Šis tas iš lietuviškos liaudinės specialiosios leksikos

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS SPECIALIOJI LEKSIKA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXII (1983) K. GAIVENIS A NOTE ON LITHUANIAN FOLK SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY 1. Introductory remarks 1.1. The modern definition of terminology (the principal, most informative part of the vocabulary of scientific language1) is somewhat at odds with the concept of “folk terms.” Only a portion of so-called scientific terms—words from folk language that have been terminologized—could perhaps be called folk terms. However, in some books², terms also include folk-language words that have never been terminologized or used in the language of science. Thus, the label folk terminology, although it has already been used in Lithuanian textbooks for higher education, may raise certain doubts. The concepts “specialized vocabulary,” “terminology,” “professionalism,” and “nomenclature” are related, but differ in scope and are subordinated in different ways. The broadest concept, “specialized vocabulary,” includes “terminology,” but the concepts “nomenclature” and “professionalism,” although included in “specialized vocabulary,” are not subordinate to “terminology” and only overlap with it. Consequently, that part of folk-language vocabulary which is sometimes now called folk terminology and dialectal terminology falls within the concept of “specialized vocabulary,” overlaps with “professionalism,” but has no connection with “terminology.” For all these reasons, this article will use the label folk specialized vocabulary rather than folk terminology. 1.2. Lithuanian folk specialized vocabulary has been systematically collected for several decades. Its most important collections are the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and its card file, and the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language and its card file. Dialect lexical dictionaries³ are also significant sources for this vocabulary. The material for this article was drawn mainly from the printed volumes of the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, supplemented in part with material from its card file. The discussion covers the more important thematic groups of folk specialized vocabulary that were not mentioned in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language. Thus, this article has two aims: 1) to discuss the more important thematic groups of Lithuanian folk specialized vocabulary and some of its features, and 2) to describe the terminologization characteristics of this type of vocabulary. 1 Даниленко В. П. Русская терминология. – М., 1977, с. 201. 2Nevskaya L. G. Baltic Geographical Terminology. – Moscow, 1977; Trubachev O. N. Craft Terminology in the Slavic Languages. – Moscow, 1966; Tolstoy N. I. Slavic Geographical Terminology. – Moscow, 1969; Schütz J. Die geographische Terminologie des Serbokroatischen. – Berlin, 1957, etc. 3 Vitkauskas V. Šiaurės rytų dünininkų šnektų žodynas. – V., 1976 ir kt. 4 2. Features of Lithuanian vernacular specialized vocabulary 2.1. Since time immemorial, our ancestors have engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. As a result, we have many and varied vernacular names for this field. Our vernacular vocabulary for crafts is somewhat poorer. The vocabulary reflecting social relations is also comparatively limited. Words in vernacular specialized vocabulary are mostly names of concrete things, while abstract terms are relatively few. The *Atlas of the Lithuanian Language* presents chiefly names of buildings and their parts, household items, tools and their components; it includes comparatively few names of birds, plants, and animals. It also contains some vernacular words for kinship and social relations, names of foods, and a few terms belonging to human or animal anatomy. This vocabulary has been meticulously mapped using scientific methods and is accessible to every researcher. Vernacular equivalents of specialized vocabulary differ from terms in their stylistic expressiveness and polysemy. Compound names are almost entirely absent here. However, one-word names for specific types are widespread and varied. 2.2. The life of ordinary people was always closely connected with work—the foundation of society’s existence and progress. Work was not only a source of livelihood for them, but also brought joy, while fostering their own development. In Lithuanian vernacular specialized vocabulary, the process of work is less strongly reflected than the various tools, implements, and objects of labor. People did not always do their work successfully. Our vernacular vocabulary accordingly contains quite a number of names for specific types of errors, slips, and flaws in different kinds of work, for example: klapatė (Srv⁴, Pg, Krkln) | klebātė (Užp, Lel) | klabātė (Sv, Ds, Srv) | klebiūtas (Ktk) || klám(pa) (Šlv) || klūmbė (Lnkv, Grž, Jnšk, Rm, Ps) || plámpa (Jnk, VL, Žg, Lk) || kumulū̄s (Kps) “an unevenness made while threshing with a flail,” kópėčios (Kps) || šárka (Skdv, Klvr) “an error, unevenness in cloth,” kumėlė (Slm, Trgn, Ds, PnmP, Al) “an error made when winding onto a rope or casting threads,” atómauka (Ig, Ds) || príelaipa (Škn, Plt, Grg) | príelipas (Bt, Jnšk, Prng) “a thickening in a thread formed during spinning that slips off during weaving,” kumeliūkas (Lkm) || ažūkartas (Kp, Ds) “a distortion in the swath when cutting rye with a sickle,” blyžė (Lš, Mrc, Mrk) “a gap appearing lengthwise in cloth because one or more warp threads have been missed,” brúokšmis (Kl) || zrėkas (Lz) “a furrow made while harrowing,” próreta (Pc, J) “a sparser stripe running lengthwise in cloth, formed