Отражение медицинских понятий в научно-популярной литературе

MOKSLO KALBOS KULTUROS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIU KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIV(1985) HHA J[PYBHETE OTPAXKEHHE MEJ.UILMHCKHX NOHATHA B HAYYHO-NONYJIAPHOM JIHTEPATYPE B nac osinee spema ollyilaeTca noTpe6uoc Th B aHawuse (byHKNHOHHpoBa- HHA TePMHHOB pasHbIX OTpacuell HayKH H TeXHUKU Ha OCHOBE HccleqoBaHHni oOwmpuo o MaTepuana. 3Hayenne umee HaOsioqenHe Hal PyHKuHOHUpoBa- HHeEM TEPMHHOB B HayyHoH cneunambHoi AUTepa ype, a TaKxKe Haq ucnonb- SOBaHHeM HX B Hay4HO-NONyJApHBIX u3qaHHAX, ACKUHAX, Pakuo- u Tenene- PeAa ax, u, Ranee, Hay Mepexoyom TepMHHoB B oouleynoTpeOuTembHy10 seK- Cuky, Had Tak Has. mpoleccom AeTepmunono usanun |, Hac osmui o630p nocas ae cs uccaenoBannio (Ha MaTepHane saTpIU- cKo oO s3bIKa) OTPpaxenua coqepxanna Hay4HO o NOHATHA2 MeHNHHCKOI HayKH B HaydHO-nonyJApHol cepe ucnomDsoBanua, KOTOpad a pecopana SHTaTeM0 HAM ciyWaTem0-HecnenMamuc y. B Hay4HO-NONyAApHOM TeKcTe Hapany C KOAMPHUMPOBAHHBIM Hay4HbIM TepMHHOM, alpoOupoBaHHbM B c e- UHaIbHBIX TeKCTaX, AONyCKaeTcsH HM WHpOKO ucHOmD3yeTcA IIpHMeHeHHe He- TEPMHHOJOPHYeCKUX =SKBHBA/CHTOB — CTHJIMCTHYeCKHX CHHOHUMOB, Hapos- HBIX H YCTapepllHx HasBaHHii, npoceccnoHamM3MOB HM JaxKe 2ap oHHsMon. K Tomy xe B Hay4HO-nonysApHBIX TeKcTax He cylllecTByeT 3anpeTa Bapbupo- BaHuA B BbIPaKeHHH NOHATHA, KOTOPOe B Npe emax OHOFO TeKCTa MOxKeT ObITh MpedcTaBeHoO Hay4uHEIM TePMHHOM-HHTepHalWOHaJIH3MOM, TepMHHOM- AyOeTOM Ha OcHOBe pogHO O AsbIKa, HapOAHBIM Ha3BauHeM, nepudpac uye- CKHM COBOCOYeTaHHeM HT. 71.3 Hccaexosanne cnoco6op oTpaxeuua nonsaTui meanunucKol HaykKu npey- cTaBJIAeT HHTepec H3-3a MHOTHX cbaKTOpos: i. Bo s opoii nonopune XX 8. mpoucxogu OypHoe pasBuTHe MeAHIHH- ckol Hayku. Ec B Ha¥ane BeKa ObIIM H3BeECTHHI OKONO 5 THC. HasBaHHii OonesHe, TO B Hau HH —oKouO 30 THIC.* BosHuKaloT Bce HoBBIe H HO- Bble CHOCOOBI Je4eHHA, HOBLIe MeAMIMHCKHe anmapaTs wm JeKapc sa. Bym HOBEIX IIOHATHH TpeOyeT H COOTBeTCTBYIOMe O YHCa HOBLIX TepMHHOB, ce , c 'Blinkena A. Te minologizacijas un de e minologizacijas p ocesi miisdienu la - ieSu aloda LPSR ZA Vés is, 1973, N . 