Priežasties prielinksnių sistema lietuvių kalboje

XXV (1986) ELENA VALIULYTĖ THE SYSTEM OF CAUSAL PREFIXES IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE § 1. The following Lithuanian prepositions denote causal relationships: iš su kilmininku (smiles from happiness), nuo su kilmininku (windows broke off from a crash), dėl su kilmininku (late because of a bad road), už su galininku (just for not listening), per su galininku (wounded by carelessness), kilmininkas su dėka (healed thanks to the doctors' advice) and įnagininkas (without preposition) (eyes shine with joy). They are in a certain way distributed in the semantic field of causal relationships and form a system among themselves, in which each of the aforementioned means of expression occupies an autonomous place. $ 2. The aim of the article —to describe in detail the lexical-semantic environment of use of causal prepositions, to highlight the differential features of each of them and to determine the system of oppositions according to them; show the isomorphism of the causal value of polynomial prepositions with other (usually spatial) values. § 3. The meaning of the cause of the prepositions, as well as their other meanings, usually appears in the word combination, e.g.: shakes from fear, (tree) bent from the wind, ashamed of his words, condemned for such an act, sick from carelessness, learned thanks to talents. However, the prepositional construction may be related not to a single word, but to a group of them or to a whole sentence. In such cases, it can actualize the meaning of a word with which it does not have a direct syntactic connection. For example, in the sentence Iz apmaudo Ji net lietuviškai prašneko, the construction from apmaudo is semantically “supported” by the adverb in Lithuanian, although it has no direct syntactic connection with it (it depends on the verb prašneko). Therefore, when describing the usage of prepositions, the semantically complete context will be taken into account. Since prepositions have the greatest determining power for the causal meaning 1973, 23), the main focus will be on the description of the lexical composition of the prepositional construction. For some prepositions, say, from, thanks to, the sufficient context to identify the meaning of the cause is the dependent noun, e.g.: from happiness, fear, shame; friends, išryškinti turi paprastai priklausomojo daiktavardžio semantika [(plg. Komapos thanks to talent. ANNEX IŠ BENDROISOS REMARKS $ 4. The prefix iš is one of the main prefixes of the causal system. It has a defined sphere of functioning: used by humans aprašant (or other living beings) states of actions ar motivation of one's jo inner characteristics — emotions, sensations, characteristics, e.g. : (child) jumped iš with joy. Thus, the prefix for the iš meaning of cause! characteridu stic semantic 1) characteristics: internal nature of the cause, or simply: "internal cause" (for the term, see ®uHKeJb 1962, IX) ir 2) identity of ir cause effect entities (plg. child jumped ir child rejoiced) (plg. Huxuruma 1979, 124). § 5. The meaning iš of the prefix cause is derived: genetically ji related to the meaning su of space. We will try to reveal specifically how the semantic structure of the iš prepositional cause correlates with the su jo semantic structure of the (plg. Russian k. HuxuruHa 1979, 119 tt. ). For this purpose, we will describe the comparable meanings in terms of semantic characteristics (or: ir components) and compare them. Let's take du statemensu ts with a prefix from: a) Deer (A) run away (C) Mouse iš (B) (space value) ir b) Child (A) jumping (C) joy iš (B) (cause value). The meaning of the prefix iš space can be broken down into semantic components į 2 by writing them as ir follows: 1. „A Contacts su internally B“ (or: „A intravenous) B’) ir 2. „(1) — starting point C". The following components are related in a certain order: first implemented component (1) (the deer had to be in the forest before escaping), po to — (2). Thus, the value of iš the prepositional space can be formally written as follows: ‘(A see B) — starting point C*. O the iš prepositional cause value can be written as follows: 1. „B Cause C”, 2. „B internal feature A“ ir 3. ‘Sub. (B)=A". How do these components priežasties of meaning relate to the meaning su structure of space? General significance of the cause (‘Reason B C) corresponds to the spatial value attribute “initial point” (‘B starting point C"). Researchers have long observed that The prepositions of the “initial point” space usually ir have the meaning of cause, cf. Russian k. u3, om, Polish od, c, German z, von, aus (see section 4.4). HoBax 1978, 275). Other prepositional iš attributes of causal significance correspond to the attribute of spatial significance (1), reflecting the initial position of the localized tų objects, e.g. „A Contacts su internally B“ ir „B internal feature A’; characteristic ‘Sub. (B)=A“ corresponds to the partial overlap of A. the su object in the space value B (plg. Deer (A) in the forest (B). 1 The meaning of the preposition will be called conditionally the meaning of the t. y. construction + itself, the jo preposition from the dependent verb form, because no one has yet managed to sufficiently distinguish these two meanings (plg. Huxxrama 1979, 113). 98 KONSTRUKCIJŲ LEKSINĖ SUDĖTIS § 6. The prefix from the meaning of cause is used in constructions with nouns dependent on defined semantics: with nouns denoting human (rarely other living beings) internal, psychological characteristics, acts of mental activity®, e.g.: from joy, from sadness, from hunger, from habit, from politeness. The nouns used with the prefix aus can be divided into the following semantic groups: 1) nouns denoting emotional states (see $ 12, etc.), 2) nouns denoting character characteristics (see $ 39, etc.) and 3) nouns denoting sensations (see § 29). In rare cases, this prefix is also used with nouns denoting physical properties of objects (see section 4.4). § 35). $ 7. Possibilities of extending the prefix from the construction. Since the preposition iz is used in constructions of strictly defined lexical composition, these constructions, i.e. the preposition iz with the dependent noun, form semantically very close units, e.g.: iz radosti, iz straha, iz gneva, iz poštovanja. They are usually sufficient context to identify the meaning of the preposition from cause®. The compactness of such structures is shown by very limited possibilities for their expansion. As can be seen from the accumulated material, most prepositions from the construction are used unexpanded, i.e. their dependent noun goes without a sign. 1.The noun of the prefix from the construction can be extended by a word of quantitative meaning, e.g.: from great joy, from unspoken pain. The choice of such a mark is determined by the nature of the noun's lexical meaning: the emotional state or characteristic it denotes may be of varying intensity. Most often the prefix from the construction is extended by the adjective big (a) or its synonyms (b). a) The mother, out of great excitement, immediately asked to enter, VienR III 88. He came here out of great respect. b) Jurgutis- ... cried out as if from unbearable pain. BorBM 134. The legs stiffen from inexplicable fear and fatigue. VenclR II 256. If you stumble, you weep with angry remorse. Myk-PutBV 41. The heart will be shaken with grievous excitement. Avyž. As shown by the examples presented, the preposition from the construction is expanded in words, showing a high intensity. Only in very rare cases is the noun of the above-mentioned construction expanded by words denoting low intensity. But they all trembled- —some with bloody resentment, others with faint fear. Bill 1214. He would have suspected that she was doing it out of a little jealousy. Myk-PutAS 585. Since the nouns of the preposition from the construction are usually derived — verbs or adjectives, they may occasionally be expanded in the same forms as the base Words. No, it didn’t come by itself – from indifference to me (cf. indifferent to whom). LankKS — * Human mental activity includes both sensory (empirical) and mental (intellectual) activities (cf. BacujbesB 1981, 3 tt. ). * It is possible to specify one type of context, where the prepositional construction from, formed with nouns denoting inner states, does not indicate the cause, e.g.: awoke from fear, recovered from fear, returned from anger, etc. These compounds denote a change of state, a return to the previous state. 4* 99 138. This was done clearly in the iš desire of empty honor (green). — Here's your devintinés! No more cheese! — iš regret on my own. ŽemR II 242. The warriors shout joy iš over every little thing. MikelŽS 417. He came to see his iš parents. Ktk. 3. Prefix iš construction for noun (and the cause marked with it) various semantic (usually modal) shades can provide particles. When the wheel disappeaiš red, as if fish of curiosity raised their heads somewhere. SimonVK I 206. Only the shaking of the ir pads made me dizzy. Probably iš joy. MikelŽS. 346. To hurt did not hurt; I just screamed in iš fear. MašAMB 22. Particles in this position can go near the ir quantity (degree ar intensity value) certificate. He jumped in fear and, taking hold of his head, cried out as už if in unbearable pain. iš BorBM 134. The first tooth bitten, she cried, but now she is crying just unbearable hoarseness. SimonAŠL iš 169. 4. The noun of the prepositional construction can be extended by the demonstrative pronoun that, less — often that, which emphasizes the noun (resp. cause) can relate the meaning to ir the jį previous su context. She missed her own country so much that iš to longing became ill. BilR I 200. Iš to he began to curse the manor-lord with resentment. JabIRR I 652. The iš mother of that happiness, it seemed, completely healed. ŽemR II 194. I wonder what could happen iš to such a little thing. Skr (LKŽ IX 470). Explanatory pronouns in this position can go next to each other ir (quantity) certificate. Even in ir Lithuanian he spoke iš to with great fury. LzPK 176. He lay down on the bench, but his head was brightened by iš that extraordinary happiness, and su he could not sleep. ir BorBM 208. 5. The noun of iš the prepositional construction can be extended in the phrase, t. y. with a subordinate clause (in a connective explanatory clause, cf. LKG III 806). He was in a terrible ir hurry, all trembling iš of fear that something might happen in ir time. BorBM 215. Pinchuk even spit out regret iš that su ta stupid bob started. BorBM 176. 6. The iš prepositional construction cannot be extended by the adjective pronoun of its own, for example, saying that a person has iš lived out his laziness is unnatural. However, other causal prepositions are possible in this context, e.g. a man has lived through his laziness through his | laziness. In the absence of a positive determination of the subjects, the preposition iš forms a private opposition to su all other causal prepositions as a positively marked member, cf. slipped iš carelessness ir through (your) carelessness due to | (their) carelessness, suffering už (their) carelessness, learned by virtue of his talents. Thus, this feature enters the semantic į structure of prepositional constructions (plg. Huxuruxa 1976, 124). Only in isolated cases (not systematically!) į prepositional iš construction can enter the pronoun ir itself, but only as a semantically necessary component, e.g. : Ne iš your guilt hump. aš Ds (LKZ V 159). (If the noun is eliminated, the sentence would be meaningless.) 100 7. As noted, the use of the preposition in the meaning of iš cause is strictly regulated in relation to the dependent noun (see section 4.4). § 6). However, in dialects, this prefix is used in an unfamiliar, ir atypical environment. a) Su abstract verb nouns denoting external actions (their oppositi- — on of the internal state): It hurts to walk. iš Shh. Iš drunkenness head aches. BM 403. After all, iš he's had enough of a big drink. Vvr. The noun of such constructions can be extended by the genitive, denoting: direct object of action (He died from drinking water. Sint). entity (Rye has disappeared from the goose desing. Sts. Iš the leg of the stump-breaking surgeon. Bdr); instrument (The sheep went ir without a foot from giving the stone. Als); place (From the river rowing got a dry bone. (Sv). b) Su specific nouns: I'm sick Aš iš to wine. An. The woman iš died of childbirth. Rod. Underwool .pigs yr iš poor feed. Žeml (LKŽ IX 696). The bulbs iš of the plates are Ze (they had a bulb). Er. In literary language, the preposition from is used in such cases. CONSTRUCTION USE ENVIRONMENT $ 8. As already stated, the use of the preposition in the meaning of iš cause is lexically limited in relation to the dependent noun: «ctions are formed by su nouns denoting emotions, feelings, character ar characteristics. On the other hand, the functioning environment of the prepositional structures themselves is also semantically defined. They are used with verbs su (or compounds), jų adjective predicatives (in noun sentences, ar e.g. : Aš ne the weaving iš of antiquity. Ktk), representing Human (or other living being) characteristics (acts, states, characteristics). Only certain constructions of lexical composition (see section 4.4). :$ 31) used to ir indicate the cause of the states experienced by inanimate objects, e.g. heat Iš destroyed grain. Pc (LK Ž IV 160). But such a context crosses the scope su of the prepositional use of nwo (see section 4.4). § 60). The prefix iš construction is used in contexts where (personified) inanimate objects, e.g. : The feet jį carried themselves through the green, restless iš meadow of joy. MikelKLL 333. $ 9. Prepositional iš constructions are usually used with verbs. su They can be divided into two groups į according to the sign of willingness | or unwillingness?. 