Semantiniai vertiniai ir motyvacijos pamokos

P SCIENCE LANGUAGES CULTURES IR TERMINOLOGY this a iz PROBLEMS frig i IN LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXIV (1985) CHOIR A es ppd Son 4, games G RR LAI a T Left to T right a i LJ 31 Sle NR rs aE ie Nt ead. ya diol 1 24 100 mg Xe ee ae ERE as a hy 11 gi” kai ais 0 - i JONAS KLIMAVICIUS ha Sl Lid SEMANTICS VALUE IR JUSTIFICATION LESSONS 2 ro rh The strict ir distinction of borrowing values is based on the onomastological point of view re i of the lexicon: the borrowing ir processes are significant, the results are not at all similar. o However, semasiologically, the causes of both phenomena are ir pA mė is the same: ta the content of the borrowed values of — both groups ir of new — words Lie (usually) not of indigenous origin. The borrowing of foreign semes ai together with su corresponding foreign lexical elements is called word, or lexical, borrowing, the results of this process being borrowing o words, Fans or lexical (Zodyn) borrowings. — + | But foreign-origin terms can be named Ea (renamed) ir indigenous lexical values: — constructive fa values (lexical, Zodyno rebuildings) or semantic (meaning) values (semantic, meaning rebuildings). So the borrowed sememe of both la processes—borr- — 1) owed lexem, borrowed sememe—*- 2) nt ia indigeni leksema — priežastis ir pradZia is common: semantic (requireHORE més) borrowing. ri The first process we would call material borrowing. The second process is not homogeneous, the results are varied. Therefore, the concept of ir semantic induction is perhaps jj most accurately described as follows: the semantics of another language induces (excites) the semantics — 1) of the native language the emergence of a new meaning of the already existing corresponding word (semantic value). ar 2) nauras its foreign origin meaning jvardijima novadaru (adjective value). cold In the second case, semantic induction is accompanied by operative induction. Semantic induction, m "a induced terms of various linguists are used for a long time, wad but po rarely, little explaining without specifically raising terminology klauika simo, without caring ir for the term system. a Thus, until they have reached conceptual unambiguity and definition, even textbook triviality, m the principles of ia : chips “I call”, it seems, could not be considered a breach of terminological discipline by claiming to Se reject other ar concepts. It is merely an arbitrary agreement Ni to seek a more adequate answer to the phenomenon, ne at least a ed už inferior principle "I agree", as if obliging to give a binding answer according to the unknown as the chosen hy authority (or authorities) authorization. A. Kaulakienė | deals only with the narrow concept of induces, or relative values, Saat, naming the intermediate layer of real values of ja self-originating new creations ir (lexical semantics) ar aj — ne precise, real lime, certain o anasala logs: semantic induces, in her understanding, are of the type fauras ‘bridge support’ ( + 6bik; though ObIK: bull, cup: o Typ), o adjectives — of the type intervalmetai Kai US Aa SLE re SR SE between BTL ( < er wyn, according to the wavemeter« eoanomep model analogy) novazodzia Ari = (or new meanings), although induces tends to call such cases, which 3 Be liudyty much broader concept of them: galva (+—e0108Ka and: galva), vinia BRAS: as The train ( < 2603000ép ir :e603000ép)'. The author does not aim to criticize these concepts, which have been developed for various —broader conceptual or narrower variation bo, not for general classification purposes. ir — ir Fe ve mentate one: "The meaning of the term depends on the overall concept, or the i Lt he whole system. As the perspective ar changes, the term ir will change more or less ADE value’ (J. Girdzijauskas)2 One concept unequivocally ir term can develop only SF when the subject is comprehensively studied in a broader context of phenomena, when a school is formed at = ST least a group. ar For now „it is important to define the ne term unequivocally, to encourage the o person to think in a certain way (J. Girdzijauskas)3. LY a General purpose of the article — ne theoretical construction, although not jy m ma ignore. But to be satisfied with a theory, especially one that only discovers, describes Gp) duh classifies the phenomenon, but does not indicate the reasons ir does not jo explain the są place, the EU, the su connection with others similar, especially in the terminology order, t language culture, Brock is to break the connection su of theory with living practice, that is, somewhat betray n t 2 practice, but the ir science itself. Here we choose the broadest concept of i Si DT semantic duction, encompassing ne tą the balance that others į do not value Ba UN concept, o the whole process of value, because first of all wants to ne respect both fo 2 © malia slightly different results, as much of the same cause. jy „<... a asin much easier to discover the truth than to determine its place fd — (F. de Sociiiras)*. Similarities ir by way of differences in search of semantic indu g: ia tions, first, as has already been said, we would put next ją to the lending si. i Material borrowing is simpler, clearer, difficulty-free (Zino pigs ‘ma, far from ne poor!) brings only borrowed (usually old) separations from ae the relatedSky language dictionary — bendrybiy one-vowel words (kognaty RET Valuable — certain intangible debts, semantic induction of the effect of — t t; i internal forms, models, categories. Next to borrowing ir dish out. aE interference still exists a certain material does — not mean the influence of one language on ir another. a I S. S. 2 = Semiological approach to į securities ir debt, linking, ju by the way, by TNE better for special ne lexicology, general o (and general linguistics is not a kr Sr ar novelty even in Lithuanian linguistics. Almost half a century ago met til article a “Securitiir es Significant Debt” P. Skardžius wrote: ‘However, ar Ši Lire strangeness is not equal to strangeness: one i$ jy is co-borrowed language om ir content, o other than content. The first is usually called rd 'Kayaaxkeune A. IO. Kaibku B COBPEMEHHO/ YAHTOBCKOM TeXHH4YECKOIk TEPMHHO TEE ios Day: AsToped. aucc. ... Chicken. Oh, nayk. Buabmioc, 1983, ¢. 7—8. jų a kt ? The Foundation of Literary Research,.— 1983, Pergalė, No. 7, p. 162. ‘litas erat 3 Idem, p. 163. Sle ig A Kofi + A ir thought sign. V., 1983, p. 130 (translation B. Savukyno). a a i Le SET AE AS A oF alee SEALY San Ng Tai, the former in debt notes, the latter in word notes’*. Speaking of the translationi ki aa or gn Eh WARE. i DE, A ta Sat Ph A A ER Ls al o borrowings, he notes that all of them are He translated equally, for example, gr. ne 321 diameters — ne *skersmatis ar *diameter, o diameter. Ly “These kinds of values are iš indeed translatione nal borrowings, but merely a kind of substitutes or meaningful values. For example, aumo, product, receptive, Mia institution, ir nonsense, etc., are ne intended to translate iš intellect (<.. >), produalt tas, receptive, suggestion, absurdity, but to take the living language or iš specialThe truck. for the whole purpose of that language in examples to recompose“ *. By the way, in quite adequately AL describing the phenomenon, P. Skardžius did not avoid the terms non-univocal SA mo — borrowed (in the heading) meaningful ir values iy i (texte). Only this is ar a real drawback, if two different terms represent views of the an phenomendu on itself, į ta but in a different aspect: we are naming THROUGH the envelope, o ne object — two concepts of one object, therefoir re terms two. TLS Securiti- — es secret debts (R. Budapešť). Therefore, it is necessary to agree su with both the opinion that poor, unacceptable literary language, contaminated with oA elements whose foreignness is easily seen by everyone (that's why the iš two debtors herself ix tų language