Lietuvių antroponiminė sistema XVI a.

VITALIJA MACIEJAUSKIENĖ LITHUANIAN ANTHROPONYMICAL SYSTEM XVI CENTURY The Lithuanian anthroponym system was formed over several centuries. The name of the person was replaced by a name and a descriptive or otherwise adjective prefix, and later by two or three personal names. One of these personal names became permanent, inherited, common to all family members, i.e. became a surname. The result of the development of the Lithuanian anthroponym system is the naming of persons by name and surname. ju By the 16th century, all the main ways of writing persons are established, and they are also found in later centuries (persons can be named by one, two and three different personal names). In the second half of the 15th century, the most productive method was the use of two personal names. This indicates the formation of a dual Lithuanian anthroponym system. The analysis of personal names in various 16th-century documents clearly testifies to the establishment of a dual Lithuanian anthroponym system. For example, out of 4 thousand records of different persons in the second half of the 16th century, only 3.49% are records of one name and 39% — of three different names. In all other cases, the persons are named by two personal names. In the 16th century, the binary method of naming persons was used for representatives of all social classes (peasants, slaves, servants were usually written with one personal name, and representatives of the noble classes with three). However, there are still many variations and inequalities in the naming of 16th-century persons. In particular, these are the already mentioned ways of writing a person in one or three personal nouns. There are four different types of anthropomorphism. It is still relatively common in this period to name persons by name and descriptive or otherwise apelative pronoun. In addition, there are cases when the same person can be written differently — one personal name, a name and a descriptive pronoun or two anthroponyms, etc. The article examines all the ways of writing names used in the 16th century, discusses the origin and formation of personal names, which form various models of naming persons, and draws conclusions about the formation of Lithuanian surnames in this period. All the statements in the article are illustrated by numerous examples from various published and manuscript 16th century sources, which are listed in alphabetical order at the end of the article. Each example is followed in parentheses by the source number in the list and the page or sheet number. 154 1. Identification of persons by a single name It may be a national Lithuanian personal name, e.g. : Bepkame (6,18), Bydpuc (27,203), Bymeua (27,206), Jlopkeymae (15,62), Kearmuno (24,227), Keedkeosms (24,51), Keemoem (27,13), Keedymuc (27,176), Keouatoc (27,34), Hremun (27,67), Hceun (27,217), Kurmoem (27,199), Kaoeskoiireauc (27,44), Kywaymuc (27,67), Monueuds (22,806), Moneiko (2, 216), Monmeurs (13,18), Monwil (2,215), Momxceuxro (2,21), Moxcuc (27,167), Hap6yma (K linksnis; 6,20), Hapeuwucs (2,157), Hapmonm (27,176), Pukienis (2,74), Padeun (27,210), Paedonuce (2,414), Pumwreaiiro (24,202), Pomeuro (2,27), Pycmetiko (27,64), Capereyc (27,210), Ckxupenuc (27,84), Skodeila (2,469), Cmsesua (2,11), Cynkeoiia (27,106), Taaucon (N linksnis; 26,888), Topmosuds (24,49), Boboa (2,133), Kaomuc (27,35), JKeadpeic (27,231). There are many different forms of christening, e.g. : Adams (15,62), Ansdpeu (2,314), Bapmaomeūii (13,500), Boedanws (15,59), Boasmpymuc (2,165), Bopsmko (27,208), domenursd (24,41), Kabpusars (15,62), I'puys (24,213), Kepuxkeac (2,540), I'pueops (27,232), I'pun (2,26), Aks (2,18), Huwa (2,154), Jesiulis (13,487), Jonis (16,382), IOpkeeaucs (2,443), IOpeucs (24,57), Opkeymuc (2,217), Opu (27,115), Kacnop® (15,52), Kpuwumogs (24,39), Lawryn (2,568), Jlykaum (2,12), Mayeno (2,217), Mapmun (27,210), Mapmunen (2,27), Martinelis (2,214), Mameu (2,218), Matelis (13,282), Muyko (27,232), Mukeaucs (13,14), Mukorau (27,216), Muxym (2,23), Murymuc (27,127), Muceaucds (21,184), laser (27,16), [Temps (2,23), IHempanuce (13,78), Hempaws (24,210), Petrel (2,191), [Tuaruns (24,227), Symona (K. linksnis; 2,82), Cman (27,159), Cmanen (2,18), Cmarnxeauc (2,291), Stankus (13,380), Cmanucaass (24,203), Stasis (2,37), Cmacwk (2,371), Cmenan (2,17), Iltimxo (15,61), lemons (15,67), Szymué (2,213), Szymunel (2,214), Tomaws (15,63), Tymenuce (2,416), Bayyc (2,223), Baaruc (2,234), Benvyras®s (15,52), Boumex (2,409), Boumxkeauc (2,291). In the 16th century, when the use of two anthroponyms became the norm for naming persons, one personal name could not provide sufficient information about the person in question. Therefore, very rarely one name is written for barons. And if such cases occur (for example, repeatedly mentioning the same person or writing a nobleman in a not particularly important document), the long form of the Christian name is usually used, e.g.: pana Symona (K vernacular; 2,83), pana Onikieja (K vernacular; 2,79) and so on. In the 16th century documents, the name of the slaves, the family of the manor, and the servants are usually written with one personal name. They did not have large property, took little direct part in social life, so their naming in any writing was the least affected by the changes that occurred during the development of the anthroponym system. If necessary, they are written only by name, 155 often in its short form or in the diminutive form, perhaps as they were called on a daily basis. This is evidenced by the frequent minor forms of Christian names in this period?!. However, in the 16th century, when the most productive was the binary naming of persons, which provided more information about the person mentioned, the recording of one anthroponym could be sufficient only in a very narrow circle of communicators. Therefore, in cases where a person has only a first name and has no usual second name in this period (or it is unknown to the writer), various adjective pronouns are written next to the name, providing additional information about the person and helping to distinguish him from the consonants. 2. Appellative pronouns and their personalization These pronouns were very diverse in the 16th century. Most often, the name is followed by the person's occupation, profession, e.g. : Banuroc kosars (2,415), Bartlomiey kowal (13,283), I'puzop xosa1 (27,172), Jakst kowal (16,398), Sn kosax (27,47), IOpsreuc Kosar (27,26), Kasper kowal (2,533), Maciej kowal (2,506), Marcin kowai (16,401), Mencuc xosaa (27,136), Hapxeeiiro kosar (6,39), Stanislaw kowal (2,469), Cmenan KoeaA (6,39), Cumons 6ednap (2,416), Kaswoauc wobomap (2,414), Muxkorat wobomapes (13,299), Olexi czobotarz (2,194), Cmac®s wobomap®s (2,332), Yenymuc douauda (2,316), Wiecko doilida (2,215), ns, kpaseys (14,198), MumKo kpaeey (27,217), Yp6ano qxap (2,334), Grygalus, lawnik (16,426), Petryk, fawnik (16,416), Cmanuce naenurxo (3,94), Stanislaw tawnik (2,397), Woyciech lawnik (2,536), boedan mennur (2,13), I'pouuxo mearnuxs (2,244), Piotrz mlynarz (2,469), Heaney ozcpodnux® (2,234), Naruczys ogiodnik (13,282), Tomas ogrodnik (2,536), Uleimko nacmyxs (2,234), Ilasea nusosap (2,339), Stas piwowar (2,505), fneauc pesnurs (3,94), Boedan pweiboaros (6,39), Tomaw por6a1068 (2,335), Boruc cmpeixap (2,281), Muxkea- ®s caecape (13,299), [Taser mrau (2,314), Hosekeunm® mokap (2,281). Positions may also be indicated, e.g. : Mky6 nonpucmas (6,39), Jlauc nonpucmas (6,39), ITaeen nonpucmas (27,133), [Temps npucmae (6, 39), Boumxo, nepesosrux (27, 64), Six cmpeaey (27, 205), Barwoiuc musyns (3, 94), ITemp, soum (27, 160), Stasiul, woit (13, 250), indicating that the person is a recent settler, e.g. : Jan novik (9, 8), IOpwreuc, Hosoced (27, 121), Mameu nosoced (27, 131), Measud nosoced (27, 10), Mikuc nowosiad (2, 196), CmaHuc Hosoced (27, 131), or written luomas —Bartlomiey, boyarzyn (13, 290), Benųnass 601pomeo (15, 67). Rarely is mentioned any other characteristic of uZraSom- 's personality, e.g. : Muxonas no2zopen020 (K vernacular; 2, 218), Cmanena xpomoeo (K vernacular; 2, 218) etc. 1 V. Tagunova claims that the appearance of minor forms of personal names was caused by social need. Until the 18th century, these forms were used to refer to the representatives of the unprivileged classes in the living language and in documents, in an effort to emphasize social differences. See. : TaryHoBa B. H. KareropHsi yMeHbuMHTEJILbHOCTH H JIaCKATEJIbHOCTH B JĮĮHaJIeKTHON AHTpONoHHuMHH. - B ku. : Onomacruka [Tososxkba. Topbrknū, 1971, c. 156 Additional information about the person being recorded is provided by other kinds of pronouns — these are indications that the person is a preacher, a preacher, e.g. : Boampymuc npukypuc (27, 130), Yenymsa npeuxypa (K links; 3, 182), Kepukeymsa npeuxypa (K links; 3, 182), Endpyauc yacokyp (3, 94), z Jurgiem uzkurem (In links; 2, 179), IOpu yacoxypuc (3, 243), Jlaspuny yuwrkypy (N links; 3, 243), Mapmun yoekypuc (3, 243). It can be indicated whose person is the uZkurys or preikuras, i.e. the adjective prefix is still followed by personal names, e.g. : Andrzej, preykur Mikolaiowej (3, 182); Jakub, preykur QZakowey (3, 182), Szymos, uszkuris Bernatow (3, 243), Illwmerxo, Hapoumiose npexyp (3, 182) and others. After the name of a person, it can be written whose son-in-law he is: Janko, Montrymow ziec (2, 183); Sluymoc, IOpkoseu senmo (2, 335); Mays Bowaiimess zame (13, 12); Maciej, Iaciow zienc (2, 537); Macziei, Napssow ziecz (2, 644); Pawel, wife of Goyzutow (2, 117); Zygmunt, Pawlow zigc (2, 194), or other relationships are indicated —Adam, syn Woiciechow (2, 535); Hats, coin neGogauuyųo: 3oguu (3, 195); Sle, Keaskeapun my (2, 223); Kasper, Andrzeiow pasynek (2, 567); Marcin, son of Woytow (2, 67); Petrué, Szczepuciowei mąż (2, 214) and others. All the cases of writing by name and adjective or otherwise descriptive pronoun presented here are not taken from any single source. They were in various writings of the mentioned period, alongside entries in two personal names. In the 16th century, these pronouns were equivalent to the first names, nicknames or surnames written next to a person's name. They performed the primary ─ distinctive ─ function of the latter. This is also evidenced by cases where different ways of naming persons are used side by side, e.g.: Kepoik2oc yiukypow a Cumon Si xyčosusu (3, 243); Kepukeymsa Keaesauma a Opyzozo Kepuxeyms npeuxypa (K linksnis; 3, 182); Mameio Slykosusy, Jlaepuny murypy, Sxkyby Ilauosusy, Ilempoiky yurypy (N vernacular; 3, 243) and so on. Some of the above-mentioned adjective and descriptive pronouns have become personal names. In the 16th century, especially in the second half, many anthroponyms were derived from the name of a profession or craft, e.g. : Urban Bartnik (13, 169), Adoms Czobotoros (2, 390), Muxoznaii Yo6omape (13, 300), Lawryn Czobotarz (13, 380), Peczulis Cžobotarz (2, 631), Wolonczus Czobotarus (13, 107), Puauns Įoiinuoda (13, 299), Mikucz Doylida (2, 191), Woyciel Doylida (13, 293), Ambposs Kosano (13, 501), Bartiomiey Kowal (13, 283), Bolcius Kowal (13, 175), Czeputis Kalwis (2, 523), IOp«keuce Kaavsucws (13, 311), Kacnop Kosar (2, 309), z Petkyem Kalwiem (In linksnis; 13, 130), Stanistaw Kowal (13, 532), Banis Krawiec (13, 567), SIky6® Kpaseyws (14, 219), Anywuc Kybuauc (27, 26), Mapmuns Kybuas (13, 17), Taneouwm Kybuauc (27, 28), Pawel Lawnik (13, 166), Ambros Melnik (2, 185), Woitekus Miesnik (13, 129), Jan Piwowar (2, 552), Pietryk Podzius (2, 185). In the 16th century, the following examples of the writing of personal names with adjective and descriptive pronouns are also evidenced: Sfna Boapuna (K vernacular; 21, 345), Mamet Boapuins (24, 85); Ansdpeu Hoeuxe (2, 452), Andpeii Hosocsdw (13, 526), lx Hosoceas (13, 78), Janel Nowosied (13, 250), Jendrzey Nowik (2, 505), Jozef Nowosiad (2, 182), Moneiko Nowosed (2, 216), Petrik Nowosed (2, 216), Stas Nowosiad 157 (2, 182), Wojciech Nowosied (13, 250), Ansdpeu IT peuxmace (2, 413), with Andrey Preykure (In linksnis; 13, 126), Kepuke® [lpeukwac (2, 413), fins IT peuxtwuac (3, 321), flnea Il pedixypuc (27, 105), Janis Preikuris (2, 215), Anyme IT peiikwucs (13, 525), Jas Preykurys (13, 384), Pawilus Preykurys (13, 116), Stanistaw Preykuris (2, 607), s Tomaszem Preikure (In linksnis; 2, 237), Kepukes Ywxypucsd (13, 603), Yendrzei Uszkuris (2, 471), IOpkeucsd Ywxyps (13, 528), Mauyaucs Yuwkypucs (13, 604), Mamyws Ywrkyps (13, 527), Pawel Uszkuris (13, 285), [lempoc VYuurypuc (2, 146), Cmantoauc Ywokypucd (2, 321); Stasiul Woit (13, 250), or Gryg BalZentis (2, 398), Mameu Bupymencenomuc (2, 428), Szimko Dundulzentis (2, 626), Stanis KibeikoZentis (2, 638), Cmanucenaes Komunvicenosmucs (2, 417), Mukorau Kynuewvacenmuc (2, 310), Macellis Lolzentis (13, 482), Boduycs Ilempencenmucd (13, 604), Banis Urbzentis (2, 252), PecZulis Dowkssobrolis (2, 650), Moxcan Kywaymbpaauc (27, 42), fna [lempymonpeukswa (K links; 3, 321) and others. There is no doubt that some of the cases of notation presented in Cia may have arisen from spelling inconsistencies. For example, in the 1561 inventory of the city of Virbalis, the same person is written three times — Macziei, Napssow ziecz; Macziei Napssowziecz and Macziei Napssezentis). However, most of the above mentioned entries indicate the appellative and descriptive personalization of pronouns, the subsequent stage of which are various patronymical suffixes derived from the discussed personal names, e.g.: fky6 Kaneaumuc (2, 291), Janelis Pudzunas (2, 644), Tonaueo ITueoeapaimuce (13, 299) and so on. In addition, with the development of the anthroponym system, some of these personal names became surnames. This is evidenced by our current surnames Čebatėrius, Čebatoriūnas, Dailidė, Dailidonis, Kalvis, Malūnaitis, Puodžiūnas, Puodžius, Preikša, Preikšas, Uškurys, UZkurditis and more rare —JuodZentis, Lūpžentis, Simonižentis, ViktaZentis, Vitūžentis* and so on. 3. The use of two personal names This is the most productive way of naming persons in the 16th century, which testifies to the establishment of a dual Lithuanian anthroponym system. 3. 1. The first member of this family is a national Christian — personal ar name. The majority of Lithuanian names in the 16th century consist of baptismal names, but national names are also often used (especially in the first half of the 16th century). It is true that in various church documents, metric books, etc., these names were completely replaced by Christian names in the 16th century (here they have survived only in patronymic forms), but the administrative-legal, pobeditel's documents of this period are still full of ethnic names, for example, in the 1537 list of duties of Zemgalian peasants? There are about 3300 peasants belonging to the grand duke, who are written with two personal names, and of them about 319 have a national name. These are mainly the old Lithuanian double-stemmed personal names, 2 See. The Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute of the Lithuanian SSR. 2 See source 27. 