Parūpinamųjų veiksmažodžių semantika

or SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE CULTURE AND TERMINOLOGY Petit oF. 17 PROBLEMS 73 a TT LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE CN Ai a QUESTIOhy NS, XXIV(1985) 2 ana a A a re td i Sue Za =. member GERTRODA SAVICIOTE is ni A A An x gi PARUPINAMUJU VEIKSMAZODZIU SEMANTICS tų (Las ae ; i k Shag a 1. The practical prognosis of the writing of the “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter —DLL) forces us to once again draw attention to the decreasing group of Lithuanian verbs — the comparative verbs (verba curativa, or them —causativa passiva), the distinction of which from the causative verbs (verba causativa aciš tiva) creates considerable difficulties. Not entirely sufficient are considered the basic criteria for their assignment: semantic, formal and relation to the base hae word !. In search of new criteria, it was moved from the word itself į jo use in the ~~ sentence. This is how we could consider A. Jakulienės proposed ao syntactic (transformational method based) criterion of action relation object su ku ?. Going further, we tried to look at the serving verbs as performing į the predicate function in the Te sentence, Axes sentence, t. y. ability to connect the nameZodical terms terma — subject tis termą object and limit the ir semantics. — jų More than 1,000 samples were used for the analysis. iš 12 LKZ volumes ir The second edition of the “Dictionary of Re Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (hereinafter referred to as — DZ) selected sentences, illustrating verbs marked with | = abbreviations cur. (LKZ) prp. ir (DZ). Illustrative word — combinations are used here only partially. iš The results of this analysis are compared with the su ri results of an analogous causal verb analysis previously carried out. Tl ®. The breakdown of the sentences of both types into į superficial and ir deep-levels revealed some differences in wT the “valentness” of the ir pariipinamyjy preZastiniu verbs. — The main sentence components — of the predicate, subject, objectLh to — The semantic analysis revealed several characteristics common to both groups of arts verbs, which distinguish one group from ir the other. 1 2. Frequent overlap of the sentence structure of both types (as one iš k of these verbs) is only a feature of the superficial level. Although in — both one and the other type of sentences, the be predicate, we find the ir subject obCoe jack (if they are not omitted for context), e.g.: eats Ji (caus.*) child — p ! For a detailed critical analysis of these criteria, see Jakulienė A. Criteria for ir assigning = causal auxiliary verbs.— Linguistics, 1975, t. 26(1), p. 78—81. ia ay Re ? Idem. These criteria will be touched on later in this article. Rs Mur A * Cannujore I. C. Ilpejgukarsi uean un NPEeAHKATH Kay3aunn (Ha martepuje ¢aekgh THBHEX HHAOeBponėfickHX A3uKOB): Astoped. AMC. ... KaHA one. uayk.— M., 1980; i I'm eé driving. Ilpejmnkarii uenn m mpeamkarw Kaysaumm— Has, AH CCCP. Cep. JmT-pst H 53. Se 1980, 1. 39, Ne 6, c. 539—548. i t ji iy a * Abbreviations as "Dictionary of the English Language". Tr ia Sd aj MEY GEL Nair ATR CR Ty UR TU AR NE ra Ea Se ae ti (ao Ofer fee, Š7T) bedspread, sentences with a Re i i ors Je TIE a at “5 E“ <a a Ji ausdine (cur.) auxiliary verbs su "That deep conjunction is more complex than sentences with causal actionsu fe by in words. In the first there is another action performed ir jo by the subject. * L This feature, apparently, saw F. Kuršaitis, when he wrote that verbs suffix su -dinu means an indirect action performed by someone else (invil directly, through a Others)®. The presence of another entity is mentioned ir J. Job-; | i lonski's definition of pariipinamyjy verbs: pariipinamaisiais veiksmaZoDZiais ,,we say that the actor only takes care, so everything arranges, Kl makes allows the ar action to be the act of others kls