chooses secret, invisible, for example, 0 ne onion, onion, cherry, Er o ne cherry, rabbit, o ne a rabbit, a closet, o ne a sword, a cast iron, o ne skewers ir and so on. ), 5 “A both the su view that the letter-like — operatively defective, significantly — incorrect values, in which the models of the foreign language ne hk ; than material debts. Thus, it could be assumed that if the values are the secret debtors, ba the more perfect, the more acceptable are those who are more secret. RR But the secrecy of this formal approach alone is not į enough. The most formally secret are it the semantic values, because they are not even any material innovations a (which are operative values). Understanding the motivation of the source il (internal form) is very important in value, in semantics simply fatal. o 4 Its misunderstanding, its disregard as internal corrosion violates the semantics of the native language, distorts the meaning of the meaning. Literal semantic value is the ar most secret — (but already in the negative sense of the word) a loan, because the ir secrecy is invisible to jo the language users (in the language contact situation): it is in the body Eh of the language, in its clothing, ne in its spirit. ne o Therefore, In the Tang value order it is necessary to look not ne only at the source meaning, but also at ir its motivation, even to trace the former, but already faded, completely disappeared ar motivation. t Only in this way it is possible to determine its adequacy inadequacy of ar the evaluative motivation, to find in the hy second case analogy — between the models of — native language motivation Rg (or trends). J le So much theoretical reasoning is probably necessary ir enough to understand a detailed survey of one field of ser mantic induction. ir Ne all outdoor to areas are equally covered by induction. But what is needed is systemic analysis: semantic is induction usually takes place individuallne y, in o groups; though iii RE 5 Native Language, 1938, p. 145. Good 6 Idem, p. 147. For more on the terms debt, value, and induced, see also. Kaulakiei nė A. Semantic values in Lithuanian polytechnic terminology.— Lithuanian TSR Mokslų The Academy. A batch, 1981, t. 4(77), p. RE Si HN HEA eis, ei Aria arų een of one RT language AR "within the group often exists and separate slightly different directions, towards 19 and thus not similar results, but the whole group induction process has to be combined © ra 100 mg/ day — iš model to another language į model. "Ia Ra It seems obvious that rus. sasod in Lithuanian is factory. But the ir blind ‘aka mato, kad nruuud 3a800 cannot be a bird factory. Iš essence nothing ne kr: a changes ir the fact that it is not known why Galician nruyegabpuka (nor greta yr. BREE KOHHbuE 30600!) pushes the bird factory: only by superficial thinking it is possible to say that if the ga factory is a synonym of the factory, but the first, as opposed to the second, is unmotivated, then the bird factory is not a stupid one. — Factory a ma unmotivated, but compound bird factory so ‘motivated’ Euro like bird milk (swan, crane)... Hi Semantiné Rus. 34600 motivation is quite different than liet. gamyklc Eh (: 100 mg/ day). 3ae0d is sasecru iš fit, set — 3. up [plg. institution. ay K.], grow up, conceive [plg. industry (respectively rus. npomMbuuAe, mų over ir npomoicea ‘business; businesswoman’. J. K.)— as a company: j(si)man Lap 3asecru xosadcreo — establish, establish a farm, sasecru cad jgrow — a garden BT "k aanecry nuéa — jbreed, breeding bees BZ 1, plg. o6sasecru psn.— ap in [plg. latv. rapnieciba „pramonė“, ripnica ‘an enterprise; factory’. WE jy K.], fit, oGsasectucy fit in, fit in, — 1. acquire, provide Sc Alo adinenglų: 063aeecruco xosatcreom — provide manta, acquire farm need tients, i 063asecruco ckorom acquire — livestock, create, 2. provide: 06. r i 5! ‘3asecruce cembėti — create, form a family, o6aasectucs 3HAKOMCTEOM į with dating BZ II. 1998-1999 Therefore, 3a600 is only ne 1. «npomsimaentoe npej f = MmpWaTKe C MexaHHYeckoii O6paGoTKON chipba> (Meraarypeuweckud 30600 ee TaKXe KpymHOe MNpPOMBILIEHHOe TNPEANnpHATHE» (Macaobodneui 3a800 n= om ne only 1. factory, factory (caxapnoiū 3a800 — sugar factory be I, but ir 2. «npeanpusiTHe ANS pa3BeAEHHS KHBOTHBIX» (KoxcKui ry "or kounoul sasod, pelbosodnoui sasod) CPS, breed 2. line:kon nol saeod—=horse wR BZ I, plg. kuosode — Equestrian r i who, horse breeder, Konno3sasoduux horse breeder, — rider, stall owner, keeper, kKonosodcTe0 CE and. kKoRe600cCTB0 ir KOHHO: oe re 800cT80—horse breeding, breeding, equestrian, horse farming Sata) 3a800ckas aowado—breeding horse BZ 1, nruyesod — bundle 4 gr breeder, poultryman, nruyesodcreo — poultry, bird a pn BZ II. 1998-1999 Plg. : veisti naodurs, — paseodurs, veisimas passedenue, — vei 5 ~~ sinys biol. — passodka (bacterial), breeder — scu80TH0600, (sody) cado Fly 600 LZ. More distant rus. 800 —B npocropeuxH "nojixojiSinHe YC/I0BH i ia an name6biBaHHs, pasMHOKeHuA» (JoagcHo Gobiro, TYT Kapacm 60(d) CCPJISl Sani) Russian. -600, - 60dcrao ir lit. -ininkas, -ininkystė can have different moty EN ‘vations of ir the non-uniform working base correspondances. For example: : — poi6oeod fishi= | snieks BZ II, LZ (po60800creo — fish breeding, fish breeding BZ II), o Zu = winery 1. "fisherman", "fish seller" 2. DZ, — pbi60.a0s a ong II, LŽ; bot 2. (breeder) ps:60600, peibonpomvuuaennus. 3. LZ, žu "atima oh! Vinnycystaceae "fish farming, jy breeding" DZ; — 1. poiGoaoscreo, 2. pos60800poL6ONPOMBLUAC- ¢180, 3. HHOCTD, PpoLOHbLL npoMbLCer LZ (fish) —,Zuvy i k breeding, fisheries’ DZ,). al p These spots can be only on ne animals, but on plants, ir ir jų the name of the al place of ar production: pacrenuesodcreo cultivation this aecosodcreo — forestry and | noaesodcreo ir wildlife. — — When the plant if (or jų groups) ir jo habitat names are of the same root, RSH for example vegetable garden, different ir ir jų vedic: vegetarian ,vegetable grower seller’ ar DZ, — axis-down LZ, vegetable growing Sh 1. "vegetable farm, Business2. ", "science of vegetable growing" DZ; iais — osouwesodcreo i darZininkas LZ ir 1. „who cares for the ar garden is engaged ge in vegetable growing“ DZ; — 020podnux LZ, horticulture "horticultural occupation ar 30d gardening science” DZ, — ozopodruuecrso LZ. However, this distinction #008 my is difficult, sometimes translating polysemy here: 060w4erei 600 — vegetarian, vegetarian, osomesodcr80 — vegetarianism, vegetarianism. fg io In Russian less (verified by OC) than Lithuanian -nik, -inintars kystė derivatives su -600, -6odcreo iš animal production ar plant parts names, e.g.: n1000800 CP51, CCPJIS IX — Fruit "fruit growers: them seller" ar DZ2, naodosodcreo CPS, CCPJIS1 fruit and IX — vegetables iš ‘fruit cultivatiojų n; farms’ DZ, cemenosodcreo CPS, CCPJISI XIII Seed —= production ‘the agricultural ir branch of seed-producing plants’ Se DZ, (scientist —,a small farmer; selekcininkas’ DZ,). In Lithuanian priest šį a thing that can roughly be described as ‘business’ (no ‘amato’, "t ra o in general “occupation, work” meaning), more usual to mean us hungrier synthetic Equine farming, poultry farming type model: dairy farming Ha ‘dairy farm; science of milk processing” DZ, — M04104KOE XOsatcrMe eo BZ 1, moaounoe deao LZ (Nainys J. Dairy milk ir hygiene, Sa 1950 — Moaounoe 0eao wu ruruena Moaoka), gardenia ‘cereals HLA cultivation, grain farm” DZ, egg farming ‘egg farm’ LKZ V (sh) os as Regardless of the use of analytical ias alongside these ir synthetic names (dairy farming, dairy and meat cattle dairy butchery Sv 1976 18 25, ir Aya livestock farming meat T 1975 291 6, dairy cattle ir farming LTE Th III, plg. still meat poultry other synthetic forms T 1974 23 3, o do not have \. nė (bekoniné pig farming T 1975 291 6, Sv 1976 18 i 25, Sv 1976 20 9, breeding of fur sheep 20Z, wool sheep farming Acie 202, plonavilniy sheep breeding ZOZ, even plonavilné sheep that similar T 1977 on 221 4), words be "growing, obtaining business" often have A other ar meanings of ir "industrial trade business" (dairy man) ‘milk processing specialist; ‘milk acceptor in dairy shop’ ar LKG I [oF 407, butcher "who works in the meat industry in trade" ar DZ, "who 1. deals with i meat, sells" ja ||prk. "predator", 2. "who likes meat" (SD TS 3 75 also "meat shop, butcher's shop") LKZ VIII, Fur farming ‘fur Fd industry’ DZ, LKZ V), that the whole series is ne realized (no words Ei | im Be rr *wool farming, *feather farming, *sherry farming ar *manure o farming, al featherman only 1. „who trades in feathers“, „writer“||,,writer“ 2. 