1. Verbs denoting human (or other living beings) involuntary state (a) ar actions (b). a) The older brother trembled iš with fear ir and kept asking the fool. BsRP 76. George even darkened iš with sorrow. BaltPV I 11. Jo the one he loved so much died of pity. BalčHP109. iš The horse jumped without seeing anything, * For the same purpose, the term "controlled uncontrolled" actions is used in linguistic literature. / Ši opposition is distinguished from opposition ‘dynamic / static’ actions (plg. ‘CTII 1982, 21). 101 iš fear of ir pain. A dog, in 97. the heat iš of the day, forgets the trap and suddenly chases the fox. MašDP 98. b) Iš I knocked aš the scaffolding in dismay. BaltPV I 37. He shook tik his hands in confusion. iš BaltR I 100. When she jį saw it, she threw off iš her scarf and fled. ir BilR I 237. It didn't hurt, I just screamed in fear. iš The 22. reindeer jumped up iš in joy. BalčAP 247. The raven, wagging her iš tail in joy, carried the mouse to the edge. BaltPV II 74. It should be noted that we have excluded the verbs of involuntary action conditionally, we have in mind contextual meanings. jų 2. Verbs denoting voluntary actions (a) State ar (b). a) Iš of wrath I began to avenge. SruogR IV 474. Julia's jį spy iš jealousy. Myk-PutAŠ 415. It seemed to him that she was speaking iš out of jealousy. BalčAP 311. That the slander iš disgraces the multitude of enemies my dear name by rumors innocently. MairR I 139. To Bob's iš regret, he sold his goods for half the price, because he was tired of splashing on the rain. ŽemR I 202. He would have ją suspected that ji you were doing this iš out of minor jealousy. Myk-PutAŠ 585. b) Prince Vytautas sat at the feast only for iš courtesy. VienR IV 338 Iš even shakes the head of moderation. Gs (LKŽ VI 553). Iš fear of safety late walking. Ktk. § 10. The above-mentioned semantic characteristics of the verbs for the prepositional construction iš have differential meanings. Ši construction in the combinations su with verbs denoting states ar of involuntary actions has a situational*, or specific, cause meaning, in the combinations with non-situational, or generalized, cause meaning. o su — It should be noted that the ši opposition is not strong. Situational causal meaning constructions are composed of nouns denoting su temporary, episodic characteristics, emotions and — sensations, non-situational permanent — characteristics denoting o longer-term states. — su ar SITUATIONAL REASONS § 11. It is used to indicate prepositional constructions, iš composed of nouns meaning su emotions sensations, used ar with verbs reiškiančiais meaning states ir of unintentional su actions, e.g.: ar trembled of gų fear, waved his hands of surprise. Such compounds are iš usually defined as emotion sensations iš forms of manifestation ar ir jų (methods). Constructions with emotional nouns § 12. The verbs used with the preposition from and emotional nouns can be divided into several groups, showing various forms of expression of emotions. į 5 On the term plg. 3acopuma 1961, 78. 102 Verbs for crying and laughing $ 13, In psychology, it has been noted that the most vivid expressions of emotions are crying and laughter®. The verbs denoting the above-mentioned emotional manifestations cry and laugh have a considerable number of synonyms. Veiksmažodžio verkti sinonimai yra šie: virkauti, verkšlenti, raudoti, rudulti, ašaroti, žliumbti, rėkti, kriokti, zurnyti, knėkšti, knerkti, cirpti (SZ 244—245). To this line can be added the verbs klykti, blaauti, snurkšėti, as well as the noun tear compounds: ašaras lieti (to pour, to shine); tears rain, fall, fall apart, roll, rolls, runs, runs away, flows, flows, flaps; tears flow, overflow, overflow. The basic meaning of the verb cry is described as follows: "to shed tears for skausmo, disaster ir etc." (DLKŽ, 928). However, this verb and synonyms are used only jo negative ne su (a), but ir su positive (b) emotional noun constructions with a prefix su iš (a person expresses various emotions by crying): a) She cried iš out of anger, fear, ir grief. Avyž. If you stumble, iš cry out of anger... Myk-Put BV 41. He almost cried out iš of disappointment that he could not find peace even at night. VencIR II 212. Do not cry or sing sarmata. iš Slm. Iš those little pity in (on) a few I fell, I shed tears. Dbk (LKZ III 24). A tear of cold poured down on iš little Vladu ar iš fear that he's barefoot. ŽemR I 290. b) Aš iš to of joy even started to cry.ZemR II 175. Someone iš is crying silently for happiness. Myk-Put. Even the child tears of joy, finding the iš knife.Kp(LKŽI212). [Sighs] If there were no women, I'd start blaring iš with joy. SruogR III 75. After all, she runs tearsand sadness, iš joy. ir iš Simon OBT 356. The verb to cry is possible with specific nouns, ir su but the latter ji ne su prefix of, o su for. A little girl cried bitterly for a clay pot (d). In such an environment, the verb has a slightly different meaning, which can be interpreted as follows: "to shed tears of iš pity for somebodko y." In this sense, the verb to cry enters another semantic į paradigm, whose dominant is to regret. The latter verb requires a noun (e.g., pity people). Therefore, ir the verb to cry in an analogous meaning can go with the noun su (without the prefix because), e.g. : The mother cried for her son all her life. Ir the construction of our previously mentioned sentence prefix because can be replaced by one noun, e.g.: wept because of the pot wept pot. ir On the other hand, the verb su to cry is used as a prefix of a different lexical ir composition due to the construction of abstract nouns, — su iš (o ne jo inner states), e.g., because of misfortune, failure, kė resentment, wrongdoing. In this context, the main meaning of the verb is realized. Therefore, it is not possible to replace the prefix with one genitive because of the construction: replacing it would realize another verb meaning. ¢ Zr. The phrases 1950, 66. 103 "I'm sorry, I'm sorry" and "I'm sorry, I'm sorry" were used. However, some abstract nouns of the dé/ prepositional constructions can be synonymous with the prepositional construction, e.g.: wept su because of resentment resentment, wept because of wrongdoing su iš ir iš [from the wrong. j Synonyms of the verb to laugh are the following: quatoti, kvakėti, giegenti, krizenti, rizenti, prunkšti (SŽ 106), as well as smiling. The first meaning of the verb laugh is defined as: “to show joy, happiness, etc., by certain shaking sounds and facial movements.” ir (DLKŽ, These 270). verbs with emotional su nouns are used with a prefix ir Much less iš frequently than the verb to cry the row of synonyms, e.g.: laughs out of happiness, kikedžiaugsmo, kvatojas apmaudo. The boy's peeling nose laughed with joy. 366 pp.. [Vytautas] smiles with na iš pleasure. iš iš VienR IV 56. Marcelle burst into iš laughter. BorBM 41. The most common combinations of these verbs are nouns of su specific meaning and the prefix iz. The prepositional construction of such a lexical composition has a causal (objective) meaning, the verbs themselves mo mean "to mock". I laughed o bitterly at his advice. BorSPI 114, All dogs laugh at your work. Ds. Don't laugh at old things — you'll be like that yourself. Ktk. Peter could have been baptized with pleasure from such a speech. 663) (c. It is possible that some townspeople will suffer from similar cartoons. ir iš LKŽ VI 767. The meaning of the source may be a prepositional ir construction, made up of the sign of an iš emotional noun, for su example: laughs at his own iš misfortune, cringes at another's iš failures. The word "laugh" is also used in the meaning of "mocking" in dialects. which is synonymous with the prepositional iš construction. Everyone laughs at me—they say I'm afraid of the leaf. Apple. You don't laugh at him. Apple. Night work day laughs. Apple. There are also examples of this usage in ancient writings, e.g. : Everyone who sees me laughs at me. BBPs 22, 8. Verbs denoting physical states § 14. Most of the verbs in this group Denote negative states and go with a prefix from constructions made also with nouns denoting negative emotions. The above-mentioned compounds are divided into two groups į according to the nature of the state entity. 1. One group consists of compounds of verbs denoting Human or other living beings (of the whole organism) states. The subject of states is expressed by the nominative of ar the pronouns of the correspondi- — ng nouns, rarely by the suffix (Retired ją iš Silence. Ktk). Soon afterwapo rds, both iš parents died of each other's grief. VienIMA 280. Jo the one he loved so much died of pity. iš BalčHP 109. She missed her own country so much that iš to longing became ill. BilR I 200. Iš great confusion ligon attacked. Lš (LKŽ VI 600). The brother next to her immediaiš tely fainted of pity. BsRP 269. You want me to get a seizure of aš nervousness? iš Čiurl (LKŽ VIII 104 692). I cross myself, choking with excitement. Avyž. I even began to tremble with fear. Birds 59. Zeno, trembling with rage, smashed through his teeth. PetkAA 362. Katherine even froze with horror. Myk-PutS I 146. I froze in fear. Margin 10. But here she almost froze with jealousy, Simon ASL 203. Less often, verbs of the specified semantic group are used with constructs of a positive prefix from. The mother, from that happiness, seemed to be completely healed. ZemR II 194. I'll bring Zenon this coral, his pharmacist will melt with happiness. 163. Now he thought she had died of joy. BsP IV 72. The warriors shout with joy. 417. Old and young almost burst out laughing. KrėvRg 87-88. Verbs denoting psychological states § 15. The prefix iz is used with verbs (or their combinations) denoting psychological states, e.g., to be confused, to go mad, to become insane, to be astonished, to be surprised, to be overwhelmed, to lose sight (conception, memory), to forget, to misunderstand, etc. I was almost stunned with amazement. Everyone even blew with resentment and indignation. Myk-PutS I 59. Rapp is just crazy with happiness. 113 and 114. The fox's paw went crazy and Susi went to Ljokas in anger. But her eyes would rejoice, give thanks, whine, and laugh with happiness. Avyž (P 1978 I 65). From trouble even stupidity. 439) (p. When she heard these words, she was very angry. Balch. Jurgutis was completely speechless from the horror, sorrow and grief and could not utter a word. BorBM 118. From that pride he forgot even all the wrongs that the new boat had done to the Sūdūnai. BorSVB 11. Elsa understood the malicious reproach made by a woman who had lost her reasoning out of resentment, and remained silent. PetkAA 430. He was blinded with joy and did not see the rough and rough everyday life. BorSPI 145. Out of despair and disappointment, she couldn't tell herself what she was talking about... It is also possible to include cases of use with syntactic phraseologisms such as having nowhere to go, not finding a place for yourself, etc., which indicate an active state of anxiety. Now he has no eyes to put in for shame. Jrb. I have nowhere to go. Ktk. Verbs denoting changes in facial color $ 16. Prefix from constructions made with nouns denoting strong emotions (e.g., anger, fear, excitement, shame), often used with verbs denoting a change in the color of a person's face, e.g., whiten, blush, bluish, darken, as well as heat, burn, etc. The subject of the state of the given verbs is expressed: a) nouns denoting the face or part of it: veidas: Paąla iš pykčio veidai. 500 BC) and 500 AD). That's what I think about myself now, and just remembering it makes my face burn with shame. Bill I 62. Her face changes from great excitement. 105 From hunger and cottage cheese delicious. 444) and LXIII (c. From hunger bread with honey. 444) and 444. There is no health from starvation this time. 445) and 446). § 30. The nouns of the organic senses can be conditionally assigned to the nouns denoting the senses of taste: sweetness, bitterness, saltness, acidity (in psychology, the appropriate types of taste sensations are distinguished), disgust, bitterness, as well as delicacy, tastefulness. The taste of the fruits is sweet, with a hint of spice. Scratch your ears from the delicacy. 123 (Spring 2000). She even licked herself from the delicacy — you see, she wanted to eat. Ktk. From the delicacy that you don't bite your tongue. Sdk. You'll bite your tongue with taste. 1979) 1939 – Krzysztof Kieślowski, Polish actor (d. And nouns denoting specific taste sensations (depending on the context) can go with the prefix from (a) and from (b). a) Radish can not be eaten from bitterness. Ktk. Finally, snoring, the priest nearly broke his tongue from the sweetness of his sleep. BorBM 16. b) Salted the soup. Even the tongue burns from the saltness. Ktk. The tears flow from the acidity. Ktk. The heart freezes with sweetness. J. Jy galukojy susirangé Untaniukas, even prasifiojes from the sweetness of the first sleep. White. 