2, 103.—107. Ipp. 2 HayuHoe TIOHATHE — COBOKYNHOCTB CYyILeCTBeHHBIX TIpH3SHaKOB mpeAMe a, uTo mo3sHa- HHA IpedMe a OObCKTUBHOM peasbHOCTH Ha aHHOM 93Tane pasBATAa HaykH. * Cp: Bpa uua A. A. 3uauenne u o enku 3uauenua B TepmMuHe—B xu.: Tepmu- HOJOTHA H KyMbTypa pew. M., 1981, c. 52. *Lazo skis I. A s s un aloda— Li e a i a un Maksla, 1981, 23.1, 6. Ipp. 54 2. lo paguunu epmune mezununE CTPOATCA Ha OCHOBe MaTHHCKOTO H pe ecKko o A3bIKOB, Hanp.: Udskuli s, elek o o éze, pulmonologs. B nocaen- wee BpeM# BOSpacTaeT YHCNO TepMHHOB, 3aMMCTBOBAHHBIX H3 ASEIKOB, e cooTBeTCTBYIOUlee ABICHHe HaHMeHOBaNOCh BiepBble, Hanp.: ki o s (Hem. Ku o ), Soks (pp. choc), npuuem npeoO1aqaw TepMHHE, 3anMCTBOBaHHEIE 43 AaHIJHHCKO O A3bIKa, Hanp.: kompaunds, inb idings. 3. Mequuunckue TepMuHbI uMeloT HeKOTOpBIe OcobeHHOCTH NO cpaBHeHHio ¢ TepMHHaMH Apy ux HayK. Jlna o6o3HayeHHA HeKOTOpHIX NOHATHH ucnoOmb- Syl0TCA STOHHMbI — UMA Bpa4a, OombHO O, UcTOpHYecKO O HHA, epos aH- TepaTypHo o lpousBexeHua HT. 4., Hanp.: Edipa komplekss, Sa ko—Ma i slimiba. Hexo op ie TepMunn o6pasue u CAMBOMMUHEI, Hanp.: kaka dzi na- inu enomens, s adajosas sie as sind oms. U o6s nouaTe cMbICN TaKOTO TePMHHa, HEOOXOAUMO 3HaTb HCTOpHIO e o NpOMCXox enna. 4. B napoguoi pew u3yapua cymec Bye 6onblloe yncno HasBaHHi pas- JHYHOH STHMOJOPHH, IPHMeHAeMBIX JIA O6O3HaYeHUA OomesHeli, HX CHMITO- MOB, CIOCOOOB JIeYeHHA, eKapcTB, JeKapcTBeHHEIx pac enui u op. Cpeau HHX BCTPeYaloTcA AHaJICKTH3MBI, COBa «HaPOAHOM STHMOOTHN>, NepHdpa- cTHYeCKHe OO03HaYeHHA, BapBapH3MbI. Takue coBa H cMOBOCOyeTAaHHA WH- POKo pacipocTpaneHbI H YacTO BCTPeyaloTca B NOBCeAHEBHOM peyn, Heped- kO Name B NeyaTHoM TekcTe, Hanp.: dilonis, si ds ieka, Sp ices, nolémé s. Wno ya o603sHayenus Tako o po a cTaBATCA B KaBLI¥KH. 5. C yye om mpouecca io6anbHol sa3EIKOBOi WHTe palun uw CHTyalHH ApyasbuA B JlaTBuiickoli CCP onpezenenHoe sHayeHHe mpHobpe ae co- TwlacOBaHHe MaTBILICKHX WH PyCCKHX MeMHUHHCKUX TepmMuHoB®, Ognako He- OOxo2uMO u3Ge aTb OyKBambHO O MepeBOa c OAHOFO ABSEIKa Ha apy oi. 6. Tlockonpxy cBa3b GombUIMHCTBa HaceeHHA c MeQMNMHCKHMH mpob.le- MaMH HM y4pexeHHAMH NOBCeqHeBHA, a H