Отражение медицинских понятий в научно-популярной литературе

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTUROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) HHA J[PYBHETE OTPAXKEHHE MEJ. UILMHCKHX NOHATHA B HAYHO-NONYJIAPHOM JIHTEPATYPE B nac osinee spema ollyilaeTca noTpe6uoc Th B aHawuse (byHKNHOHHpoBa- HHA TePMHHOB pasHbIX OTpacuell HayKH H TeXHUKU Ha OCHOBE HccleqoBaHHni oOwmpuo o MaTepuana. 3Hayenne umee HaOsioqenHe Hal PyHKuHOHUpoBa- HEMHe TEPMHHOB B HayyHoH cneunambHoi AUTepa ype, a TaKxKe Haq ucnonb- SOBaHHeM HX B Hay4HO-NONyJApHBIX u3qaHHAX, ACKUHAX, Pakuo- u Tenene- PeAa ax, u, Ranee, Hay Mepexoyom TepMHHoB B oouleynoTpeOuTembHy10 seK- Cuky, Had Tak Has. mpoleccom AeTepmunono usanun |, Hac osmui o630p nocas ae cs uccaenoBannio (Ha MaTepHane saTpIUcKo- oO s3bIKa) OTPpaxenua coqepxanna Hay4HO o NOHATHA2 MeHNHHCKOI HayKH B HaydHO-nonyJApHol cepe ucnomDsoBanua, KOTOpad a pecopana SHTeM0 HAM ciyWaTem0-HecnenMamuc y. B Hay4HO-NONyAApHOM TeKcTe Hapany C KOAMPHUMPOBAHHBIM Hay4HbIM TepMHHOM, alpoOupoBaHHbM B c e- UHaIbHBIX TeKCTaX, AONyCKaeTcsH HM WHpOKO ucHOmD3yeTcA IIpHMeHeHHe He- TEPMHHOJOPHYeCKUX =SKBHBA/CHTOB — CTHJIMCTHYeCKHX CHHOHUMOB, Hapos- HBIX H YCTapepllHx HasBaHHii, npoceccnoHamM3MOB HM JaxKe 2Hap oHsMon. K Tomy xe B Hay4HO-nonysApHBIX TeKcTax He cylllecTByeT 3anpeTa Bapbupo- BaHuA B BbIPaKeHHH NOHATHA, KOTOPOe B Npe emax OHOFO TeKCTa MOxKeT ObITh MpedcTaBeHoO Hay4uHEIM TePMHHOM-HHTepHalWOHaJIH3MOM, TepMHHOM- AyOeTOM Ha OcHOBe pogHO O AsbIKa, HapOAHBIM Ha3BauHeM, nepudpac uye- CKHM COBOCOYeTaHHeM HT. 71.3 Hccaexosanne cnoco6op oTpaxeuua nonsaTui meanunucKol HaykKu npeycTaB- JIAeT HHTepec H3-3a MHOTHX cbaKTOpos: i. Bo s opoii nonopune XX 8. mpoucxogu OypHoe pasBuTHe MeAHIHH- ckol Hayku. Ec B Ha¥ane BeKa ObIIM H3BeECTHHI OKONO 5 THC. HasBaHHii OonesHe, TO B Hau HH oKouO 30 THIC. * BosHuKaloT Bce HoBBIe H HO- Bble CHOCOOBI Je4eHHA, HOBLIe MeAMIMHCKHe anmapaTs wm JeKapc sa. Bym HIXOBE IIOHATH TpeOyeT H COOTBeTCTBYIOMe O YHCa HOBLIX TepMHHOB, ce , c 'Blinkena A. Te minologizacijas un de e minologizacijas p ocesi miisdienu la ieSu aloda LPSR ZA Vés is, 1973, N . 2, 103.