31. Nouns denoting temperature phenomena § 31. The nouns denoting temperature phenomena (and the sensations reflecting them) are divided into two groups: some of them denote heat (heat, warmth, warming, overheating, heat, heat, heat, heating, overheating, as well as humidity, drought, dryness), others — cold (cold, cold, cold, as well as coolness, humidity). The noun constructions of this semantic group with the prefix iz are used not only to indicate the cause of the consequences experienced by living (a) but also by inanimate (b) objects. a) Stephen froze very badly and when he arrived he began to cry from the cold. 71. They trembled with the cold and cried out. BorSPI 104. There's blood coming out of the cold. Rt. From the cold this many diseases arise. Klvr. I can't even walk, I'm so hot. Jn§M. Marty bled from the heat of the illness. J. b) The day is shaking with heat. The 60. The heat destroyed the crops. 160) (PDF). The rosehip flowers were failing from the heat. 277 (3rd ed.). There was a whispering sound elsewhere, as if it were exploding from the heat before it ignited. 420 pp. 2. All seedlings dry out of dryness. Pc. From moisture leaves pabal. BP II 406. § 32. However, nouns denoting temperature (and related phenomena) are more often used with the prefix from in both cases — to indicate the effects on living (a) and inanimate (b) objects. a) The horse was shaking with cold. 207 and 208. He's gnawing his teeth from the cold. Page 69. The dove is frozen. 56 and op. Hands wrinkle from the cold. 651) (c. Even though the legs are red, dead from the cold — you have to suffer. 95, No. 2. I have long experienced that my nose becomes blue from the cold. 223. From (From) the cold, a few leukocytes emerged from the skin. Wolf (Ibid., pp. 713). Butterflies shake Laurel from the humidity and cold. Bill I 68. 112 The chickens were flying on their spread wings under the currants in the nursery, avoiding the heat. Michael 35. Lips browned from the heat. DGL. From those heat you become very weak, you can't even walk. 407) (PDF). b) The entire window glass has collapsed due to the cold. 39) and 39). The water froze to ice from the cold. Peter 273. Trees are angry with the cold. J. The windows are covered with moisture. Grg. The grass on the ground was withered, broken, and seemed to be weakened by the heat. 420 pp. 2. From the heat the roofs are blinking. 250) (p. Even the stiff ash trees, and those that stagnate from the heat. BaltR I 240. The whole top crust of the bread had shrunk from the heat. 39 (LXIII). The leaves of the trees were covered in heat. 408) and 409). All the tools were frozen by the drought. The Market 33. Prepositional from constructions formed with nouns denoting temperature phenomena (they usually go with state verbs or their combinations) can always be replaced by prepositional from constructions. However, it is not always possible to replace the latter with prepositional constructions from: the context may impede this. Some trends in the use of similar constructions can be noted. 1. Prepositional from constructions can be replaced more easily by prepositional from constructions in contexts describing the states of living beings (see § 32 a), and more difficultly (or impossible at all) in contexts describing the states of inanimate objects (cf. Paragraph 32 (b). 2. The prefix nwo cannot be replaced by a prefix from the constructions, in which the noun has an individualizing, specifying (not quantitative!) sign, e.g. : Andrius Gražulis was trembling from the morning cold. VenclR II 30. Somewhere from the summer heat the grasses are burning, the pastures turn red. SimonASL 75. His chest moved and his lips waved from the external heat and tension. KatMAR 122. § 34. The subordinate verbs in the adjectives are: a) not, b) not, c) not, d) boje (b) priežasčiai žymėti pavartojami ir įnagininku (be prielinksnio). not, e) not, f) not, g) not, h) not, i) not, j) not, k) not. Pv. Perdie (for the day) I was shaken with cold. The cold, half-nude. Wolf. Hunger and cold grandmother dying. Ktk. The whole head is burning with heat. 326) (p. I'm so tired of the heat. 83 (Rs. Don't tell me that my father starved to death. SA (LKZ 1444). Whatever Suva does, he can starve you to death. 956) (c. b) fell across the bed, bursting with pain and heat head stabbed into the headboard. ZemR 1 73. She was shaking with cold and hunger, and she slipped on. BalčAP 39. The starved Peruvians can be recognized. Christ. His face and hands were burning from the many scratches and abrasions. White. The position of the causative noun in literary language is weak (see Rasimavičius 1965). This can be done by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath, or by using a cold or hot water bath. Thus, a row of synonyms of three members is formed, 113 Other nouns § 35. The prefix of cause Markuoti is also used with some nouns denoting physical characteristics of living beings (a) or inanimate objects (b). Most of the constructions occur with the noun senitvė and its morphological variants (senity, old age, old age). a) Some died of old age, others were caught by the sea. LankKS 42. From old age, he is not yet bent. 394) (PDF) 394. There were also those who barely pulled their limbs, shook their entire waist, and did not lower their heads because of their old age. VienR V 172. From old age decreased. The female is barely going out of the fat. Ktk. The house has grown up from the grey old age. SimonOBT 54—55. Its glow is covered from the ancient times. 420) (c. The broken door from the old. J. Obelėlė does not grow from youth. Ktk. Trees stand wet, silent. Only from the weight mėlio esmu balta, iš gražumo raudona. JV 132. that oppresses them, they swing to one side, to the other. SeinVVK 65. He's like a boy wearing a pair of boots, even shiny. VIK (LKZ, I 763). $ 36. However, nouns of the given semantic group are more often used with the prefix nwo to indicate the cause: a) There is an old lady in that little house, so young that her head shakes from old age. 410) and LKZ XII (LZ 410). From old age and kinkos began to bend. Vvr. My teeth fell out from the heat. Warn. The scarf is dropped, the hair is loose, the cheeks are reddened, like they are going to explode. 157 Birds. b) The barn in front of the cottage stood untouched, with the written su door darkened from old age. BaltPV II 27. The shallow walls have become yellow with age and peel off. Piet. There are manuscripts from ancient times even fossilized (trš). This apical neck is bony, yellow from old. White. The beard is even sharpened from the greyness. Please. $ 37. In addition to the semantics discussed above, the nouns of senses are used with the noun to indicate the cause. He couldn't do it anymore. Sb. Flour when it's risen, it smells of old. Pc (LKŽ XII 410). I am not weaving in old age, she is in youth, and there is no one to weave. Ds (LKZ XII 410). Her children died of old age. 410) and 412). Haška ran in and brought red cheeks, the smell of snow and cold. It's not thick. Prn. And these nouns can be replaced by prepositional constructions. GENERAL REASONS $38. The prefix from is used not only for involuntary but also for voluntary actions or states, cf. tremble from cold (1) and refused support from modesty (2). We have called the meaning of the former constructions the situational cause, and the latter the non-situational or generalized cause. The preposition of the situational causal meaning from elementary, uncomplicated situations described by constructions, accessible to empirical perception. The generalized causal-value constructions reflect more complex situations, where causal relationships are determined by logical thinking acts. Generalized meaning constructions may also differ from situational cause constructions in their lexical 114 composition. § 39 Constructions with nouns denoting character characteristics. The preposition from forms causal meaning constructions with nouns denoting human character (spiritual) characteristics, e.g.: from modesty, from greed, from curiosity, from trustworthiness. The nouns of this semantic group differ from emotional and sensation nouns in one important semantic feature for differentiating the meaning of the prefix from the constructive cause — character characteristics are relatively constant personal characteristics (emotions and sensations — temporary, variable, episodic characteristics). In constructions with nouns denoting character characteristics, the cause is not limited to one particular consequence — the same characteristic can be the cause of other consequences. In this sense, the meaningful cause of the constructs of the indicated lexical composition is generalized, not situational (i.e., going beyond the bounds of the specific, described situation). For example, the character of friendliness of the noun help from the verb help can be expressed not only by the action of helping, but also in other ways. § 40. Prepositions from the construction with nouns denoting character characteristics have a definite sphere of use: they go with voluntary actions (a) or states (b) designative verbs or their combinations. a) [Barbora] At least you would say hello out of politeness! SruogR IV 434. He would occasionally fly through the town in the summer. CvR VI 272. I took revenge out of anger. SruogR IV 474. They can't get out of the cowardice. 463) and 464). The man was hurt by that guestliness. Lnkv (LKŽ III 486). Circus instructors still cut elephants’ ears with hooks out of clumsiness or lack of skills, or perhaps out of bad habit. MašMŽ b) If 94. we keep silent out of politeness, we are said to be cowardly. SimonVK I 338. We just wanted weapons as a precaution! 343 and 344. Prince Vytautas sat at the feast only for courtesy. iš VienR IV 338. Construction su of nouns denoting emotions $ 41. Prepositional iš constructions, made up of su emotional nouns, are used only for the cause ne of involuntary, but voluntary states of ir action. ar iš (1) ir came iš respect (2). The first (1) compound denotes the emotion in its ir manifestation form, the connection between is automatic, jų the willful effort of the be subject. O The latter (2) compound denotes a voluntary action ir emotion as a logical motive, jo which the subject is perceived, realized. The subject, based on the emotion experienced, first makes a decision in thoughts to perform a certain action. Ta in the sense that the causal relationship is established at the logical thinking stage, ir respectively, the cause is — generalized. Prepositional constructions are used to indicate ar the cause of the states of voluntary actions. They are usually iš made up of nouns denoting emotions su (feelings) of a constant, indefinite duration, e.g., love, respect, 115 reliability, attachment, contempt, hatred, pity, sympathy, etc. These are the so-called nouns of emotional relationship (cf. Russian BacnjseB 1981, 108—122). $ 42. The prepositional and emotional noun constructions are used with both voluntary actions (a) and states (b) verbs or their combinations. a) For love he built palaces for her at the end of our village. 118. He came here out of great respect. She's spying out of jealousy. Myk-PutAS 415. I fed the little horse out of concern, I saddled it nicely out of pity. JD 473. b) Only out of love, out of love there is a little girl standing by the side. Cramp. Others claim that the name was chosen in honor of the capital of the Miis. SakAP 131. Frequent compounds with speech verbs, both emotional and neutral. When he heard these words, Baltazar somehow rejoiced. BorBM, 9. That slanders out of resentment enemies crowd my dear him name rumors innocently. MairRR I 139. Others scold him out of jealousy. 687) (Ibid.) $ 43. Nouns denoting both characteristics and longer-lasting emotions (see $ 39) are also used with the preposition dé/, which is the main means of expressing generalized cause, to indicate the cause. This.prefix constructions can be synonymous prefix from constructions. Plg. : The inhabitants of this not too large city, some out of hostility, others simply because of recklessness, follow him. Because of his stubbornness, he did not compete anywhere and did not control his behavior. Myk-PutS I 30. This is wrong, because it encourages children to do good not because of inner conviction, but because of the expectation of reward. It always happens because of distraction! BalčAP 232. It was because of his neglect that he died. And (LKG III 86). $ 44. On the other hand, the preposition out of constructions can be synonymous with the preposition through constructions. Plg. : But the neighbor, because of his stubbornness, did not give, because he knew that the woman would have nothing to give. Shh. I'm afraid I'm gonna burn the house with that pipe. Ms. Through your greed and eating well you do not eat. Warn. For more information on the preposition per see aut. 1977, 155 et seq. § APIBENDRINAMOSIOS PASTABOS 45. The prefix from is used to describe the motivation of actions or states of a person (or other living being) by his own inner characteristics — emotions, characteristics or sensations. 2. The meaning of the prefix causal is discrete, i.e. well distinguished from other meaningjo s. The semantic structure of the causal prefix is isomorphic to the semantic structure of the space of the same prefix. 