2 bt LKŽ X). It is important that this is a characteristic pattern. The author of the first Lithuanian dictionary =" used it successfully K. Sirvydas: SD'121 left. baker, A £43 lot. pistor — duonynykas, SD247 polen. Baker, lot. Pistor, pinsor — duonynym kas, polk. bakery, lot. Furnaria, panificium — duoninykysté ‘bread i He cooking (business)* LKZ II. 1998-1999 That this is at least somewhat symptomatic, sporadic, o ne probably = shows that the baker ir 2. ‘bread baker’ LKZ varII 3 a by two other authors of the ancient scripture — J. Bretkūno ir S. Vaishnava, bas so ir iš other area, to, be texts: duonynyks Ir (baker, pastry = chef) sinned before pong BBIMoz40, 1. They Diosj bread, nuog bread roast, ~~ time <...> MTP 29. The old model is alive: naturally, beside dairy farming, butchery is = emerging: butchery dairy complexes ir SE T 1976 283 2; former mésininkystés meanings — 1. LTITI272(Bs) ‘mMayan sininkavimas“, 2. KI444, prš "slaughter- — house" does not interfere at all. oe In Russian instead of -e00cre0 here quite common xosadcreo: sepHosoe x0t br satcre0 — grain farm BZ 1, Z0Z, EKZ, moa04noe xossicréo dairy — farm sz BZ I, ZUZ, EkŽ, xwacxoe xo0saicreo meat farm — EX. The importance of as farming needs to be discussed here for a while. Bilingual dictionaries — ir general (BZ 11, LZ), ir as Terms and Conditions (20Z, EkZ, Pol2) does not return values: xosadcre0 — farm. DZ, allocates — 5 farm values: 1. ‘agricultural unit, area of arable land su jo Ti dependents": collective farming (kolkhoz), 2. "social form of production, — the totality of productive relations of social formation": socialist farming (CCPJIS1 XVII to this meaning allocates xoaaexrusnoe xo3ailcT60, but ir this is ap ‘collective farming’, o ne “kolkhoz”), 3. “production, harvest economy”: the people’s farm, agriculture, “equipment, 4. inventory, buildings and other supplies”: ir the factory farm, the hospital farm, “prepared goods, 5. household goods”: the household. CP§l distinguishes the meanings of the word xosadcreo almost as much as i Se! even, only a little different line (xosadcreo 5.—ūkis 1.), there is also the VI meaning. Bs However, it is not easy to arrange the whole range of 5 compounds according to these values. II ir V = We don’t care about this. IV it is necessary to mark only the distribution, compounds abundance mą —carriage, steam locomotive farm PolZ, port, warehouse (stores), apartment farm i: EkZ, even finance farm EkZ, tool farm EkZ, power plant fuel farm T 1983; va 254 2, sauna farm Bt 1983 7 17, antenna farm KV 1981 27 6 —and to touch on the allocation of the Ain IV-related III-value species names: not always helpful here 1 ir CCPJISI XVII, presenting a detailed 8 distribution ir of a multitude ės of values with a rich su illustration of compounds. For example, IV the value is nyresoe — xosaticreo road farm (: EkZ) ir xoaadcreo 20poda, o prie (mar III (CCPJISI Numbering XVII 1. «<...>» [[«oTpacib npoH3BojicTBa sKO una HOMHKH>) —KOMMYHAAbHOe xo31iŪcT80 and eopodckoe xosaticreo, as well as Ei 800x0e, Tonausnoe xosatictéo. But most of the difficulties are caused by the attribution of the species names pa ps to the farm I (CCPJISI XVII xosadcreo 3.) is III ie] (CCPJIA 17th century, 1.) by Xosadcreo. For example, sepnosoe xo3aicreo hah is at both —and at «oTpacJ/b CeAbCKOXO3ANCTBEHHOTO IMPOH3BOACT pa, at * i and aE Past. Sanal JL a. SR a Ta I ka as ir <NPOH3BOACTBEHHAs (0GHYHO ceabckoxosaficTBenHan) eAMHHL a Cc OPYAMSAMH H CPEJCTBAMH NPOH3BOACTBAY. ints In English meaning 'orpacap' CCPJISI XVII —, production, economy" The meaning 0% of DZ, útų grūdų ūkis, that is gridininkysté, "npoH3BOACTBEHHAT e/lHers mua" CCPJISI XVII —, ‘agricultural unit’ DZ, gardening — farm. Potassium at 100 mg/dL ir EkZ sepnosoe xosaticréo — only cereal farm. Perhaps there are no special, as separate grain farms? nė But maybe it's just not able to make a to difference? T Let's look į at other compounds: 1ecxo0e xo3aitlcrT60 — forestry ZŪZ, fe: EkZ, potbroe xosaticréo — fish farm ZUZ, EKZ, nytunoe xo3aiicteo kaiiniy — animal ha farm 20Z,xusoTnosodueckoe ir ckoTogodueckoe x03alWood Creo — Livestock Farm ZŪZ, EkZ, osyesodueckoe xo3ailcreo sheep farm — it 202, nuenr0800xoe xoaaticreo — bee farm ZUZ, cadosodueckoe xosaiicreo — # horticultural farm only 202, oeopodoosownoe xosaticr80 horticultural — farm Ek,’ naemennoe 74 xosntcreo0 breeding farm — 20Z. It would appear that the first are wi 3 branches, second — names of units. But ar really? The use contains ir i forestry farm T 1974 155 4, animal farm T 1974 155 4, goat's quinineis ! kystés soviet farm P 1974 3 102, ir animal farm T 1981 77 1, flower farms ay" KB 1976 4 44, herbal farm T 1974 186 4, tea soviet farm S 1974 Eh 101 3, trout farming MG 1975 8 11, ir abejaip — Aukštadvaris fishing farm ai ir Fish farm M ir G 1976 9 20, as well as beekeeping fera Je not MG 1975 9 15, fisheries complex MG 1976 8 30 ir fish "farm" dairy ie T 1981 163 2, complex LTE IV 120, mésininkystés ir dairinkystés va komplexai milk complex T 1976 283 2 ir T 1978 245 2, mésos-milk Fu complex intermediate T 1978 164 1, livestock poultryir fi i ninkystés complexes T 1977 28 2, livestock complex T 1974 274 i Five. 2 ir penimy cattle complex T 1974 274 2, milk cow complex ik T 1974 274 2, breeding heifer complex T 1974 274 2, cattle fattening complex LTE 111 596, pig farming complex T 1974 274 saras 2 iv Širvintų inter-collective pig complex T 1978 115 4. "or Leaving aside rare, uncohesive compounds, e.g.: marine poi MG 1975 3 25, Fish artelé P 1975 7 144, fish compound Sv 1974 17 12, gryby ~~ jermos MG 1977 10 19, toad farms M ir G 1977 2 45, gryby growing ira complex etc., we should also talk about T 1983 31 1 ir breeding and breeding farms. ir HA DZ, compound the breeding farm puts to the significance ME 3. "production, economy". SemantiSko it is correct, but practically Ber) the meaning of ‘branch of farming’ is commonly simply breeding: Breeding is — ia — varieties (herd) improvement package Galv 145. “The farm’s location Terms used with the meaning of “DIN net”: du breeding farms and breeding houses Hal closed Sv 1975 21 6, breeding farms, breeding farms Sv 1977 2 5. art Already the jų use side by side leads to believe that these units are similar, but it is not known how they differ quantitatiRO vely qualitative- — ly. ar Here's what ka the experts say: GalThe task of breeding farms of SITS willow breeding ir farms is to breed and improve cattle — of the relevant breed to distribute 0 high breeding value goats ir i; Galv 148. Jų the difference is quantitative: Bovine breeding farms Farms ir 1 ins og ra used ER Fo SRT ao T ER a arse 203:*5.:: + with breeding farms Galy 149. Therefore rightly reasons i S. Swing: “A breeding farm shows that there are breeding cattle, birds, maybe improved breeds on that farm. = ar ir jų Thus, in this sense, breeding "08 farms cannot be replaced by breeding farms, as well as beekeepers of roses can not be replaced by beekeepers. ir gi ar By the way, the breeding farm in the ar farm place, of course, could fit very well in the m dictionaries fixed word kennel" for this ir ", Similar to xoasdcreo su is ir su Russian. ten (: denarius) — 6. psn. enterprise = ja — no, firm; businesswoman, businesswoman, business [LZ business —(comepuecoe) Oeno), BT