that the same work is forged by others“® ar (underlined by us— G. S.). On the contrary, the subject of priZastiniy verbs is only one: with causative verbs “we indicate that the actor does the whole action himself, that he does all the work here” ir ad ir 7. Second pa2 k the subject of careful verbs mentioned by ir other authors *. iš This kind of deep-level treatment of sentences of this type is ne confirmed only by Ny explanatory sentences, e.g. : Lodindini (cur.) dogs, t. y. tells kigin those that lodinty (caus.) J, but literary ir language users do nota ij ordinary sentences in which the second subject is expressed explicitly. For example: : BY A lot of... ragaisiy through servants brought to the cows K. Donel; The thief was smashed with dogs S. Dauk; Liep herd in the narrow path paJanine casts, animal-wrapped S. Dauk ir t. t. In another Sudeten Sy sentence we find the action of ir another subject, e.g. : I've been Tm smoking for half a year now, the master o isn't afraid to suck ią Sts. cn He by expressing each deep-level component in symbols (S — ši entity, P — predicate, O — object, — — causing or curing "Teta relation"), we could depict both types of sentences in the form of — Causation sentence: (S+P)—(0+P). g ki, = Curator's sentence: (S1-+P1)—>(S$2+P2)—(O+P), more precisely (O/=Ss/+ Ro + Ps). Nearby The ir differences of the deep superficial level are even more obvious, the real gE sentences of both types are described by causing periphrase “to do so that”. a For example: : The sun faded (caus. snow DZ: (1) "The sun made so that" + (2) "The snow melted"; [You] lodindini (cur.) dog J: (1) “You do A so that”+ (2) ,, [Someone] does so that” + (3) "Dogs are barking". In the sentences of gi causation we find components 4 expressing situations: the 2 causing situation (subject 1) causing action) ir jo Xi ir 2) causal situation (object ir subject causator a —* "Kurschat F. Grammar of Lithuanian Language.— Halle, 1876, S. 122. Hy i | "Jablonskis J. Selected Writings — V. 1057, request. 2892 iso i i Yes ša + 7 Ibid. RI r a 8 S kafiremne D. CybOhunkcansuste rAarošist coBpeMeKHoro AHTOBCKOTO AI3BI . AstOped. a ANC. ... Kara. GHAON. HAYK. Bumsmioc, 1968, ¢. 11; Yakaiti E, Laigonaitė A, Paulauskienė A. Morphology of Lithuanian language.—V., ia 1976, p. 110. hs gd Ta lie ES Ra RE ERR is caused by a change in its state or action). In curative sentences we find 6 components, expressing 3 situations: 1) curative sisti tution (subject initiator and his curative action), 2) intermediate curative situation (subject mediator and his performed action, curated by the subject initiator) and 3) final curative situation (object a and its state change or action caused (caused) by the subject mediator and curated by the subject initiator). Eel The fact that the deep (sometimes superficial) sentence structure of curative sentences is sounder than that of causative sentences, shows that curative verbs, when present in a sentence, lead to more complex subjective objective relationships. Curation sentences express a more sudéting- ~~ non-real situation than causation sentences. ile Next, we will try to analyze the semantic features of each component. 5 and 3. The results of semantic analysis of each component of the curation sentence are shown in the table. Looking at jg vertically and comparing it with A analogous results of causation sentence analysis 9, we will try to show the m metic “intersection” points, forming the assumptions of the mixing of both groups of verbs, but also a certain specialization of curation sentence components, the difference from the semantics of the corresponding components of causation sentences. —This, in our opinion, should help to distinguish in practice the servile verbs from the pre-Zastiniy. ; 2 i i 3.1.1. The subject expressed in both types of sentences The analysis of the semantic characteristics of (S,) showed that the serving verbs limit the