158 e.g. : beep Konmosmosuu (171)*, Bymnap Pykomaiimuc (33), Bympums Ilynoumuc (101), Bymeua Cnykaiimuc (182), Įlasmonm Meuynoc (11), Hosseur dosmeraumuc (135), Junaps būsudaumuc (24), Keedumun IMayosuu (29%), Kezedkasm Munwaumuc (22), Keedsua Kowmpumosuu (66), Keecmoem Ilaenosusd (90), Keemoem [dudexaiimuc (217), Keunsua Kenmpaiimuc (46), Keoamu's lureaosun (43), fl comes Bymatimuc (188), coun Hopxreeraimuc (78), Kecmosm Ilukmadmuc (58), Kouman JKaraxuc (78), Koumpum Ckempuc (91), Koumanoua Joskwaiimuc (194), Muakonm Ky6opaimuc (44), Murnbym [Memposuy (23), Mun kzea Munaurosus (23), Munkeous Jlymuc (41), Murmosm Hop xzosuu (32), Monmapm Keoamunosuu (50), Monmosm Keedsuraumuc (28), Moumpum Pumymosuu (47), Monmeud Ilurxmaiimuc (84), Moumeua Kenmpaiimuc (86), Currency Hdoskwaumuc (208), Mocmeua Kywaedixosuu (52), M oxcpum Home kosur (125), Hapbym Ilynaumuc (98), Hapmonm Muxraiimuc (166), Hapweud Keunedrxaumuc (27), Hapsua Monmeusatimuc (162), Hapeoum Benesus (11), Pumxreotia Muneiixosuu (75), Podsua Konmoemosus (216), Cronmosm SKkybosuu (86), Cynkear Monmosmosuu (117), Cypsmun Tareowaiimuc (24), Taamun Mooxcpumosud (191), Tarsouw IOwroeus (197), Toemeua Hapreaiimuc (195), Basxkaupd Baprymosus (85), Budkunm Poexemaimuc (193), Buabym Ilempauaumuc (208), Bucmun Cymonmosuu (49), Bucmonm Kybpuc (44), Bodomun Konmeiixosus (78), Bodnap Ilurxmyncosus (96), Bottunap Kywaeiirosuu (52), Construction ud S16ymosuu (16), Bouwsur Hapeurosuu (31), Kadsoun Hopxkeeratimuc (80). There are ir various different, sometimes somewhat unusual, national ir personal names written in place of the name, e.g. : Boxwmuc ITemposusu (40), Baruyc HappeeeKosu4 (156), Buanioc Toneumosus (122), Bydpea Iledeunosuu (43), Bydpuc [Teadymadmuc (180), Byknioc Bopaimuc (85), Bymuxkuc Muocaiimuc (34), Hapwreuc FOwxaumuc (227), Hobur Kepmecuc (44), Jlopkeymuc Kenmpaimuc (719), Hosxkwuc Tyakunmosuu (38), Keoitiaioc Cnonkeauc (65), Keounrceauc Pewymaumuc (28), Keotiscuc Boaetico (29), Kenmpyc Bumapmaiimuc (46), Kecmuc Adpumosuy (177), Chaos Muoadimuc (98), Kywareiko Byuwadmuc (42), Kywauc ¥Ypvbaiimuc (66), Kymypuc Moxpunaiimuc (189), Jlokymuc Cxoskonmoeu4 (42), Maxcyc Ilemposus (71), Maxcymuc IMuxmy does downloads (70), Muxnioc Mapsmurosuu (131), Moxcymea Koumpumaiimuc (102), Hapymuc JTromxoeu (52), Light Menu Croemaiimuc (41), Muxmymuc Bucmornosuu (40), Iluxmyocuc Toaymaumuc (22), Pydeau Mumrosus (116), Cnuxeauc Moscaiimuc (65). Cnydetiko Jpokenaimuc (68), Cmupbuc Toaymatimuc (134), Taare Pycaaiimuc (115), Tarowuc Cxparuc (29), Tosmxyc Siuxosus (12), Bupxkymuc JKokapuc (67), Boiinroc Cosotinosus (104), Kadeuro Keoamunaumuc (29), /Keup6auc ITemposuy (77). Most of these names are not known as names today, but have survived in our surnames. The presentation of double names and various other Lithuanian personal names, written in the first place in the binary naming of persons, is not only a specificity of the source mentioned. Dajjie in others ni ir 16th century, especially in the first half, documents. jo * Since all examples are from the source iš mentioned, 27 only the page is indicated in parentheses. 159 In the second a. half of the 16th century, Lithuanian names, especially nicknames, decreased considerably, and were iš replaced by Christian names. However, the inventotius of baptismal names XVI is not a. large. After reviewing 10 about thousands of cases of recording of persons, about different baptismal 70 names were found, which are written in documents very differently. Most variations are due to the fact that the sources are ne written in one language (The first a. half of the 16th — century mostly in Russian, o the second — half in Polish). However, some inconsistencies reflect the evolution of the forms of baptismal names, a certain rą jų adaptation to the laws of the Lithuanian language. In the XVI a. binary model of persons’ naming, the following baptised names are written in the first place”: Adam Janaiczis (2, 532), Aznexscandops Boedanosuus (15, 52), Amuns6pomceii: AnOpyuurKosuds (24, 230), Ambrozey® Staskowicz (2, 120), Andpeii Andpywrosuds (15, 60), Andpejoc Muaironoc (2, 272), Anvdpusns Width (24, 207), Ankyos Kynpusanoguy (2, 26), Aumon Boapomosus (2, 26), Acmacheiti Sybiriuns (24, 39), Askeyumoir Iesoraumuc (2, 328), Augustine of Hippo Towtkaytis (16, 430), baawzmpomei JIobopmosuus (24, 209), Baitromiejus Gaylaytis (11, 13), Bartiomiey Chapaytys (13, 385), Bartlomieius Zyndaitis (2, 435), Benedict Iodkaychi (2, 606), biased Cmanbkous (24, 79), Boedans Bepwsramosuus (24, 201), Yaseds Mayesuus (24, 105), Dominik Andrusaytis (16, 400), Erasmuss Rymkaitis (2, 237), E30 Mameesuus (13, 299), Puauns Cone size (24, 40), [Tuaun Kondoaosuu (27, 147), Enepoiano Bapwsmowesus (15, 58), Keabpuars Andpywskoeuds (24, 61), T'pueopa J1neaoums (K smiley; 3, 181), Grygalis Tuczaytis (16, 385), Grygalus Gindaytis (16, 405), Gregory Ianussaitis (2, 643), Henam /Anunoeus (2, 24), Foam Tybeauc (27, 141), ffky6s Bpudaumuc (3, 94), Iakubus Stanislawaitys (13, 105), Ian Bortkaycis (2, 584), Jonas Atsaycis (2, 533), Jozefh Diwozaic (2, 188), Epmora Caromosuusd (18, 101), fA porums fAxybosuus (24, 222), Karukcms Owxkosuus (24, 28), Kapn® Cnsayesuu (2, 24), Kacnaps Adamosuns (24, 40), Kasper Ambrosaic (2, 518), Kausenms Muxaiiroeuus (24, 53), Krzysztof Mikotaiewicz (13, 486), Jlaepune bepnamoeuds (24, 53), Lauryn Piotrowicz (2, 53), Lawrynas Jonaytis (13, 485), Jlazap® Mukoraesuws (24, 76), Luk Steponaitis (2, 462), Jlykaws Bepnamotimucte (13,239), Jlykan Jlesornosud (2, 24), Marvxeposu Mameesuny (N cheerful; 17,10), Mapko Anosuus (24, 210), Mapsmuns AebKeyusmelHoBU4D (24, 109), Martinas Kibutaytys (13, 383), Mamet Baruyrnaumuc (2, 327), Matthieu Giedutaytis (8, 2), Motieius Mikotaiaitys (13,114), Mikotay Andrzeiaytis (13,489), Mikotayus Dargaith (13,107), Onseavma Boedarnosuns (24,76), Oedeu Mypuroeuu (2, 26), Paulus Rimuidovych (2, 179), Pawilus Yuchaitis (13, 111), Time Bupbuiaumeic® (2, 238), Peter Boburnaitis (2, 527), [Tempac Keedmunaumuc (2, 320), Petras Grigovych (2, 178), I1pokon Ounesus (2, 26), Pomans Bepramosuus (24, 231), Cepagurs muxatirosuus (24,49), Ceaveecmps Jobpoianosuds (15,62), New Year's Eve Michatowicza (K humorous; 16, 392), Ce6acmoana Mucesus (K lingula; 12,407), Sebestian Stanaytis (2,397), Cumeons I'pucopsesuus (12,31), Symon Ambrosaytis (16,405), Stanis5 There is no doubt that the material iš of others The a. 16th-century sources, which have remained unreviewed, expanded the inventory of dų baptismal vessels. ¢ Here are some more commonly ir used variants of some baptismal names. 160 law Bartkaytys (13, 382), Stefanus Kumžaytis (11, 12), Cmenans Bopmerosusds (24, 105), Stephonas Rimuidowycz (2,179), Tomacs fkybosuts (24,39), Tomaszus Giedraitys (13,107), Urban Gawray¢ (13,380), Urbanas Juszkaytys (13,382), Wactaw Iaykowski (2,568), Basenmuns fneraumuc (2,340), Valentinus Januszewicz (2,178), Wectaw Jotaytys (13,381), Boūmexe Aaexcandposuds (24,50), Woytekus Mildawgaitys (13,110). Not all christening names were equally common in the 16th century. Part of jy is written only once or several times, such as: AxtOdpuane, Ankyds, Acmardheidi, Branceii, Ezopo, Enepoian, Hume, flpmora, Karukcmo, Kapne, Kaumenmse, Jlasaps, Jlykan, Marvxeps, I poxons, Osdeu, Pomans, Capagpurs, Sebestian, Ceavséecmp® and others. Such names usually have neither short forms nor any other nearby variants. Meanwhile, the more common names have grown up with them. For example, in 16th-century sources the following forms of the name John and their derivatives are recorded: Ian Bortkayčis (2,584), fre byopaumuc (2,443), flneauc Ansdpeaumuc (2,314), Ianik Budginayčis (2,613), Janikas Giedczszaytis (13,487), Janikus Anksztokaithys (13,127), Janczus Jurgaytis (16,397), Janusz Auzaytis (16,419), Anywuc bywaumuc (2,166), Ianuszys Ginwitaycis (2,617), Ianuszko Drusaytis (11,12), Janutis Bruzaitis (2,546), Janos Eykintaytys (13,382), Janus Kwieczaitys (13,114), Janusis Janaytis (16,406), Janko Gryczaytis (16,389), fice Bymeunaiimuo (13,14), Jasas Bukontaytis (13,483), Scroauc fneraumuc (2,340), Jasulis Iakaytis (5,1), flcymucs bapmoekaumuc (2,221), Jasius Ianaitis (2,639), Jonas Atsaycis (2,533), lonelis Gadeykaytis (8,2), Hanns Butrymaicis (2,590), Hanus Kibortaitis (2,658), Iwan Krowiutaitis (2,631), etc. Ne less forms, Vedic and jų various graphic, phonetic other variants ir had other more popular names. Most of them came to Lithuania from Russian, Polish, Belarusian, German and other languages, and now they have survived only in our ir surnames." In colloquial ir language, various forms and variants of Christian names probably began to appear shortly after baptism, when Lithuanians came into contact with these names. In written sources, the variety of forms of baptismal names could only be reflected after a longer period of time, when they were already common in the spoken language. In the 16th century sources there are already frequently known today widely used short versions of christening names, formed in the Lithuanian language soil, which came from other languages, ir e.g. : ar iš Alexy Ludkunos (2,572), Ambras Jakstaytis (16, 385), Ambros Giedminaytis (13,490), Brazis Wectawowicz (2,47), Brazus pawilaytis (8,3), Andpyce Padusonosuus (15,67), Baltrus Marcinowicz (10,1), Banuc Byuskeaumuceo (2,302), Grig Duliebaitis (2,652), Kepureac Skybaumuc (2,146), Gust Woidotait (2,519), Jakas Dawgiedaytis (13,491), Jozis Misowicz (2,61), Juras Bruzaytis (13,483), Jurgis Butkaytis (16,393), Kaums Mukorahesuus (24,55), Mamuc bymeuraumucs (2,145), Mik Bernotaycis (2,584), Mica Giedvoszaicis (2 568), IIponuce flkyboeuus (24,202), Pasmycs Hlnoseuus (12,15), Sak Lawrzinowic? (2,632), Cumoc Muxroraesuy (27,209), Stanis Gieneraytis (16,383), Cmacs Bepmtkaumuc (2,165), Stasius Giedwilaytis (8,1), Stapus Laygaytis (16,384), Urbas Five... " Vanagas A, Our last names. I. — Kn. : Words ir people. V, 1974, p. 87—152; Vanagas A. Our last names. II. —Kn. : People and language. V., 1977, p. 49-92. 11. 91 161 kaytis (16,386), Woytkus Janikaytis (16,404), Benyycs Conmosmosuus ir (21,172) etc. Very often, in the 16th-century binomial nominative of persons, the minor derivatives of the baptismal names are written in the first place. Rarely, minor forms are formed from long forms of baptismal names, e.g. : Iakubelis petkaytis (8,2), Martinelis Lowcaytis (3,6) and others. There are many minor forms of short and double-syllable names (Jonas, Petras, Tomas) in the mentioned period, e.g. : Andrik Mazaytis (2,194), Andpiono Bomosusas (13,478), Andruč Jonetaytis (13,461), Baltru¢ Diburaytis (13, 459), Bolulis Niestajewicz (2,112), Grigiel Butkaitis (2,214), Grygul Janowicz (13, 380), Grygutis Bruzaytis (13,483), Iakiel Glabaitis (2,634), Iakučis Boiaraycis (2,569), Jakutis Giedwilaitis (2,524), Janutis Bruzaitis (2,546), Jurgielis Borzdaycis (2,604), Jurguc Budkaytis (2,189), IOpkeymucs Mypsosuu (2,415), Matulis Eykintaytys (13,382), Mamymucs Baboaaumuc (2,313), Mikielis Dziugaitys (13,111), Muxyme Tanrrowosuus (24,228), Mikutis Jagminaytis (16,419), Petrelis Janowicz (2,66), Petruk Mineykaytis (16,409), Petrutis Butkaytis (16, 422), Sczepuc Giedminaytis (2,183), Tanya [Hdobkosuy (2,156), Tomiel Stanistawowicz (2,323), Urbutis Powižaytis (5,8), Walulis Jankaytys (13,384). The abundance of forms of Mazybiniy baptismal names in writings of various kinds is a specific feature of the period under consideration. Today, the minor forms of traditional christenings are used only in a narrow circle of family or friends. Meanwhile, in official documents (passport, metrics) it is accepted to write their long forms or short variants, which have become as if independent names. 3.2.The second members of binomial persons can be divided into two main groups: 1) anthroponyms of patronymic origin (father names); 2) non-patronymous personal names (old Lithuanian double names, anthroponyms of nickname origin, etc.). The first group is significantly more abundant. For example, out of 4 thousand cases of binomial persons in the second half of the 16th century, about 2,194 were written with a name and a non-patronymous personal name, and in the first half of the 16th century this percentage was even lower. Thus, the most productive binary designation of persons in the 16th century is name + surname. 3.2.1. In this period, the patronymic names are formed with the Lithuanian patronymic suffixes -aitis, -onis, -ūnas, -ėnas and the Slavic -ovič, -evič, etc. The productivity of these adverbs varies. For example, in the first half of the 16th century, most patronymic names were composed with the Slavic patronymic suffix -ovič. The other productivity suffixes can be listed in the following order: -aitis, -evič, -ūnas, -onis. Meanwhile, in the second half of the 16th century, patronymic names with the Lithuanian suffix -aitis prevailed. After this are the derivatives of the -ovič prefix, and the other prefixes are distributed according to productivity in the following order: -evich, -onis, -ūnas, -énas. Therefore, there is a certain tendency towards Lithuanianization of patronymic forms, which becomes more pronounced in later centuries. It has been observed that in the 15th century almost all patronymic names were composed with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -ovič, -evič, which eventually became the prerogative of the Russian noble classes. 162 Iendrzey Yodziun (2,494), Mayyc Kunkynoc (27, 16), [Temps Kaonionace (13,527), Cmac Keemxynoc (27,227), Andrzei Medziunas (2,203), Mamyx ITuxuronoc (2,405), Mik Pikciun (2,255), Jurgi Podziunas (2,653), Eukasz Styrniunas (2,552), Iakub Szerniunas (2,604), Mauynuce Taemrynace (13,604). 3.2.7. The Lithuanian patronymic suffix -énas XVI a. is unproductive. TévavardZi with this suffix are very rare in documents of the period, e.g. : Piotrass Bailtupenas (2,659), HTnace Baskeracs (13,528), Anywko KdOmenace (13,527), Bakronuc Muxrenoc (7,54), lOpreuce Munkeernacs (13,528), Tumas Tarutenas (2,499), Yenacs Ilemnenacs (13,527). 3.2.8. A separate group of second-person names consists of anthroponyms with so-called minor and graceful prefixes, which are rare in the mentioned period. The most common are the derivatives of the suffixes -elis, -elė, -ėlis, -ėlė (due to the way of writing in the sources these suffixes cannot be distinguished). The previously discussed 16th-century suffixes were patronymical. When it comes to suffixes -elis, -elė, -ėlis, -ėlė, it is difficult to distinguish where they have the meaning of a patronymic suffix, i.e. when a personal name with these suffixes is made from the father's name or the second parent's anthroponym written after the name. The material of the Lithuanian language atlas shows that at present in our dialects the surnames of children (boys, adolescents, young people) are made up of the father’s surname with suffixes -elis, -ėlis. Therefore, in personal names composed of one or another form of the first name with these suffixes, the latter may sometimes have a patronymic meaning, e.g. Jflky6 Mauenuc (27,84). Other names with these suffixes are usually of nickname origin, e.g. : Ilaena Aeunena (K linksnis; 17,33), Janel Budrel (2,457), Tomko Gaydel (13,293), Maciej Grazel (2,505), Marczyn Gudelis (2,398), Jlykawws Kaupeaws (3,94), Jan Meszkele (2,364), Iakub Mittelis (2,506), Cmanucraes Pydenuce (2,414), Cmarucnae Ceneauc (6,59), Maciei Szerelis (2,471), Ambpocs Buakeauc (2,322) and others. In some cases, the suffixes in these personal names may be patronymic (as we will see later, in the period mentioned, relatively often a non-patronymous anthroponym of a similar type is written after the name of the person). However, in many cases it is completely impossible to determine whether personal names with suffixes -elis, -elė, -ėlis, -ėlė are made from other, non-derived anthroponyms (then these suffixes could often have a patronymic meaning), or whether the nicknamed personal names are turned into minor forms of adjectives. Other minor suffixes (-ulis, -ukas, -utis) XVI very a. rare, e.g. : Grygas Stanulis (13,286), Grygalus Janutis (13, 489), SIn® Iempymuce (15, 62), IOwuxo Zloexeymuc (2,18), [Tasers Įlapkeymuce (2,336), Maciey Goyzutis (2, 110), Iurgi Gierulis (2,638), Yan Sildziuk (2,255). 