4. The main semantic characteristic of the prefix from the meaning of the cause is the internal nature of theCause. Under this mark it forms a private opposition with other causal prepositions as a positively marked member of it (see $113). 116 5. The use of the iš prefix in the meaning of cause is strictly regulated by the semantics of the dependent noun: the meaning of cause is realized in the constructions of nouns, denoting emotions, characteristics of character, su sensations. ar 6. The environment of functioning of the structures themselves are verbs denoting human (or other living beings) actions states, ar some adjectives. On the other hand, these constructions are often connected by one Word, ne su o su word grouping pe ar full sentence. 7. Prepositional iš constructions may be synonymous with other causal su constructions: prepositional constructions made up of nouns a) denoting iš sensations are synonymous with su prepositional constructions from (see section 4.4). $ 26 tt.); b) prepositional iš constructions made up of su emotional nouns in combinations with verbs denoting eye su expression (rarely other verbs) are synonymous with the noun (Zr. § 17); c) prepositional iš constructions su with nouns denoting constant characteristics may have synonyms prepositional because of constructions among (see section 4.4). § 43); d) in some cases prepositional constructions iš can be synonymous with prepositional per constructions (see section 4.4). $ 44). ANNEX NUO BENDROSIOS REMARKS $ 46. The prefix from is one of the main causal prefixes. As a prepositioir n, its causal meaning is derivative. The derivative nature of this value is reflected in its isomorphism to the space value. We will try to show how the semantic structure of the causal preposition corresponds to the semantic structure of the spatial preposition. jo This preposition, like aus, ir indicates the starting point of the action by its spatial meaning (general character), but differs from the latter preposition in the initial position of the objects to be located, the position of the action, or the orientational value". Let us take two phrases with a prefix from su ir jo let's write the meaning 1) formally: Fork (A) fell (C) from the table (B) [(A surface B) — starting point C] ir 2) Ž mogus (A) comes (C) from the forest (B) [(Art. B) — starting point C]. As we can see, the preposition from has two indicative meanings: in one case it indicates the external contact of objects, in the other it does not record the (1), contact of — objects (2) (plg. Russian k. Huxnruxa 1979, 120). $ 47. The semantic component of the prefix from the main causal meaning is its the external nature of (the cause). External is called such a cause, which consists of external (t. y. external) consequence to the subject phenomenon, e.g. : 1) Windows (A) disbanded (C) from the bang (B) [(Sub. (B) #A, t. y. the subject of the cause is not- * For the indicative date, see Kilius 1977, 40. 117 becomes with the subject of the consequence, cf. Huxuruxa 1976, 122] or an external sign of the same subject, e.g.: 2) The child (A) is tired (C) from wandering (B) (where Sub. (B) = A). Each of these prepositional causal constructions of nwo correlates with different meaning constructions of the same prepositional space. Constructions representing causal relationships between the characteristics of different subjects (1) correspond to spatial meaning constructions denoting the non-contact position of localized objects, cf. : Windows (A) broke apart (C) from the crash (B) (where Sub. (B) # A) and Man (A) comes (C) from the forest (B) (where B does not contact A). And constructions representing causal relationships between characteristics of the same subject correlate with spatial constructions denoting the contact position of objects, cf. : The child (A) is tired (C) from running (B) (where Sub. (B) = A) and the Fork (A) fell (C) from the table (B) (where B is in contact with A). § 48. The causal preposition from serves a fairly broad denotative sphere: it can denote causal relationships between: 1) phenomena of the external (human) world (Water shines from the sun), 2) between human characteristics and phenomena of the external world (Feet wet from dew) and 3) between individual human characteristics (Child is tired of wandering). The latter (3) microfield of the preposition from use connects (limits) with the sphere of the preposition from consumption: both indicate the motivation of human actions or states (consequence) by his own states or actions (cause), cf. : The child was tired of wandering and the mother was sick from grief. The comparative phrases differ among themselves in one significant structural feature — the meaning of the noun of the prepositional construction: the noun of the preposition from the construction denotes the external action, and the preposition from — the internal state. The above-mentioned prepositions are thus distributed accordingly and the sphere of human activity. The prefix iz is used to indicate the cause through which the internal attributes of the subject pass, and the prefix od—the external attributes of the subject. § 49. The meaning of the prefix from use is almost unlimited in relation to the dependent noun. This preposition forms causal constructions with both concrete and abstract nouns, e.g. : My hands are covered with fish. Tvr; From ploughing horses get worse. Kyr. The semantic characteristics of nouns (concreteness and abstractness) have differential meanings for the preposition from the construction. In linguistic literature, it has been noted that specific nouns are semantically insufficient to indicate a cause (see IlomoBa 1956, 76). They indicate one of the most important (for the speaker) components of the cause, usually an object with which the real (direct) cause is closely related. In other words, specific nouns reveal the cause incompletely, insufficiently, not entirely. Such causal constructions of lexical composition, both with the preposition from and with others (because, through, for), are connected with a wider context, from which the real, direct cause becomes apparent. The cause, expressed by prepositional constructions with specific nouns, will be called indirect (its opposition is the direct cause, which is expressed by abstract nouns). KONSTRUKCIJŲ LEKSINĖ SUDĖTIS 118 CONSTRUCTION USE ENVIRONMENT $ 50. As already noted, the lexical composition of the preposition from the cause constructions, unlike the preposition iš (Zr. § 6), are diverse, undefined: they are made up of abstracts, ir su ir su specific nouns, cf. : My legs hurt from ir running. Gs ir O the earth was roaring from the hooves of the horses. BorBM 114. Therefore, the meaning of the cause of these constructions is ne iš jų highlighted by the lexical composition (as in the case of a iš prepositioo iš n), a word-comar pound sentence. Preposition from the cause constructions used with verbs su (or jų compounds) denoting state ar jų change (Ice shines from the sun; The horse is tired of ploughing), spontaneous actions (The windows broke off from the bang.) In the following, ir we will ir conditionally call some and others state verbs as opposition to voluntary action verbs. The specified prefix is used with some qualitative adjectives ir su (wet from the rain, red from the snow). $ 51. The preposition from, unlike the preposition from, in the construction of the verbs of the willful, active action su does not have a pure causal meaning (plg. Russian k. 3acopuna 1961, 66). In some cases, it can mean ji the purpose in the shade su of the cause. They were covered ir with the furs of the beasts. Dauk. And anoint your hands with grease. Ktk. Drink a pebble from the crack. LV, I 79). The roof of the hut was covered with wood chips, tin, straw and supported by ir long tents. Cv R, I 304. She had come to us from the rain. Lnkv. From the mole, the herring's head is put into a hole, it į pours kerosene. Imb(LKŽ VIII 899). Even the vegetable ir garden, that is not fenced, only cucumbers squeezed by the chickens. Sluck GMN 103. These compounds with the meaning of aim indicate the possible jų paraphrase connecting į sentences of aim, e.g. Grease your hands with grease ir Grease your hands with grease to prevent them from burning or: Cucumbers squeezed from chickens ir The cucumbers are covered with spikes to protect them from chickens. DIRECT REASONS $ 52. Reason from a logical point of view is a sign (his opposition — thing, object). Therefore, ir the cause, the designation in words denoting the signs, can be called literal. As already mentioned, the preposition from forms causal constructions with nouns denoting actions (tired su of reading), states (swollen from sitting), characteristics (yellowed from age). Such constructions have a direct causal significance (its opposition indirect cause). In the case of a — direct-meaning preposition, the construction divides it into two groups according to the coincidence of the subject of cause with the subject of į consequence. Subject the same / su $ 53. The prefix from is used to indicate the causal relationship between the to individual characteristics of the subject itself, e.g. : The child is tired of running (plg. the child has been administered go ir the child ran). In terms of the nature of the subject, these constructions are twofold. 119 1. Constructions denoting the cause of states or processes of living objects, as follows: The runner's nose bled from the long run. 717) and 717 (c. The paperwork has broken down. 366) (c. Her eyes were filled with tears. Ktk. Hardening from the workmanship. Slm. From long reading in voice and throat will pop. 429) (c. The wheat moustache curled with a pleasant smile. BaltPV I 154. He had been sitting in the institution with his shoulders shaken. VenclGD 92. 2. Structures indicating the cause of states or processes of inanimate objects, as follows: The board was worn from long lying. Ktk. From the start he (the side) stretched considerably. 103 and op. The cardboard checkerboard is already worn out from long and frequent use. CVR I 271. From the coastal crumbles broke. 200) and 900 (c. The constructs discussed are made with nouns denoting external characteristics. (With such nouns the preposition of impossible.) $ 54. The prefix from (and not from!) is used with nouns denoting the results of thinking, perception processes: from reflection, from thinking, from thoughts, from dreams. ar I began to tremble from that thought. MikelŽS 183. He would laugh and laugh from those thoughts, never showing a happy face to anyone. Bill I 232. She's tired of memories. DovDIN 68. Her eyes froze from deep reflection. GrušK 119. After a long listening, the ears began to squeal. ir PietRR I 43. § 55. Prefix from used ir in an “unsafe” environment: su nouns denoting inner states, usually emotions. It happened to — find the preposition used with the following nouns®: fear: nį su Everyone paled with fear. Shn. Fear can make you sick. Ktk. frightened: She's sick of fear. CvR, II 47. The poor man walked home, trembling and wiping the sweat from his face. ir PietRR 43. The tears of fear smother ir his breath. BilR 1 163. When he did so, he froze in fear. LzPR II 105. triumph: Živilė followed herself from the side only with wonder and jumped from happiness. MikelKLL 174. Then she, intoxicated with happiness, revealed her secret. Avyž. Anger (Angry): Card su Kazimieru got out ir Poderi, blackened with anger, gnashing his teeth. BaltPV I 320. From the vodka he had drunk earlier, and from his anger, so suddenly caught, he ji began to feel even more dizzy. KrėvRg 211. So they ir raped the į dogs all around, roaring with thick chains, suffocating with rage. BaltPV I 155. Excitation: From the excitement he even started to hurt his head (tsp). Our lady passes away from the slightest excitement, Varn(LKŽ, I 89). Her cheeks were covered with red spots from the excitement. The SluckGMN confusion: 236. The head was bald from all kinds of confusion. Up(LKŽ VI 600). laugh: I didn't die of laughter. Jnšk(LKŽ Wire VIII: 899). Even the ears are red from the sarmata. DKS. 8 The material we have is not complete. 120 The given lexical composition of the prefix from constructions can be replaced (if syntactic circumstances do not prevent it) with prepositional constructions iš that are more common, typical, e.g.: trema z obavy | iš fear, from fear of fear, from | iš excitement | iš excitement; gasps with excitement excitement, | iš with anger (fury, anger) | iš Anger (fury, anger), blush from sarcasm (Shame) | iš sarmates (shame). Iš contextual limitations of such substitution can indicate the presence of the pronoun itself to the prefix of the constructive noun, e.g. : From the vodka he had drunk earlier, from his ir anger, so suddenly overwhelmed, he began to jį feel even more dizzy. KrėvRg 211. A prefix can be changed from a iš prefix only by eliminating the noun, e.g. from your anger = iš anger. Entities are different $ 56. In order to distinguish between the two types of aggregates, we can distinguish between the gų following types of aggregates. Nouns denoting characteristics of construction į su § 57. Prepositional noun from constructions can mean: a) Slapping, touching, ar etc. action: The girl swung from the painful blow bounced back. ir VenclR II 203. From the bruises, my face was covered with clay. ir BaltPV II 441. The iron staircase shakes from the steps. SluckGMN 13. The cat shook from stroking against the hair. Plg. but: He was a little upset at these looks. LankKS 91. From that look, we both jumped on our feet. BaltPV I 215. The smell of the woods made my head go nuts. Ktk. b) Sound actions, sounds: Veronika was wobbling from every little thing slamming, from every leg twig crushing, VienR po I 173. The rock shook at the bang. LankKS 78. The whole bridge was shaking with laughter. KatMAR 243. The table tilts, breaks, plates jump from the clatter, CvR VI 122. From the noise, screams, laughter, seemed to collapse all Tekken House. BaltPV I 24. The windows were still shaking from the explosions, the echoes of which reached all the way here. LankKS 69. The latter group includes the construction ir of speech and su information nouns. From these words John stands up like a whip overheated. BaltPV I 45. My heart is raging from the angry words. Dkš (LKŽ I 89). She even got her mouth shut at this speech, jy speechless. BaltPV I 307. O old wounds in our souls open from you vengeful, lo black tree. Myk-PutR 1314. The ty children were frightened by the ir fairy tales, now they are afraid to go outside. Gs(LKŽ, I 568). 