—107. Ipp. 2 HayuHoe TIOHATHE — COBOKYNHOCTB CYILeCTBeHHBIX TIpH3SHaKOB mpeAMe a, uTo mo3sHa- HHA IpedMe a OObCKTUBHOM peasbHOCTH Ha aHHOM 93Tane pasBATAa HaykH. * Cp: Bpa uua A. A. 3uauenne u o enku 3uauenua B TepmMuHeB xu. : Tepmu- HOJOTHA H KyMbTypa pew. M., 1981, c. 52. *Lazo skis I. A s s un aloda Li e a i a un Maksla, 1981, 23.1, 6. Ipp. 54 2. lo paguunu epmune mezununE CTPOATCA Ha OCHOBe MaTHHCKOTO H pe ecKko o A3bIKOB, Hanp. : Udskuli s, elek o o éze, pulmonologs. B nocaenw- ee BpeM# BOSpacTaeT YHCNO TepMHHOB, 3aMMCTBOBAHHBIX H3 ASEIKOB, e cooTBeTCTBYIOUlee ABICHHe HaHMeHOBaNOCh BiepBble, Hanp. : ki o s (Hem. Ku o ), Soks (pp. choc), npuuem npeoO1aqaw TepMHHE, 3anMCTBOBaHHEIE 43 AaHIJHHCKO O A3bIKa, Hanp. : kompaunds, inb idings. 3. Meunckue TepHbI uMeloMuT HeKOTOpBIe OcobeHHOCTH NO cpaBHeHHio ¢ TepHaMHMH Apy ux HayK. Jlna o6o3HayeHHA HeKOTOpHIX NOHATH ucnoOmbSyl- 0TCA STOHHMbI — UMA Bpa4a, OombHO O, UcTOpHYecKO O HHA, epos aHTepaTypH- o o lpousBexeHua HT. 4., Hanp. : Edipa komplekss, Sa koMa i slimiba. Hexo op ie TepMunn o6pasue u CAMBOMMUHEI, Hanp. : kaka dzi na inu enomens, s adajosas sie as sind oms. U o6s nouaTe cMbICN TaKOTO TePMHHa, HEOOXOAUMO 3HaTb HCTOpHIO e o NpOMCXox enna. 4. B napoguoi pew u3yapua cymec Bye 6onblloe yncno HasBaHHi pasJHYHOH STHMOJOPHH, IPHMeHAeMBIX JIA O6O3HaYeHUA OomesHeli, HX CHMITO- MOB, CIOCOOOB JIeYeHHA, eKapcTB, JeKapcTBeHHEIx pac enui op. u Cpeau HHX BCTPeYaloTcA AJICKTH3MBI, COHaBa HaPOAHOM STHMOOTHN>, NepHdpacTHY- eCKHe OO03HaYeHHA, BapBapH3MbI. Takue coBa cMOBOCOyeTAaHHA H WH- POKo pacipocTpaneHbI H YacTO BCTPeyaloTca B NOBCeAHEBHOM peyn, Heped- kO Name B NeyaTHoM TekcTe, Hanp. : dilonis, si ds ieka, Sp ices, nolémé s. Wno ya o603sHayenus Tako o po a cTaBATCA B KaBLI¥KH. 5. C yye om mpouecca io6anbHol sa3EIKOBOi WHTe palun uw CHTyalHH ApyasbuA B JlaTBuiickoli CCP onpezenenHoe sHayeHHe mpHobpe ae coTwlacOBaH- He MaTBILICKHX WH PyCCKHX MeMHUHHCKUX TepmMuHoB®, Ognako HexoOO2uMO u3Ge aTb OyKBambHO O MepeBOa c OAHOFO ABSEIKa Ha apy oi. 6. Tlockonpxy cBa3b GombUIMHCTBa HaceeHHA c MeQMNMHCKHMH mpob.le- MaMH HM y4pexeHHAMH NOBCeqHeBHA, a H HHTepec K MOCTHKeCHHAM mpaKTHYCCKOM