HHTepec K MOCTHKeCHHAM mpaK- THYCCKOM MCAHNHHEI H MCAHIMMHCKOM HayKH NOCTOAHHO pac e T, BOmpoc 06 ONTHMAJbHBIX CHOCOOax BbIPaKeHHA NOHATHH HM ABJeHHI MeAHIMHEI npHo6- peTae Ooapl y10 3HauHMOCTS, Jima o3HaKOMJeHHA OOUlecTBa c OCHOBAMH MeaUHHE B JlaTBulicKol CCP us aw Tes xKypHan «Veseliba» («SqopoBbe>), HeMamoe KOJIMUeCTBO KHHT H Opounop. Cao BKnaq B MeHIMHHCKOe MpocBellleHHe BHOCHT 2KypHan «Zina ne un Tehnika» («Hayxa nu Texuuka»). Ha ocHope ynoMaHyTHIX xXypHaOB u okono 30 KHH H Gpomlop, H3qaHHEIX B 1981—1983 ., KoHcTaTHpoBaHO, 4TO cnoco6bl OTpaxkeHHA MeCAMUHHCKUX MOHATHH B TeKCTaXx WIA HecHelHaHCTOB MHo oo6pa3Hul. [IpuBoquM BaxkHelllue u3 HX. I. Yno pe6zen e B Hay4HO-nonyApHbIX TeKCTaX TePMHHOB Ha JIaTHHCKOM MJIH TpeYeCKOM ASbIKaX, aHAJOTHYHO TePMHHAM CileluwalbHOH AuTepaTypH, Hanp.: Apendix e mi o mis a odas aklas za nas lejasda{a. * Cp: May a e 9. 10. ®ysxunonanpupii c umb nayKu u TexHuKH — paxuB i (pak- TOP pasBUTHA COBpeMeHHO O AaTHIICKO O A3bIKa.— B KH.: Seman ikas p oblémas. Riga, 1982, 83.—88. Ipp. 55 II. Yno pe6nenne TpaMMAaTHKaIH3HPOBaHHOTO HHTepHaHoHambHO O Tep- MHHa: 1) 6e3 o6bsacHeHua, nanp.: Lipidi a izie cau i asins adu endo élijam un adi a e oma ozas pangas; 2) noacHenue nATepHanMonambHo o TepMHHa TepMHHOM- yOneTOM Ha ma- TEIUCKOM ASbIKe HJIH MOSCHHTEIBHLIM cOBOCOueTAHHeM. Tloscuu enbuaa CAMHHIa MOCTaBIeHa B CKOOKU, OTAeeHa THpe HAM cAOBaMH jeb, esp. wT. n., Hanp.: Mazujiem na no é o a nosliece uz o i iem (ausu iekaisumiem); 3) ykasaume byuxunn nan MPHMeTH NOHATHA, Hanp.: Cep os édienos i ak oleins — iela, kas kai ina aknas; 4) noKas s umoso nu Tepmuna, Hanp.: Vé ojama biologisko i mu ak o- azes (no g ieku ak on — i so ne) nobide; 5) OObacHeHHe Tepmuna B Bue Aepunnuuu, wanp.: Pa hemangiomam sauc labdabigus audzéjus, kas a is as no asins adu sienas. III. Yno pe6enne TEPMHHa Ha JaTHIWCKOH OCcHOBe: 1) 6e3 o6bacHenna, Hanp.: T emes céloni jamekle biologiskas a ski ibas, Slimiba sakas a d udzi; 2) moscHeue cy u saTscKo o TepMuHa, Hanp.: A jédzienu ,,ie adiga- nass ceji* sap o aidu, ka zales nokjiis o ganisma; 3) yKasaHne B cKOOKax TepMUHA Ha ASbIKe-OpH unase, namp.: [gi pa nea s éjamu uzska ija Laundabigo