121 OBJECTIVE VALUE $ 72. Prepositional constructions are said with verbs of information, speech, thought and meaningful content, e.g., agreed on a trip, excused for not returning. However, the use of this construction in the given meaning is limited, because the main means of expressing the content is the construction of the preposition about, e.g.: talkė apie knygas, pasakojo apie susitikimą. The spheres of use of the comparable constructions partially overlap. But there are some verbs that require only the prefix because. § 73. Compounds with a prefix for construction. The preposition because of is used regularly with the following verbs: talk, negotiate, compare, excuse, explain and their prepositional derivatives (talk, agree), the lexical composition of the construction itself is varied: its noun can be both concrete and abstract, e.g.: talked about land, about selling. 1. The verbs tartis, susitarti, pasitarti are combined with dėl and: a) with specific nouns: For food, we will speak separately? Baltr TK I 36. It remained to agree on weapons and clothing. MašNA 54. The villagers only need to agree with the landlord on the land to be bought. Myk-PutS 325. We'll agree on the wages—I won't hurt you. Bird3 260. I'm here to talk about the forest. SIL. b) with abstract nouns: Justukas and Vytukas were already lying down, only they were still discussing about tomorrow’s hikes and work. MašAMB 101. Vytautas and the knight Grieže had long negotiated about the strengthening of the Piliai of Pannonian Lithuania. VienR IV 207. He and Sakalauskas negotiated about borrowing a buck, about the smallest thing. CvR II 331. Agreed on the floating of trees on the Nemunas (out). The combinations of the given verbs with because and specific nouns are semantically incomplete, they can be expanded based on a broader context. The generalized nouns question, affair with the specified verbs are used in the noun, which is expanded in this position. There was enough time for the young people to have fun, and for the old castle and military commanders to consult with Kęstutis on issues of Žemaitija life. 215. When the men began to discuss war matters, both women left with thick candles. VienR IV 44. These structures are typical of the written language. They can be transformed into the constructions of the preposition because, cf.: tarėsi dėl karo reikalų — tarėsi dėl karo, pasitarė dėl gynybos klausimų — pasitarė dėl gynybos. 2. verbs aiškintis, pasiaiškinti, išsiaiškinti with the verbs dėl and: specific nouns: kažkoks jaunuolis aiškinosi dėl a) bundle, kuris dingo iš dvaro O bibliotekos. Gud-GuzKIT 378. And he could explain about Andriukas. MašAMB 371. But because of the letter, we never got out! Bird NS 81. 12 Content is one of the objective values. 128 b) abstract nouns: Radušas even had to explain In Vilnius for alleged mų harm to the city. BorSVB 16. O explain to me sir Janavičius for all your singing... BielDG 126. 3. Veiksmažodžių to excuse, to justify, to justify themselves su compounds because of and: a) specific nouns: It's just what the Order needs to justify its policy to foreign — knights for the innocently killed žmonių. VienR IV 155. b) abstract nouns: For the cleanliness of the woman could not excuse. Vaižg RR I 73. Mistakes it — sincerely; torturously had to understand errors, not to excuse for jų (deviations) only the spirit of time in ar different conditions. TLR II 255. 4. Verbs negotiate, equate compounds su preposition on construction: He bargained for a long time about the price. LankKS 30. Because of the ruble, the whole — thing got hot and broke down. Break. Father was always so strict with the workers... su bargain for every penny. PaukštNS 125. Non-recursive prepositional verbs suderėti, sulygti form compounds with the ending ir su -u (a), ir su prefix for construction (b): A man a) bought a goat. ir No. Ar Did you hit a horse yesterday? Trgn. b) They finally settled due to the sale of the ir homestead į relocation trobesii tą iš the government plot. MikelKLL 115. They cried about the price, about the wages, about the working conditions. DLKŽ, If 769. only we agree on the salary, you won't regret — coming to me. Birds 67. Similar compounds (Zr. a, b) differs in ir lexical composition, ir semantics: compounds ending noun is su concrete denotes direct object (equalized ir goat), compounds preposition because abstract o denotes su generalized object — (equalized for ir sale). The latter compounds cannot be transformed into terminal compounds į su (plg. * equalized sales). § 74. Joints prelinksniy su on about structures: ir The preposition about construction goes with such su verbs of speech, information and thought as the usual preposition about su construction. The acronym constructions may differ in certain semantic nuances. 1. Prielinksnio about construction is used to indicate the object of narrower o information, preposition about — construction broader, more detailed information. Plgi: As for the appearance of the books, I would say that we need to define at least a few types of books. Myk-PutR VIII 37. True, he still liked beautiful women abouttheir minds we will — not talk, it's a secondary matter. Vencl GD 34. O for Wilson, whose idealism he once blindly believed, Sinclair declares... VenclLL 181. Differentiation of valuable words ir formed in Lithuanian soil should be considered (sighs). I think it is necessary to respond to some of the criticisms. ir Myk-Put R VIII 59. There has ir been much talk about publishing world classics in Lithuanian. Vencl LL 76. Ar ir should he not think more about tomorrow? VenclGD 42. | 5. 120 129 However, the distinction between the prefix on about constructioir ns is not very pronounced. Prefix dėl constructions can be replaced by the broader prefix about constructions, the latter possible in contexts that convey limited — information. ir I said a few words about those paintings (|for paintings). ZemR III 116. I rememberir ed the words I heard from her when I asked her about the money. BilR I 212. The next time he also mentioned the plots of ir the landlords. VienR V 102. Sixth grade teacher N. just ką warned her pupils about the dangers on the ice (tsp). 2. The prefix because is used to inform about the subject's unrealized, foreseeable things. For Characteristics of February will have to speak separately. Myk-PutR VIII 72. Rodan, you ar thought about the door to our intended For the Museum of Decorative Arts (green). But rather he had to think about his own future as ne well as the future of his children. VencdGD 13. Maybe ask about the ir seller's location? Bird construction is said 41. 3, Ši ir su information verbs in the communicative form, denoting the purpose. When Kaikari met Veronika's father in the town, he invited ir her to come and talk about her daughter. VienAS 69. We sent some of the men of the estate to talk to the lord about the forest. Jnshk (LKŽ IX 420). 4. The generalized meaning of the noun may determine the choice of the prefix (plg. $ 87). Antra — ši personal experience could To make Maironis more ir sensitive, to force him to speak more clearly about one circumstance of public political life. ZabM 398. I would be very pleased if the issues I have raised here were more widely spoken of in the press, especially by our writers. VenclLL 62. $ 75. The meaning of the prefix for constructions used in neutral su speech, information verbs is objective. Tą confirms a ir possible synonym jų of the ka su preposition about in constructions whose meaning is not in doubt, cf.: habló de libros acerca de libros. ir The meanings of these constructions differ in certain semantic nuances: the construction of the preposition about indicates the object of broader information (t. y. object, discussed in many ways), o prepositional dé — object of narrower information (t. y. object, usually discussed in one aspect). However, in the position of su emotional speaking verbs, the meaning of the preposition due to the construction is already considered the cause, e.g.: se acordó por nada. § 76. Compound su preposition on the construction ir su insubjunctive. There are verbs that form parallel compounds with a prefix due to the construction ir su housekeeper, e.g. doubts friends, doubts about the future; caring for children, worried about health. Verb to doubt (and jo derivative doubt, doubt) compounsu ds of the preposition on the construction (a) and with the conjunct (b). a) He never doubted that his people — were always loyal to him. VienR IV 50. I had doubts about the future on several occasions. Ms. It is possible to question the 130 evaluation of one other language phenomenon (e.g. There was no doubt about Skrodski- 's wicked intentions. Myk-PutR VI 420. b) There is no reason to doubt the objectivity of the professors. VenclLL 110. He even doubted Vinco's sincerity, good will, willingness to fight. Mikel KLL 234. Doubting one's abilities demobilizes a person. DLKŽ, 3. 2. Verbs to take care, worry, take care form compound preposition on construction ir su (a), ir su innagininku (b). a) The son does not iš endure the o fun, mother ir cries worrying about the headache. SimonR I 122. Alfonso worried about his wife and became jealous of her. VienR III 256. The Crusaders ne were concerned not only about their ir horses, but about their lives. VienR IV 112. O because of her frequent rides su Murza he was ne worried in a joke. GrušK. 123. b) I can't, I'm taking care of the house. Kps(LKŽ XI 995). Ans takes care of old monuments. Whoa. Tu Don't worry, my sister, about me, the young boy, my riding horse. BsO 191. Bees take care of the hive cleanliness (sighs). The Marshal himself ir was concerned about the noise. VienR IV 145. Pšemickis was concerned about the news of the tiger. Myk-Put. § 77. In the case of the prefix, the verbs indicated su by the construction are typical of the written language and can be replaced by a noun, e.g. ir doubts about Žemaičiai | Zemaičiais, doubted the sincerity of sincerity, worried about | the son's son, worried about rides on rides. | | A significant difference can be seen su between the constructions formed by ir specific nouns and the corresponding noun. ir The construction of the prefix because informs that the object of the action is as much the thing ne itself as the things related to it su (this is apparent iš from the o context), the tenant refers only to the object itself, cf.: worried about the horses (because of the threat to them) take care of horses ir (themselves), did not doubt Žemaičiai (themselves). The construction of the preposition because is easily said with prepositional verbs, e.g.: su paabejojo dėl įvertinimo (but not: assessment), worried about drought. TIKSLO MEANING $ 78. The preposition because of the construction of the purpose has the meaning in compounds with active, su voluntary actions verbs, e.g.: came for the virgin, fights for freedom, drank for courage, works for bread, lives for children (for details see LKG 1976, 87). Such compounds can be transformed into compound į objective sentences, e.g.: atjojo dėl jaunos->atjojo, kad pamatytų jaunos, išgėrė dėl drąsos->išgėrė, kad būtų drąsesnis drąsesnis. | REASONS MEANING $ 79. As already mentioned, the preposition because belongs to the so-called abstract prepositions, it has no specific — spatial meaning. Jo the meaning of the cause differs from the prepositions iš ir in the degree of abstraction of the corresponding meaning. Prefixes iš ir from describes causal relationships of real phenomena, determined at the level of empirical perception, o preposition dé/ indicates acts of thought (based on 5 131 available knowledge, o ne direct observation) causal relationships, cf. : Tree bent by the wind Stars ir appear small due to great distances. Thus, these prepositions are used to describe the results of different stages of thinking: prepositions iš ir from serves the stage of empirical perception, o prepositional due to — rational (abstract) thinking stage. (Of course, ši opposition is not symmetrical.) Prepositions iš ir from Indicates causal relationships usually between individual, elementary phenomena, accessible to empirical perception, preposition o dé/ between complex — phenomena, sometimes