MCAHNHHEI H MCAHIMMHCKOM HayKH NOCTOAHHO pac e T, BOmpoc 06 ONTHMAJbHBIX CHOCOOax BbIPaKeHHA NOHATH HM ABJeHHI MeAHIMHEI npHo6peT- ae Ooapl y10 3HauHMOCTS, Jima o3HaKOMJeHHA OOlecTBa c OCHOBAMH MeaUHHE B JTBlaulicKol CCP us aw Tes xKypHan Veseliba (SqopoBbe>), HeMamoe KOJIMUeCTBO KHHT H Opounop. Cao BKnaq B MeHIMHHCKOe MpocBellleHHe BHOCHT 2KypHan Zina ne un Tehnika (Hayxa nu Texuuka). Ha ocHope ynoMaHyTHIX xXypHaOB u okono 30 KHH H Gpomlop, H3qaHHEIX ., B 1981—1983 KoHcTaTHpoBaHO, 4TO cnoco6bl OTpaxkeHHA MeCAMUHHCKUX MOHATH B TeKCTaXx WIA HecHelHaHCTOB MHo oo6pa3Hul. [IpuBoquM BaxkHelllue u3 HX. I. Yno pe6zen e B Hay4HO-nonyApHbIX TeKCTaX TePMHHOB Ha JTHHCKOMIa MJIH TpeYeCKOM ASbIKaX, aHAJOTHYHO TePMHHAM CileluwalbHOH AuTepaTypH, Hanp. : Apendix e mi o mis a odas aklas za nas lejasda{a. * Cp: May a e 9. 10. ®ysxunonanpupii c umb nayKu u TexHuKH — paxuB i (pak- TOP pasBUTHA COBpeMeHHO O AaTHIICKO O A3bIKa. B KH. : Seman ikas p oblémas. Riga, 1982, 83.—88. Ipp. 55 II. Yno pe6nenne TpaMMAaTHKaIH3HPOBaHHOTO HHTepHaHoHambHO O Tep- MHHa: 1) 6e3 o6bsacHeHua, nanp. : Lipidi a izie cau i asins adu endo élijam adi a e oma ozas pangas; noHenacue nATepHanMonambHo o un 2) TepMHHa TepMHHOM- yOneTOM Ha ma- TEIUCKOM ASbIKe HJIH MOSCHTEIBHLIM cOBOCOueTAHHeM. Tloscuu enbuaa CAMHHIa MOCTaBIeHa B CKOOKU, OTAeeHa THpe HAM cAOBaMH jeb, esp. wT. n., Hanp. : Mazujiem na naujas o- a uz nosliece o i iem (ausu iekaisumiem); 3) yume byuxunn nankasa MPHMeTH NOHATHA, Hanp. : Cep os édienos i ak oleins — iela, kas kai ina aknas; noKas 4) s umoso nu Tepmuna, Hanp. : Vé ojama biologisko i mu ak o az- es (no g ieku ak on — i so ne) nobide; 5) OObacHeHHe Tepmuna B Bue Aepunnuuu, wanp. : Pa hemangiomam sauc labdabigus audzéjus, kas a is as asins adu no sienas. III. Yno pe6enne TEPMHHa Ha JaTHIWCKOH OCcHOBe: 1) 6e3 o6bacHenna, Hanp. : T emes céloni jamekle biologiskas a ski ibas, Slimiba sakas a d udzi; 2) moscHeue cy u saTscKo o TepMuHa, Hanp. : A jédzienu ,,ie adigan- ass ceji* sap o aidu, zales ka nokjiis o ganisma; yKasaHne 3) cKOOKax B TepMUHA Ha ASbIKe-OpH unase, namp. : [gi pa nea s éjamu uzska ija Laundabigo mazasinibu (anaemia pe