when a thread is missed in the reed,” blaką (Prk, Up, Yl, Už, Plt, Trg, Plm, Nmš) | blákė (Ds, Skrd, Brž, Kps, Slm, Kb, Nč, Vl) || péršova (Ps, Rm) “a disrupted fabric pattern caused by one or two broken threads,” and so on. Perhaps a feature characteristic of our language alone is that mishaps in work are named through figurative uses of words for animals and birds, for example: kumeliūkas (Lkm) “a distortion in the swath when cutting rye with a sickle,” šárka (Skdv, Klvr) “an error, unevenness in cloth,” and so on. In their work, people used the simplest tools and devices. Most of them are no longer used today and have become ethnographic terms. We have many and varied vernacular names for them, for example: badiklė (Dbč) “a device for thatching a straw roof,” leistuvė (Trgn) “a device made of two movably joined boards for pressing honey from honeycombs,” mįklės 4 All abbreviations are the same as in the *Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language*. 5 (Dgls) “a device for pressing cheese,” nytyklė (Trgn, Užp) “a device for knitting fishing nets,” raškės (Dgls) “a device for picking apples,” knūžas (Ob) || brunklys (Sr) || brūzdulkis (Pkn, Jnšk) || bruzgotas (Ut, Trgn) | bruzgūlis (Čk, Šmk, Lks, J) | bruzguolys (Š, Sv, Jž) || niūgis (Gršl) || žniūgas “a device for tightening the snout of a pig being slaughtered,” kalakšna (Trgn) “a device for fitting wheel rims onto spokes,” dreškys (Sdk) “a device for marking joints between logs,” brusčius (Br) “a tool for breaking up clods,” klekėtas (Lš, Pbr) “a device used by hunting beaters,” austinėliai (Šts) “a device for weaving scarves,” klebetas (Vvr, Pln, Plt, Tl, Žr, Klp, Lkv, Vvr, Tv, Kv) | klibėtas (Krtm) || kobinys (Škn, Rd, Krp, Šts) || veiverýs “a device for twisting ropes,” atašagė (Rtn, Lš, Lp) | atašagtis (Lz, Kp) || ašprastis (J, Pin) “a device for stretching cloth while weaving,” krūnas (Žd, Yl, Skd) “a device for raising patterns,” laūkštis (Erž, Vrn, Rtn, Kb, Asv, Vlk, Klš, Dkš) || krijėlis (Vb, Rm, Pn, Pmp, Sv, Lš, Plv, Stk, Srk, Al, Trgn, Vrn, Kt) “a device for winding threads,” kabūklas (J) || krōgis (Klp, Dr) || žeginis || žegėklis “a device put around a pig’s neck to keep it from squeezing through fences,” kaliklis (Smž) || kropas (Šts, J) || pāvaras (Šts) || vilktuvas “a device for drawing a hoop onto a barrel,” kalė (Grk) | kalaitė (Jnš) “a device for measuring the distance between roof battens,” koplė (Kp) “a device for taking honey from the bottom of a tree hollow,” kumelys (Dl, Ldk, Mšk, Rd, Er) “a device for fastening boards to roof battens,” pimpalas (Kl, End) “a device for determining the vertical cut at the end of a pattern,” briokštas (Dov, Jnšk, Klov, Škn) “a tool for marking log joints,” and so on. A characteristic of Lithuanian specialized vocabulary related to work tools is that it contains many specific names for sticks and cords. In some cases, these are independent tools specially made for the purpose (to a particular thickness and length); in other cases, only the function they perform is specialized. For example: Stick: ailis (Kin, Prk) || degėte (Ds) || nuta (Prk) “for reaching into a net or fish trap,” dūpinas (Vžns) “for scaring fish,” pérvaras (Ml, Rgv, Grž, Pg) “passed through the handles of a dowry chest,” pašmaikštė (Vkš) “for stirring a fire and embers,” krabākštas (J) || krākė (Šv, Slnt, Plt) “for support while walking,” kratiklis (Srj, Al, Vl, Ds, Kps) “for shaking chaff or debris out of tow or wool,” pinas (Švn, Kt, Jz, Rdm, Lp) “a bar of the reed frame,” krekvėlė (Vlk) || matarėlis (Krok) “for pressing down straw when thatching a roof,” graiklis (Grv) “for digging potatoes baked in embers out of the fire,” ylis (Nm) “with a nail at the end, for pushing off while skating on ice,” klostis (Ms) “for holding down retted flax,” laīstas (Sg) “placed between boards being dried,” pākilas (Krt) “for lifting heavy objects,” nytai (Krk) “the side poles of a fishing weir,” kedėklis (Nt) “for teasing wool,” keinis (Jnš, Pšš, Kdn, Pp, Srv, Akm) | geinys (Šd, Sml) || ritmuša (Kv) || kilnikas (Rm, Krkn) “for beating out flax seeds,” kliūkė (Ad, Tvr, Švnč) “for stirring kissel or soup,” and so on. Cord: aptvara (K) || pavara “for casting a net,” pastojikė “with which a net cast into the water is fastened to the shore,” pināklis “a cord for tightening a bast shoe,” lykis (Prk, Kin) “with which the edges of fishermen’s boat sails are sewn,” mešvirvė (Slv) “with which meat is tied (in a chimney),” atšanklės “with which a net is gathered into pockets,” atōšiūlis (Vrn, Dbč) “a hemp cord for mending bast shoes,” apvārka (Rm, Nj) || rauklė (Pš, Ps, Všk, Stč, Jnš) || āpraukas (Tl) “a cord for gathering bast shoes,” apiv aras (Šd, SIm, Rm, Grž, Srd) “for wrapping footcloths around the feet,” istrakas (Al) || instrakūolis (Kps) || pērpinas (Vdk) || srūstis “for threading the warp threads through the heddles,” āpvaras (Prk) “for fastening sails to the mast 6 to tie,” plokė (Nč) “hempen cord,” paida (Skdy) “for reinforcing the sole of a bast shoe,” kinklė (Užv) “with which the horse’s front and hind legs are hobbled crosswise,” pakaušis | pakaušokas (Krkl, Žr, Pln, Krtn, Šd) “to tie the bridle at the top,” pakópasaitis (Grdž) “with which the traces are tied to the legs,” priel(a)ikas “with which a sower ties the seed bag,” panarà | pànaras (Klm, Rs, Žg, Šn, Kl, Krs, Šlv) || panerėklas (Jž, Ob, Sb, On, Dbk) || narstis (Ut) || pasija (Krok) | pasina (Vlk, Lš, Lp, Al, Ūd, Žin) || pãkaras (Pbs) “to attach the whip to the whip handle,” jáugtas (Sl) || pasinỹs (Rud) “a small rope tied on for carrying a pot or pot-shaped vessel,” pasturlýné (Pgg) “to bind together a load of hay or straw,” and so on. The concept of “time” in folk speech is associated not so much with