entire situations. — These causative prepositions are accordingly distributed in the po styles of speech. The prefix is iš typical of the fictional style, prefix of the o dé/ scientific literature — language. The prefix from can be considered stylistically unmarked. $ 80. We called iš ir the meaning of prepositions from the cause situational (they are used to describe elementary, specific, usually sensorially perceived) situations, the meaning of the preposition due to the cause can be called generalized, it is used to describe broad situations, the results of intellectual — activity. § 81. The prefix for the lexical-syntactic functioning environment has peculiar features that differ from the use of other causal prefixes. Lexical ji composition of constructions $ 82. The generalized character of the prefix by meaning is expressed by the choice of the dependent noun. This prefix, unlike the others, is used with nouns of a more general, broader meaning, e.g.: because of a su bad mood from grief. it $ 83, Prefix because the only of all iš Lithuanian cause prefixes forms the construction noun priežastis, su having a categorical meaning, denoting a related t. y. concept? ?. Ši possibility indicates a preposition because having a very generalexplicit causal tą ir meaning that requires reinforcement, emphasis (plg. Russian k. no, Ourrens 1962, 20). The noun cause of the prefix for construction is always extended by other words, e.g.: for this reason, for a small reason, for a few reasons. Be of the certificate would be semantically incomplete, cf. *for a reason. It is the presence of a certificate that prevents ir this construction from lexicalization (plg. Russian k. no npuvune Ounrens 1962 a). The reason for the noun of the mentioned construction can be extended by conjugating words: adjectives (for good cause), participants (for unknown reasons), pronouns (for these reasons), in digits (for two reasons) or be controlled by the quantity of meaning words (for hundreds of reasons, for many reasons). According to the nature of the significance of the certificate, the specified constructions į can be divided into several groups. 1. Qualifying su structures (characterizing) meaning with indicative adjectives, participles, pronouns — (e.g., some, somebody). Mindaugas rejected Christianity for religious ne and political reasons. o JurgIP 276. Ši poetry of — decadence, the poetry of ideological — 14 For the family of ir the category, see family. OJI 1977, 30. 132 réjo to fail even for formal reasons. 287. For easy-to-- understand reasons, the Duke ordered the Lithuanians and Prussians to pray and learn to read the Holy Scriptures in their native language. JurgIP 309. 2.Constructions with words of quantitative meaning, e.g.: for several reasons, for three reasons, for many reasons. Beetroot deserves popularity for several reasons: they are easy to grow and maintain until the next harvest, they are tasty and nutritious (tsp. This could have happened for many reasons. 3.Especially common constructions with pronouns: demonstrative (this, that, the same, such, the same), non-significant (other, different- ), interrogative-relative (which, several). For that reason, you will often see them in the suburbs, crawling in garbage dumps... IvanLP III 90. For these reasons, Daukantas, like his colleagues, overcame Daugirdas' philosophy course with difficulty. MarkSD 75. He left the job for other reasons (i.e.). S. Daukantas, while studying the history of Lithuania, seeks to find out the reasons why a nation, which in the past was famous for its heroic campaigns and created a great, powerful state, over time degraded, weakened and became a nation of despised and enslaved criminals. ZabM 57. The constructions of this lexical composition (i.e., expanded by pronouns) are less informative than the constructions expanded by words of qualificative meaning (see 1), — pronouns do not specify the noun’s causal meaning, but only semantically connect it with the context, from which its real content becomes apparent. In general, the meaning of the constructions dél that reason (for those reasons), because of this reason (for these reasons) and so on is equivalent to the construction with one pronoun dä/to, and the construction because of what reason (for what reasons) is equivalent to the construction because of what (see § 85). § 84. The preposition because forms a frequently used construction with the demonstrative pronoun tas possessive - because of that. The pronoun of this construction has an anaphoric meaning of generalized reference, as does the form of the non-noun genus this (Valeckienė 1974, 56). The construction dél to (more precisely its pronoun fo) usually does not substitute for a single Word, but for a wider context — a component of a compound sentence, a whole sentence or group of sentences, a paragraph, e.g. : I gave you the farm because you are my first son and because you are the hardest working of all. SimonVK I 144. She likes to laugh at my swimming style. I am sometimes angry and hurt about it. 403. The use of this construction is unrestricted in terms of the lexical environment (it can be used in sentences of the most diverse content), but it is defined syntactically. It has three distinct functions. 1. The construction therefore goes through the connecting Word in the sentences of the effect of the supporting connection (see LKG 1976, 775). The Noreiks live well together at home, and the whole village respects them for that. Myk-PutS I 33. The day had cooled a little, and the ice crackled dry under his feet. BaltPV I 162. Dressed up, muffled, he is not cold. Shh. It can also link separate, independent sentences in an analogous way. In this case, it is usually said at the beginning of the sentence and only rarely in the middle. After all, that feeling was completely new, unusual. This is why he was lived as love can only be lived by a young person. ZabM 139. It seemed to Tadeusz that he had found a beautiful thing in his dream, but when he woke up, it was gone. That made him sad. 426 pp.. As a result, it is not at all difficult for him to remember today. SimonVK I 18. In the way of representation itself, the naturalistic description therefore coincides with a fatal threatening impression. SaukTSV 313, 2. The structure is therefore used after some conjunctions and helps express semantic relationships between the elements they connect. It performs this function by: a) The effect of a compound connection in sentences with a conjunction and (see LKG 1976, 737) or in continuous sentences with identical adverbs connected by the same conjunction. The sensitive childish reaction of the soul to dramatic events is felt in almost every ballad, and therefore the whole poem becomes not only the epic of the nation, but also of the individual. LanktMDT 61. It was very slippery, ir so we had to to go carefully. Ktk. He did well in the task entrusted to him and thus gained even more popular trust. Myk-PutR VIII 612. But he didn't go home, and on the way he fell into a ditch. Get off it more for nebeįstengęs ir to A handful of help. SimonVK b) Conditional I 188. conjunction concessions in sentences with the conjunction but (see. LKG 1976, or in continuous sentences with uniform verbs 763) connected by the same conjunction. su Yes, Yarmala killed my child, destroyed my life, but I wouldn't be so stupid to stir up the fire. kad CvR V 211. Today the jo words have been confirmed, but it was to not easier. CvR II 158. He sees well the diversity of nature's ir changes, but for sensually to does not wait. KubJJ 24. c) In conjunctive sentences, the po conjunctiony though, that. Suartéjimas su advanced ja lietuviyinteligencija.. .. The population of the village has not been to significantly increased, ji although it ir has remained relatively small. Myk-PutR VIII 295. If he notices, let ją him notice, — but don't show that he's very ji happy about it. to Birds of China 138. In all the cases we have discussed, the real content of the construction to is revealed in the preceding context. ją 3. The above mentioned construction in the connective ar cause-object sentences goes with the conjunction that answering word (see section 4.4). LKG 1976, 865, 888). He didn't want to keep us at home anymore because we found a gold coin under the pillow every morning. po BalčBG 157. Keduly was inclined Stasys was to be supported simply because he hated any innovation. Myk-PutS I 41. For I fed to the blackberry, so that it would be beautiful. JV 389. The content of the construction that goes with the answering word is po revealed in its going context, the secondary — focus. This is the most abstract of all the to constructions of this prefix. iš Therefore, ir its use is very broad: it helps to express ji causal relationships between the elements of the sentence (or sentences) that can reflect situations of various complexity. 134 $ 85. The preposition because forms the su pronoun construction — who because of what, indicating a known ar undefined cause. Ši the construction is used: 1. In direct question sentences. — Why, father, are you taip always sad? LT IXI 243. Ji can correlate with the su corresponding construction of the answering sentence, cf. : Therefore, the indirect question in 2. connective sentences (where ji performing a connective function ir goes as a causal circumstance in the secondary element, as ir in the direct question sentence). 1) Apparently, they do not understako nd why here man wakes up po at the big clock. Mikel ZS 110. 2) So tell me frankly, for ko ta our army is not going... Go ahead? Gud-GuzKIT 4635. These sentences are explanatory: the secondary jų accent adds to the meaning of the supporting word of the main accent by taking the positions of the corresponding syllables (in the (1) sentence of the (2) — denominator, in the sentence of the adjective, see LKG 1976, 812 tt. ). The construction ko om can be used in sentences where the ir secondary accent takes the position of the causal construction. 3) I was raised by my grandmothir er's old father, because of ko the ragged blackberry. Monozygotic 120. 4) Ignotus was angry because the accuser did not explain ko anything to him. darė, ‘Gud-GuzKIT 174. The construction mentioned in these be sentences, the function of the above-mentioned <join (see section 4.4). examples 1, 2), have ir another function: ji they show the causal relationship between the elements of the Sudeten sentence. The main focus denotes the o consequen- — ce, the secondary cause. (The latter spot, taken alone, also denotes a causal situation, which in its In turn, it can be a component of another causal situation.) $ 86. The cause construction for can ko indicate the context as for that. ir Meanwhile, it turned out that Šalteikiai Wolf was elected to the presidency, ko to the surprise of many of the villagers. SimonVK That's why he I 63. couldn't afford to ko cry. ir CvR II 157. $ 87. Only the preposition because forms causal constructions with nouns of su generalized meaning, such as: circumstance, condition, position, feature, characteristic, sign, character, way, nature, form, content, time, lack, excess, attitude, etc. ir Be therefore, such nouns are always extended by other structurally necessary conjugations in the given position — (a) incompatible ar (b) — certificates. a) Our literary a. life in the 19th century was generally too weak because of many unfavorable historical circumstances... ZabM 442. Because of its geographical position, Lithuania could not remain an enclosed area, as North of Europe. SaukTSV 47. For ši ų trait object sentences are close to functional connection sentences. LKG IXI 884. Because of this feature, many nations have given the ir horseshoe the appropriate name. ivanLP III 48. Due to their high mental functions, they quickly adapt to captivity 1s For the pronoun what in relation su to the pronoun that (that) see Valeckienė 1976, 69 tt. 6* 135 su is a man ir for the whole environment. IvanLP III 73. Due to the large benefits that genes provide to forestry by controlling numerous tree pests, the damage mentioned above is negligible. IvanLP III 45. b) However, the poem cannot be classified as a historical genre because of its theme alone. ZabM 105. Look, the productiar on of some souvenirs is delayed due to lack of material (tsp). Because of my personality, I can't live like that. TLR II 228. As can be seen from the iš examples given, the constructions of lexical composition are indicated. used in sentences of extensive information. $ 88. In general, the use of a preposition in relation to a dependent noun is unrestricted. It forms causal constructions in abstracts su of various semantics (a) specific ir (b) nouns. a) I couldn't lift my eyes all night because of my brother's misdeeds. Up. For the whim of my parents, for the superstitions of obscure fanatics, I denied the love of the — most beautiful feeling. VienR I 255. Because of its confidence in ir coziness, the zyle often falls into human hands. į IvanLP III 227. He couldn't tell what was going on. TreinTK 150. This situation was only due to old ne mistakes, but due to chaos and strikes ir (tsp). Due to its daily relevance, journalism is not as long-lasting as fiction. JurgIP 278. The poem is unforgettable because of its contrasts (green). The excess of words in a sentence is caused by the frequent use of verb nouns (sighs). b) He was all the time anxious about the left Letters to Aeneas. VienIMA 228. Most of these giants were famous for their horns. In winter, such 71. whispers were not ripe because of deep snow, in summer they were not cleared because of the wet marshes. ir VienR IV 13. Finally, he can't show up in his hometoir wn because of the police. Myk-PutR VI 425. — No, he — replied to his — father, I have more of a bridegroom who lost me because of his horses. BorBM 119. Frequent constructions ir su of personal pronouns. For your sake, my ir father's gray hair will be ridiculed!.. PetkR I 187. Aš I will give her the tears she has shed for you. BaléBG 355. Our daily bread is so bitter that it makes you hate your happiness. nė Myk-PutR I 315. For the given sentences it is true that the preposition because jų cannot be replaced by other causal prepositions. This indicates jo the specificity of the use. § 89. We will try to indicate what is the relation of the preposition because of constructions to the prepositions from su constructions. iš ir 1. As already stated, the use of the preposition is defined in iš relation to the dependent noun: it forms constructions with nouns denoting emotions su (see section 4.4). $ 12 etc.), sensations (see section 4.4). $ 23 tt) ir character characteristics (see section 4.4). $ 39). Su the latter semantic group nouns more often said preposition because (o su other — rare cases). 