niciosa); 4) mpucoequnenne x ‘aTEILUICKOMY TePMHY pasHbIMH cnocobamu HHTep- HallHOHaJIbHO O TepMuHa, Hanp. Uz adas : pa adas iegli sa i plankumi ( ozeola- s). IV. Yno pe61enue uapasne B mpeweax O HO O TeKcTa MHTepHanHOHamb- Ho o H JlaTLICKo o TepMHHa uM O6OsHayeHHA HeTe€PMHHONO HYecKO O xa- PakTepa, Hamp. : Nie u pd s adigana i lespéjama. Jau izda i as ai akas nie u ansplan acijas ope acijas. V. 3amena cnenuambuo o TePMHHa HapOAHbIM Ha3BaHHeM — O6O3HayeHH- eM HeepTMHHONO HyecKo o xapakTepa. Takue o6o3sHayeHHA uacTo cTaBaTca B KaBbiaKH, Hanp. : Be ns piedzimis a zaka lipu. ,,Cau s miegs* a ka pa ipasu p oblemu. VI. AxyenTuposanne noBoo6pasopanno o Hay4Ho o TepMHHa B 3BHHa na CTaTbH HJIH JIEKUHH C MOCELyIOULAM pacKpLITHeEM e o COlepxKaHUA B TeKCTe, Hanp. : Kas i ge on ologija? (3a onopox) Ge on ologija i zind ne pa no ecosanos. VII. Tipunomenue x TEKCTY COBapA TePMHHOB, ynOTpeOeHHbIX B TeKcTe. TIpo6ema saxmouae csa B BEIGOpe O HO O H3 BBILEYNOMAHYTHIX c loco6op, KOTOpbIe CaMH Mo ce6e Gesynpe4HEl, A HcCNONb30BaHHA B KaXKOM KOHKpe - HOM cay4ae. Ip s om Heo6xozuMmo yuec h neni pewlaomux Pa dax o- POB: Hay4Hyl0 TOUHOCTE BbIpaKeHHA, YpOBeHb CHeHANABIX 3Hui Ha ampeca- Ta, € O BOspacT, OOUlui ypoBeHb o6pasopanua (8To o6cToaTeaBcTBO cueny- €T YYECTb MP UTCHHH TeKUH, B MeYaTHOM TeKcTe culelyeT OpHeTHpoBaTECA 56 Ha CpeAHHH ypoBeHb CHellHa/IbHBIX 3HaHMii), TpaqHIMOHHOCT u pacnpoc pa- HeHHOCTb TEPMHHA, aCI€KT KYJIbTY- PbI Ped, MHYHDI BKyC aBTOpa, a TakxKe MICHXOMORHYeCcKHe akTOpbl, u paollne OobLy!0 pOb BK TeCTax Ha Me/E- IHHCKHe TeMBI. Bonpoc, yMec eu 1 Hay4H i Tepmun B Hay4Ho-nonysapHEIx TeKcTax, 10 HawiHx Hellae ca mo-pasHomy®, Bonbmumuc Bo cneunanuc os HEHE MpHAiOT, YHSTO PasyMHOe OSHAKOMJeHHe YHUTAaTeAA-HechelMaNuCcTa co cnenHaJbHBIMH TEPMHHAMH Pa3HbIX OTpacsel HayK HeoOxo_uMO. DTo coo se c - ByeT H TpeO6opaHuam HTP, u Bospociemy yposuio KHTymyppl u o6pasoBanua Hacewenua. Bospac aiollad TeHenua K ynoT pe6leHHIO HHTepHauMoHasb- HBIX HM CIeUHaIbHIX TEPMHHOB HaGwOMaeTcA HM B HayYHO-NOnyAApHO Me- AMIMHCKOM IHTepa ype. C esyeT uMeTb B BHAy TO OOTOATeNCTBO, YTO MPH O3HaKOMJICHHH YHTATeA C HOBLIM TEPMHHOM HeEOOXOAUMO