commerce, business BZ 1 [time values are Beirut daShai (=business) activity ir subjective (= business, entrepreneurs) world VN 1983 275 7], narrower — specialty, field PolZ, 4. specialty, Et; craft, profession LmZ in 1 Lithuanian equivalents of the species names: A pienninkysté — moaounoe deno LZ, veislininkysté — naemennoe deao, duAah goTHOB0OCTB0 LŽ, uHCTpymenTaavroe 0eao — jrankininkyté, xpacuabuoe i: a deao frequency — manufacturing, aureiinoe deao casting, — meavnudnoe (Myko rit Moavroe) Oeno — raspberry farming, Toppanoe Oeno — turpininkys PolZ NE similar ir Kysweunoe Oeao— blacksmithing, caecaproe 0eao — Salt-skinned AE naotnuunoe Oeno — dailidziy darbai, dailidysté PolZ; noxaproe deao pe firefighting, crpoureavnoe deao — construction PolZ, monerroe deao — mone ty; he calyba EkZ, zoproe deao mining, eoennoe — demo war affairs warfare — A BZ 1; Tkaykoe Sheep — weaving, Tokaproe demo — turning PolZ T Thus, it seems that we could quite boldly state here the first part of from. es The two iš languages have similar dialects. — -(inink)ysté/-yba/-imas| ki farm: rus. xo3atūcreo|denoj||-6e00cre0 — much more typical synthetic elements of the model i — -(inink)ysté/-yba/-imas, in Russian they are quite typicaland analytical— — xosaticreo|deno. Fo ji 4 Now let's go back to the Russians again. sasod. 3asod (: 3aeecru) has verbs va NE, ‘1ianta sasedenue — 2. psn. ‘TOProBoe MPEANPHATHE, TPAKTHP H T. I." (i se yseceauteavnoe 3asedenue), 4. psn. "<oTneJibHuas! 4acTb, OTpacJib 6oJtbulror "Nad xo3sūcrBa" CCPJISI IV, psn. 2. enterprise (:rus. npednpusrue, latv. uzne k Gis us— I. K.), Versailles BZ 1, plg. verslamoné — psn. npednpusrue, r.p yti o S Morumtaennoe frekenue Lie. Now sasedenue is 1. «yupexjenun akies Re npenMynecTBy yueOHoe H BocnuTaTeJibHuoe» CCPJIS IV, I. institution (y4e6 Ep Hoe sasedenue —educational institution, school) BZ 1. Cia dar primintina i EAE — 7 Keinys S. Breeding farm breeding ar farm? — Language Culture, sús a 1979, Ūko 87, p. 44—45. In the preparation of the agricultural encyclopedia and the dictionary of terms, these names, so nat state breeding station el Galv again 147 considered (see section 4.4). : Kuosa J, Gaive arr. han is K. A breeding farm, maybe a o kennel. Agriculture, No. 1983, 12, p. 27. Then it is bu an — opportunity to find a place in this company, to clarify the ir meaning of the form of similar names: Ruda "r fa le "mina breeding breeding poultry 20 1976 11 13, Zaporizhia breeding poultry i Rysti Soviet farm-reproductor inter-unit T 1977 261 3, reproductive unit T 197 a JIE 78s one 2, selection several larger ir breeding reproduction ducks ir [closed. i THOME. ir G 1981 6 18, Vilniaus tarpregionininé veislininkystės jmoné TAS. Ms ET ag bs HEE CIEE The aaa gn ak 2 Ss Fn OF niai aod Ly Rat tdi "63asedenue 2. snail. ‘to, uem 063aBOJýsiTCS; BelllH, HeOOXOJIHMBbIE JŪIA XH3- {hi 1H, X035CTBa, NPOMBICAA H T. II." CCPJI VIII, Snek. 2. “installation, manCR a, furnishings, objects, equipment” BZ II. 1998-1999 a So the primary, more generalné rus. 346800 meaning much broader than the manufacof os "production ji companies", closer to Russian. npednpusarue 1. company; business yt BZ II significance. The company's ir main business is manufactune ring, with a © aE manufacturing plant ir located in the city of Hyvinkää. — A little different Fey in usy: 348600 ir ¢abpuxa are hyponyms in npednpustue respect, but iar together rą 3a600 in its original meaning is synonymous with npednpuarue. Therefore, the plant “it is sasod, but 34600 — ne only a factory, but a ir company, o in most cases — ir A] neither a factory, nor a company, but in another way. jo Konckuii 3a600 rigynu translated yet 1926 m. "Veterinary zootechnics", immediately — 1929 m— the stable entered į A. Solco ir J. Talmanto ‘Votą Ji "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" (in Lithuanian). Gestit equivalent (data iš LKZ K). ot The horse farm is DZ; horse — farm”, DZ, “place where horses are keptfed mi, — horse farm”, it is presented in the bilingual general terminology ir Commenhg ts on: Horse Riding — KOHHbL 3a800; KOHHO3AB0CTE0, KOHHO3AB0OCKOE XOpL * satcreo LZ, korubui 30600 — riding stables BZ I, kounbui 30600 ir KoHesoO4eJ ckoe xosaticréo ZUZ, KOHHO3a800CKOE xoaaiicTéo's — riding school | EZ, 3a600 poicucrbix aowadei riding — stables EX. i k Birds of jo Prey. nrugega6pura meaning story long ir Reiss | 75-7 Ta. The LKZ IX indicates a jj significantly older nruyegabpuka. už ‘Bird zoo Ti f loggia garden" meaning birdhouse used already 1906 m. S. Year "Trumwink pame žemės aprašyme", Russian iš translation J. T. (=J. Tube) ir Zi) R. J. (= Rygiškių Ion): They expected to sell the eagles to some bird farm. 7 ar (V., p. 42); it was created most likely J. Jablonskii *. Approximately At the same age ir Zvérynas: next to the folk language zvérinčiaus ir ~1875m. by A. Juškos latviy—lietuviy—lenky language dictionary hybrid zoo (zveriu-darz, eh zwierzyniec), Zvérynas used probably since m.: zwier1912 LL i bs zyniec — zoo ir In the book published in the walls — Zoology is for xi gardeners, wrote J. Goodness by Brake: Get alive į London Zvéryng a (t. 1, p. 68). 7); Reikéme |. ‘a poultry housing facility; poultry farm’ LKZ IX a poultryhouse used already J. Balčikonio verstose H. K. Andersen- 's fairy tales. HE X LKZ IX samples are taken most likely iš 1923 m. from permission, here I give aks 1966 m. sentences of authorisation: There were a lot of chickens in the jų poultry house; tarpe Yen had a big cock, he was very ir iš great ace 67. Four! Stay! follow me, kids, I'll = show you the wide aš world, I'll take you to the bird park hss į ji 999. LKZ gives IX another sentence with this meaning: Poultry farms and meadows oT (=medelynus LKZ holds K) a wire fence. He's a weekly iš "The iy Zemaičių Pritelius" (Telšiai, 1939, Nr. 15, p. 6). LKZ still K exists: the poultry farm has gathered iš good breeds of chickens (The Young 1937, Farmer, No. 21). Ūkininkas i Ars Aksu i 0 4%) wiles, freier ie. 2 Od 8 Jablonski found— ai K., 1933, t. 2, p. 144. of ry Lh How aa Rea A he rai 0 tr £50 ong = DIRE ES LL E k ia and BBL DL Sn SR ai kais LTE VII 422, at the end of 1940 they were renamed meat combines — also 423. They contain mechanised minced meat production lines (= meat co = —grinder) which produce minced meat (=grind meat) M and C is = —1973 7 1. Meat industry enterprises or meat processing enterprises LTE VI am have had and simple slaughterhouses, sausage workshops, desriniy LTE Eh Esi VII 422 names, but from the heights of our industry they look primitive: from. LTE VII 422, so their names did not enjoy. Of course, the meat and dairy industries not only process (each $iy meat industry can process an average of 400—500 bekoniniy pigs LTE VI t ss doy per day), process (~95% of all livestock and poultry is processed industrially), but also produce: Meat industry —<...>. Includes the production of live —liy, poultry slaughter, meat, sausages, canned meat, semi-finished products and other culinary products. In addition, meat industry enterprises produce da dry feed, med. oi pi preparations (insulin, heparing, lipokaing), kli za Tm you, gelatin, feather and down articles LTE VII 422. Dairy —an enterprise where milk is processed (separated, pasteurized, chilled) and processed (butter, cheese, kefir, cottage cheese, sour cream, canned milk) LTE VIII. Leaving for another topic the less important ~ details — the production of kefir, butter, and the like, as well as the production of feathers and other articles, without considering how much better the production would be here, without denying this ST i element of production in the meat and dairy industry, we are still inclined to think that processing is more of a production, > — o ne production. This i ay ro already data of the use itself —besides the dry skimmed milk factory etsy 1974 11 6, S and A 1975 2 2 there is also milk making: Milkas daromas ir i Tak —milk powder, condensed milk (refined milk) LTE VIII 598 Xi refined milk of dry milk pram. as follows: <... LTE X 55. And industry can do, not just produce! pti 8 In addition to the agro-industrial and industrial production of milk and meat, the first of which in Lithuanian is the extraction, the second industry or (industrial) production te aa fit to be called, we need to discuss two other productions of milk and meat — substitutes a — synthetic and organic, natural. Te The first thing is usually called production: In some countries, M (position in Japan, USA) milk substitute is made from plants. Its composition is similar to natural milk = į LTE VIII 598. Very valuable ne only when ET ry wood <...