1) He was only able to get į through people because of his extraordinary hard work and ir great talents. MerkSD 97. 2) Because of his extraordinary learning, he quickly became famous. Oats 54. 3) However, due to his ideological limitations, the poet expressed these sentiments only in the most general terms. LanktM-P 282. 4) True, superstitious, fantastic attitude to 136 animals due į to human obscurity still remains in the household for a long time. LT III 11. 5) Then the king gave him the younger daughter, who, because of her father's love, did not want to resist. BalčBG In these sentences 259. the preposition is not iš allowed because of jų the general nature of the content, o in some (e. g. 1, 2) — ir on the lexical meaning of the noun itself: since the use of the preposition in question with nouns of the indicated semantic group is limited. su 2. Only the preposition because is used to describe a situation where the subjects of ir cause and effect are different. In this case, the degree of generalization of the consequence is irrelevant: ji it may be specific ir (episodic), ir generalized. Aš ir I left because jo of hesitation. Sv(LKŽ, I 15). The son could not save her because of jealousy (she was jealous). Tt. Because of his fearfulness, the jį master was constantly stunned. CvR, II 68. The same nouns in different contexts (when describing the to causal relationships of the individual characteristics of the subject su itself) are used with the preposition aus. It seemed to him that she was speaking iš out of jealousy. BalčAP 311. People catch birds to enjoy the bird, another for greed. iš MašS 56. 3. The prefix for construction cannot be replaced by construction iš in contexts where it is syntactically ji dependent on the word that necessarily requires this form (plg. $ 97 tt). I feel sorry for my helplessness, I feel sorry for all those už good, sincere people. BaltrTK I 164 (but: slammed the keys of helplessness). iš Victor was upset at his helpful kindness. MikelŽS 157 (plg. iš kindness ji forgave everything). 4. There are individual contexts where both prepositions can be used interchangeably. Griežė ir Knystautaitė only smiled iš politely, catching each ir other's eyes again. VienR IV 217 — He has no sense of humor. It's just a matter of courtesy. TreinTK 222. It was because of his neglect that he died. And — Everyone believed that Vilius had not learned the necessary ko abandonmiš ent. Simon. He got sick because of his own guilt. Ktk — Ne iš your guilt hump. aš Ds. The patient could no longer scream out of pain. Vien IMA 153 — Iš pain goat has nowhere to go... BsRP 284. Aš again because of old age old age) I (| iš can't recover. Stak(LKŽ XII 410). He's not going anywhere for fear. Ktk. This is wrong because it encourages children to do well because of inner conviction, expecting a ne reward o (tsp). The ne inhabitants of this oversized city, some out of iš hostility, others simply out of recklessnesjį s, follow (green). Iš caution for ( | the sake of caution) we just wanted weapons! Vd (LKZ I 344). All three of this į exhibition came out of iš curiosity (worth). They'll turn and look down ar iš carelessness slips a little, soon turns into stone. — į BilR I 146. Iš fasting can disease hang. Jnšk(LKŽ VII 461). Man iš to even the head started to itch. ZHLKZ VI 600). Iš that disaster ir was over (began) drinking. Grz(LKŽ IX 965). All These Defects jų Are Due to Ignorance iš of What is Good and What is Evil ir — (green). 137 to get used to the new order. LzPR II 20. That the ir sufferer (= suffers) people for little thing! Grg(LKŽ I 577). b) Parents complain that their — sons are not listening at all. Ktk. A wolf complainijo ng about children? Crew. Long complained the old man February in the troubles of a new life. MykPutAŠ 480. When they ji come to a green spot, they complain about disasters. DrskD 197. Starts crying to comfort him with ir squeezes. Dauk. Ir they are now struggling in difficult times. Pkp. The father was sorry for his children. Ds(LKZ I 579). It is difficult to distinguish between the two. Prepositional constructions are more typical of written language. 2. The verb skųstis with the meaning "to show pain" and the ir jo synonyms guostis, verkti, vargti, aimanuoti, vaitoti form compound nouns with the su possessive noun of body parts. The old man has a heart problem. Ktk. Our horse's first leg is complaining. Up. Ans one hand comforts where it — was shot. 100 mg III 740). The horse comforts the leg. Als (LKZ III People 740). clench their teeth. DLKŽ, It's 112. been a few days since the side is moaning. Lkm(LKŽ, I 38). Aniutė has tooth pain. Km. In colloquial language, the preposition for construction in such cases would not seem to be said. Su prepositional verbs use the prepositional construction for the same purpose. ir su I've been playing with my su hand all winter. Gs(LKŽ, II 386). Da I laughed. su ta Gs(LKŽ, II 386). Su his tooth all night. ji Rm(LKŽ, I 32). The prefix of the verb does not allow the above-mentioned construction to be replaced by a noun. 3. In dialects, the verbs skųstis, guostis, bėdoti (usually prepositional) are used as a suffix of abstract nouns, which su emphasizes the set of the given verbs ‘tell’. Oi aš I'll go up to the hill, I'll complain aš about my poor. Mrk. He was the (= grandfather of his grandfather. Ds. Į coming into the court, comforting all people in their trouble. Jrk 62. In this case, the language would be used in the form of a constructive pronoun. $ 101. Parallel ar compounds with the specified forms are formed by the verbs to rejoice, to be proud, to marvel. a) He was delighted with our achievements. He is proud of his origins. He is surprised by such speeches. I was quite surprised about the surname: ne Karos, o Karosa. BaltD II 244. b) Ne Everyone rejoiced in the happiness of baron Kirkley. KrēvP 27. Everyone was surprised jo by this behavior (Ik). Because of such horns, the Acholians are very proud of their cattle. SakAP 59. 144 Combined su prepositions for ir už constructions $ 102. There is a certain semantics of verbs that form causal compounds of the preposition because, ir su ir su prefix e.g. už konstrukcijomis, : bara for disobedience | už disobedience, likes for a good way | už a good way. These are evaluative verbs in a broad sense. They galima allocate į several semantic groups. 1. One group consists of verbs that represent negative emotions in nomong: scold, ar shame, curse, accuse®, criticize, fool, scorn, denigrate, slander, humiliate, insult, condemn, rebuke, rebuke, angry. The following verbs, be indicating the basis (cause) of the action, require forms of objective ir meaning: (and jo variants prikaišti, prikišti) goes to su the object's user (rebukes neighbors), angry — su prefix on construction (in anger ta of friends), o all others — su tail (just children, blaming managers). The basis of action of the given verbs is indicated by the prefix because (a) or prefix už (b) structures. The latter are more common. a) First of all, Frank expelled the correspondents because of poor communications. CvR, IV 20. Don't let us laugh at such iš grandparents ir embarrajų ssed by the darkness. Apple. Heard Hare iš people that the elders for her behavior ashamed, she cut jo herself... CVR, II 76. Keiksnojo Dudu already for theft, for ne the inability to expropriate. o CvR, IV 260. Reinhalt repeatedly rebuked the lake for its jo immobility (sh) You like to blame evil spirits for your misfortune... BilR I 51. Traditional grammar has been criticized (and quite rightly) for ignoring systemic connections. MK 19802 10. I fooled myself about these feelings (sh) After all, you can not offend a person jo for love. VienR I 211—212. Because ko our parents despised their mother tongue! SRagSD 70. Tu don't be afraid, poet, if the angry judge today condemns you for the error of your heart. Myk-PutP 163. It was to even appealed to the Minister. GrušK 39. Mano work writers liked, only rebuked me for grammar ji errors (sighs). He thought he was going to be rebuked for ji his long absence. Myk-PutAŠ 166. Don't be angry about the old soldier's question: tu iš King's Landing? Pear. b) The old father beat the young daughter už with the young woman's tongue. KrēvP 66. He disgraced them už with such words. LKŽ III 198. He cursed the boy už for carving horses, and the girl for už wailing at work. ŽemR III 380. Vytautas Taikšiuočino us attacks už wrongs ir done (tsp). He does not condemn human už errors (quiet) Už such speech very angry mother. ŽemR TIT 502. Prepositional because constructions can usually be replaced by prepositional constuž Tucties, which are more common, more typical in the position indicated. Sometimes the consonant constructions can differ in certain semantic nuances. The construction of the prefix has a defined, specific meaning, the prefix for a už broader, generalized, outlawed the child for disobedience o outlawed correspondents — for poor communication. plg.: už ir 19 For the compounds su with the verb accuse, see aut. 1979, 32 tt. 1* For compounsu ds angry ir jo for synonyms, see aut. 1978, 26 tt. 145 2. The constructs of parallel su compounds are constructs of the verbs ir expressing appreciation of positive ar emotions: love, like, respect, praise, worship, cherish, exalt, adore, praise, appreciate, like. a) Ji loves me because of my patience, because of my good manners. VienR I 121. The Noreiks live together nicely at to home and are respected by the whole village. Myk-PutS I 33. And for all the mess, of course, no one can praise you. BaltrTK II 333. Old family stuff!.. you are precious for the tų hands that touched you (sighs). Most of all, he valued Chekhov for his talent (sh) No, he did not like himself for such thoughts. MikelKLL 397, b) Už all the workers loved her ir cheerfulness and ją openness. LzP. Everyone in the village loved her for her open manner, talkative language, and intelligence. Myk-PutS I 30. I respect ants for their hard work. SayND 18. And indeed, Stony ir Stonienė was praised by all for her už hard work. SRagSD 121. Už that the ir hostess cherisheją d. VienR V 125, Ir the semantic relationship of this group of compounds is the same as ir the previously discussed (see section 4.4). 1). A prefix for construction cannot be replaced by a prepositional construction už when the general character of the first is clear, cf. No, we're for meat only yours "gaiz" praise the voice. Donel. What was he ką thinking about? ar The beautiful countesar s, the garden he had loved only for her. JasiukR I 119. 