mazasinibu (anaemia pe niciosa); 4) mpucoequnenne x ‘aTEILUICKOMY TePMHHY pasHbIMH cnocobamu HHTep- HallHOHaJIbHO O TepMuHa, Hanp.: Uz adas pa adas iegli sa i plankumi ( o- zeolas). IV. Yno pe61enue uapasne B mpeweax O HO O TeKcTa MHTepHanHOHamb- Ho o H JlaTLICKo o TepMHHa uM O6OsHayeHHA HeTe€PMHHONO HYecKO O xa- PakTepa, Hamp.: Nie u pd s adigana i lespéjama. Jau izda i as ai akas nie u ansplan acijas ope acijas. V. 3amena cnenuambuo o TePpMHHa HapOAHbIM Ha3BaHHeM — O6O3HayeHH- eM HeTepMHHONO HyecKo o xapakTepa. Takue o6o3sHayeHHA uacTo cTaBaTca B KaBbiaKH, Hanp.: Be ns piedzimis a zaka lipu. ,,Cau s miegs* a ka pa ipasu p oblému. VI. AxyenTuposanne noBoo6pasopanno o Hay4Ho o TepMHHa B 3a naBHH CTaTbH HJIH JIEKUHH C MOCeLyIOULAM pacKpLITHeEM e o COlepxKaHUA B TeKCTe, Hanp.: Kas i ge on ologija? (3a onopox) Ge on ologija i zind ne pa no- ecosanos. VII. Tipunomenue x TEKCTY COBapA TePMHHOB, ynOTpeOeHHbIX B TeK- cTe. TIpo6ema saxmouae csa B BEIGOpe O HO O H3 BBILeYNOMAHYTHIX c loco6op, KOTOpbIe CaMH Mo ce6e Gesynpe4HEl, A HcCNONb30BaHHA B KaXKOM KOHKpe - HOM cay4ae. Ip s om Heo6xozuMmo yuec h neni Pa pewlaomux dax o- POB: Hay4Hyl0 TOUHOCTE BbIpaKeHHA, YpOBeHb CHeHANbABIX 3HaHui ampeca- Ta, € O BOspacT, OOUlui ypoBeHb o6pasopanua (8To o6cToaTeaBcTBO cueny- €T YYECTb MP UTCHHH TeKUH, B MeYaTHOM TeKcTe culelyeT OpHeHTHpoBaTECA 56 Ha CpeAHHH ypoBeHb CHellHa/IbHBIX 3HaHMii), TpaqHIMOHHOCT u pacnpoc pa- HeHHOCTb TEPMHHA, aCI€KT KYJIbTYPbI Ped, MHYHDI BKyC aBTOpa, a TakxKe MICHXOMO HYeCcKHe akTOpbl, u paollne OobIy!0 pOb B TeKCTax Ha Me/E- IHHCKHe TeMBI. Bonpoc, yMec eu 1 Hay4H i Tepmun B Hay4Ho-nonysapHEIx TeKcTax, 10 HawiHx Hel pellae ca mo-pasHomy®, Bonbmumuc Bo cneunanuc os HEHE MpHSHAiOT, YTO PasyMHOe OSHAKOMJeHHe YHUTAaTeAA-HechelMaNuCcTa co cnenH- aJbHBIMH TEPMHHAMH Pa3HbIX OTpacsel HayK HeoOxo_uMO. DTo coo se c - ByeT H TpeO6opaHuam HTP, u Bospociemy yposuio KymHTyppl u o6pasoBanua Hacewenua. Bospac aiollad TeHenua K ynoT pe6leHHIO HHTepHauMoHasb- HBIX HM CIeUHaIbHIX TEPMHHOB HaGwOMaeTcA HM B HayYHO-NOnyAApHO Me- AMIMHCKOM IHTepa ype. C esyeT uMeTb B BHAy TO OOcTOATeNCTBO, YTO MPH O3HaKOMJICHHH YHTATeA C