3. 2.9. The Lithuanian suffix -iškis can also have patronymic meaning. 16th-century personal names with this suffix are formed from Christian names, e.g.: lakub Chwiedkisskis (2,639), Mikotai Grygiszkis (2,365), Baarsmpyws Jlaepumirkuce (2,332), Petrasz Michailiszkis (2,255), Jan Mikutyszkis (2,183), Ianik Simoniskis (2,579), Iurgi Woyciskis (2,569), from two-stemmed Lithuanian anthroponyms, e.g. : Maciey Dawnaryszkysz (2,188), fin Hapeuduwruc (27,207), ar pravardinés kilmės asmenvardziy, pvz.: [laseas buckynuwrucs (13,311), Kasper Czypiszkis (2,567), An169 drzey Doyniskis (2,581), I' pun Buskwukuc (27,201), Macziey Zydziszkis (2,497) ir et al. Other derivatives of this suffix, especially toponyms, have no patronymic meaning, e.g.: [lemp Kepnoseumrxuc (27,168), Thomasz Eiragolisskis (2,641), Iurgi Jurbarkisskis (2,659), Opu Keudaunuwskuc (2,322), Ian Moissagolisskis (2,649), Iurgis Punisskis (2,639), Marczin Upitisskis (2,649), Piotr Wielionisskis (2,643), Dobko Wilkiiskis (2,649) and others. 2. 10. In addition to the above-mentioned patronymic suffixes -ovic, -evi¢, in the 16th century there were other Slavic suffixes, e.g.: -ovskis, -ickis, -inskis, -ackis, etc. The 16th-century manuscripts are rare. Some of the most common are the -ovskis derivatives, e.g. : Cmanucaass Bepdoeckuiti (24,50), Iadam Grzegorzowski (2,636), Bacuneii Kanycoetsekuii (24,203), Murkonaii Muposckuiū (15,33), Iarmota Sakowski (2, 636), Ilempa Cxpubosckoeo (K links; 12, 15), Kedmun Illunoe'cku (27,49), Krysztoph Woytkowski (2,568) Other names made with other suffixes were written just one after the other, e.g. : Pawel Kownacky (2,181), Janes Pokrywnicki (13, 380), Andrzey Wyszynski (2,568) and others. Some of these people may be foreigners who have come from other countries. However, most of them (as well as personal names with suffixes -ovič, -evič) have come and spread through official writings. 3. 3. All non-patronymous personal names written after a person's name in the 16th century can be divided into several groups. 3. 3. 1.The most abundant group consists of various personal names of pseudonymous origin, derived from animal names, plant names, from various generic nouns or adjectives, e.g. : Mapmuna Aancna (K linksnis; 2,416), Snywucs Aeuneoic (2,377), Ayro Bapsdioc (2,411), Iurgi Bildenis (2,579), Staniul Bredis (2,529), lcs By6uce (13,240), Jakst Budras (16,417), Mikotay Buyna (2,111), Jan Burba (13,386), Benedykt Dyrda (15,145), Cmacioa Jlokeua (2,339), Opkeea Jlyda (27,36), Cmac Epeauc (2,410), Janel Gaidis (2,184), Bernat [Garnis (2,194), [Temps Keexeyxcuc (2,292), Ilempoks Keereamucs (21,249), Grycius Gierwis (13,487), IOpu Keouatoc (2,283), Cmanuc Keouscoic (2,163), Maczus Gruzdys (16,417), Marczin Iodis (2,657), Marczin Kailis (2,643), Marcin Kisiel (2,487), Jurgis Kiszkis (2,499), Maciey Kleywa (1,1), Stanis Klisz (16,384), IOpu Knanuc (2,291), Matis Kodzis (2,570), Maciey Koyris (2,569), Janus Melagis (13,107), [lempaw Muwrunuc (6,39), Pawlik Pauxtis (16,401), Ilempuk Ilunkuc (27,112), Kepuke®s [lauxucs (3,264), Tomasz Pukis (13,381), Marcin Ragayszys (2,498), Macroauc Paunuc (2,406), pawil Rydik (9,2), IOpkeea Poskauc (2,315), Marko Rudis (1,1), Thomas Seytus (2,567), Mikotai Sidobr (2,213), Jury Skiersis (2,466), [Temps Ckuatocsd (2,452), An Ckunrondvics (2,335), Peczulis Smilgis (2,365), Hapeoww Llloamuc (27,47), Maczys Schernas (2,630), Mameu I[lleeavnucs (2,378), Jorgi tetervin (9,2), Stas Trumpa (2,215), Cmanwoarucs Bawkucs (2,415), Iurgi Wewersis (2,649), Marczin Wilk (2,463), Ilempux Kodenuc (27,112). There are two distinct types of individuals, e.g. : Mukoaad [udexeorveucs (17,35), Jakub Rudgolwic (16,417), Muce I[lloasmobopouysd 170 (15.47), Kepuxea Illeunmadona (K slant; 12.553), IOpu Benopokuc (27.32), Koummun)Karaxkuc (27.78) and so on. This group should also include personal names that are derived from various adjectives. These are anthroponyms derived from the name of a profession, craft, e.g. : Cmanucnrae Bannioc (2,421), Pawel Bartnik (2,393), Pawel Czobotar (1,1), Mikucz Doylida (2,191), Czeputis Kalwis (2,523), Ian Kotylus (2,570), Ambras Kowal (16,383), Mukoarau Kybuauc (3,94), Pawel Kubilius (9,8), Ambros Melnik (2,185), Pietryk Podzius (2,185), from the name of the nationality, e.g.: freauc Keyoac (2,335), Maaxe Jlumeunws (24,222), Tomazs Lotwin (2,462), Iwanko Rusin (2,567), Andrzey Tatarzyn (2,85), Szymon Wegrzyn (2,497), personal names derived from the adjective prefix uZkurys, preikuras, etc., e.g. : Ins Ilpeuxsmac (3,321), Kepures Ilpeuxwac (2,413), Stanistaw Preykuris (2,607), Muxoaail Ywkypucs (15,16), etc. 3. 3. 2. The second group consists of old Lithuanian double-stemmed personal names, e.g. : Jendrzej Buiwid (2,462), Mapemuns Bymepomeo (15,49), barsmpomeuw Bymteurd (3,96), Šeputis Dawkontis (11,14), Jan Ebartis (2,525), Jurgis Eytowtys (13,114), /Opu Keedeoūnuc (27,97), Hapskeun Keeabym (27,129), Mameu Keymoem (3,10), Waleentij Jagiet (9,7), Pawel Kibarth (2,639), Ambras Kibartis (16,412), Jan Kiesmin (2,213), Ans Konmmuunso (2,223), Jurgis Mindawgis (13,111), Cmarucaaes Monkeotiao (17,52), Andrey Montwil (2,532), Kurneua Mosxcpumac (27,198), Piotra Narbuta (K linksnis; 3,46), Petruk Normantis (2,392), Kpuwmo- ¢a Padususa (K linksnis; 12, 232), {na Canmoema (K linksnis; 12, 15), Ierzy Seybut (1, 4), Piotr Skirmant (16, 431), Baarioauc Cmezeua (2, 540), Muxoaraii Tanbsows (12, 253), Sins Bumopms (24, 43), [laseaw Buskeunws (2, 378), Boumexy Boocxeupy (N linksnis; 3, 99). 3. 3. 3. Very rare cases when the second person, when writing a person, is some Christian name, e.g. : Baftromiey Andrzey (2, 75), Pauxo Aekeycmuno (12, 469), Mayykeaucs Kepuxeoars (13, 241), Czep Mikotai (2, 213), Cmanucaaet ITempw (15, 61), Walenty Sczepan (16, 406), Walenty Urban (16, 386), Tymuc BumKyc (27, 172). 3. 3. 4.A separate, albeit small, group of personal names, which are the second member when writing a person, are Slavic appellative anthroponyms, e.g. : Iussko Batamuth (2, 629), Banuc bapan®s (2, 540), Ian Berucžkis (2, 639), Ilasens Boma (13, 478), IOpeii boeomamuu4s (24,76), Sn Kpueomusuc (2,13), ns Kpynosecs (24,78), Stanistaw Miaki (2, 324), nv Pyuxa (24, 201), Tumogeu Cuyoeon (2, 174). Perhaps these personal names are used in documents from the period mentioned. However, their presence could often be determined by the specificity of the writings and other circumstances. - Individual second names of foreign origin, e.g. : Jan Ermal (2, 462), Sebestian Stimer (2, 636), Piotr Tidman (2, 636) and others, most likely named foreign persons. 10 For example, in non-Lithuanian documents from the period in question, Lithuanian personal names could have been translated into the language in which the document was written, or otherwise distorted jų in various ways. Therefore, it is often difficult to explain the origin. 