>, but also seeds —cedar nuts containing 56—79% © limit, proteins, carbohydrates, salts and vitamins. From these nuts is made cedar 4 milk, cream butter ir M ir G 1973 11 22. In our country 4 7. the first synthetic food product—artificial caviar. The USSR Moksly Akademy Institute of + Elements Organic Compounds began to develop them 196 1 at and already finished. The semi-production facility was built for the production of Li M and T 1975 8 29. Fifteen years later, the United States was again interested in soybeans. say —but now smarter —began to produce meat from them, rather —meat substitute High-flyi- = ng. Ne only in promotional publications, but in authoritative ir scientific Sr Journals often printed articles about “soybean meat”, “soybean PO TREES EE Th NET čiukus’ ir t. t. Chemical ir technologists are trying to eliminate the soy protein specMi, ciphic taste and smell, giving them a fibrous structure naturalics mėoil sos ir taste and aroma. Already ten years ago meat substitutes were produced iš by six soybeans US firms. Now jų twice as much. 1970 m. soybean meat production 20 reached thousand. tonnes M ir G 1977 5 10. Imitations of meat are ii produced in various ways there. But there is no prohibition on the extraction of such food, p.g. : šv 7 50 soy produced three types of protein products: concentrates, isoliak.-2 are structural products that mimic ir meat. Concentrates are obtained by removing non-protein substances from the defatted flour on the spot. ai O naturally milk is produced by the body: Group American scientists, i led by a professor Pirio, for twenty years, studied the process of producing milk from various types of natti animals. They managed to create a "milk machine". This Kk machine processes green plants to ir extract protein. Then addedto ma various 30 substances: sugar, amino acids, vegetable fats, uo x hormones ir and others. Nutritionally ir synthetic milk is almost identical Ars, from t natural Various Sv 1974 21 31. researchers look at mokssets lg. į For some, according to Schiller, it is a — goddess, sacred «r untouchable, for — pe others a good cow, making butter... M ir G 1973 10 4. i Of course, it should not be assumed — that production is the only name for these things. į: mo possibility. There are ir other alternatives, e.g. meat production, dairy production ia (plg. blood count). ip 100 mg/ day Special is the microbiology industry, an industry that — will produce. Te bas processes based on microbiological synthesis of agriculturally valuable products a0, iš non-food Zaliavos (petroleum gas ir and hydrocarbons, wood hydrolyed i zaty), as well as sugar iš beet, maize, oil grains and ir (ee) industrial recycling waste LTE VII. There are feed yeast, antibiotiky, enzymes, Cl i lysine industry, hydrolytic feed yeast enterprises there too. Shia Natural, spontaneous microbiological synthesis occurs in the cells of organisms: {FE simple compounds form sudétingi there. Biosintezé — argeniniy A substances formation in living organisms or artificial tereal pé of simple compounds by the action of iš enzymes LTE 11. However, ar proShe moniné microbiological synthesis produces, if so, it only o produces? ar tait a First of all, the natural biosynthesir is of nature, — organizily my ir the production of various substances by the organs ne is described only verbally to create (which one fits is ir necessary in the other case — meaning ‘create’: These are on enzymes created by living nature, found in living lgstelése Pie | M ir G 1983 10 5), but to ir produce, as well as to give to receive, ir even to accumulate: Bio~ sias logical productivity is the intensity of organic matter — (biomass) accumulation igh nature. iq Shows how much biomass the (<...>) ecosystem, biocenosé its part is ar able to produce per unit of timeq. Primary prosal duction is given by plants <...>. <...> organic matter accumulatEY ed in plants is used through various food chains to create new production HE of animal — biomass LTE II 156. The landscape is changing very quickly, Ex worky ty Bint irr a Yes AR 2 er GE utis Ur as ia a ki is RRS ER Sm a ar Ss aaa AE Jai Lia Only when CALE ina RGR Gas LORE Pa Ch ta tc bis Se Tat Jak ED The more and more diverse the vegetation is, the more self-energy is used and the more biomass is produced. Thus, in the new landscape, better conditions than in the natural one must be created for the use of solar energy and for obtaining more biomass. "Not Only Plants Create Biomass" MG 1974 6 7. These descriptions are metaphorical, but natural: Nature is the oldest, but most perfect factory: it works without waste N EH 1977 9 59. The natural zones are the organic mea dZiaga plants LK 12 of uneven productivity. In addition, the microbiological industry produces: Biosynthesis principle used in the production of vitamins, hormones, amino acids, antibiotics and other biologically active compounds LTE II 157. [Microbiology industry] 3 what Produces protein preparations and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitaa minus, enzyme preparations, as well as products of complex avi processing of plant raw material (furfurolg, xylitol) LTE VII 483. Only the production here is such that man forces nature to produce what he needs: In Nefolima aa in the future it will be worthwhile to force microorganisms to produce purely chemical products — various spirits, acetone, propylene oxide, etc. To date, the raw material for the production of these gs materials is petroleum, in a lesser extent —coal and —natural gas M and G 1983 10 4. Therefore, animal and vegetable ferS Pes ments, various microorganisms M and G 1975 2 7 have also been used to produce some amino acids. The point is that the microbial cell itself produces a whole complex of various substances M and T 1975 2 7. Microbiology industry enterprises are called factories: In Lithuania in 1970 began to operate a Kėdainiai biochemistry and Vilnius enzyme preparations factory LTE oh VII 483. However, the biochemical plant is at least slightly different from the chemical He plant. There could have been a biochemical mine —to get here also copper and toam: <...> technical, or industrial, microbiology [researches] the importance of microorganisms for fermentation, their use for amino acids, vitamins, RoE antibiotics <...> LTE VII 482. Is protein extraction M and T 1974 = Aa: 10 18, production of feed proteins M and T 1974 10 18. It may also be used to distinguish between industrial production and non-industrial production. Laboratory, semi-production and production technology of pure and technical enzymes for Vilnius enzyme preparation plant is being prepared by the Union Institute of Applied Enzymology (Vilnius) LTE VII 483. Microbiology (or its industry itself) seems to be able to create: The microbiology industry has acquired an extremely witty and powerful way of creating highly productive strains of organisms that can dramatically increase production yields. 48 M ir G 1983 10 5. 0 3 In addition to production, sometimes cultivation is used here: Yeast was started to be grown industrially in 1914 <...