 Of these, 52 okn are a-trunks and 13 have e-trunk. 7 Singular because avd plural, as we will see later, can have both a root or a prepositional and a final consonant. * Abbreviations of residential places are used as LKŽ. 8 The reference avd of the individual evaluation models do not have any significant quantitative difference in terms of origin. The etymology of avd is based on the following works: Lithuanian surname dictionary, būrba (:burbéti- ), Linka (:lifikti), Kimša (:kimšti), Rimša (:rimti); Bimba: bimba, Dirsė: dirsė, Pėmpė: pėmpė, Vūštaka: vastaka "such a bird = 186 wild'. There are 10 binomial anthroponyms (almost all old): Dalgeda, Gerdvila, Noréika, Norgėla, Sangdila, Survila" etc. The remaining 78 avd some made from borrowed appellatives or simply borrowed usually from the Slavic nomenclature (38): Būlka (cf. pol. Bulka, brus. Byaka), Dida (cf. Polish Duda, Polish J/Įyda: Polish duda, Polish dyda> Lithuanian dida), Kirka: kirka (sl.)**, Šaška: šaška (sl.) ‘such a sword’; others made from baptismal names (40). Most of the words used in the poem are not in the English language. It is often used as a common name for Eastern Slavic names, such as brus. "Ivanov, Leonid". Iwaszko < Iwan: dpv. Ivoška; brush. IOxxo —Eeddunmuii: dpv. Jukna; brush. Cayka —Cassa, left. Sawka —Sawa: dpv. Sduka etc. Only one other name may have been formed in Lithuanian: Démas — Dominykas: dpv. "Domeika, Razma < Erdzmas: dpv". Razma, Valenta —Valentinas: dpv. Brave. : Ą In general, more than two thirds (123) of the 4 and ¢ root personal names, from which plural oikonimes are made, are related to adjectives. Most of these anthroponyms (8594) are made from Lithuanian or Baltic appellatives, others — from borrowed (usually Slavic) ones. 1.4 After providing a brief quantitative, accentuation and origin characteristics of the investigated data, their geography should also be discussed. Let us mark the patterns of educations discussed here by convention as follows: 1. (a) Burbai: Būrba; (b) Leaves: Lip. 2. (a) Turrets: Turbine; (b) Lips: fox.’ 1.4.1. The diagram shows that the first model (with the replacement of trunks) oikonimai concentrate in v. Kaunas highland!? in the area (38 okn) and in Žemaitija (31 okn). There are (i)o-kamieniy oikonimų elsewhere, e.g.: after 13 okn in the northern Altay Šiauliai and the northern Altay Panevėžys territory, 20 —in the other Altay dialects of the region, 5 okn in the western corner of the northern Altay. Therefore, there are three different types of highland people (v. aukštaičiai, žemaičiai (not t. 1. A=K (handwriting); Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian anthroponymics. —V., 1977; Vanagas A. Our surnames. I.-Kn. : Words and people. V., 1974, p. 87—152; Vanagas A. Mūsų pavardės. II. —Kn. : People and language. V., 1977, p. 49—92; Kuzavinis K., Savukynas B. Lithuanian varetimologinis žodynas. dy — Kn. : Names ir are words. V., 1971, p. 43—157; Bipsia M. B. Bejaapyckas auTparaniMis. —Minck, 1966, T. 2, 1969; Bystron J. St. Names of Poland. — Lwoéw, 1936; Stownik staropolskich nazw osobowych. —Wroclaw—Warsaw—Krakow, 1965—1979, t. 1—5; Gottschald M. German Names. —Berlin, 1954. * Most of these avd made oikonimų are o-stameniai (8): Gerdvilai, Noreikai, Surviliai etc. 10 Avd Kirka sietinas ir su left. Kirka, sparkling. Kipko. 11 In determining the spread of oikonimi, it was considered that the personal name was from the same or very close place as the oikonimi made from it. Therefore, part of okn (mostly o-kamieniy) is not included in the scheme. The following number of individual models were used: 1) Burbai —113 okn, Lapiai —7 okn; 2) Būrbos —76 okn, Lapés —15 okn. Note. There are also geographical variants of the same toponym, for example, there are at least 5 villages named Dailidės. Anyway, there are relatively few equal okn. 12 This article follows the classification of Lithuanian dialects proposed by A. Girdenis and Z. Zinkevičius (see section 4.4). Linguistict. 14, p. 139—147). 187 s, all, see diagram), š. panevėžiškiai and others. In these places (especially in Kaunas area) o trunk oikonimų is quite abundant; g-stames okn are rare here (see 1.4.2), except in Žemaitija, where they are more dense in places (e.g. in Kelmė district). 