astronomical time and the changing seasons as with the time for various kinds of work, for example: artoja (Ml, Ck) || artuvės (Trgn) “plowing time,” mėžė (Ig, Vrn) “the time for manuring fields,” apyvartos (Ds, Sdk) “the change of the month,” šãktarpis || apýlaužis (Užp) “the time when it begins to freeze, but the ground is not yet hard enough for traveling or walking,” žlėja (Lnkv, Šl) “the time when it begins to dawn,” beduonė (Gs, Brt, Rod, Arm, Ad, Krv, Ml) “a time of bread scarcity,” bradienà (Ps, Jnšk, Grž) “the time when the roads are no longer muddy,” dykumà (Antz) “the time between monthly changes,” malžtis (NdŽ) “milking time,” kėlinys (Všk) “a half-day period,” tarpijos “the lunar phase between the old and new moon,” mynė (Šv, Bt) “the time for breaking flax,” linãrautis (Srv, Ps) || linãrovis | linãrovys (Vl, Kt, Lel, Skdt) || linarūtė (Šd, Sml, Ds) “the time for pulling flax,” pãdaužos (Mrc, Kb, Lš, Vdk) || pãraiz os (Ms, Slnt Als, Brs) “the time between the full moon and the beginning of its waning,” ãtryškis (Grg) “the time when a cow that has calved gives a lot of milk,” budrā (Užv) “midnight,” dėčia (Jž, Ut) “the egg-laying period,” póstovis (Plt, Brs, Žd, Grsl, Krt, Trk) “the period from a cow going dry until calving,” kėlena (Sml, Šd, Sln, Lnkv, Jnš, Pšl, Pbr, J) “a third of the working day,” išgryčiai (Dg, Nč, Vrn) “the time when, in summer, cattle are driven out in the morning and brought home around midday,” laidymai (Grv) “the springtime period for grazing working oxen,” laidiņys || palaidiņys || pólaidis (Šr, Prng, Vj, Rk, Slm, Srv, Trgn, Ds) “the springtime thaw, when the snow melts and the frost leaves the ground,” lãpskleidis (Klvrž) “the time when leaves unfold,” laukarỹs (Pns, J) “the time for plowing fields,” laukãvokis (Šv) “the time for clearing fields,” apiaušrė | apiaušris (Slv, Stč) “the time before dawn when, in winter, people lie down to rest after breakfast,” apýdienis (Dglš, Dkš, Tvr, Gs) “the time before dawn or at dusk,” pajamà (Pd) “the time when the moon moves from its waxing phase into the full moon,” iṅgrybis (Dglš) “the time when mushrooms emerge,” and so on. 2.3. Since time immemorial, our ancestors have lived in a territory whose relief was shaped by glaciers and their waters. The hilly terrain gave rise to relatively diverse soils. In addition, one of Europe’s lake-richest regions runs through Lithuania. Before the great postwar land reclamation began, our country had relatively many (about 0.4 km per 1 km²) streams, bogs, springs, and other small natural bodies of water. Lithuania’s climate is also changeable, transitional between the maritime climate of Western Europe and the continental climate of Eastern Europe. All of this (the geographical environment and climate) also shaped a relatively abundant and varied subsystem of specialized vocabulary. Our folk lexicon contains more names for places that stand out naturally in some way from their surroundings (a) than for places associated with human work in the natural environment (b), for example: 7 a) keĩnavė (Ul) “a boggy place in a meadow,” kinis (An) “an elevated place in a bog,” atlãida (Grg, Rt, End, Sln) “a higher place in a meadow,” perša (Dov) “a spring-fed place in a bog,” atãvėja (Kp) || atgaiša (Jb) | atgaišis (J, Pln, Brs) || atgaira (Kv, Als, Sr, Vkš) || pagairė (Alk, Lnkv, Ps, Krč, Grž, Rs, Ob, Up, Kp) | pagaira (Jn, Sr, Ds, Nm, Trg, Vdžg) “a wind-exposed place,” klãima (Žd, Skn, Krp) | klãjima (Vkš) || prógymė (Rt, Kv) | próguma (Tv, Tt, Jrb, Rm, Up, Kv) || laukėsmė (Als) | laukymė (Skd, Grg, Sr, Yl, Plt, Rt) “a sparse area or clearing in the forest,” ingi-nyš (Dglš) || igerklis (Trgn, Sv) || išsiauris (Vdš, Dglš) || sąvara || pavernė (Vlk) “a narrow place between two lakes, hills, or forests,” atãbradas (Kkl, Rš, Ds, Plv, Trgn, Dkšt, Rk) “a shallow place at the edge of a lake or river,” išbrada (Ds) “a place in a river with firm ground where one can wade across (a shallow),” atšoda (Plng, Slnt, J) || vãdaksnis || įtvinolis (Vks, Trk) || atšiauta (Mžk, Šts) || atšėda (Šts) | atšėdis (Ggr, Šts) || liuognas (Trk) “a place flooded by high water,” šėklius (Trgn) || paplieka (Zp, Skr) “a shallow place in a lake,” atvãjus (Al, Vlk, Zp) || atvanga “a quiet place in a river, where the current has carved out a hollow,” dumbrà (Kl) || sietuva “a deep place in a river,” pliesmuõ (Ds) “an unfrozen place in a lake,” pãlios (Krsn, Dkš, Smn, Krok, Brb) “the site of a drained lake,” lašmuõ (Klt, Lkm, Ign) “a place in a lake where a stream flows in or out,” apsiakis (Šauk, Dr) “a place in a bend of a river,” paščiurys (Ds) “a place where a river approaches a forest”; b) nuoskinà (Mlt, Lkm, Kt, Ktk) “a place where young forest has been cut down,” prakõpnė (Drsk, Kp, Lkm, Antš) || prapleikė (Vdš, Dglš, Lkm) “a patch in a grain field where the crop has not grown,” apsòstas (Pnd) “the site of a former homestead,” karykla (Všn, Slk, Trgn) “a place for fishermen’s nets to dry,” laidaras | laidoris (Mžk, Žgč, Krž, Up) “a fenced-in place in a pasture where animals are gathered,” kovė (N, LsB) || išvara (Vl, Slv, Ldk, Žž, Pg, J) “a place where the cattle of an entire village used to be driven together before being turned out to pasture,” karklotis (Ggr) “a place where willows have been cut down,” and so on. Many sets of specific names were used for concepts closely associated with agriculture, such as “soil,” “meadow,” “field,” and others. For example: Soil: pimpėlė (Šts) “infertile,” pėpis (Brs, Yl, Šts, Skd) “the upper layer of a peat bog,” kraùlis (Dov, Klp) || degýnai (Dr) “reddish earth hardened by iron compounds,” akýžemis (Kp) || dujà (Nmn, Rdm, Dbč, Nč) || dūplė (Vlk) “very light soil with black earth,” kraukšlas (Lk, Varn) “heavy clay-loam