> The first workshop in the Soviet Union, 3 = producing paSarine yeasts, was built in 1935 in the Verchnedneprovsko bandoEris moja factory. The nutritional substrate for yeast growth was prepared from straw hydrolysate Mir G 1978 2 8. BO Another way in which the life science industry is involved is the synthesis of non-biologically active substances (enzymes, vitamins, hcrmony) LTE II Fe lt Mm, coffee. ie pa LE Soe aaa io ia Vriak is r Er Re o iai any organisms, such as algae, trichograms, insects, industrial 149, breeding in certain breeding facilities: the first industrial plant to o produce chlorelg has started operations in Japan. A This undemanding algae is <! > protected by the = “artificial sun” <...> T 1976 27 3. In Crimea we are planting a biojabrigg, where we will grow apple trees in large quantities KV 1983 vii 4 48 14. Soviet There are several factories producing insects in the Union MG 1976 9 7. Sitokia productiir on factories (that ir bio-1) is probably nonsense. A La The second partial conclusion would be: rus. npouseodcreo ir 34800 strong, broad ta induction in Lithuanian language met with a number of adequate {rh mo (not the purpose of this article ir ne the author’s powers to finally solve all cases of optimal choice), but all of them jų were properly used, some at the beginning were quite ne praziopsotos, interierencijos ~~ o Uin overshadowed. Tui The induction of 3a800 had an unfavorable effect on the fate of the poultry house, whose history we have ng previously described. Birdhouse made ir up of proaed ductive suffix su 7 -ynas, plg. be already mentioned apiary (Russian). zuenbnurx), ant-eater gr (Russian). mypaseirur) ir kt Sitokiy darinių budinguma lietuvių kalbai gerai rodo knygynas (not in a book store!), rankratynas (Russian). pyKobri nucnbii K orden), nadynas (Russian). umennoi ykasareav), žvyrynas (Russian). kapoep 2pasus), trash can (Russian). copras kyua), cobras (Russian). mycopHaa Kya), xis folk X. language rag Plv, Jrb ‘the place of purchase of rags; ~~ sekundāro izejvielu uzpirkšanas punkts’ LKZ XII. Turning back to livestock birds, ir there are 1 a few things to note. First, there are a number of similar rare words in popular aa language: varlynas DZ, deciduous LKZ VII, musynas LKZ VIII. Many ju at Ž not recorded in dictionaries (katynas, šunynas, vaikynas). A lot of similar okaal Ti zionisms found in the scriptures: balandynas LKZ pigeon I, house LKZ crab V, remains | LKZ VI, turkey LKZ V, barsukynas LKZ I, doghouse Sv 197570 77 24 27, P 19829 187, Lira M 1983 24 16. Folk-language occurrencealism gal it t even unknowingly sometimes a second time polished in an individual workshop. Wedding aa mockery songs pigsty LKZ V reprinted the writer V. Mi- (eye blister) (Sv 1975 21 4). Sometimes it is difficult to tell whose work they are. Secondly, similar words ro often have the status of a scientific ar popular term: stumbrynas fazanynas ar (not recorded in dictionaries), al veislinis MG 1971 2 5, $unynas N 1975 5 48; lapidary Plv ‘animal farm’ (in dictionaries e | not established). Third, they manage international words quite well: herbar(ium)as, rožynas Mt — LKZ XI (SD320) — rosarium, reptile ra KV 1980 24 13 — terrarium, zoo LKZ III serpentarium, — insect dyne 2 DZ; — insectarium. These are ir peculiar living words of the Lithuanian language. pe Another, more accurate thing about the meaning of the name. At the moment 2 g poultry farms new poultry ir farms mainly specialized in raising chickens ol M ir G 1981 6 18. So why are they chickenne s? Vistynas happenoFERRE members appeared in the interwar years (Cold M. At home with my 40 family I K., 1935, t. 2, p. 225 Ru okis V. Per European ir Coast of Africa— VR K., 1933, p. 159). Now it is fixed in lexicography: višfynas ir — Kypuper el BES ER Ti Sb e ER Ll a ur Has ¢epma, ntuyepabpuka; nruwud deop LZ. Vistyn is already DZ,. Strange Fil read: poultry of 700 thousands of chickens (=chicken) T 1979 81 4. = vs Niandoma broiler farm (=broiler) VN 1983 237 3 i it Jeiga specialized Lithuanian poultry farming Soviet farms ducks all rą 7 when not holding M ir G 1981 6 18, So why are they poultry Soviet farms? ne ira Why is only the chicken house called a poultry house? Used in periodicals ; Wh. ir Duck: In a year the duck gives 200 000 rb profit T 1976 171 2. Me-- Lily duck MG 1977 10 15. Productive ducks T 1983 268 1. Antynas is e not a separate official name, but only a division: Waterfowl are bred by fish farms M ir G 1981 6 18, for example, Kintų fishing farm Tr Muižės ir Ventė village hens M ir G 1976 6 22. In the press there is pty complex: ir Alytus District In the fisheries farm of Daugai, the aa builders have handed over (=atidavé) one of the largest duck farming complex in the republic. EA Seven jo workshops are equipped with modern incubators, Or mechanized bird breeding lines, automatic microclimate lighting regulators Ką ir T 1978 7 1 (the message heading is ah typical —PauksStynas stood in line.) LKZ duck K fixed lak? iš folk languages: Driving we saw a big duck near the road Prn (possibly ij It breaks out. J. K.). For people it is more convenient shorter — antynas. Ir Obviously a the fish are — not visible. By the way, there exists ir Zuvynas MG 1975 8 31, BZ fs II (pei6kowi npyd). <...> there is only one goose farm Kapsuko District BukCARRY those poultry in the Soviet farm M ir G 1981 6 18. Žąsynu, LKZ K — 1000 mg/ day iš J ir Skr (J. Balčikonio įrašymas), here too, unfortunately, has not been used. "Ia p Since the poultry house ir corresponds to the older nruuud O60p, a few words requi- — Kia say about ir other rus. deop equivalents in Lithuanian. Although d80p (without - palace and manor) — 1. courtyard, backyard ir 2. farms (and xosadcreo), kiemas A BZ I, but with these words all rus. deop semantics not conveyed: 2ocrunsui i — 080p — Supermarket queue, shopping yard (with separate shops) department $s BZ I, stores EkZ, department stores [hall], shopping district, Wares store rows (in a special building) LmZ I, ro8apnbiūi O80p — merchandifs se station, courtyard BZ 1, nocrosasii 080p drive-in — houses BZ 1, - I'm sorry. ~~ The viewing courtyard EZ, mecnoti deop — trees, firewood warehouse BZ 1, apmarypu2 oui dsop rebar site — BZ 1, ruretinvit deop — melting pot BZ Fo I, morernvii deop mint — BZ 1, mint (houses) ESR, limit CKOTHbUL O80p day — nurseries, day nurseries, day BZ 1, nurseries, 5 day nurseries, day nurseries Z0Z, barn, barns LmZ I, ckOTOnpu2OHHbiūē O80p — enclosure, WZ daytime ZUZ, ebteyronowi daop — diendarsis 202, LmZ I, ladder we ZUMZ (LTE VI — diendarter- ). Although Lithuanian equivalents ne be variantiskumo, but rus. deop semantic induction in terms of daį a gmost here clear, negadinamy names. Iš more important mentioned roeapSg Hold deop induction interference, ir e.g. : Panerių station cargo yard — VN 1983 177 I, stations cargo yards ir open spaces VN 1983 250 1. 5 x The most relevant is sawunnoi deop induction in Lithuanian. Z0Z, LmZ I Sant Aria cat Oo Re i kia aaa machine am NA pi La cet ai square, ZOMZ yard. — Specialists also call this the yard of ši technology: It is ir impossible to properly operate a fleet of Ė A tractors without adequate space ar <...>. Ši place in it su ow. the buildings called the yard of farm machinery Exp 309. Technical courtyard , To = ra parking lots for agricultural machinery, garages, repair ra. 9 warehouses, laundry, oil products tanks, fire station tent uel Iš to it is clear that to call a machine park a thing of which only a constituent part is a parking lot is neither a purposeful nor practically convenient. The second option of the technique yard is now — NE mainly used — (20 1974 2 20, 1975 8 5, a 1973 285 1). The yard here is also questionable: in the yard of the — building! ir Ča The use of the word technique is now impossible to spread, metaphor, multilink. oy Thereforir e, for the technical park T 1973 271 4, ZU 1974 2 13 we would disagree. "ARS Not accurate than the machinery park T 1973 295 3, than mechanization Teer mas S ir A 1973 9 5. So ir 3 titles, even mentioned po books (Exp) ah year of (1972 issue) konkurave technical yard, has not taken place. Neither would an inhumanly expanding = multi-purpose farm fit here. The station again unwantedly o BA associated with su still remembered machine ir tractor stations and a multitude of Leh different stations. But the very title of the book — Tractor machinery (=Ma- = = The operation ir of the Siny tractors) park itself — raises the simple question, why not use the fo most natural name: machine tractors park? ir a After all, the park — is just ne 4. ‘vehicle visa’ means any 3 ir 3. ‘vehicle parking (<...