1.4.2. The second model of oikonimes is concentrated in the r. Vysoké Tatry Vilniškis dialect (34 okn). There are fewer of such settlements elsewhere: they are scattered in small groups all over Lithuania, for example: 12 in the area of the Altai, 21 in the Zemgaly (of which 8 in Kelme district), 4 in the region of Vilnius. highland Kaunas south (Prienai district), 16 okn scattered throughout the r. highland territory (without Vilnius). 1.4.3. Summarizing the data on the prevalence of oikonimes, it can be stated that the geographical distribution of both models is quite defined: the oikonimes of the first model (Burbai, Lapiai) are concentrated in the territory of V. Alytaus (especially Kaunas), most of the Žemaičių area and some parts of the eastern Alytaus (Panevėžys, Širvintos); second model oikonimai (Būrbos, Lūpės) concentrated in r. aukštaičių vilniškių area (see section 4.4). (see diagram). 2.1 The examined patterns of oikonimų are undoubtedly related to the plural of the 4,ė root of personal names, which also has two variants in dialects: Burbai, Lapiai resp. Būrbos, LapésTM. The geography of these variants coincides with the prevalence of the aforementioned ecosystem models. 2.1.1. The form with the substitution of trunks or limbs [(in)o trunk] uses. most of the v. altai and p. altai western corner (Lzd, Vs, Kpč, Lp), e.g. : Kabelkai: Hook, Christmas: Christmas, Winches: Winch, Winches: Winch'*. This use is typical of many Žemaičiai ir (Mžk, Trk, Tl, Sint, Krtn, Skdv, Sauk, Krš, Varn, Rs), some Altai: people from Panevėžys, Širvintos, some from Utena. r. p. ir Almost all Lithuanian dialects (i)the trunk pattern is typical ir (į)u-stamenių avd plurals, e.g. : Butkai : Būtkus (plg. okn Butkai Ks, Klp, TI, Tr); Kubiliai: Kubiliui (see okn Kubiliai Kš Ie Kubiliai Brz, Kim, Sk, Ut). Var nines e oy Vout seer; Value A Unly rece There are talks where 4, ė trunk avd LadleThese forms of alternating su trunks are characteristic of the whole ne paradigm. About Tverėčių (r. highland vilniškis dialektas) used (or at least has been used): Garlai, Garlį, Garldms, Garlais, but Gdrlas : Gdrla (Otrebski J., 1934, 209 t.). So only dgs. the adjective retains the accent of the avd ir singular root. — 22, Almost all (p. Altaičiai (except the western ir corner) most of r. the Altaičiai Vilniškiai, Kupiškėnai, Uteniškiai (Rk, Km, Žb, Ob, Ds, Zr, Krns, Ktk), northern Panevėžys (Lnkv, Ps, Jnšk, PS) uses resp. šé-kamieniy avd plural forms of stem substitutbe ions, e.g. : 2017. "Stričkos, Carpenters". This is usually the case. '** Burbai, Lapiai resp. Burbs, foxes "Burbos ar Family of the fox (many families); people with this surname’ — "the place where those families resp. people". This is the usual way of nominating an object, an actor, etc. ir property transferrį su ed by that thing etc. the relevant location. '4 Probably the first described almost identical replacement of trunks in Tverėčius talk J. Otrembskis (1934, 209 t.). Į the following uses In the dialect of the river Mituva (approx. Jurbarką) drew attention E. Grinaveckienė (1959, 179; 1960, 161). Read more about it A. Girdenis (1962, 4 t. t.). 188 'OUB)UIDY 9 - 57 (g ‘ouayupy 0 - ‘Quglumy OY ~ O (q OusiwDY 0 ~ Vi e (D + VH3HIS DOW dd "D SI Mirėvava ‘Pnivonijo NN vYSI9nva UYo MIUBNUDY-2 dsay -DĮ “00 mIBIWDA-0(Y) į ‘PAD INI -2 8 v 0? y 2. v AAS we: 4 o e V ® select \v v3 o*od e o vy $ ¥ 00 00 o sounDy t, 02,09 nila Yeo 8 ce % Ne vv ‘oo A 4 \ v M ee o 8 o v Tv eo ov z jį e®/ ove 0 ot oe . y VY e e y ®e V wy VV ey¥8)o he ie \ Ye VV. v y mo T CM v j| aa °W ei ge *Y y ° y o s |v e.0 o uy Y e e. ee eo BLIAYDS oumrnded “pag hruonuey 2 11 -D SI hkrepred ‘hua »0*3I0 crash-resistant 'Aed Į 189 Lithuanian schnekts along the Latvian border also behave like this (probably because of the influence of Latvian language, which seems to have only such plural forms of the aforementioned anthroponyms). 