semantics much more than the causative ones. The = latter are combined in jo the sentence with any on subject su capable of performing an active action or having an active effect. This is t person (Doctor treats the sick K), animal (Margiukas threw a pig through a hole r§), force of nature or (Rain swept the earth DZ), object (Carriage breaks the December DZ), abstraction (I knew many songs — time — forgot DZ). On the contrary, the subject in su sentences with pa adjectives can usually only be a s m u o. In addition, these sentences —relate to causative sentences, the subject of which can be a person. A large — number of curatorial sentences indicate a certain specificity of the subject. 1) A subject 23 is a person with the power of command. For example: : King tą incident Ta ing kning recorded J, The senior man whipped the men's a regiment Jrk; Amtsrats... also beat him Prichkov, that, only three days old, he died — aged K. Donel; Liuob's gonna get rid of the man. ir : gk run Sts. 2) Another fairly clear group consists of sentences, in which the subject is gl any person who is unable to perform the action being curated — himself. For example: : The father urged intended his son's studs į teacher- "you taught Ns 1849, 2; Forge, girl, a gold ring, forge my name sr N 94. 3) The subject of a considerable number of sentences is not so strictly Ari era ai E Dee A es TTT (t t Level Ee CE Gt TT ins ra ao at aa ae ks tais BL es . : Ne il a pe 28 e Ei EEE |. E pt 3 Sy es = mi ‘rayx hy en LU BREL ša TERE Be free RT ar jų sm 3 28 LITER AR One, oP | Flowers.) ga Ei I I se HY iC RESET Li An 8 =. arr === Lah Jape Ea SE ki L tu = SES oF Lo Cae Th a i. rm a SE Rah: lt An Ta 2 2 fea IE Poe aE BRE k 558 iat X ss CE hey s co ki SEER yi i) i i Akio Tw 1 igRE ZE = 5. 4 10 He Uri Bt CE low ERAGE Rk S63 nds TAT ay Ae iy ae Ais Ali ai ša THIBER TL We HE Na BR a ki E Ham Bi] aed te r Vs Ka! 3 ||| 33 this Ad A 2 En E i ią — E> it, hi Pl Uni = Ky ||“ as Ele a nT LANEY 2 2 E EScg 28 ių 55 gana i aa Ė i5Y 111 8 E [| E8512 a MT CR PITRE 2 8 H E53 E G ~~ Bio ih ETRE 5 °F Šš kr Li ji de NR mE of = ts = k yo T 5 $A ao Tp = | o Zūaso [=] TE Ti Ari Sk RE Sa 8 2 E83 E Hy For food may D o PE E 2 8's a sr Aa 2006-2007 SL. m v= | B85 a 21 oe Sr Er M © gE a 8 Sa k“ © A Bynes Yes = > = 2c $i D A 4 Tik Se - [-% 5 STE =] Rb aS I light She. 5 Žž g ge = Oo ae UBS V = 2 El E,ZE% 3&6 Vi ea hd RL 8 Ese ati gr le i i I ft T = k aap tao Dees Fie k 2 | 83 i e ip k | chicken 8 tT į 5 2 A nalai. ER 5 E10) 5 = i hey Spt vet = CoE = = si EA a LAF = [vi = fl > į Sr Tan Atis Mao Pe al z 2 < || a roko] AGRA enh 2 ARK ta rs = = į Ng a > 5 4 a other ob HENRI = A — ee Til outti fog SNE Ry SEARED Con Iš || Bene G SAF TR Rn RE = ||š ||| dl 5 ių an rice w Eo ika Carium ai k. la ls L ji 2 ZE iE i TRAY ox 8 Tosa Mikšo “= e eg Bans Vo 4 an? a aR 2 | SE ad! b BA 4 a fi A = Ee Ege 2 = WY > eg AE LO es sias kra TB Lai Ea yo I Ta al I 5 o ny t ey a i Be mother Mar 3 Xo = Amrita Zi ‘Mie it ii E 3 Ką aa Pr rs D R kais a ST oa Cay SE limited as the first two types. Here it can be any person e.g. : Vi Joe brought you fish. Sint; Fishing rods are thrown out, (5 fishermį en return to the shore. About the semantics of the subject be of the context we can say is nothing of iš the sentences in which it is expressed by a pronoun or not expressed at all. rr For example: :I've already broken the o už second wheel, so at least a good one for me Fah the word imposed Brs; I didn't make an oar JV 642. a The subject semantics of the first two types of sentences suggest that sa © the Chinese entity does not perform o the action itself, only takes jį care that others perform TA The third type of sentences, indifferent to this feature, in our opinion, can sha) make the assumption of mixing of su auxiliary base verbs ir jų Ee Only in this circumstance, the rhythm requirements of folk songs in the simplest ar ap „rss sirikim we can explain the entity