soil,” dūbai (Pc) “loose, brown earth,” rūdė “poor soil mixed with peat,” caplys (Trgn, Skd) “hard clay mixed with black earth,” smėltė || pasmėlta (Sv) “soil by the sand,” giáurė (Jn) “barren, cold soil,” glėinė (Lš) “wet clay,” juodžvizdris (Brž) “black earth mixed with gravel,” balčiùgė (Jz, Rmš, Pun) “white earth, white soil,” apýnašos (Dglš) “soil deposited on a meadow by a flood,” murainė (Pgg) | mūras (Vl) || pažliõgis (J) “wet, sodden soil,” and so on. Meadow: lėknas (Jnš, Brž, Ps, Žg) || lãikšės (Ndž, Kos) || lankėšnas (Ggr) || lėnkė (Vn, Juk) || linguõklė (Ps) || liekmės (Gud) “wet, marshy meadows,” grinė (Prng, Grdm) | gruinė (Ilg, Skrd, Plv, Grš) | grynáila (Trgn) “a meadow where no grass grows,” baltiena (Lš) “a meadow where coarse, bristly grass grows,” bimbarýnė (Šts) | bimbrýnė (Rs) “a poor meadow,” paliejai (Trš, Trk) “flooded meadows,” galijos (Lž) “distant meadows,” ilgosios (Slm) “meadows stretching far into the distance,” kerpūžynė (Trg) “a meadow overgrown with lichens and shrubs,” draustinė (Ss) “a meadow where shepherds are forbidden to graze— 8 meadow (grazed only during Pentecost)”; kauzynė (Šv) | kauzaryne (Vvr, J) | kauzariją (Šts) | kauzuryne (Krkl) | kauzūrynas (Krkl, Ggr) || bridegaurynė (Šv, Varn, J) || kirbija (Ggr) “poor, boggy meadow,” paraiša (Gig, Ms) “meadow where tethered livestock graze,” and so on. Soil: laigmėnė (Arm) || atšėlė (Pln) “where the same crop is sown for a second year,” atlaišai (Šts) “land left unsown for two years,” atkilà (Up) “clover field cultivated in its second year,” atšaliai (Pln, Plng) “uncultivated area of stony or wet land, usually kept as pasture,” baubarōnas (Ds) “dry, bare fallow,” liepalotė (Mrc) “a small cultivated plot in the forest,” pakrionė (Rz) “field sloping down to a stream,” palėnkė (Grš) “wet land almost always covered by water,” dogmė (Paž, J) “good-quality soil,” paperšnys (Dsm) “wet, infertile soil,” apmatà (Krp, Lž) | atmatà (Krp) || bãdlaukis (Mžk) “abandoned, uncultivated soil,” akėja (Dglš, Lel) “a furrowed field,” arienà (Jñš, Žrm) “ploughed soil,” and so on. Changeable weather and the dependence of human work on climate led to the formation of many specific names in this domain. For example: Cloud: gurūš (Lz) “a large black cloud,” kraiklis (Jž) “a feathery cloud,” duburys (Ds) || galvotinis (Vvr) “a cumulonimbus cloud,” pamėnas (Ant) “a red cloud in the night sky,” galvōžis (Grz) | galvōkas (Kp, Slm, Tr) || pėrdebesis (Mlt, Užp, Sdk, Ktk) || kōšis (Prk) || drūblė (Prng, Ut, Lkm) || gurōnas (Trgn) “a small, fast-moving rain cloud,” murmūtis (Grg) || dangulýs (Rod, Vrn) “a small cumuliform cloud,” plieka (Rt) “a small, thin cloud,” pakarai-lis (Užp, Sdk, Km) “a light cloud without rain,” and so on. Ice: išbruka (Krž) || kriogžlė (Ds, Užp, J) || paplãiša (Ggr) || kraukšlė (Vlk) || čėrškenos (Č) || saūsledis “thin, brittle ice frozen dry,” añtburba (Vvr) | ámburgos (Slnt, Pln, Vvr) || atlaijūs (Ūd, Onš) || užpalas “water that has flowed over ice and frozen thickly,” keŕnys (Svn) “ice on frozen windows,” iliai (Gmž, Lkm) “ice crystals,” blerbalas (J) || gargolis (Kvr) || lekėtas (Rt, Als, Vvr, Grg) || cap-lys (Rmš) | cãpas (Bgs) || lašledis (J) || pãlašas (Šts) “roof icicle,” and so on. Rain: karšatis (Bst) | karšiava (Brt) || bãngas (Stk, Vs, Lp) || pilagà (Sn) “heavy rain,” šãršas “a narrow band of rain,” dujà (Klv, J, Krš, Mžk, Šts) || dūlkšmas (Slnt, J, Plt, Užv, Užk, Šts) || dulkýs (Brš) || duoklýs (Gdl, Dkš) || dūliava (Slnt) || drūkena (Brt) || purkšnà (Rs, Gs, Kbr) | purkšlys (Dkš, Pc, Smn, Mrs, Krn) | purkšlė (Slk, Trgn) | purškūtė (Gs) “fine rain,” drebà (Skr) || dreblýs (Kp, Svn) | drėblius (Šmn, PnmP) || drėbnà (Lp) || droblas (Ppl) | drōblius (Šš, Tvr, Brž, Ds, Slk) “rain mixed with snow, sleet,” pãliejus (Lk) || pliaugė (Žg) || rigà (Gs, Ilg) “prolonged rain,” and so on. Wind: statinis || priešvėjis (Blv, Grž, J) “a wind blowing head-on,” plend-rà (PrL) “a light breeze,” rugis (N, K, LsB) “evening,” pietvīs (Als) “south wind,” pilvinis (Vlks, K) “southwesterly wind,” áudenis || auštrinis (Klp, Plng, Kin) “northeasterly wind,” aušlaukas (Nd) “a wind that brings rain from the southwest,” marinis (PrL) “westerly wind,” ožinis (Rsn, Krg, Plng, Klp, Prk, Kin, PrL, Sg) “southeasterly wind,” laūnagis (Plng) “southerly wind,” and so on. 2.4. Lithuanian folk special-purpose vocabulary is characterized by concreteness. It contains only a few names for abstract concepts, for example: čiūžmà (Ss, Alk) “a lot of— 9 ‘abundance, multitude’, makena (Dglš) ‘a small quantity’, paità (Sn) ‘a whim’, etc. Also included among them are the names of some mythological beings, e.g.: alkis (Grg) ‘an imaginary monster that lures people into the water’, gābras (suv.) ‘an evil spirit that rages during a blizzard’, gavėnas (An, Vad, Kp, Slm) ‘a fairy-tale creature living in a threshing barn (usually during Lent)’, nakviša (Brs, Akm, J, Kv, Yl, Grg) ‘a mythological being that causes insomnia’, pūščius (Sln) ‘a being that blows threshed grain away’, rodžiai (Trgn) ‘money or estates that appear and summon people to free them from a spell’, and so on. The following concepts also once had distinctive specific names: Hen: apuokas (Rdm) ‘with shaggy cheeks’, ražokė (Ggr) ‘moulting’, čem-pė (Švn) ‘with shaggy feet’, znāčkinė (Rtn) ‘laying small eggs’, kārka (Prk, Trgn) ‘cackling’, cakōlinė (Grv) ‘leading chicks’, lėjikė (Rod) | lėjūkė (Pls) ‘laying soft-shelled eggs’, lutikė (Šv) ‘short-legged’, čičerikas (Grš) || pėcelis (Vn) ‘a rooster of a small breed of chicken’, puliātė (Drsk) ‘a young hen’, čiurulėlė (Lk) ‘a hen of a small breed’, etc. Egg: klāpčius (Trgn) || klekatūnas (Grv) || kliūškis (Mžk, Jrb, Trg, Gd, Klp, J) || pāperas (Šl, Jnšk, Vad, Kvr, Vj, Slm, Dglš, Srv, Sdk, Vžns, Dkk) ‘an