>) repair area’ ir DZ,! ] is But the uamwunnbwi dsop induction worked, we ir got distracted. . . 1 Russian. 3as0d ir “manufaar cturing, mining, processing be enterprises” means ov 0 los in Lithuanian corresponds to many other names darykla — (3a800, t ne macrepckas LZ): brewery (nueosapnoi 3800 BC). aludaris (nusopa by sap—sPivoras), alcoholism; wine distillery sunodenbueckuil, ( Bunmbll 3unosago600, d), plg. winemaker, winemaker, brandy maker; midaus distillery į; 25 a ( wédodeavueckuii 30600), plg. midudaris; yeast brewery (Opoxcacesoil 3aa 2 800); butter mill (macr0denongoi 30800, macaosasod); cheese factory ad (coipodenarenbnbiū, cbiposapennbiiū 3a600); soap factory (motr08apenknow Pa 3a600), plg. Muldaris (<muildaris); engine not (2. connectedxbiii 30600 LZ): Ne spirit distillery (sunoxypennbtii 3a600, eunnoiti 30800); oil refinery (ned)- pd Tenepezonnbii 3a600); stove (2. 3a600 042 6app weeo. LZ): soap maker Se (moLaosapennoli 3a600); smelter (naasuasubiii 30800): steel smelter A (crasenaasuavuoli 30600); slurry kiln (Auredno:wū 3600): steel foundry (crawenuredba inbui spear 30600); foundry (4yearsaurednoll 8a600); ore mine * (eopnbuūi 30600); incinerator: lime incinerator (usecrxosviil 3a800); pieSON niné (monthly 3a600, macrosaeod); Surinamese (coipodeaarervrolil, cbipo6apennoui So brick 30800); (Kupnuunoul 3a600); gaseous (casoevul 30800); ring limestone (uasectkoevui 3asod); Sawmill (aeconuabroll aagod). Ir rusy > A there are also synthetic names. They are used alongside 34600, e.g. : r Oti CHLPOBAPHA, nAuGuAbRA, AUTEUHASR, aeconuasuas, or exist only one, i of Eo eo mee Fi Ss Se Shape a TEA Fi ag SR fs > Ee eg ae Hy rice ae el a SA Red TR rn RE St ET SA TL RG So CRE Si si 1 IA iš “For example. : macaoboins — aliejau rrr a fi sa x dykla, I ia other, waxed — I 1 rykla, kos de stove, steamer, cmoao BEST Tenk erapna — targutiné, tar mill Met aa Ba L su language, we see perhaps even greater synthetic only a short glance will come sta nina, nusosapennid Ų 3asod — brewar, ca IRELAND, kounbt Sas TERRA, MeMehtT Cat 3a600 — cement , plant caxapnbtū 3a600 — sugar mill pr Shame on you, 2 HegreouucTuTenvHbll Žr. Hed RET j 8 netdrenepezonnbiū 34800 — : and it Tenepep ai a ¢abpura — briquetting plant, 00 = Tpuroraske sapphire refinery 10py, < Gpuxerna = description Has gabpuxa — paper mill, factory asa p OJ knitting mill, — 6yma © Although there are numerous lietuvis | Siow tech. CHE It's a little bit like ; Lithuanian. * 3%, works leveling gos SE corresponding, semantic induc! 4 fault gi x ! 2 ation almost vi one y ba 05051 recommendations are ignored, language sense of Inca ir specialists ter. k. Eh 959 m. PolZ methrenepezonnbui 30800 cool I al unheard. Nors dz aš i ninkas K. J. Ambrasas-Sasnava is a rer natfos ’ distillery, although ė the language IIE ae 12, they couldn't survive Dar ki Chania Marios salghi Tina 1974 7 Bimo jmoné . A little bit longer LAE TASER imo company T 1973 164 2, 181 3, a unlisted MonstersSnesné naftos perdi Sg he Sv 1973 19 11, Mir T 1974 5 18, petroleum v 257.20.200 9.271 8. 2%; 9 7% RT yi , oil refining plant : ti są S08 Mako ipod other Adib iy HG £) 1975 3 42, 45, MG 1973 a in GMT 1014 63 NG IR petroleum tų bi ceisCmost, most inhuman pi . er on LL: nt» products SH processing companies T 1973 973 22 5, margin TA place Sv19757 24,10 3 204 2), petroleum st ‘LŪ 1975 10 31 ftos purification produce just oil v 9, petroleum distillation production AREAL oF off. os factory T 1973 131 1, oil loss ui LO 19752 6 or pė i p il s processing i i =a 190 3, 205 2 » 3, oil refining complex VN pp rh Er! poh, lime factory on 4, 1980 202 1, P 1981 2 10. There is even Kd i T19732903, du Arete mond) By 1874.2 14, duly A gambt si Hien sto Liquefied o gas plant LŪ 1975 4 wood aa na We can't figure it out. Brick it: Seed Cleaning Factory ZOMZ, Seed winder (ry J ii . Brick replaceable plyt jų vatykto est i NEAL ; brick factory S : a. Ta 239 3 phn ceramic factory: Palemono a ir Tae QUANTITY 8 117, Mir T 1974 5 18 niko's factory T 19 eh T 1973 273 2, Sv 1974 8 14, 16 also opens 6 14. Drainage pipe 5 “V ceramics , , 16 also translated y kerami . gamyk ikas fabrikk mikos ay ic even ceramic T 197: T 1973 285 1, Sv 1974 8 14, 11 7 Step Taurag pg x tibis Re rs He 2) factory becomes unclear concrete p i It's hard to convince ao Vip rs rE Mar 1074 5.21 857 p the determinant 4 us language users (and even official ar. 1 (ig) on: 6.1 ad m in Lithuanian — = tonnes ne If gsl its lv art a Kia 20PT 13 (or u Stosios mokyklos knygelė neišven gn Mir T 19 sė 123), o time api pat flour production there same 99 Ay ROMS: ganyho oy 3), patterns are still producing d 4 ų production there pa a 47 VN 1983 274 1 ai ; uon or bake bread ir P a . How it looks like bread cake tų products as. 7 Xt0l0au40d must have been just RE guessing kal Kenas ora tają p Eich, Jr. Te ge inga think, Mad bakery 88 Not correct Azai I Ča SE NAC aid or ok ži ri At R anti Cr O arrow ANE la — only (xae60)nexapus, o x1e603a600 — mechanized bakery ZUZ. Excessive Hx name bread bakery ir LP 1978 7 4. Similarly unnecessary are the Ei symbols of wars, mills, tanners, etc. ir Only in the most basic tą case is a corrective certificate needed: (weaving) machine, (spinning) wheel. "but At the same time, su the transformed atis of the ir respective ir specialties and specialists are leveled. Baker is turning bread cake products ir Yes. Kepéju T 1973 159 4 (I wonder how the chef will be invented in the future?). Rim retainers T 1973 66 2 ir cheese factories Sv 1978 9 30, disappearir ing sardine jd i "cheese worker, specialist" LKG I 407 and cheesemaking there 310. Bricklay7 er 'brickworker' LKG I 407 turned by ceramics T 1973 285 1. = Retéjant vélylaklai, randasi nebe vélyba, o net véliniy production (8ararbHoe it a npoussodcre0) ZUZ, without sugar cookers, caxaposapenue only cukag. — raus production ZUZ. Ay ji Nevertheless, the words distillery, brewery, cooker, ir etc. now a little reborn, activating a little 5 supports the expansion of ir the plant. They are supported eto other ir suffixes -factory of leads, stronger functioning: laundry, laundrysala la, canteen, although some sewing-room, knitting-roo- — m, weaving-room, spinning-room— are themselves necessary ir supports for the cultivation, especially in official usage, of adPins) in ministerial titles. O now more industry does this, but ne ethnographEo y, history of technology: The Museum already has windmills, mill Tajik mill, oil press, wool mill, etc. ir However, many more technical ia objecty are waiting for when will be moved to į the museum. These are brickworks, lime e burners, tar distilleriir es and other various equipment and machinery KB 1983 3 48. dy Today it is difficult to say exactly ir who built the very first ‘garei The mystery' It's a shame. Maybe it was a wax-melting workshop recently excavated in Town Hall Square? Maybe some nimble master" had set up a pottery flowering place in in the chapel a sword ar mint N 1973 8 6. Only in salt cookers BE In the 17th century, people 1500 worked here <...