of the mediator (a person who knows the craft) Fra appearance in the place of the subject initiator in several sentences. For example: : Kal ris still forged new pieces Jrb; He himself took the fork of the gel with a three claws S. Dauk; In Tilžės miestely a young goldsmith st will make a ring LB 49; Da aš I have a hood...,knitted LE knitting In these JV 416. sentences, the verbs prefix i. -dinti (-dyti) probably su mean not the serving, but the direct physical agent SRL ma, e.g. forging “guilty”, accused ‘sewing’. Verb to knit miné In the second sentence, the LKZ authors interpret the verb knit and parūpina muju as Ri not being considered. he A number of sentences were found, the subject position of which is occupied by nouns, referring to Ra an institution ar 'galia. They clearly Sliejas led to sentences where the subject is a person with command power, so will act, we can consider the minor words used in these sentences as comparative be Chai ips The government searched LC1886,11; Manor, after the work was completed Fae iuob Sh the bull will encourage LMD (Sd). ua Thus, the subject of subordinate verbs (S;) can only be asmuc ~~ (institution, collective), supervising the performance of the action expressed by the base word of the 3 1 home verb, but not performing it himself. E.g. —The king writes (cur.) a letter —The scribe writes (tr.) a letter; Mer =n gyté kaldina (cur.) Ziedelj —Aukskalys kala (tr.) Ziedelj; Vyššny —bé nuimdino (cur.) strop —Workers (tr.) took down the roof. Based on this characteristic, we can call this entity the initiator, assigning it to nuc i 2 entity mediator (S.), performing the curated action. Tan 3.1.2. The controlling action of the subject initiator, lying in the verb ras = prefix of the word, has already been repeatedly examined both in terms of the form of expression and the aspect of meaning. The suffix -dinti(-dyti), as recognized by many scholars i nétojy, is not a sufficient criterion for distinguishing the subordinate verbs of WA 4 —from causative verbs —causative verbs, e.g. ws —sprogdinti, Zeldinti, valgydinti, etc., are also subordinated by it. The comparative meaning may have i ad 2 9 E.g.: Jablonskis J. Min. veik., p. 290; Lietuvių kalbos gramatika.—V., 197 af t. 2, p. 265; fikafitene BD. Min. veik, p. 11; Jakuliene A. Min. veik, p. 79. three a 2.7240 ei EN GEE RRR si UA Li es eh will play aka BB siksmažodžiai su causative suffix -inti, e.g.: maliti (Pt. ma need ore J), unprotected (The king of strange iš lands sparrows rei ino, the steps again 9 invested M. Valanč) etc. aa 5 It is not possible to detail the semantics of the initiating action of the subject fs precisely because of the morphological jo expression. The significance of the adverb fr. eh ia we perceive the iš context of ar extralinguistic situation knowledge (t. ga aip actually that ar other action can be performed). rj Kali Most researchers consider the action of the initiator of the subject synonymous jv i with taking care of eiksmazodZi, according to which the ir name of the group of spoken active odzis was created. According to the semantics of this action, the most commonly used auxiliary verbs is are distinguished ir from causal '"'. However, applying only D5 the criteria, we would not know šį to which group to assign the verbs shockSil dinti, return, watering, etc. !2 ir Totally reasonably causal J. Jablonskis used a 4 the verbs kepinti, deginti, jodinti, gulinti, lesinti, lakonti, sausinti, although he describes the meaning of the verb rūpintis: aR „rūpinsis, kad duoir jy bt na fried, that candle burning, that child jodyty guléty, — that chicken lesty, if gl that the dog laughs, that the meadow is dry“ 13, One of the iš main reasons for mixing the ek 8 ir auxiliary priezastiniy verbs, apparently, is that ir Ray priezastiniy verbs subject causative action can be only ne i oh physical, e.g. a storm forces trees J, but some indirect ir effect by will, by