cOOmMIOMaTb N0c emeHHoc- b. Ecam aBTop uuIH peakTOp cTaTbH yBepeH, 4TO He ucnOmB3ye- MBI TepMHH NOHATeH OOb/UIMHCTBY 4YHTaTeeH, HeOOXOAUMO NOKa3aTb e o STHMOJIOPHI0, PacKPHITh CO epKah e TepMHHA, HCIOMb30BaTb ONMCATeMbHbIC CHOBOCOYeTAHHA WJM PaCKPbITb CyTb TeEPMHHa KOHTeKCTOM 7. Muo ga HaMe ae - ca pasHulla Mex Ay CilellHab- HbIM 3HaYeHHeM Hay4yHO O TepMHHa H e o 3Ha eHHeM Kak NOBCeHEBHOM B peu, TaK H B Hay4HO-nonyaap- Ho auTepa ype. Hesnayn eabuble cemaHTH4ecKHe KONeOaHHA BHOTHE AOMYCTHMBI: HeCHelHaHCTy HEBOSMOXKHO, Ma HW HET HeOOxOAUMOC- TH y ay6ATCA B NOAPOOHOCTH CMBICa HAayYHO O TEPMHHAa H OBNaeBaTbh BCeEMH e o CHCT€MHBIMH HOHTCK- CTHBIMH CBA3SMH. HepeZKO Tep HoMHH, BXOMA B OOUIeynoTpe6uT- ebuylo JeKCHKy, pacwIHpaxeT axe MeHACT MU CBOIO CeMaHTHKy. Tak, 3aHMCTBOBAHHbIM U3 aHTIHHCKOTO A3bIKa TePMHH si ess, WIMPOKO yno- TpeOAAeMbIi B CielHabHOM TMTepaType CHMap NPHbIM 3HayeHHeM 3alLHT- Hble peaKWHH Op aHH3Ma Ha BJHAHHe HeOATONpHATHEIX (akTOpPOB>, B pe- YeBOH MTHpakKe WIHPOKO HCMOMb3yeTCA 3BHAYCH- HAX KBONHCH- He>, <HeIpHAT- HOCTH>, HepBHad wepe py3Ka>. TepH- y6eMuT Ha JaTBILICKOM OCHOBe sp iedze 3To HecooTBeTcTBHe He ycTpaua- e . Tlono6Haa MecemanTusanna MIpOH30- UIa H B clOBe p ieks, KOTOpOe B Pas OBO- PHOM PeIH H3BeCT- CO HO 3HayeHHeM <cIOpmpHs- >, nepeny , Boc op . ABM opa H peqakTopam Heo6- XOAHMO y4eCTb pasHHUy Mey cTpo o Hay4HbIM H OOMeynOTpeOuTeIbHLIM 3Ha4eHHeM COB TaKO O posa. Tpodecc- op Puxcko o Meguumu- cko o uucTuTy- a HW. JlasoBcKHe mMuleT: BoszepxKu- Badch OT HaMepeH- HA MepeBecTH BCe HHTepHalHOHAJbHbIe TEpMH- HbI Ha JIaTHIWI- CKHi ASbIK, TaBHOe HallpaBJ- eHHe aTakH CJleyyeT HalpaBHTb Ha HaBASYHBbIe YyKEPOMHble CMOBa, KOTOPble e KO NepeBOAATCA Ha NaTbILLI- ° Cp: Muxues- uy A. E. Tepmunn ps ccbepe nonyaap- usayun sHanuiiB xu. : HaysHO-- TeXHHY- ECKaA PEBOIIOU- HA H MpOONe- MH KyAbTY- PH ASHIKA HAYKH HM TepMHHOJo HH: Tes. AOKI. H coo6m. Buabnic, 1983, c. 6365. 7$Skujin- ia V. Te minas kon eks- eKalbos kul ii a, 1983, sas. 44, p. 1926. Cp: Cxksopn- os Ji. ® HW. Bo pocn epMuno- no uu um TepMHH- OTBOpye- cTBa B snOXy HTP.B xu. : Tepmuno- so na u Kyap ypa pew. M., 1981, c. 1112. 