HOBLIM TEPMHHOM HeEOOXOAUMO cOOmMIOMaTb N0- c emeHHoc b. Ecam aBTop uuIH peakTOp cTaTbH He yBepeH, 4TO ucnOmB3ye- MBI TepMHH NOHATeH OO/bUIMHCTBY 4YHTaTeeH, HeOOXOAUMO NOKa3aTb e o STHMOJIOPHI0, PacKPHITh CO epKah e TepMHHA, HCIOMb30BaTb ONMCATeMbHbIC CHOBOCOYeTAHHA WJM PaCKPbITb CyTb TeEPMHHa KOHTeKCTOM 7. Muo ga HaMe ae ca pasHulla Mex Ay CilellHabHbIM 3HaYeHHeM Hay4yHO O TepMHHa H e o 3Ha eHHeM Kak B NOBCeHEBHOM peu, TaK H B Hay4HO-nony- aapHo auTepa ype. Hesnayn eabuble cemaHTH4ecKHe KONeOaHHA BHOTHE AOMYCTHMBI: HeCHelHaHCTy HEBOSMOXKHO, Ma HW HET HeOOxOAUMOCTH y ay6- ATCA B NOAPOOHOCTH CMBICa HAayYHO O TEPMHHAa H OBNaeBaTbh BCeEMH e o CHCT€MHBIMH H KOHTCKCTHBIMH CBA3SMH. Ho HepeZKO TepMHH, BXOMA B OOUIe- ynoTpe6uTebuylo JeKCHKy, pacwIHpaxeT MU axe MeHACT CBOIO CeMaHTHKy. Tak, 3aHMCTBOBAHHbIM U3 aHTIHHCKOTO A3bIKa TePMHH si ess, WIMPOKO yno- TpeOAAeMbIi B CielHabHOM TMTepaType C NPHMapHbIM 3HayeHHeM «3alLHT- Hble peaKWHH Op aHH3Ma Ha BJHAHHe HeOATONpHATHEIX (akTOpPOB>, B pe- YeBOH MpakTHKe WIHPOKO HCMOMb3yeTCA B 3HAYCHHAX «KBONHCHHe>, <HeIpHAT- HOCTH>, «HepBHad wepe py3Ka>. TepMuH- y6eT Ha JaTBILICKOM OCHOBe sp iedze 3To HecooTBeTcTBHe He ycTpauae . Tlono6Haa MecemanTusanna MIpOH30UIa H B clOBe p ieks, KOTOpOe B Pas OBOPHOM PeIH H3BeCTHO CO 3Ha- yeHHeM <cIOpmpHs>, «nepeny », «Boc op »’. AB opaM H peqakTopam Heo6- XOAHMO y4eCTb pasHHUy Mey cTpo o Hay4HbIM H OOMeynOTpeOuTeIbHLIM 3Ha4eHHeM COB TaKO O posa. Tpodeccop Puxcko o Meguumucko o uucTuTy a HW. JlasoBcKHe mMuleT: «BoszepxKuBadch OT HaMepeHHA MepeBecTH BCe HHTepHalHOHAJbHbIe TEpMH- HbI Ha JIaTHIWICKHi ASbIK, TaBHOe HallpaBJeHHe aTakH CJleyyeT HalpaBHTb Ha HaBASYHBbIe YyKepOMHble CMOBa, KOTOPble e KO NepeBOAATCA Ha NaTbILLI- ° Cp: Muxuesuy A. E. Tepmunn ps ccbepe nonyaapusayun sHanuii—B xu.: Hays- HO-TeXHHYECKaA PEBOIIOUHA H MpOONeMH KyAbTYPH ASHIKA HAYKH HM TepMHHOJo HH: Tes. AOKI. H coo6m. Buabnic, 1983, c. 63—65. 7S$kujinia V. Te minas kon eks e— Kalbos kul ii a, 1983, sas. 44, p. 19—26. ® Cp: Cxksopnos Ji. HW. Bo pocn epMunono uu um TepMHHOTBOpyecTBa B snOXy HTP.— B xu.: Tepmunoso na u Kyap ypa pew. M., 1981, c. 11—12. 