word a (by order, request ir t. t.) for a living intelligent object rą (person, animal), e.g. : He had disembarked passengiš ers at the —- "1 of the aircraft part Sunj laying fox į cave DZ. Su this type of kaues zuojantio action is closely related to ir the curative action. That he J k means the indirect effect of the subject on ne the object, always coinciding su “to take care of”, is particularly clearly shown by some explanatory and compound sentences. es The semantics of the commanding action often corresponds to the verbs order, persuade, hire, tr send, call “invite”, give, etc. ir For example: : Roasting ia sowing, turnip, t. y. I tell the other to chew J; I'm gonna aš give it to him. tą al an item, t. y. tell him that he's fat to demand a thing tą J; I'd hire a Rp craftsman, I'd take a dog. (d.) Vz; The workers, -7having chosen a few wise men from among themselves, went to Pong and told him that the wages were too low. LC1878,17; Aš I'll name three young HE boys, I'll aš ir distinguitq sh a guest (d.) Plt; It's winter Salty Tay licking (given to lick) axe, tongue o sticking Jrk19. a of Su (1) targeted ar (2) non-targeted causing action “to allow, = 3 to eat conditions, not to disturb", e.g. : (1) Mother pampering daughter...,migva ging as long as possible Earth; (2) Why are iš you running? J, curative action 3 Biss Aad SEL EN A 1 pig: Jablonskis J. Min. week., p. 289; Paulauskienes A. The lexical grammar of the Lithuanian language is different from the verb’s literal meaning. V., 1967, p. 13; Lithuanian grammafa r, pil ihe 2.9.25 Thai 0, ~~ upg Jakulien A Min. veik,, p. go cic dic i Ee i Ši 8 Jablonski J. Min. ill., p. 137. Tah BRE i, Pele 16 Order it. No. 1007 ET a t wait ET Se fire 241 BERIT CC ia k Lg FU Get Bh ia ms anid a "related slightly less, because the latter usually means a more active subject ik effect, precisely directed at the object. Only with a few examples we can illustrate Vor Gata the imprecision of the curative action (i.e. when the subject is the initiator = consciously does not aim for the result), e.g. : The dog is loose, probably sudras p CR kidins what Sint; I've named three piglets, no matter how they guard, what the pig does not named Sts. Some sentences found in LKZ, in which a (Ee, verbs used with lexical synonyms of the commanding action Kr Aa (to command, to give) are considered atypical. For example: : Something that could grind bread Wo! Washing clothes for another person; Washing clothes for another person; Neverta © daiktas buvo duot beating Rymo miestietis DP169; Liepé daiktas lie he tus iš tenai atimdinti brš. These sentences express even more complex s O Manelia than simple curative sentences, or show a mixture of subordinate and their pa RS matiniy verbs, e.g. jduoti malaldinti may mean "to grind in water". EN 3.1.3. The semantics of the mediator of the subject (the performer of the action) is the easiest to determine from the T, that is, sentences in which it is expressed by a separate word. Calling this subject an intermediary, He underlines that it is an “external” to the performer of the action, performing the action not for itself. This feature helps to distinguish pa gh = careful verbs from priezastiniy in cases where the indirect object in the causing sentences is the person performing the causing action, E.g. : Apples for the children have been eaten (caus.) DZ—The child has eaten all the apples, and Mergé hires workers, cuts the varst va —The workers cut the varst. G0 a The mediating entity, although performing the curated action, is not vanamite compared to the initiating entity. ek su Jo nesavarankiskumg ypa ši — emphasiir zes brings closer to “instrument” semantics is that the subject tar r —pininkas is usually expressed by the constructs of the noun vowel, prepositions su, pei. Lo For example: : Who liuosg man's slave, tą dogs suple op —Sydino S. Dauk; Ded in the clovers salt i with the horses