171 This method of naming persons, as well as the writing of persons with one personal name, was not common in the 16th century. The available material shows that in the period in question, the three personal names are most often written by representatives of the noble classes, and much less frequently by persons from lower social strata. 4. 1. The first member of the trinitary personal designation—the name. Most often these are different forms of christening names — long and short variants, minor Vedic, e.g. : Grygalus Mikoltaiaytis Juszkaycia (13, 488), SIky6s Mucesuus bpawkaimucs (13, 604), Marcin Arbanaytis Pudaiaytis (13, 484), Woyciech Rymkaytis Szyniowkaytis (13, 484); Kepuk® Pomarnaumucd Maryn (2, 315), Mamewca Kpuwmogoeusa Buwumopma (K linksnis; 12, 412), Stanis Lawrinowicz Dermina (2, 487), Stasius Stonaytis Eydynt (13, 485); flneas [lemposuus Ilaukesuua (13, 78), Janulis Czepaytis Szylaukaytis (13, 484), Petrutis Jonaytis Skirutaytis (13, 483), IIĮlenymotwc HAnoumuc Koumamurnoumucs (2, 223). In the case of the third person singular, the first person is usually the name of the person, e.g. : Baltutis Mikutaitis Knipaitis (2, 546), Byopa Haproeusa Bnyoa (K versal; 3, 2), Keomuns Cmanatimucs Kusatimsa (13, 12), Piktius Pekitaytis Petraytis (13, 485), etc. 4. 2. The second members of this personal designation are almost always personal names of patronymical origin. Most often they are made with Lithuanian and Slavic patronymic suffixes from various forms of baptismal names, e.g.:!IĮerban Andpeeeusue Jlymkyne (4, 89), Kacnops Aekcymwimomosuseo Keanwws (17, 5), luo Baimpomeeeusue Botinamosusus (13, 238), Lawryn Bartkaytis Preykaytis (13, 489), ®edops Boedanoeusus Coneea (24, 69), Janulis Czepaytis Szylaukaytis (13, 484), IOxno S1kKy60euus Boaukesuua (24, 41), Urban Janaytis Waydataytis (13, 486), Piotr Januszaytis Nasztaytis (13, 484), Lukasz Lawrynowicz Doroyczunas (2, 443), Bendikus Macaitys Kobeklis (13, 111), Jan Macieiewicz Wilmqtaytis (13, 491), Macis Martynkaytis Loyzentis (13, 481), Urban Matieiaytis Miraytis (13, 485), Stanislaw Mikalaiaytis Bernotaytis (13, 366), Urban Matieiaytis Miraytis (13, 483), ITempa [lasuroumsa Aexkeymaums (K linksnis; 3, 32), Jan Petrykaytis Pawlisztys (13, 487), Pawel Stanaytis Wilmataytis (13, 486), Barenmun® Cmanucarasosuy Hapkaumuc (2, 547), Szymas Stasiutaytis Giedgowdaytis (13, 490), Stas Urbanaytis Murza (13, 482), Mameil Bodmexosuu®s SHrosuua (6, 21). Only in rare cases is a patronymic name written in the second place made from a Lithuanian diphthong or other anthroponym, e.g. : Micius Dawgintaytis Manwitaycia (13, 489), Urban Mazrymaitys Pogankstys (13, 106), I peeopu Crepeudoumuc Buvoumuc (2, 222), Jan Gaylaytis Szankis (13, 485), Juchno Labutaytis Eydynikas (13, 483), Ian PodZunas Dowkssys (2, 651). Very rarely, in the trinomial notation of persons, a non-patronymous name is written after the name, for example, another Christian name: Kepnxeoc Kpoikeartoc Kern (2, 272), Tancuc Muy ITonencemeonuroc (2, 272), STnenu Temp IT puwmonmucs 172 (15, 9), Cmaco fine Muyesuus (15, 36)“, or anthroponym of nickname origin, e.g. : Tomaws Bawyykucs I1raswvcka (2, 237), Jurian Kayrys Preykurys (13, 117), Illemp®s Mawsksra Kyxmuxks (2, 281), Pawel Pogonksztys Kieturaitys (13, 106). 4.3. The previously iš presented examples of the writing of ternary persons showed that the third members of such a designation can be divided into two main groups with approximately equal į frequency: personal names of patronymic origin, anthroponyms of patronymic a) suffixes. b) be It is interesting that patronymic names, in the trinomial nominative, are written with the last letter, relatively rarely made of Christian names, e.g. : iš Illenan Maykoeus Anti-Pyrrhous (2, 134), Petros Petkaitys Augustaycis (2, 532), Jikyba Tomaueseusa Bopmroseuna (K smiley; 3, 10), Marcin a Andrzey Stasiewiczy Janaycie (13,487,, Mapmuna Botimexosusa Muxnoseusa (K linksnis; 17, 3), Banekmuneo Cmanucraeosus Haprkaumuc (2, 547), Ilempe Slnosusue I[lemkeresuds (12, 413), Pictius Pekilaytis Petraytis (13, 485), IOpui Illerhbanosuseo Carxosusa (17, 3), Pawel Grygutis Szymkaytis (13, 487), Stanisław Walentynowski (2, 443). In addition, the first name of po the person whose first name is the same as the last name is usually the first name of the person. iš Often, the last member of a trinar personal noun may be a derivative of the patronymic suffix of old Lithuanian binomial personal iš names, e.g. : II[erdbax baimpomeesuy Eunopaumuce (2, 548), Woyciech Stasiulaytis Giedgawdaytis (13, 490), Illenymov Snoumuc Koumaroumoucs (2, 223), Micius Dawgintaytis Manwitaycia (13, 489), Muxonaii Muronaesuses Padueunosusa (26, XXIII), Andpei Cmanior06u4s Cepeudatimucs (13, 550), Jan Macieiewicz Wilmątaytis (13, 491), MuCones And peaiimuca Bumapmaiimu (K squeaky; 15, 157), Cmace 5ikxywonuce JKaogouraumuc® usually (2, 368), o various iš other (often nickname origin) national anthroponyms, e.g. : /Time Ilasuroums Aexeymauma (K lingula; 3, 32), Jan Petraytis Budraytis (13, 484), Andrzey Janutis Dziugaytis (13, 490), [lasers Illumkoeuxs Kzedpoms (15, 43), Pawel Pogonksztys Screwing (13, 106), Baltutis Mikutaitis Knipaitis (2, 546), Cmanucaasa KOpoeeusa Koeneeusa (K lingula; 17, 9), [Opes Muxroznaesusa Kopetigosuua (K linksnis; 17, 20), Mameu Mukxoaasumuc Kocaums (2,476), Stanislaw Matieiaytis MaZaytis (13,485), Mames You might-- Kouma Muneuxkoums (K lizard; 3,253), Ilaena Boumexosuuwa Hapywesuta (K linksnis; 18,219), Piotr danuszaytis Nasztaytis (13,484), Jurgucis Drabaicis Perkunaicis fnea (2,536), Ilemposcus IT auxeeusa (2,155), Maciey Piotrowicz Pungalwaitis (2,545), Kacnep Adamoeus Pycmeurosuue (3,95), Janusis Jakubaytis Skirulaytis (13,482), Cmanucaasa FOwkesusa Cmebyaaims (K smiling; 15,243), Woyciech Rymbkaytis Szyntowkaytis (13,484), Thomas Junaytis Tataraytis (13,483). Some of the personal names, which are the last in the trinomial personal names, are derived from patronymic suffixes of anthroponyms of Slavic iš origin, e.g. : Botimexa 11 If the name is written as a minor po derivative of the christening name, it may be of patronymic origin, e.g. : ir Pawel Grygutis Szymkaytis (13, 484), Andrzey Janutis Dziugaytis (13, 490), AO little Slciomucy Cayaoico (2, 377), Marcin Jurgutis Wilmontaytis (13, 486). 173 Iempoeusa I pubosuya (K vernacular; 12,412), Kacnop Ilempoeuus Beneeusa (6,23), IOpsu Muronaesuso Coaroeybosuus (24,207) and others. This type of personal names can also be with other Slavic suffixes, e.g. : Jfx6 Sluoeuus Kepadoesckuu (3,96), Pomand Mrybosuus Keamkoeckiti (13,18), Bapmaomed Bapmomiesusdo HMoesepckuii (17,15), Cmanucrass Slkoeuxo 3abepesenckiti (26,XXIII) et al. The last members of the trinary person naming of non-patronymic origin are mostly various national anthroponyms (old binomials, nickname origin, etc.), e.g. : Jan Minelaytis Baltkarcis (13,486), Bydpa Haproeusa Bnryda (K linksnis; 3,2), /Opsa baampomeesuna baycs (K linksnis; 17,2), Cmanucaass baampomeesuy [osxwa (4,134), Juchno Labutaytis Eydynikas (13,483), Lawrin Stanisfawowicz Guz (2,252), Thomasz Maleraytis Jurgzentis (13,481), Kacnops Aekeyuwmomosuvs Kernius (17,5), Bendikus Macaitys Kobeklis (13,111), Macis Martynkaytis Loyzentis (13,481), Petrutys Jurgaitys Melagis (13,107), Juria Jakubowicza Meszkia (K linksnis; 20), Urban Mazrymaitys Pogankstys (13,106), Jakub Mikaytis Preykszys (13,483), Slxy66 IIlenymaiimuce Ilpedxyps (13,535), fIneau [lemps I puwmonmucs (13,9), Muxorati Kpuumogosuus Padusurs (12,254), Muroaawo IlĮedhanosusy Crypeudy (N linksnis; 3,321), Hays Hanuaosuus CrpeOna (12,31), Ilempo Kepuyoumuc Caumnuc (3,258), Tomauwrs bakaimucs Yukypucs (13,604), Onexxo Mauyaresuus Bepumwico (3,329), Janel Jasiuraytis Wilkielis (13, 484), Mameu Andpesumucd)Keupbauc (2,547). ; During the minimum period, the last member of the trinar personal naming may also be a non-patronymic personal name of Slavic origin, e.g.: na Muxronaesusa F'auka (K vowel; 2,151), Muxauao Hearnosuus T'onoeune (3,7), IOpui Cmanoxkosuus Jlews (24,52), Piotr Jaksztowicz Zuk (2,47) and others. 