unfertilized (unturned) egg’, kirkūtis (Pnd) ‘the first egg laid by a young hen’, išdada (Pln) | išedis (Pln, Už) | išdėlis (H, Žmt, Kt, Šl, Svn, Šmn, Dgl, Slm, Er, Srv) ‘the last egg laid in the season’, ristūkas (Skr) ‘an egg rolled along (in a game)’, žnačkỹs (Sn) | žnačkas (Mrc, Krok, Lp, Mrk, Vlk) ‘a very small egg’, išgintinis (Užp) ‘an egg given when the hens are let out’, pikperis (Grk, J, Nmk) | piktperis (Rt, Lky, Up, Kltn) ‘an egg that has been brooded too long’, etc. Toy: čičiŕšnė (Slk) || zirbė (Slk) ‘a spinning toy for riding on ice’, žimbė (Ds, Ant) || zirbė (Slk) || bīrbilas (Čk, Vv) || užūklis (Krs) || zvirbālka (Gdr) | zvirbiukas (Šr) ‘a little stick or a button with a string threaded through it (it whirrs when spun)’, zimbžylė (Dgl) || laidynė (Kv, Als, Krok, Erž, Stk, Vkš, Jz, Kps) || svilksnė ‘a cord or raised stick for throwing stones’, zirbė (Ds) || zirbėlė (Mlt) || birklė (Grv) ‘a windmill toy’, kojōkai (Klov, Rd, Ar, Žvr, Lnkv, Er, Šmk, J) || kābolys (Ktk) || keinis | keinjys (Tt, Ll) || kėkšis (Ob, Jž, PnmR, Kp) || kylėkai (Ps) || kojūnės (An) || kujōkai (Vrb, Nm, Šln, Skr, Šmk, Žg, Kt, Sv, Erž, Vkš, Šlv) || kūja (Kp, Trgn, Ds) || kūikis (Vkš) || kirkālis (Ut, Jž, Vžns, Sv, Ds) || kėblė (Pln) | kėbliai (Užv) | keblys (Plk, J) || pėdės (Vikj) || stypynės ‘stilts on which children stand and walk’, kėmsas (OG) ‘a round piece of ice for sliding down a hill’, etc. Bench: kōjinis (Prk) | kōjainis (Prk, Klp) || keržlys (Pl) ‘for setting down a bread trough or barrel’, židelis (Kin) ‘with a backrest’, krasia (Pnd, Brž, Pl, Slm, J) ‘wooden, sofa-shaped’, kumėlė (Rdš) ‘for beating and torturing criminals’, plautas (RtŽ, Krtn, Skd, Als, Žr, Žg, Brž, Dbk, Pn, Šd, Kp, Sv, Nmč) ‘for the bathhouse’, laktà (Krkl) || maigūnas (J. Jabl.) ‘a sleeping place in an old-fashioned cottage’, galvōnas (Šmn) || šūlas ‘on which wheels are made’, pakōpnė (Stk, Azm, Jz) ‘a wooden bench on the stove’, prikūltas (Brs, Sd, Skd, Krp, Yl, Ub, Žr) | priskūltas (Mžk, Brs, Plt, Žd, Žr, Tl) | priskūltas (Žd, Lkž, Vkš, Štk, Brs, Žlb) ‘for washing laundry’. Tree: kemerōnas (Lkm, Sld) | kemerzōnas (Švnč, Dglš) || kebėžis (Jž, Pnm) || kėžas (J) | kerókšlis | kerókšnis | keróklis | kerónas (Grž, Šts, Slk, Vj, Ktk, Trgn) || abalėškas (Ob) ‘burnt’, ābaras (Alk, VšR) ‘resinous’, kérplėša (K, KzZ, 10 J) || išvarta (Skr, Up, Rs, Dkš, Rmš, Šmk, Žvr, Kl) || griaumedis (J) || vėtralauža / vėjalauža ‘a fallen tree with all its roots’, gūlas (Vlk, Dsm) ‘a tree lying in water’, kampa (Prk) ‘a tree rotted from lying in water for a long time’, lampėkas (Dbč) ‘a damp, decayed tree’, kemzras (Plk) ‘rotten wood for smoking bees’, etc. Bark: ąpžaldas (Ml) ‘the second layer of a tree’s bark’, drožlė (Užp) ‘bark from which tar is burned’, kėrpė (KzR) || ketai (Skdv) ‘thick, cracked birch bark’, karnà (Ad, Krtn, On, Vs, Vžns, Brsl, Vdžg, Mlt, Gs, Ob, Trgn) ‘the inner bark of a linden, willow, or osier’, atlupà (Brt) ‘bark that has come loose from a tree’, mauknà (PnmR, Krkl, Sr, Žd, Kvt, KlvrŽ, Ss, Šts) || lūpsnė (Žv) ‘thick bark of a tree (usually spruce)’, etc. For people in earlier centuries, wild flora and fauna had greater immediate significance than they do today. Folk medicine relied on medicinal plants, while hunting and fishing were among the more important sources of food. People knew more plants and animals and had specialized words for naming them. Today it is difficult to identify precisely the folk names for small animals and plants (especially those recorded only approximately). Therefore, many of them are defined incompletely in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.” For example: Plant: aňgažolė (Lp) | aňgiažolė (Kt) ‘a kind of forest herb’, avilikė (Grdm) ‘a kind of meadow grass’, bakščiūkas (Vlk) ‘a plant with little prickles’, briklėštis (Alk) ‘a kind of grass’, dyguolis (Rtn, Mre) ‘a spiny marsh plant’, garšklas (Jrb) ‘a kind of herb, grows especially on slopes, leaves resemble maple leaves, pigs like it’, geltonižis (Dj) ‘a kind of herb, jedrūnėlis’, gelžinžolė (Ggr) ‘a kind of grass’, gerkliažolė (Drsk) ‘a kind of medicinal herb’, gervakaklė (Vv) ‘a kind of forest herb, flowers blue’, giedrutis (Bd) ‘a kind of garden flower, yellow-flowering’, gijūtis (Ml) ‘an herb used to stop bleeding’, girgėlė (Lp) ‘a kind of garden flower’, girgžduolė (Zr) ‘a kind of red-flowering herb’, gōtas (Šl) ‘a kind of herb’, ledinė (Šts) ‘a kind of herb’, lėgis (Vl) ‘a kind of herb’, lingė (Vl) ‘a kind of plant’, mainytžiedė (Dr) ‘a kind of flower’, naginė (Grd) ‘a kind of herb’, pamarñakis (Kp) ‘a kind of herb growing in wet meadows’, patrūkelės (Ml) ‘a kind of herb resembling dill’, pelkiai (Krk) ‘marsh plants of a kind’, piškūtis (J) ‘a kind of plant’, piūklštė (Lp) ‘a kind of grass growing near water’, ragūžė (Kp) ‘a kind of flower’, rasūkė (Alk) ‘a kind of flower’, riėstinės (Brs) ‘small yellow-flowering herbs of a kind’, rūgštė (Alk) ‘a kind of field herb with a yellowish, elongated flower’, etc. Bird: arškėtėlis (Antš) ‘a kind of forest bird’, blindėlė (Trgn) ‘a small brownish bird’, čakštinas (PnmR) ‘a kind of brownish-gray bird’, čėčėkas (Grv, Plš) ‘a kind of bird’, čikirllis (Vrn) ‘a speckled marsh bird’, čirškėlė (Ds) ‘a kind of bird’, piemenaitė (Pls) ‘a kind of wild bird, usually following livestock’, pitkė (nlt?) (Vlk) ‘a kind of small bird’, rūgiasėjis (Nč, Grv) ‘a kind of bird’, etc. Fish: badžiūlė (Grv) ‘a kind of fish’, gaidrė (Lp) ‘a kind of river fish’, glėzus (Plng) ‘a kind of small fish’, grąnždingas (Grg) ‘a kind of fish; goby’, lakūnas (Plng) ‘a kind of fish’, maliáuka (Grv, Dkšt) ‘a kind of fish’, pesia (Ds) ‘a kind of small fish’, planklašis (Trk) ‘a kind of fish’, plygė (Sn, Kč, Rod) ‘a kind of broad, small fish’, plūškė (Vkš, Trš) ‘a