mindin, that dir x —pressed clovers for winter Sts; Don't publish yourself and for (through) another without publishing kia that language to anyone 1; At tinsmith cinavodinau tin set tą Gm Be of that, in most of the curacy sentencey subject intermediary at all ne 28 = expressed. For example: : From the air walls upholstered with boards rs; From the golden winter. I'm writing a = letter, al' ans JD 810; Aš ne až ——- muejo Kl; Cut your hair too — long As. The non-necessity iš of the ios expression of the mediator of the subject could probably be ta explained by the very reason that a explains the disappearance of auxiliary verbs: "The actor who pa "io sirtipina Si that the action is performed, here is more important than the one that iš Co tke performs the action’ 14, ey od On the other hand, the semantics of the mediator of the subject is close to the semantics of the causative | — action of the ZodZiy subject. Ir one, ir another gal ira kid Jakaitienė E,Secularism A, Paulauskienė A. Min. sick, p. 110 No AR From R to E Us rų os ET Ta Ae SRR aa of arai Keita ES rag ER host ip Aero area Ti aa r al ad ih a aa RG lsat be person, animal, nature (1) (2) (3) (or otherwise). For example: : Operate the road load of clover... I'm gonna take them home. 3 K. Donel; Peliodink kate all the mice J; Aukseliu [letter] I'll write, I'll T blow with the wind JD637. The first type of examples found most, his second much less, — the third only a few. — A word that denotes an object ar abstraction usually does not take the position of a subject intermediary. Another i example of this type is an intermediate between curative and causative causation: etching is considered a ir subordinate, i 18 LKZ a DZ causative, e.g. Sulphur 0 — i į | acid used for etching metals DZ. A certain specificity of the semantics Th of the — mediator — of the subject emerged. Most often (1) it is a Fé subordinate person or a person (2) who learns, can perform And some work. For example: : (1) Pyvo tris bačkas svetlyčią į per tarnig nus įnešė greitai K. Donel; (2) There's a squeegee in the back of du the city. ve Li u — JV1008. There is a subject of curacy su sentences mediator, which means any person obeying an order, liepisai mui request. | ar For example: : Your complaints through Al-Andalus was conquered. First a du kuracijos sakinys subject mediator — person — semantics types laita. the most typical. iš | 3.1.4. Curator's action (the mediator of the performing subject), the root of the iš verb aed corresponding ir to the reference word, were summarized by the criterion of relation to the su reference word. It has been found that paoe) ripping verbs are made active action transitives iš Eat verbs, e.g., build build), prepositions of self-acting (: intransitive, o e.g., grow — iš grow)'s. A (: But it turned out that ir Ring some adverbial verbs can be made of an active factoriš hE mo transitive verbs e.g.: 16, girdyti drinking), (: maitinti (:Zisti), lesinti (: lesti) etc. ir Apparently, ne only because of others, but because of this common ir feature verbs ėdinti, ėsdinti te LKZ authors consider causal, D200 authors comparative. o — od Another very important feature of the semantics of the base verbs was raised. 1b It is stated that they are usually action verbs, meaning the action of creating the object to be destroyed pVZ. ar "", build (statydinti)— to dismantle (agonizing) However, as the semantic analysis of the base verbs has shown, the base words of the subordinate verbs can denote | different actions by which something is ir done to the object. In general, we can say that the base word of the servile verbs usually means physical action in only one other case—non-physical action effect. ir ar The first type of action (a) the object is made/destroyed ar (b) for object 15 pig: Jablonskis J. My, sick., p. 289—290; Paulauskienė A. ARE, Lithuanian verbWords.— V, 1971, p. 8—9. 