4.4 Some of the cases of trinar notation that are unusual for our binary anthroponym system (especially those whose members are personal names of Slavic origin) may be related to foreign persons, to the influence of scribes, etc. There is no doubt that this way has arisen on the example of the Russian anthroponym system. However, a deeper analysis of such cases of writing justifies the existence of this method of naming and allows to draw some conclusions about the development of Lithuanian anthroponym system, the emergence of names. The most productive way of writing persons in the 16th century was name + suffix. When the hereditary personal name, surname, and father's name begin to appear, the last name is also written after the name of the person, and some cases of binary writing become longer — they become ternary. As can be seen from the examples given above, two main ways of writing trinomial persons were common in the 16th century: 1) name + first patronymic personal name + second patronymic personal name, 2) name + patronymic personal name + non-patronymic anthroponym. The second member of this name is almost always a patronymic name and is usually composed of the name of the christening. It is probably a patronymic (because in the second half of the 16th century national names were gradually pushed out of official usage). Meanwhile, the third member going174 the patronymic personal name is usually a national iš name. This indicates a certain age jo makes ir you suspect the jį existence of a surname (it could have been made when national names were still widely used, the person recorded could have inherited it ir from his father, jį etc.). iš ar Be therefore, some cases of notation indicate that the third member is more important than the second in this designation. For repeatedly mentioning tą the same person, the second member (probably the username) can be omitted, e.g. :/Oc ffnoeu4 paueeusa, next time IT — [Oc IT pauesus (2,475); A ponum Muronaeeus Bushneuda, cypress — Eponum Burneeus (2,475); Pawel Jonaytis Skirutaytis, elsewhere — Pavla Skirutaycia (K humorous; 13,483); [Equal $iluoeusa Bupacosuua (K linksnis), elsewhere — Ilaeene Bupacosuus (17,27) ir kt The assumption that du patronymic personal names in the trinomial naming of persons have arisen at different times and perform different functions (the ir first one is a patronymic name, the second one is probably a surname) is partly o confirmed by cases where these personal iš names are made up of ir different patronymic suffixes, e.g. : su Anodpeii Cmanioaoeuws Cepeudaimucs (13,550), Sixy6s Mucessus Bpawkaiimucs (13,604), ¥pbana a 5 xy6a Mapmuroeutos Bydpaumes (K linksnis; 3,253), Jan Macieiewicz Wilmqtaytis (13,491), Brightness Mycenae Siraitis (2,366), [Opes SHoeuta Mumrkaiimuca (K undulata; 13,157), Kasper Szczefanowicz Naruszaytis (2.445), Lukasz Eawrynowicz Doroyczunas (2,443), ITempe Tomawesus BupyKaumuce (2,547), Cmacs fnosuus Pokeodumucs (13,239) ir Sir. If both patronymic names had appeared at the same time, they would probably have the same patronymic suffixes. ir Thus, the majority The 16th a. century instances of naming persons with three personal names can in one way ar or another testify to the emergence of Lithuanian ir surnames. 5. Formation of Lithuanian surnames XVI a. All discussed The methods of a. naming persons in the 16th century clearly testify to the development of a dual Lithuanian anthroponym system. ir The second person of the plural of the personal noun is the first person of the plural of the personal noun. — ar — ir was the ta material iš from which most of our surnames originated. Iš The many examples given earlier showed that anthroponyms written with the po name of a person do not differ in form from many of our modern surnames. Already the very impulse of the emergence of these personal names (to provide mą additional information about the jį iš co-nomes) led to the fact that they performed the main, distinguishing, ir function of the surname. However, how much jų ir which had already become surnames, become t. y. hereditary, common anthroponyms for all family members, it is difficult to say. The study of the names of only a few members ar of one family, even of two or three members of one genus, helps to solve the question. šį Since such cases of writing are not common in documents, they do not provide specific information about the transformation of each personal name into a surname, but only help to trace the main trends in the o formation of Lithuanian surnames. XVI century. 175 5.1. Especially obvious process of the appearance of surnames in the descriptions of relatives genealogy, e.g.!? : the originator of the family jo Narybut, sons are written as — Dobrohost Narbutowicz (1501 m.), Stanistaw Narbutowicz (1495 m.), Mikotaj Narbutowicz (1503 m.), Wojciech Narbutowicz (1506 m.). The latter left three sons who are recorded — Jan Wojciechowicz Narbutowicz (1536 m.), Wojciechowi Wojciechowicz Narbutowicz's (N funny; m.), 1529 Mikotayi Wojciechowicz Narbutowicz- 's funny; (N m.)*?, 1551 Representatives of other generations also inherit the patronymic surname Narbutowicz, o this shows the jo transformation into a surname. The first person of another genus is written with two personal names — Wojciech Naruszewicz m.). (1499 The second member of this name is probably a patronymic. Jo son — Pawel Wojciechowicz Naruszewicz (1541 m.) — inherited father's surname ir passed on jį to his children, who are spelled as — Mikolaj Pawfowicz Naruszewicz (1566 m.) ir Stanistaw Pawlowicz Naruszewicz (1569 m.)'**. Thus, a patronymic surname Naruszewicz becomes hereditary, t. y. becomes a surname. Tą the very process of the surname's origin is ir evidenced by a case found in another source: the originator of the jo family Buseun®, sinus fxs Buseutmaimucs'®, son of the latter Tuname [Opeonmucs, o this — Mapmuns Tunamaumuco Buseurmaiimuce (15,89). As a result, the name of iš the original owner of the property was changed to the current name. This case of writing reflects a slightly different process of the surname's emergence. The First Russian Romance. Du jo sons — Ginthyta (K linksnis) ir "Skaywat- (K ha Lynx". The first son — Ginthyt Ruszkaytis'® had sons who du are spelled as follows — Swirbutis Ginthylaytis ir Sugawdis Ginthylaytis. Sons of the latter — Woytkus Sugawdis, Piktonas Sugaudis, Beniaz In this case, the (15,327). tendency to become a surname has a non-patronymous personal name, which is burnished first in the two-part nominative of the father. vo In the subsequent charts, the appearance of the hereditary anthroponym of another son, named Skaiwathos Ruszlaytis, is not reflected: Skaiwathos Ruszlaytis had three sons — "Derkinta, Wismuntha, Rupeyka (G links"). The first son Derkintos Skaywaytaytis had four sons who are named as follows — Andruszko Derkintaytis, Možeyko Derkintaytis, Dargis Derkintaytis ir Miknius Derkintaitis. The latter again three sons — Maciey Miknaytis, Petkus Miknaitis, Jurgis Miknaytis (15,327). 