2.2. The plurals of personal nouns with roots or paradigms interchange [as in the case of the (in)o-root oikonyms, see 1.2] are characterized by a terminal pronunciation (p. 4), compared with the otherwise baritone or prepositional singular accent paradigm, e.g. : Baužai (4): Bduža (1), Mažeikiai (4): Mažčika (1,2); Winches (4): Ladder (1), Puppies (4): Kitty (2). Where are such a resp. ¢ root personal names dgs. There, the avd plural of other stems is refused to be pronounced at the ending (4,3 a. p.): Gailiai (4): Gailius, Sprindžiai (4,3): Sprindis,- Kazlauskiai (4,3): Kazlaūskis, Šimkūnai (4,3): Šimkūnas etc. (The third pronunciation paradigm is more characteristic of the Žemaičiai and the r. aukštaičiai; the fourth accentuation paradigm is best represented by V. aukštaičiai kauniškiai“*). If arrested. é-kamieniy avd plural is made according to the singular root (Būrbos, Lūpės), the plural paradigm of other roots usually has a root or consonant accent (1, 2 a. p.): Sprindžiai, Kazlduskiai etc. These rules are followed more regularly, it seems, only by some of the Žemaites. Aukštaičiai (not excluding even peripheral speakers outside Lithuania- ), having a resp. ė stem avd plural variant without root substitution, are characterized by terminal pronunciation (3, 4 a. p.; more common 3 a. p.): Trinkūnai, Mackoniai, Ūdrai: Ūdras, Bulbieniai (4) Str (cf. bulbičniai (2) “bulvienojai’) etc. In view of the @ resp. é root avd plural with root substitution and the connection of the terminal consonant (see 2.2), it is possible to assume that these highlanders also had aresp. ė-kamienių avd plural variant with -(7)ai (nominal). 2.2.2. Since the plural forms of (i)oir (i)u-kamienés avd (usually non-bilingual) have two variants of the final accent —the fourth and third accentuation paradigms —the question arises which of them is the original, older. It can be cautiously assumed that the older in this case is the fourth syllable, because: 1) only aresp manifests it. é-kamieniy avd plural forms with stem substitution (see 2.2); 2) In Zemaičiai, which are characterized by a movable (/)oresp. (i)u-kam. plural consonant of anthroponyms (p. 3), there are often plural non-diphthong personal nouns (especially in the western and northern part), pronounced with the fourth consonant, e.g. : Skurvydai (4) Als: dpv. Skurvydas, Pakauskiai (4) Tl: dpv. Pakduskis (for details see 1.2); 3) r. altaičių (e.g. some uteniečių, vilniečių) (7)oresp. (i)u-stemmed person names of the 1st and 2nd accents and the corresponding oikonimes have a very pronounced secondary accent at the plural ending (Sim'kd nits, Tu'mé nis, Ru'gié nits), which probably implies a primary accentuation of the ending, which is also manifested in some places (cf. Bulbieniūs, Šimkūnūs etc.)". 2.3.1. It is believed that the (i)ū resp. ė stem avd plural with -(iJai (Dūdai, Gauliai: Gdulia, Lapiai) has arisen by analogy with more productive (j)o15. Petraitienė Z. Pronunciation variants of two-syllabic nouns in Lithuanian language. Dipl. thesis. —VVU, 1981, 1¢ Understood, after eliminating the effects of accent deflection characteristic of some dialects. 17 Further analysis of this interesting problem does not allow the volume of the article, 190 stems avd plural (Grinaveckienė E., 1960, 161). There seems to be no other opinion. In this way of thinking, it is difficult to explain why the root resp. the č-, é-stems of the consonant avd in the plural tend to change to the terminal pronunciation, su which is not more productive than the baritone į resp. už the attachment. 2.3.2. It seems most rational to assume that the discussed plural du variants of personal names have had different meanings!3, the distribution of variants Tų "in conversations can still be detected (according to available data, in places about "Silver-plated ir sculpture of a v. man standing on a hilltop in the western part of the ne village". p. Substitution of plural p. roots (and)/or accentuative paradigmy of personal nouns? ? su in this case means a family name, made of a personal name, thus has a group meaning, which iš is evidenced, — among other things, by the use: aukštaičiai kauniečiai, some be aukštaičių vilniečių ir šnektos (the latter only v. optionally) avd plural r. su - (i)It is used in the plural®, e.g.: su dvaji, triji ... Dūdai, Gudeliai "two, three... the Douda, the Gudéli families." The second plural variant, made according to the accentuatiir on of the singular root, is used for individual members of the family resp. to mark members of a family, e.g. brothers, cousins... First plural with a specific oxytonic form su (i)ai, neutralizing the opposition of stems, kin ir accentuation paradigms, specific ir semantics (significant “indivisible whole”), would be appropriately called the plural; the second simple. — The plural variants of personal names of du various roots were manifested, for example, as follows: model of 1) neutralization su of the opposition of ir roots, genus accentuation paradigms in the copulative plural: - Burbai Leaves Barkai y & 0 Būrba Lip Barkus \ TMN Burbos Lapés * Barkus? *? 