57 CKHH A3BIK, OCOGeHHO ecIH OHH He c amH HHTHallHoHaH3Mamu®, B 6onb- IWHHCTBE A3bIKOB CYILECTBYIOT TEPMHHBI-LyO1eTH C OLMHAKOBOIi CeMaHTHKOH. MoxkHo co nacu ecs c TEM, 4TO KelaTeibuel HaHTH aTBILICKHI 9KBHBAaJeHT SaHMCTBOBaHHOMY cJIOBy, ecu OHO MOCTPOCHO HE H3 SJIEMeHTOB KnaccHye- CKHX ASBIKOB, Hamp., k us mija — au a. c ossing-o e , galé ajsanas — au n. kille s, Comun eabuoi oKasuipae ca MPakTHKa BBeeHHA aTBILICKO O Tep- MHHa BM€CTO WOKO MpynoTpe6semo o TePMHHAa, CO3,aHHO O Ha OCHOBe Kmac- CHY€CKHX ASbIKOB, Hanp., me as dze — s iesumi. lon om TOMY IAPHsaTopoB HayKu B Halle pecnyOauKe c anopu ca PasyMHOe BBeseHHe HOBBIX aTBIU- CKHX TeEPMHHOB B MpakTuKy. Xo a Kaxyoe HOBOBBEJCHHOe COBO NOZO6HO OKHY B 3a0pouleHHoM jOMe, u JuO6OMY MaJIbUHUIKe, IIpOXOAAULeEMy MHMO, XO- Xe€TCA KHHYTb B He o KaMeHb 2°, noc osHHaa MONYAAPHSauHA HOBBIX OOpa- 3OBaHHii Ha JlaTBILICKOl OCHOBe NOMOxeT HM CKopee HaliTH cBOe MecTOh B c- CTeMe TEPMHHOB MCAMUMHCKOH HayKH, upu 39TOM PacKpbIBasx cyTb HOBO O TePMHHA Aa HechelHanuc os. Boabu yio powb B BEIGope cpeAcTB uHopMauun jaa Hay4HO-nOonyApHBIX MeNHIHHCKUX TeKCTOB HTpaloT mcHXOo HyecKHe @akTOpH, KoTOpHIe moKa elke H3y4eHb! HeqocTaTouHO. SHauHTebHOe YACIO MeJ HILHHCKHX TEPpMHHOB Ha OCHOBe pOAHOTO sA3bIKa HMeIOT HexKeTaeMBIl KOHHTAT. Tlo uuc o 9 u- 4eCKHM IIPHUHHaM B Hay4HO-nonyasApHol wHMTepa Type B OCHOBHOM MHIIyTCa He ap aukoSanas, a adipozi a e, ue esns, a ko pulen s, ue mi s iba, a le ali a e. VU npu nasp annn HEKOTOPBIX OoesHel mpeoOnaqae TeHJeHnnHA ynoTpeOInTb HHTepHalHoHaIbABIi TePMHH. B nonyaspHux u3qanuax MPHXOAUTCA YCYeTh H TaK Ha3. KOMMeKc BjO- BbI NOJKOBHHKa no noBec u IO. Cmyyna c pemaenue uali n 6onee co- JHAHOe H OOee HayyHoe HasBaHHe ANA cBoel GomesHu. Ecau nogpo6uni ananus caxk opos, no6yx a omux HaceJIeHHe OTaTb MPeAMONTeHHe HJM WaTBILICKOMy, HH HHTepHalHOHaJIbHOMY TepMHHY, aBaaeTCH KOMMeTeHIIHe; MCHOJHHIBACTHKH, TO BaxkHeluHe YepTh McHXONO HH WHX CACpeTB BbIpPaxKeHua OyzeT cnoco6c BoBaTH Aanbuelimemy pacnpoc pa- HeHHIO MCQHUHHCKHX SHaHHII, CTOb HEOOXOAUMEIX Aa BceX. *Lazo skis I, A s s un aloda.Li e a ii a un Maksla, 1981, 23.1, 6, Ipp. © Selje H. Mana miiza s ess. Riga, 1983, 77, Ipp.