16 Plg, English Grammar, t. 2, p. 25. Weiss gr Paula the Wicked A. The lexical-grammatical verb of Lithuanian language means something is done. We kr “moreover, p. 13. * paste LARS ių Wes eR RE REEL RG Fe 5 43 a nA to t ONE TE AR oo Big ECT 20 ERA can divide the verbs of this type into 3 sehic mantic groups. EA (1) Verbs denoting certain actions related to work, craft or otherwise to payment, skills, e.g., (a) as object is made: knit (knit) gloves, bake (bake) bread, Ea cast (cast) letters, etc., (b) something is done to the object: cut (cutAz. gar) hair, spin (spin) a dress, cut (cut) a ring sich d ko (2) Verbs denoting "punishment" actions, e.g.; (a) the object of the verb is destroyed: kardyti (kardinti), draskyti (draskydinti) thief, ee su išdurti = (išdurdinti) eyes, etc. (b) something is done to the object: plakti (plakdinti), perti = t —— (excessive), beaten (beating) the criminal, etc. t. tati (3) Verbs denoting various other more specifically not-denoting physical actions, e.g. (a) an object is destroyed: karti (kardinti) "a dog, cut (to cut) an animal, (to shred) books ir t. i.e., (b) A something is done to the object: to train a horse, to burn (heat) at shoulder, cover (to cover) the table (static) ir t. t. The least dependeir nt on the semantics of the subject-- verb are the verbs of the first group, although sometimi es they can enter ir only the first, but ne į ir į some other group, —— e.g. put (1) (to wear) midsoles, teeth ir (2) 100 mg Bass (on a a burning pitch). In this respect, the verbs of the second hal third group are far more independent. Verbs of the second group can be ir combined in a sentence only with a subject having the power of command, an object, a HE reiSkianCiu personal part of the body. su ir — ar Verbs of the third group do not restrict Yes subject Ne semantics, but the object is jų usually only an animal object ar — (less ir often part of the body). The same verb can enter one į other group ar due to the semantics of the subject it object, e.g.: karti ar (2) (carded), drasJ — kitty The thief ir (3) map dog, dogs, dogs (draw) the book. The acts of care made on the basis of verbs of the third group are usually confused with causative, — because these actions that do not require any su specific payment can be performed by both the intermediary and the initiating ~~ entity. in ir Especially difficult to differentiate them then, 4 šu when the semantics of the subject be of the sentence is unclear. For example: : Follow the grain until 0 you parse it J; Pick up the clothes from the fence J. HE The semantics of the object is somewhat different between the verbs denoting the effect of ir non-physical action. ar 4 Un Non-physical verbs may be combined with objects of different semantics, e.g. : — su Jig In their honor proclaim S. Stan (:proclaim the glory); The princes i š- ~~ took away the salts. S. Dauk (:išnuomo jo druskinyéias). — Non-physical verbs that denote a verbal effect on an object are usually a? combined with objects that denote su persons, e.g. : I've — already invited people for tomorrow. Vd (:I invited people). ma Subordinate verbs, which denote a physical action re — mą, yra artimi tiesioginę fizinę kauzacija rei$kiantiems priežastiniams gal rai hep Ce ah ST NA Aaa i i TT A Ea ER n/a EE a SE og A Rare Tae gE a GER tao A Rasti AE TARE Ea received = ae NT : FARE CT RL, Toe 4.6. Distinguish conjugable verbs from prepositional verbs Xia based solely on the ne previously applied criteria, but ir a) sentence deepening: 7 differences in conjunctions and semantic b) peculiarities of sentence components. Only those verbs should be regarded as subordinate verbs, which are absolutely separated from the causal verbs, those which condition in the deepest sense. t. y. ar os 3 in the upper part of the sentence more complex subjective objective i = intentions ir most restrict the semantics of sentence components. 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