12 Here are a couple of examples iš A. Boneckio knygos,,- Poczet rodow w Wielkiem Ksiestwie Litewskiėm w XV i XVI století". — Warszawa, 1887. True, this is already the ne primary source. In fact, the author of iš various collections of documents mentioned representatives of prominent families. It is ar unclear how exactly he conveys the source writing. However, given some į possible error, some conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the material presented in the book. 18 See. : Boniecki A. Min. ill., p. 196—198. 14 See. : Boniecki A. Min. ill., p. 199—200. 15 It is unclear what caused the error. The surname of the representative of the later generation indicates that it should be Jurgis Visgintaitis. This is the ir description of the generations of the same family, later discovered: "Wizgint... He had three sons. — Jurgia, Bartulia a Petska. Bartulis Wizgintaytis not miat offspring, so y Petkus the weight unit; Jurgis left two sons — Giniata a Petska..." (15, 324). 16 The letter k in place / probably occurred due to the fault of the writer ar etc. for similar reasons, 176 Wysmunth Skaywaytaytis (second son of the person recorded as Skaywathos Ruszliaytis) had a son named Ginthkus Wysmunthaytis, whose son was Jakub Ginhkaytis.- ..(15,327). As can be seen, new members of the same family are written by name and surname, but do not have a permanent, common anthroponym for the whole family or family, 5.2. From the examples presented here, although few, it is already possible to draw some very general conclusions about the formation of Lithuanian surnames in the 16th century: 1) there are already formed surnames in the mentioned period; 2) some of the persons mentioned in the documents of the period in question have no names yet; 3) In the 16th century, Lithuanian surnames were intensively formed. Other material we have collected supports and motivates the statements made here. 5.2.1. A lot of information about the origin of the surnames is provided by such cases of writing, when the father and son (or daughter) are mentioned next to each other. These are cases where the name of the father and the son (or daughter) is the same name, which the children inherit from the father and which can be called a surname without any major error, e.g. " : father /lempe Bopeeuus, his son Murxonas ITemposusa Bopeeusa (K vernacular; 15,423);... Ha 3eMSH rocrnoiapbckux TOrox roBery KoBeHKckKoro Ha Tomawa Bopmkrosus4na v Ha chima ero fIkyba Tomaueeusa Bopmroeuua (K vernacular; 3,10); I'eausws Byp6a nu 3 cbiuoM cBouMDb Coruoxoxws Bypboro (In linksnis; 15,71); Jurgis Dytaithys with his son... Lukasz Dytayciem (13,145);... 3eMHOM*b TOCINOJIapCKHMb IIOBeTy Yriarekoro Mapmuny, Tomawy, Cmanucaaey Mameeeusows Pponykesuua... otua ux Mames Pponyxesuua (17,9);... 3eMeHHHa rocnojapckoro nosery ¥nurckoro [Opes Cmarucaasosuda SIHYyuLKo8uU4a... v ota ero... Cmanucaasa fnywrosuqa (17,4); Ana Jlukoumsa nu (c) coiHOM ero Yp6anom STrosutom JJuxkaumen (3,30); father Benyarass Jlykosus, daughter —anno Benyarasosuot Jlykosusa (K vernacular; 3,246); Mucroaucs Muxkymaimuc®... ChiHOB® TPH Boidmexs, lumkycs, Cmanucrass Mucioneeusu Mukymatimoge (13,488); ITempyas Mukymaimucs, his sons —[lasess, Muxars, Ambpoaciti, Tomaws, Opeucs, Benyrko Murkymaiimese (13,502); Cmanucras®s Moarceiiko, his son —[Temps Cmanucrasosuds Monceiixo (15,416);...3eMEHHHD rocrnojiapCkuii mnosery Ynurtckoro Hus Illemposud- ®s... 3b CHHOMDB CBOHMb Maanvxepomns Snosutoms Ilemposuua- ... (17,40); [Temps a I'pueopo HOpesutu (elsewhere —K vernacular —/Opeeusoss [Tynwmaiimess], their father (K vernacular) —Ops Mynwmet (15,103); father —Adamy Pycmeurosusy (N vernacular- ), his son —Kacnep Adamosus Pycmeurxosuuv or Kacnep Pycmeurxosuus (3,95);... 3emeHUHY... Mukoaaio Ileghanosusy Crypeudy (N vernacular- ), his sinus —ffx6 Muroaraeeun IĮedhanosus Crypeud (3,321); 35 coin [Opidl, Kpuwmogs, Muronaii, Kepuev Cmyxeucs (13,547);... npyruM cbiHoM Torox Mukoaasn Tpymnaums a GparoM poKOHBIMB /Temposbiwu Mapmunom ui 3 cecrpoto A nsicb6emoro Murkoraesuwamu Tpymnaumsanu (3,182);... 6ospe nosery TpoirKoro fixe, IOpxa, [Temps boedanosudu Baseupdosuuu, their father (K vowel) — 17 In most of these examples, where possible, the names are given in context. Often this shows the relative relationships of the persons mentioned, their social status, etc. 12, 91 177 Boedana Baseupdosuua (15,18); 6oapunus naHuepHbhihū Esogdo BoabHuc®, cbiHbi na Cmacoro a flcoko Boavruce (13,622). Whether the second personal name of the father is inherited by the sons, i.e. whether it becomes a surname, can be traced by comparing inventories of the same places (manors, villages) written at different times. For example, in the inventory of Vilkijos valsčius in 1580 it is written —Axs0dpeu Pemosuu, ona ero JĮlopora, a cbiH ero crapumu Magynuc, npyrun. Mapmun, TpeTHH Muxonau, uerBeprsim [lacnow, narsi. Cmacroauc... (2,225), and in the inventory of 1594 only the sons are listed —Mauya Pamosus, Mukorau Pamoeus, Illscnomi Psmosus, Cmanucnae Psmosuy (2,367). As a result, the patronymic name Pemosuu becomes a surname. Another similar case — Šilėnų dv. in 1596. The inventory records /Op'u Cxaauwoumuc- ... € cbiūbMH cBoHMH Crnacronem, Iempymen... (2,429), and in 1599 it is already recorded —Stasnistaw s Pietruciem Skaliszayciowie, bracia rodzeni... (2,529). Therefore, in the 16th century, Lithuanian names were already formed. Often, a Christian or pseudonymous surname is passed down from generation to generation and becomes inherited, i.e. becomes a surname." There are also names derived from non-patronymous personal names. The context of the examples also showed that the inherited personal name is usually held by noble members of society. Researching the Lithuanian anthroponym system of earlier centuries, it has been observed that Lithuanian princes and nobles could have had an inherited anthroponym common to all members of the family or clan as early as the 15th century. Thus, having begun to appear in the 15th century, the surnames of representatives of the noble classes continue to form and settle in the 16th century. The last two examples ($ 5.2.1) from inventories written at different times, as well as one previously presented, testify that in the 16th century peasants’ surnames also sporadically began to appear. However, the conclusion about the general formation of peasant names during this period would be inaccurate, primarily because very few cases of such writing have been found. Secondly, a number of examples from various inventories of the mentioned period show that peasants did not have a permanent, hereditary anthroponym, e.g. : Mameii [lamyno8u46 Yi cbinbI ero Ilempe a fins Mameesuuu (17,17), Bartosz Daugolowicz, sūnūs —Alexy, Marcin, Ambrozy a Czep Barthoszowiczowie (2,351); Janikas Giedeawdaytis, his cousin (K links) —Macieja Janikaycia (13,490); Mapmun a Banuc Kepuneeuusl,... y bBanuca cuinbl 18a [[enans a Ilassa Banesusm (2,225); father Banis Yakubaitis, sons —Masiul a Iakub Banewiczy, daughters —Baniowny (2,252); Wileyko Jakubaytis, his son —Jasiulis Wileykaytis (13,489); Murxorau SAxymaumuc... 3b coliMu Kepukeymen, Illwmem, Adamem Muronaeceusanu (2,406); Urban Yanaitis, his sons —Staniul and Stasiul Ur banowiczy, daughter —Zania Urbanowna (2,252); Mames flnaumsa (K links) H cea ero ¥Vpsbana Mameeeusa (K links; 3,32); Cmanucaae flcoéud 3b chiHMH cBOMMH JIykauioms a Jlenapmoms Cmarnucaasosuimu (2,341); Ilaeen flcosut 3b chanu... Tomawomn®, 18 A. Seliščev also states this path of the origin of the surname. Zr. : Ceanmesn A. M. I]poxcxoxjjeHHe pycckux (paMHJIHA, JIHUHLIX HMeH H TIpO3BHIL, —B ku. : H36pannbie Tpy asl. M., 1968, c. 105. 178