18 This is the case for the J. two-dim- (1889) ensional matrix of the matrix of the 2-dimensional matrix. multiple functions; be to, see. Kurylowicz J., 1964, 204. 18 Už personal information of the author of the article grateful filol. for candidates J. Paulauskas, A. Vidugiris, doc. A. Pirochkinas, B. Savukynas and others. 20 The substitution of stems then also presupposes the substitution of accentuation paradigms if avd is baritone or consonant (see 1.2, 2.2). The model of plurals only with the contradiction of pronunciation paradigms (Šimkūnai: Šimkūnai) is known in places about Jurbarkas, but not everywhere. E. Grinaveckienė (1960, 162) only suggests that it could have been, 21 In this case, the plural and the coop form differ only in that the coop form is the strong (marked) member of the opposition, usually signifying an approximate number of (three mint : three mint). Į šį fact was drawn to the author's attention by doc. V. Labutis. ? *2 Such (/)u root avd forms are not used even where avd plural is made by the singular root and pronunciation. 191 2) model su Neutralization of opposition of accentuation paradigms in the copulative plural: Šimkūnai pAprinžiai Ūsai v4 4 Šimkūnas Sprindis Ūsas X X Šimkūnai Sprindžiai Mustai 2.3.3. In practically all Lithuanian dialects, the distribution of avd two plural variants was generalized to one resp. for the benefit of another member*. The dominant is the plural variant of neutralization of the su opposition of ir stem conjugation paradigms, t. y. su - (i)ai? ?. This model is ir dominated by plural oikonimes, made of root personal iš a, ė names (see section 4.4). 1.1.1 ir (see diagram). Such oikonimų happens ir there (palei The Latvian border, in š. Panevėžys, Kupiškės nų districts, in some other ne places in the ir Highlands, r. not excluding Vilnius), where, nė according to available data, unknown (i)a, trunk ė avd plural su -(i)ai (Zr. (see diagram). Since the plural anthroponymous oikonymes are characterized by coop semantics (see section 4.4). 13 (see footnote), they are to iš be taken as avd coopne plurals, whose forms in the above-mentioned dialects have been displaced by the paradigm of simple plurals?®. 2.4. It is possible to hypothesize that the opposition of : the ordinary copulative plural, traced in place names, was characteristic of appellatives. ir This hypothesis is iš partly supported by the fact that most of the personal names (=X 2/y), of which iš the plural oikonimes are of appellative origin (see section 4.4). relevant parts of this article). But the most important thing is that the relics of two plural oppositions can still be found in the appellatives themselves. ir These relics, as in toponymy, ir are twofold: 1. Is the simple plural contrasted by the collective neutralization of su the opposition of ir the accentuative paradigms of amusement? *, e.g.: July, sg. limpa : liepai (4) 'Lipstone' Št (V. "Mažiulio inf.), plg. Limes 'Lime blossoms' Dks; feet, sg. foot "lower part of the leg, paw; foot mark, hole' Lp, DP 178 : feet (3) "kieno nors kojų įspaustos žymės, pėdsakai' Lp, Dp 183, 192, 210 (LKŽ IX 736); in the lungs ‘kokio pluošto driekos, fiidulos’ S. Dauk : fibre ‘inferior fibrous layer of the horn’ S. Dauk?. 2. Quotient plural is manifested by neutralization of the accentuation paradigm opposition, the t. y. final accent, compared to the simple plural su (resp. 23 Mixed of some snickers (Zr. 2.1.1) avd plurality paradigms should be considered as a consequence of the decline of the above-mentioned distribution (contamination of two paradigms). 24 Only the variant of the coopinė plural in almost all Lithuanian dialects generalized (in) u-stames avd (see section 4.4). 2.1.1). 15 Why the simple plural model was displaced in some places o and the — copulative plural model elsewhere, depended on various reasons, for which there is too little space to discuss here. 26 Samples (illustrations) quantity here is still ir quite limited. 