small fish resembling a rudd’, rūilis (nlt?) (Šts) ‘a kind of lake fish’, apėnis (Grv) ‘a kind of fish’, etc. 11 Mushroom: nonys (Sdk, Ds) “an edible mushroom growing in damp places, with a reddish top and a yellow underside,” pakašė (Vkš) “such a mushroom,” pazdriegždė (Grv) “such a mushroom,” pilkė (Vl, Skr, Erž) “such a mushroom,” putōnas (Grv) “such a mushroom,” raistėkas (Dbč, Lz) “such a bog mushroom,” raudōnpienė (Šts) “a mushroom growing among hazel bushes,” raukšlis (Vlž) “such a mushroom,” rūdė (Smal) “such a mushroom,” and so on. Several comments should be made about these names: 1) some of these names can be identified more precisely, e.g.: a) rūgiasėjis (Nč, Grv) “a bird of this kind” – dirvinis sėjikas (Pluvialis apricaria L.); b) gramzdinas (Grg) “a fish of this kind; grundalas” – gružlys (Gobius fluviatilis L.), since LKŽ gives: grundalas = guirė, gramzda, gružas (Gobio fluviatilis); guirė = gružas, gramzda, gužlys, stekė (Gobio fluviatilis); gružas 3. zool. see gružė 1; gružė = Gobio fluviatilis; gružlis, gružlys = gružė 1; gramzdas see gramzdė; gramzdė = gružlys, gružas (Gobio fluviatilis); c) geltoni žis (Dj) “a kind of herb, jedrūnėlis” – vėdrynas (Ranunculus), since LKŽ gives: jedrūnėlis = geltoni- žis, compare jedrynėlis, while jedrynėlis = vėdrynas (Ranunculus); 2) illustrations in LKŽ of the names we have listed, as well as of some other animals and plants, sometimes show that: a) identification is inaccurate; b) some specific names in this field have been omitted, e.g.: a) čekutis (RŽ, RŠ, Ds, Švnč) “the common snipe (Scolopax gallinago): Oi tu čekut, čekutėli, ko tu lendi krūsnin” [Oh, you čekut, little čekut, why do you crawl into the oven?], compare čėčekas (Grv, Plš) “a bird of this kind: Krūsn yse čėčekai perisi” [Čėčekai breed in the ovens]. The illustration shows that čekutis and čėčekas are kūltupis (Oenanthe oenanthe L.); akmenė (Pn) “a bird of the thrush family, kultupys (Oenanthe oenanthe): If akmenė sings ‘lyk, lyk,’ rain will soon come.” In current Lithuanian ornithological terminology, akmenė is the name not of kūltupis (Oenanthe oenanthe L., Russian обыкновенная каменка, German Steinschmätzer, Latvian akmeņcakstīte), but of Arenaria interpres L. (Russian камнешарка, German Steinwälzer, Latvian akmeņtārtiņš); b) pesia (Ds) “a small fish of this kind: Pauparai gaudos kartu su pesiom” [Pauparai are caught together with pesios], raukšlis (Vlž) “a mushroom of this kind: Raukšlis, or brekiukė.” The names pauparas and brekiukė are not found in LKŽ; 3) some plant names coincide with Lithuanian surnames, e.g.: leleiva (Trgn) “martagon lily (Lilium martagon)”: Leleiva; meirūnas (Vž, JV) “a medicinal and culinary plant cultivated in gardens (Majorana hortensis)” and (Trgn) “garden savory, meira (Satureja hortensis)”: Meirūnas, etc., though they can hardly be considered the direct source of these surnames. 3. Terminologization of Lithuanian folk special vocabulary 3.1. One of the more important ways of creating terms is borrowing ready-made terms. Borrowing can take place not only from other languages, but also from dialects and from the vernacular more generally. Lithuanian terminology dictionaries contain quite a number of vernacular words that have been terminologized, for example: in V. Gudelis’s “Dictionary of Geology and Physical Geography Terms” (1956): балка – raguva (geomorph.), бар – 1. shallow (geomorph.), белая смена (грозового облака) – vainys (meteorol.), буруны – guožos (=gožos, i.e. breaking waves) (phys. geogr.), ванна – lobas “a small, elongated hollow with steep sides” (geomorph.), ваклюза – verdenė (hydrogeol.), стоячие волны – seklos, standing waves (phys. geogr.), дресва – žabaras “sharp-edged gravel” (geol.), зыбь – šarsas “swell after the wind has died down” (phys. geogr.); M. Mi- 12 kalajūno „Rusų–lietuvių kalbų meteorologijos terminų žodyne“ (1975): копка – plutelė, (sniego) čerkšna, налень – apdraba „sniego apnašas“, барашки – 2. lūžtys „lūžtančių bangų viršūnės“, гололёд – lijundra, зарница – amalas „tolimo žaibo atšvaitas“, капель – palašas „atodrėkio lašėjimas“; V. Anskaičio ir M. Kilo „Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žemės ūkio terminų žodyne“ (1971): антракноз – (fit.) дегуляй; кошница – doklas, krežis „pintinė pašarui nešioti“; лодышка – (anat.) kulkšnis, gurnelis; медяная роса – lipčius; подошва башмака – šliužė (dalgio) ir kt. The Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (1972) includes a considerable amount of specialized folk vocabulary close to terminology, with corresponding dialect labels, e.g.: spring-tooth harrows (Low.) “spring-tooth harrow,” last-year’s uncut grass (East.) “last year’s uncut grass,” appetite (Low.) “desire to eat, appetite,” clod (Low.) “clod, lump,” sole arch (East.) “1. the curve of a shoe sole,” bare patch (East.) “bare spot, patch,” and so on. Although most of the realities mentioned here still lack suitable Lithuanian terms in the language of science, the words in question have not been successfully terminologized. Specialists tend to use in their place either word combinations—multiword complex terms—or neologisms with clear derivational motivation, e.g.: борона пружинная – spring-tooth harrow (ŽŪŽ), плешина – bare patch, bare spot (ŽŪŽ), промежуточная часть ботинка – waist of the sole, etc. Why? There is more than one reason. The most important are probably these: 1) a large part of Lithuanian specialized vocabulary consists of words used narrowly (dialectisms or colloquial nonce words); 2) many lexemes of this kind have unclear motivation and are associative words; 3) some borrowed concepts requiring designation already have either equivalents with different motivations in other languages or are named by international words that are etymologically or derivationally transparent, and so on. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the words of folk specialized vocabulary face not only extralinguistic but also linguistic obstacles to terminologization (see 3.2 for a fuller discussion). On the other hand, specialists in various scientific fields engaged in terminology management in their areas lack more precise information about the Lithuanian folk specialized vocabulary of those fields, since we have only an alphabetical dictionary of the Lithuanian language and no ideographic Lithuanian dictionary. Generally, specialists understand that a Lithuanian word, rather than a loanword or neologism (especially a calque), should be preferred when a Lithuanian folk equivalent is suitable for naming the concept both semantically and morphologically. In terminology standardization practice, however, such cases are relatively rare. More often, when a folk-language word is terminologized, it nevertheless has to be changed (semantically or morphologically). In such cases, disagreements arise in terminology committees, and the specialized folk equivalent often loses out. 3.2. The French linguist A. Darmsteter (A. Darmesteter), cited by V. Pizani⁵, has identified two cases of word polysemy: irradiative polysemy (when a word acquires a new meaning, each time deriving from the original meaning) and chain polysemy (each new meaning gives rise to another). Both cases of polysemy can also be observed in Lithuanian folk ⁵ Пизани В. Этимология. – М., 1956, с. 149. 13 in specialized vocabulary, although here there are not only mixed cases (one meaning is radiational, while the others are chain-like, etc.), but also certain other peculiarities, for example: avižė: 1) (Pg) “phlox (Phlox paniculata)”; 2) (Dkš, LBŽ) “poison darnel (Lolium temulentum)”; 3) (LBŽ) “beach grass (Ammophila)”; 4) (Pl, Krč, Všk) “a fungus that grows during oat sowing”; 5) (Kp, Nm, Skd) “a four-winged insect; dragonfly, damselfly, skitterer (Libella)”; 6) (Vžns) “a bird of this kind, yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella).” Clearly, the name avižė for the yellowhammer and the name avižė for the dragonfly derive neither from the plant meanings of this word nor from one another. On the other hand, there is likewise no etymological connection between the zoological meanings of this word: the yellowhammer was called avižė because it is a wintering bird that formerly fed in winter (at markets and in towns, on oats left by horses, or in villages near threshing barns and stacks of straw) on oats, whereas the name avižė for the dragonfly probably arose from the resemblance of its buzzing sound (“Avižės šnabždėdamos lekia” [“Avižės fly by whispering”]. J). Thus, what we have here is not semantic divergence, but incidental homonymy. When creating new terms in various fields of science and using folk names, incidental homonymy must be taken into account, since misleading semantic associations hinder neologisms from taking hold and becoming established in scientific language. Polysemous folk names often denote related concepts and can be an important source for understanding their development, for example gurgždis: 1) (P, K, Mt) “a plant of the umbellifer family (Chaerophyllum)”; 2) (P, Ak, K. Būg, C, R) “wild angelica (Angelica silvestris)”; 3) (Kv, Vdk, Slnt, J) “garden angelica (Archangelica officinalis)”; 4) (J) “lovage (Levisticum officinale)”; 5) (MŽ, Ls, Mit) “ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria)”; 6) (TM) “cowbane (Cicuta virosa)”; 7) (Užv) “hemlock (Conium maculatum)”; ābrė: 1) (Krp, Žg, Jnš) “a large trough for mixing bread dough”; 2) (Ut, Sk) “a deep trough for serving mash”; 3) (Škn) “a trough for salting meat”; 4) (Jnš, Žg) “a box made of boards for chopping beets,” etc. The polysemy of folk-language specialized names is generally not a major obstacle to their terminologization, since most words of this type are, after all, monosemous or have few meanings. Far greater obstacles are that these words are unfamiliar in the standard language, that their motivation in use is unclear, and so on. Lithuanian folk specialized vocabulary is characterized by the fact that most of its words (even transparent derivatives) are relatively short. This is well suited to the requirements for terms. On the other hand, however, Lithuanian words of this type are highly variable phonologically and morphologically, which should be regarded as a certain obstacle to terminologization, for example: linārautis (Srv, Ps) || linārovis | linarovys (Vl, Kt, Lel, Skdt) | linarūtė (Šd, Sml, Ds) “time for pulling flax,” klapātė (Srv, Pg, Krkn) | klebātė (Užp, Lel) | klabātė (Sv, Ds, Grv) | klebūtas (Ktk) “an uneven spot made while hammering a scythe,” kaužynė (Šv) || kauzarynė (Vvr, J) | kauzarija (Šts) | kauzurynė (Krkl) | kauzurynas (Krkl, Ggr) “poor, boggy meadow,” and so on. 3.3. So far, the most successful efforts at terminologizing folk names have involved plant and animal names. Their rich synonymy can readily be used to name generic- 14 goms gentims bei rūšims. Pavyzdžiui, Zoologijos terminų komisijos posėdžiuose (1980.I.15 ir 1980.II.6) svarstant lietuviškus drugių pavadinimus, nutarta žodžio drugys sinonimus peteliškė ir plaštakė panaudoti kai kurioms gentims bei rūšims pavadinti. Peteliškėmis nutarta vadinti didžiuosius naktinius drugius: Mormonia sponsa – ąžuolinė peteliškė, Catocala fraxini – mėlynsparnė peteliškė, C. nupta – paprastoji peteliškė, C. pacta – mažoji peteliškė, C. electa – pietinė peteliškė ir t.t. Plaštakėmis vadinama kita dieninių drugių gentis: Nymphalis xanthomeles L. – raudonjuostė plaštakė, N. polychloros L. – daugiaspalvė plaštakė ir kt. Folk names have