57 CKHH A3BIK, OCOGeHHO ecIH OHH He c amH HHTepHallHoHaH3Mamu»®, B 6onb- IWHHCTBE A3bIKOB CYILECTBYIOT TEPMHHBI-LyO1eTH C OLMHAKOBOIi CeMaHTHKOH. MoxkHo co nacu ecs c TEM, 4TO KelaTeibuel HaHTH aTBILICKHI 9KBHBAaJeHT SaHMCTBOBaHHOMY cJIOBy, ecu OHO MOCTPOCHO HE H3 SJIEMeHTOB KnaccHye- CKHX ASBIKOB, Hamp., k us mija — au a. c ossing-o e , galé ajsanas — au n. kille s, Comun eabuoi oKasuipae ca MPakTHKa BBeeHHA aTBILICKO O Tep- MHHa BM€CTO WMpOKOynoTpe6semo o TePMHHAa, CO3,aHHO O Ha OCHOBe Kmac- CHY€CKHX ASbIKOB, Hanp., me as dze — s iesumi. lon om TOMY IAPHsaTopoB HayKu B Halle pecnyOauKe c anopu ca PasyMHOe BBeseHHe HOBBIX aTBIU- CKHX TeEPMHHOB B MpakTuKy. Xo a «Kaxyoe HOBOBBEJCHHOe COBO NOZO6HO OKHY B 3a0pouleHHoM jOMe, u JuO6OMY MaJIbUHUIKe, IIpOXOAAULeEMy MHMO, XO- Xe€TCA KHHYTb B He o KaMeHb» 2°, noc osHHaa MONYAAPHSauHA HOBBIX OOpa- 3OBaHHii Ha JlaTBILICKOl OCHOBe NOMOxeT HM CKopee HaliTH cBOe MecTO B cH- CTeMe TEPMHHOB MCAMUMHCKOH HayKH, upu 39TOM PacKpbIBasx cyTb HOBO O TePMHHA Aa HechelHanuc os. Boabu yio powb B BEIGope cpeAcTB uHopMauun jaa Hay4HO-nOonyApHBIX MeNHIHHCKUX TeKCTOB HTpaloT mcHXOo HyecKHe @akTOpH, KoTOpHIe moKa elke H3y4eHb! HeqocTaTouHO. SHauHTebHOe YACIO MeJ HILHHCKHX TEPpMHHOB Ha OCHOBe pOAHOTO sA3bIKa HMeIOT HexKeTaeMBIl KOHHOTAT. Tlo uuc o 9 u- 4eCKHM IIPHUHHaM B Hay4HO-nonyasApHol wHMTepa Type B OCHOBHOM MHIIyTCa He ap aukoSanas, a adipozi a e, ue esns, a ko pulen s, ue mi s iba, a le a- li a e. VU npu nasp annn HEKOTOPBIX OoesHel mpeoOnaqae TeHJeHnnHA ynoTpeOInTb HHTepHalHoHaIbABIi TePMHH. B nonyaspHux u3qanuax MPHXOAUTCA YYeCTh H TaK Ha3. KOMMeKc «BjO- BbI NOJKOBHHKa» no noBec u IO. Cmyyna —c pemaenue uali n 6onee co- JHAHOe H OOee HayyHoe HasBaHHe ANA cBoel GomesHu. Ecau nogpo6uni ananus caxk opos, no6yx« a omux HaceJIeHHe OTaTb MPeAMONTeHHe HJM WaTBILICKOMy, HH HHTepHalHOHaJIbHOMY TepMHHY, aBaa- eTCH KOMMeTeHIIHe; MCHXOJHHIBACTHKH, TO BaxkHeluHe YepTh McHXONO HH WHX CpeACTB BbIpPaxKeHua OyzeT cnoco6c BoBaTH Aanbuelimemy pacnpoc pa- HeHHIO MCQHUHHCKHX SHaHHII, CTOb HEOOXOAUMEIX Aa BceX. *Lazo skis I, A s s un aloda.—Li e a ii a un Maksla, 1981, 23.1, 6, Ipp. © Selje H. Mana miiza s ess.— Riga, 1983, 77, Ipp.