> KB 1983 3 68. Growing sugar beet was a novelty at that time. The book of ne Zygmantas Psyremblis in go d "History of sugar production na Litwie“ („History of Sugar Farming in Lithuania“) the list of domestic x sugar factories includes Plungėnai, Vaitkuškiai Eo M ir G 1983 11 30. Paliepio, Macevitiy ir Bread bakeries operated in Pertako villages M ir G 1977 9 13. Years 100 ago: The New Times (Russian: i Новая Время, Novaya Vremya) was a Russian newspaper. ir ‘Novosti’ („Naujienos“) newspaper published complaints from Vilnius residents, in which they write that the many vodka be drinking ra places in the city, which suffer families, have added several more ae VN 1983 275 6. The most important thing is that the sense of a living language 4 has not yet fallen away. For example, Kazlų Rūdos The pilot woodworking combined ni at plant in the city ir andsurroundings is widely called (: ploštynu board). iE A more special case is the repair plant peMOHTHbIA (-+— 3a6800) T TR a 1973 198 2, T 1974 185 2: automobiley repair plant auT 1973 296 2, gd = toremonto factory T 1973 49 2, 198 2, S 1974 68 4, M ir T 1974 6 26, 27, TE LR repair mechaniné factory T 1973 64 1, 86 1, 180 4, ship repair gaWar mykla T 1973 205 2, S ir A 19739 12, 13. It does not change the fact that in them a LE ST Se SR AS CN Sid ER Tah cal Js a r One door, Enid. Aygo om, SE edit a Ti ra he A RE Sale A eT some parts are also produced: Such translators are expected to be available in the future Hl RAT mines Kuršėnai Mechanical Repair Factory T 1973 202 2. In Lithuanian, Šaka is a repair company. Repair shop pemoxrmaxm (-— macrepckas) tur Ark Ak semantic mismatch error: macrepckas (: macrep, plg. dar macrepuro It is motivated differently than the workshop: to work). (: Macrepckas — workshop, be js — + pemMoxTHasa macrepckas in Lithuanian better rule. Now there are many this Aa ia cycles, the younger generation may not even know that they appeared only a decade du ago As, čius * linguist po V. Grinavecki- 's call '3, Now even strange may seem that was ie the word correct (although ir pushed by international repair) was ‘ TE not faisyklos why productive model (-ykla : -ti) did not work, kodé was — tolerated nonsense of sense in the repair shop. Ar ne time to hope EL angio? It’s hard to predict, but it’s ir necessary to cultivate language. If present ma — Zybinés shaped enterprise, factory, workshop, should not be surprised if "as a pasty ir rule, the o rule would take on meaning ‘large repair company’. Rei is a — captive word, the appropriate ne renovation always comes on time, often a somewhat delayed. Ar Are we not late this time? According K to LKZ, a rule with © similar meaning was tried to use years ago: 50 Rule In Alexandria, į 0 4 where I went to check my car, it belonged to a European (Sal bl ad ius M. At home with my 40 family K., 1935, t. 2, p. 4). Motory rule the aa same, t. 1, p. 169). New A word is — an event in the history of thought (V. Zukovsk- ~~ y). Unfortunane tely, always a matter of ir history in the present. Atéjo tarptautinio — (auto)service times, where here Lithuanian ta rule beatlaidys... sia The third partial conclusion is similar į to the iš first: the two languages corresponding The — Models. — -ynas/-ykla/-inė|/Jūkis/kiemas: rus. 3a800/d080p||-(ap)whr o ere apjna the — Lithuanian language incomparably more characteristic synthetic moad is — dellium elements — -ynas/-ykla/-iné, in Russian the analytical— ie For = A detailed analysis of a number of examples ir of the model and the m summarization of partial conclusions allows to draw the following general conclusions: I. In Russian. npouseodcreo, 3a600, as well as xossaiicreo, deno, sia deop for induction (based on interference), much more analytical Russian kalTalo Bos model (combined ir punctuation) sometimes quite mechanicali ba į ly translated into Lithuanian, for which here is a much better synthetic model (derivatiro ves of adverbs). In this way, the nomenclature of reality of another language intersects su with the categorization aE of reality that exists on the basis of one's own language. wy > 2. The confrontation of the ir external form of another language with the internal form of its be own language, Cat not having — undergone sad lessons, frankly great errors in spelling, this confirms a thorough, subtle study of both the source language and the native language. Tao 4 Grinaveckis V. Workshir op rule.— Language Culture, 1965. ed. 8, p. 35—36. FL Other meaning faisyklg yet 1937 m. contains siiles P. Skardžius: bookbinding (preferably Zea bookstore; but this word is ir not the best: we usually bind books, but we fix them, we ne open them, so it would be even better: book rule, book shop (Mother tongue, 1937, p. 159). ; Yi The book rule did not ją survive, tried to consume only S. Dabušis (Farad Mykolas. Be Popular Chemistry — K., 1939, p. 8.) Ad Soa By : Bey eT ed he le El ER LR RN eT ii ace Its semantics understanding, induced name motivation knowledge, Gok no, the importance of both languages sense. br patis 3. Taking seriously induction interference-eir xposed names racing (and jų functioning supervision), it is necessary to go from the concept, the internal orma to the term, ;*7:771 from the foreign term, the external 0 ne form to: the Ithuvian. jo 104 The extent of the danger of the latter path can be shown ‘leaved mis. a o“ name example in — Russian this 4«epH0142Cbe, in Lithuanian baltmisIce: piss. The translation of the name in Black Forest would be profanation: lit. ar i get out iš for a real iuoci AAO Cadi AE fl SS el Ea blackmi$kiš is really is "coniferous forest" '*. that's it TD a pain ! IE o ace KES SUTRUMPINIMAL an aa BC3, XXIBozburas Coserckas JHUHKIONCANS. 3rd Ha-- M., 1975, 7. 21. 0 LF i 8 m Bt — Buitis. ik RIE BZ I ir II — Russian Lithuanian Dictionary / Prepared by V. The V. Baron, the Rear. V. Pan EEA 1967, t. 1 ir 2. | ia DZ, — Contemporary Lithuanian Languages Zodynas.—V., 1954. Lis AL D2, — Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language:— V., sti 1972. ~~ Exp — Astrauskas J. ir kt Exploitation of the Masiny-traktoriy fleet— V. 1972. EA EE EkZ — Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms.— V., REAR 1966. ge ~~ Galv—Sleiva J, Savukynas A. Bovine farming— V, 1970." 5 A Mie dots Rude ARLE ES i | Para G — Youth ranks. HR SC Eos FEES © KB — Culture bars. ES aS tes: eta Crowns trick Hi Lo id Capea FOS Ad) Bh OS ED Sl rs, A hy ORY Language Vilnius. other Yas i BOG a 17414 JLir M — Literature ir is art. oii iš ee where of SA a ALY LK —Basalykas A. Lietuvos Landscape of the TSR" Va 1977. 4% it: J Ors J Fa LKG I — Grammar of the Lithuanian language.— V., 1965, t. I. a PRG LKZ — Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1941—1981, t. 1—12 (and jo abbreviations). EA ot i igi KEK — Lietuviy languages Zodyno file. oi SEY Lm2 1 — Russian—Lithuanian language dictionary / Compiled by Ch. Lemchenas—V., 1982 oe ct; r sa LP — Lithuanian Pioneer. aras sia GR LTE — Soviet Encyclopedia. — V., 1976—1983, t. 1—10,2* 7 a x LO LZ-Lyberis A. Lietuviy—rusy languages Zodynas.—V., 1971. gn: ssita ar kra MG — Our nature. Sh Tetis arte ina Eins ‘an : PAA AAT a EAE [veg Le a; seats, M ir G — Science is ir life. Liga stan Gia iio iS CA Mir T—Science ir is technique. Fo El pe NG Fp Fg es TE © MLTE II — Little Soviet Encyclopedia. —V., t::2.7 1968, 1 BA RAR at She. N — Nemunas. og a va in Fa OC— OGparinil ciopaph pycckoro sanka.— M., 1974. a act aaa Ša taj P — Victory. see Rat he ~ PolZz —Politechnical Dictionary of Russian—Lithuanian Languages.— V., 195927 Li Arial iii ati i A EMRE Ane rai S — Sports. Tenet di : S ir A — Building ir architecture. Re V NR Slow tech — Great Russian-Polish Technical Dictionary.— Warsaw—Mocksa, 1973. a isamaa rag i Fed 4 Po message read on this topic 1983 m. Vilnius regional theoretical methodi. a niame seminare (in a iš symposium), colleagues (V. Vitkausko ir et al.) got to experience that in this oof examples liked to operate professor J. Balčikonis (unfortujo nately, I haven’t listened to the lectures myself). UL Vainiai Bo TS A er ay stable 1 Duis ee SIT RRC, LS Ri Ar a oe EE A Tue Lape pat ay islands Jean HER 221 Vg ant RAE Ce I Gh Se pe kia ša Ea RE RE LV HR The, nt J SERN Se eR Sf NE a Nothing Be, uh, EE ga CR aaa Se ARAN SR CE CH HE a