27 E.g., such as S. The sentences of Daukanto (LKZ X 109): [žemaičiai] iš mauknų palagus, punes <...> dirbo, apynių šaknų ir siūlais bei vytimis siūlojo raišiojo ir || Pulp [both times thinned mine. — B. S.] the top to cover the whole tree. Note. LKŽ X 109 ne quite accurately describes the meaning of the word fiber given in the first sentence. This refers to the ne fibrous layer of the horn, the o fibers of to the separate layer, the ‘threads’.” 192 Singular) baritone ar prepositional accent paradigm, e.g. tošviai sg. (1), tošvis in-laws : (4) "father-- ir in-law jų mother-in-law; houses ='mother- -in-law'; dial. parents (1), sg. father (Baritoning paradigm shows lat. father) : parents (4) “father ir mother, Mr. Tejiu*; vdistai sg. (1), vdistas "usually some herbal" drugs : (4) ‘JIeKaperBO' Dkš (V. Labučio inf.). hundred hundred (2), (means exact number): hundreds (4) — means an approximate number, ‘many’ Glv, Nm; toksai sg. (1), eighth : okn Uoksai (4); Gate (2) : okn Gate (4)*; germany (1), sg. vokytis : vokyciai (32) ‘German nation etc.’ Trk (A. Girdenio inf); lietuviai sg. (2), lietuvis : Lithuanians (4) 'lietuvių tauta etc.’ Grv; siuvéjai (1), sg. tailor for : seamstresses (4) ‘sevėjų Seima’ Ldvn, Jrb (J. Cod food inf. ; Grinaveckienė E., 1960, 162 t.)%. 2.4.1. To make the thesis postulated here clearer, let us compare the following sentences: These herbs are good vdistai ir He gave his father a dose of medicine Dks; Du hundreds (rubles) ir Hundreds jų there fly Gly (Carrots K., LKK XI 127); There were three Germans in the yard. For the war those Germans earned a lot of jëbiy Collision; Married to a až Lithuanian woman. ir For fourteen years, Poles <...> and Lithuanians fought Grv (Kardelytė J., 1975, 101, 131); Seamstresses and hairdres- ... ir sers work in the factory. Our village seamstresses live here... ‘siuvéjy Seima’ Ldvn. 2.4.2. Su The discussed distribution of noun pronunciation paradigms is probably related to the ir similar distribution of passive participle pronunciation in some Samogitian dialects, cf. presented, corrected [present" t3, ištaisi" t3] prepositio- — nal conjunction mot. gin. singular : presented, corrected [prezenti" t3, ištaisi" t3] the so-called — genitive form of the infinitive of the ending Lc, LZ, Kik, Akm, Mžk, Vkš, Kal, Pln. Plg. such sentences: Ta meisa būs kožną rytą pristatyta ir Everything will be presented in the morning; Your ta bush will soon be corrected ir It seems to me, that/d] already ylra) corrected, pléntas eita PIn®, Mintis, 2.5.1. kad lietuviy kalboje (and at least in the eastern whites) has existed in the coopiné plural su -(7)ai, not completely new. A similar hypothesis, although very ir fragmentary, has been raised already J. Otrembski, explaining the reasons for the appearance of o/a-kamieniy nouns. He claimed that the multiplicity of Eastern Baltic collective nouns [nomina collectiva su *-(i)d] a new (secondary) plural formma su -(i)ai [<*-(i)d], having retained a certain amount of time a copulative meaning J 1956, 3, 28). a * Į „(Otrėbski pronunciation paradigm fluctuations have long been noted, e.g.: kalnai kalnai (1): kraiitai (3), (2) : cranes (4) etc. (Grinaveckienė E., 1960, 162; Hnnnu— Change: B. M., 1963, 22 t.t. ; Kazlauskas J., 1968, 48; Kardelytė J., 1975, 46). It seems that no one has found that the meanings of these adjacent forms could differ. ** That the derivatives of the same prepositions often in individual dialects are also prepositional or root and terminal (exalted) pronunciation (šdutūvai), has written more extensively A.. Girdenis (1972, 68 t. t.). He believes that ‘a considerable number of the above-mentioned ‘root’ ar examples of “terminal” pronunciation are relics, separated from other Vedic not only in their expression (pronunciation), but also in content” [this word is thinned out by me. — B. S.), see Girdenis A., 1972, 69. In the chat su A. Girdeniu crystallized ir the thesis raised here that the terminal variants of otherwise baritone nouns (plg. German : Germans) may be former relics of the squad plural. 30 This fact of spelling was noticed and reported by doc. A. Girdenis. 13. 91 ) 193