also long been successfully terminologized in botany, medicine, veterinary medicine, and other branches of science. For example, in folk speech the word gelta is used for any pathological yellowing. In phytopathological and medical terminology, however, this term has very precise meanings and numerous names for specific types, for example: Beta virus 46 (Longisporus chenopodii) – beet yellows, Pisum virus 8 (Viciavirus chlorogenus) – pea yellows; Fragaria virus 1 (Plakidas) – strawberry leaf-margin yellows; Hepatitis infectiosa – infectious jaundice, Hepatitis salvarsanica – toxic jaundice, Anaemia haemolytica – hemolytic jaundice, and so on. It is somewhat more difficult to use folk names in contemporary polytechnic terminology, but words from everyday speech can also, in a number of cases, be successfully adapted to name relatively specialized technical concepts, for example: мотовило – lenktuvai (of a combine harvester) ŽŪŽ, стулка переднего колеса (велосипеда) – priekinė stebulė KŽ, наливная труба (автомобиля) – (automobilio) benzino bako kaklelis KŽ, tekinimo staklių arkliuko iltis LTE (arkliukas str.), боров – ulė, gulstinis dūmtraukis PolŽ, and so on. Folk vocabulary still contains many unused words. They can be adapted in various terminological systems to denote specific concepts. Where necessary, their meaning can be modified slightly, their morphological form changed, and so on. We will mention several dozen such folk (especially dialectal) words suitable for terminologization: asnis “the longer hairs of a fur-bearing animal,” dagšlas “slag, stain,” dykra “wasteland, open plain,” dognis || kopnia “patch, a distinct area within some expanse,” erčia “empty space,” ėška “appetite,” gramantas “lump,” gunklas “thickening in thread or rope,” perglyta “thinning in thread or rope,” kėmuras “bunch,” kėstes “two joined poles for carrying hay or straw,” kukis “1. a hook for turning manure while loading it; 2. a tool for twisting fetters or ropes,” naiva “a slow-progressing disease,” minda “peat mass,” magnas || plova “a boggy place,” pėdžia “1. a post supporting the roof of a threshing barn or granary; 2. the post of a well sweep; 3. a stake or other kind of support,” peikšmas “section; interval,” leliuškė “soft cabbage head,” taniai “pus,” saistas “a word likely to be correct,” riesmė “one firing of a kiln,” sinkliai “chaff from straw,” sintis “shortness of breath, asthma,” spirklas “support, prop,” speltė “opening above a stove,” sprunklis “a stick used for tightening something,” šultis “a stack,” šiošė “husk,” šandrai “alluvial deposits,” tumoras “growth,” stapas “a crossbeam,” kotmuo “the thick end of a sheaf of grain,” and so on. 6 The Latin name in this case indicates the causative agent of the disease—the virus. 15 4. Conclusions 4.1. Lithuanian folk special vocabulary is a large and thematically diverse lexical subsystem. It is especially characterized by names of plants and animals, the geographical environment and natural phenomena, tools, processes and routines, household utensils, dishes, measures and quantities, kinship relations, etc. Folk special vocabulary should not be equated with terminology and called folk terminology. 4.2. Most words of this type are derivatives. There are very few compounds, and semantic transfer is almost never used as a means of creating neologisms. The tendency toward expressivity is more pronounced in this lexical subsystem than the tendency toward regularity. No association between particular naming methods and specific fields or thematic groups was observed. One distinctive feature of the formation of this vocabulary, compared with other languages, is the use of names of domestic and wild animals to designate certain abstract concepts (e.g., work defects). 4.3. Lithuanian folk special vocabulary belongs to the passive vocabulary group. It is particularly characterized by phonological and morphological variation and synonymy. Names of this type also display semantic divergence and derivational homonymy. The semantic motivation of some words of this type is now difficult to trace, since they are isolated words with no related counterparts in our language. 4.4. Folk special vocabulary is considered a principal source of terminology, although its importance for the creation of terms in various fields of science is steadily declining. Folk names of plants and animals, and of natural phenomena, have been the easiest to terminologize and, to date, have been the most widely terminologized. The terminologization of words of this type is hindered not only by extralinguistic factors but also by certain linguistic factors. FROM LITHUANIAN FOLK SPECIAL VOCABULARY Abstract Folk special vocabulary should not be equated with terminological vocabulary or called folk terminology, since most of this vocabulary is not only non-terminologized but is also not used at all in the standard literary language. Lithuanian folk special vocabulary is a large and thematically diverse lexical subsystem. It is especially characterized by names of animals and plants, local geographical and meteorological features, work processes and tools, folk dishes and utensils, kinship terms, and others. Most such names are derived words, and there are very few compounds among them. A distinctive feature of this vocabulary is the use in folk speech of names of domestic animals to designate certain abstract concepts related to work, etc. Folk special vocabulary is considered the main source of Lithuanian terminological vocabulary, but its importance for the language of science is gradually declining. Its phonological and morphological variation, polysemy, and associations may be considered obstacles to the terminologization of this vocabulary. 16