3. The same form compounds form the verbs to love, ir su like antonyms hate, hate. a) It is believed that the birds are similar in appearance. IvanLP III 16. į b) Hated that babe's tongue seductions. už ir Bil R I 229. § 103. Verbs ar combinations of words that denote punishment its ar execution (punish, avenge, judge, put in prison, imprison, sit in prison), as well į as specific verbs combinations of words used with the same meaning, the basis of the action Mark ar used usually prepositional construction su už (b). Prefix because of the construction in this position occurs much less often (a). a) After a few days in his homeland, he was Hungarian police arrested for minor violation of ko passport regulations (tsp). He was again expelled from the last course of the teacher seminary in Marijampole because of his harsh political iš action. Vencl LL 103. What crime did you get in jail for? į LKŽ V 159. Brother chokes brother, knives hunger... CVR V 59. The book was banned, and the author was imprisoned for some time. VenclLL 189. This allows the blade to stay in place for a few days. CvR II 63. For a jo crooked dream, an innocent man must rot in prison. TreinT K 261. b) Už the transport of books was punishable. MašAMB 44. Milton invokes God to avenge the murder of the už Protestants. VenclLL resistance to 187. Už the government three boys were shot by the German occupiers. VienR III 10. The soldier's son sat in prison už politics. VenclGD 433. Antanas Pechura was convicted of horse theft in my childhood. už VienIMA 29. I'll cut off the head like a už cabbage from my virgin. TŽ 1 223. Už had closed the pigeonhole. į Snuff. I cut off the non-singing. už Shh. 146 Prepositions for construction used to describe a generalized, less defined situation tą (plg. arrested for a minor offence), preposition o už — defined (punished the transportatiuž on of books). However, the use of the latter construction in words of su the specified semantic group is broader. Ja can change the prefix on the construction. Structural features of the dé/ su construction of sentences § 104. The prefix for construction is used in sentences of the most diverse lexical composition, conveying causal relationships of phenomena usually determined by acts of thought, t. y. conclusiir jų ons logical basis. These constructions are often linked by a ti separate ne su word, o su whole sentence, usually su conjunctive ar jo group, e.g. : Because of the depth of the capacity for artistic ir generalization, he placed the fairy tale fool next to the great monuments of fiction. SaukTSV su 81. The Lithuanian nation, having created a distinctive pagan culture, remained isolated from the common European culture due to the constant attacks of the Crusaders. ZabM 59. $ 105. The construction of the prefix because can be semantically supported by ne the adverb itself, o jo group Word that is communicatively relevant, e.g. circumstances of a way: a) It is said that science is difficult to access for the "chionyshki" due to congenital backwardness. Closure 172. Due to its rapid, agile flight, it is rarely ją caught by birds of prey. IvanLP III 16. O on the housing crisis In Kaunas there is no way to settle more spacious. MykPut AŠ 461. b) quantity circumstances: Because of his youth he is less corrupt than as (green). Unfortunately, due to severe kų ir jo in the drawer the manuscript lay for a long time. VenclLL 203. c) Local circumstances: Finally he can't show up in his hometown ir because of the police. Myk-PutR VI 425. d) time circumstances: I couldn't to ride for a few days because of the stiffness. Ds. e) Add-in: Because of the extraordinary greed of crocodiles, it is not su difficult to catch them with a fishing rod. Ivan TMB 144. The semantic connection of the above-mentiosu ned su construction ji with a word that is not syntactically related indicates its belonging to the whole sentence. The construction of the prefix on can be semantically related ir su secondary accent of the explanatory sentence (for such sentences see LKG III e.g. : 806), Because of the constant interaction of dialects of the common ir language, it is often difficult to say now, the word is dialectism, belongs already ar to the common language vocabulary. ar JakLKL 68. In the spring, it is observed that the males fly separately from the females. IvanLP TIT 189. $ 106. The aforementioned construction is often used in sentences verbs su denoting acts of human mental activity its results (perception, knowledge, ar memory)? ?, = * For the classification of verbs of mental activity, see. Bacunbes 1981. 147 However, due to the wide variety of onomastic material, there are no universal classification criteria that are suitable for all names. JakLKL 89. Because of this undifferentiation of lexical grammatical ir meaning, many linguists believe that the service words have no lexical meaning... JakLKL 21. Many people do not know about the gall, but whoever sees it jį once, always remembers it because of its bright jo colors and ir peculiar appearance. TvanLP 1I1 30. For this feeling of loneliness In Mykolaitis-Putin’s poems, we hardly feel contact with the reader. su LanktM-P 297. There was no compromise on any deductions. į VenclLL 103. However, the poem cannot be classified as a historical genre because of its theme alone. ZabM 105. However, due to his ideological limitations, the poet expressed these sentiments only in the most general terms. LanktM-P 282. I would not call this bird ordinary in Lithuania, but, of course, it should be borne in mind that it is very difficult to see due to its secret life. jį IvanLP III 350. It is one of the most pleasant birds in captivity due to its beautiful song, beautiful colours and ir cosy manner. IvanLP ITT 267. Due to this interaction of genres, individual types of fairy tales are not equally classified. LT IIT 24. § 107. The construction of the prefix because is typical for 1) su sentences: nameZodical conjunction, whose connection is the pure (a) or non-cash (b) (zr. LKG 1976, 382): a) Aš I was happy about my success (tsp). These features make the purpose sentences close to functional connection sentences. LKG IIT 884. A stupid head is a stupid ir foot. Trgn. b) The child himself, whom fate will still throw into the winds, ir has become a iš part of the state only because of the common legal material ne position, but because of the common spiritual life. ir In addition, the majority of the ir teachers Daukantas became very close because of 24. Be his tenacious educational work, because of the difficult part of the self-dedicated intelligentsia. Mark SD 313. If food becomes insufficient due to adverse weather conditions, parasites are devastating. IvanLP 111 369. However, due to its laconic thesis of ir some problems, Donelaitis remained as a sketch poem. LanktMDT 51. It has a thick feather cover that makes it look thick, thick, like it's fallen off. IvanLP IIT 139. For sweetness, maple juice was considered better (sighs). For to jį he called himself a raven. MašAMB 201. It is particularly ši common to su construct with negative adjectives of adjectives or participants denoting characteristics. Už the life conditions of this line due to the long adherence of the snow cover are unfavorable to him. IvanLP III 193. Daukantas was most dissatisfied with the Lelevelio unionist tendencies. MerkSD 58. Due to the large benefits that the genes provide to the forest by controlling kų numerous tree pests, the damage mentioned is negligible. IvanLP ITI In winter 45. such whispers were not ripe because of deep snow, in summer they were not cleared because of the wet marshes. ir VienR IV 13; 2) su negative verbs, e.g. : The guests didn't come because of the rain. Negative verbs say only that the action did not occur, ne remained unrealized, but that the action was expected, likely, desirable, even necessary (i.e., the speaker's attitude to ir information is also expressed). The construction of the prefix because is used in sentences: a) ar with negated nonpartial 148 verbs: Unpaderėję javai dėl giedry ar lyčių. Dauk. In July, he fails the Abitur exams, precisely because of the written French test (15). The book has not yet been published due to a lack of funds. JurgIP 318. The wolf knows this and therefore does not go home yet. PietLGM 4. b) with negative modal verbs and the participle of another verb: Due to lack of time we could not get acquainted with the whole museum. IvanTMB 24. I can't get better just because I'm old. Stack. Because of my personality, I can't live like that. TLR, II 228. In captivity, these birds do not need to be kept in a common cage with other birds. IvanLP III 227. Because of such characteristic details, you do not regret reading another page of boring text (etc.). The above construction is said with the verbs not be, not have, not find, pronoun what forms or noun adverbs as, where, when and communicative compounds*? !, There is nothing to eat because of the drought last year and last year. SimonR I 233. You don't ar have time to lie down for her. 420 pages. § 108. From the distributive prepositions, due to the peculiarities of the construction, it is possible to indicate verbs of general meaning happen, occur, arise, arise, exist, etc. It always happens because of distraction! BalčAP 232. The poor state of the railways in the United States is causing an increasing number of accidents. The result of such derivative actions is usually secondary, resulting from the specification of the primary action's meaning. LKG I 368. And not the image itself, but only the emotion of the song arising from the image connects its experience with the supernatural world. Myk-PutR VIII 89. The characteristic step-walking is a secondary phenomenon that has evolved as a result of living in deserts. IvanLP III 195. However, it seems that their numbers are decreasing every year, perhaps due to the lack of suitable trees for nesting. IvanLP III 36. In general, the environment of use of the prefix for constructions is very wide, undefined. It cannot be described in semantic terms, such as the prepositions from and to. The above-mentioned construction is usually used in generalized, broad-based sentences. § 109, The meaning of a concession is given by the preposition due to the construction used in modally marked contexts, e.g. : Because of this rain you can carry hay — it did not rain (Ktk). In this case, the above-mentioned construction indicates the possible action, or action potential- #1 For these compounds see more. 1978, pp. 119. 7. 120 149 mumo, a basis which, due to its weak intensity (effectiveness), is insufficient to prevent the realization of the foreseen, expected action. The value of the discount can be considered a variant of the cause. The prefix because of construction has the meaning of concession in the sentences: a) su For such a father, the children ką can do whatever they want. Slk. It might not work for me. Ktk. Because of asterization can eat, apparently, bet, no longer want. Kp (LKŽ, I 40). b) su in the future tense, imperative and pronoun forms, denoting unrealized, but foreseeable actions in the future: Because of such damage (frost) cucumbers will grow. Rdm (LKZ III 8). "My tongue will get a marti," she said. 66 and op. With your work schedule, we'd have all the kids out of the house. AvyžKK. 61. APIBENDRINAMOSIOS PASTABOS $ 110. The meaning of the prefix due to the construction of the cause is generalized — it denotes the causal relationships of phenomena usually determined by acts of thought (logically) or the logical basis of conclusions. 2. Ši the meaning is not clearly separated from the objective and purpose — of other meanings: they are all united by the common semantic basis. The aforementioned construction denotes one type of object language, content of thought — (Zr. § 72 tt). The meaning of the goal also depends on the logical values (the goal is the stimulus of human conscious activity). 3. The lexical composition of the prefix due to construction has peculiar features. This prefix is used with the noun of categorical meaning priežastis, with the demonstrative pronoun tas, with the nouns of general meaning aplinkybė, sąlyga, bruožas, etc. On the other hand, it also goes with abstract and concrete nouns of a narrower meaning, with which other causal prepositions are used, but in different contexts. 4. The lexical context of the constructional prefix is very diverse. They usually relate to the whole sentence. But there are verbs of a certain meaning that require this construction and form word compounds with it (Zr.-§ 97, etc.). 5. Because of its generalized nature of meaning, this preposition is semantically related to all causal prepositions, but to an unequal degree. With the prepositions per, za, dzięki it forms systematic synonyms, and with the prepositions z and od it forms individual synonyms. 6. The use of the prefix because is marked stylistically: of all the iš causal prefixes, it is most often found in scientific language (and the prefix's most characteristic sphere of functioning is the language of fictional literature). § 111. From the presented analysis, it is clear that each prefix has specifics. semantic signs that reflect different features of the causal relationship itself. Causal prepositions (and conjunctives without a preposition) are in a certain way distributed in the semantic field of causal relations and form a system among themselves. Each form of expression in that system occupies an autonomous place. We will try to clarify the 150 structure of the causal prepositional system: we will establish oppositions and the relationships between those oppositions, § 112. Causal prepositions have such differential signs? *: 1) internal cause (preposition from), 2) external cause (preposition from), 3) generalized cause (preposition because), 4) positive cause (infinitive thanks), 5) negative cause (preposition through), 6) reward cause (infinitive for), 7) non-discretionary**" cause (infinitive), 8) specific (situational) cause (prepositions from, from), 9) modal cause (preposition through, infinitive thanks). Some of the indicated characteristics are determined by the semantics of the forms themselves (1—7), others — by their systemic relationships (8—9). § 113. As already noted, the system of means of causal expression consists of 7 forms. If they are all compared, oppositions 1 are formed, e.g.: from —from, because of, thanks to, through, for, in (6 oppositions), from —because of, thanks to, through, for, in (5 oppositions), because of —because of, through, for, in (4 oppositions), etc. However, not all oppositions are equally important, significant. We will try to identify the main oppositions and present them in the table: Oppositions of prepositions (and noun) of the cause || Specific (situational) cause Generalized (non-situational) cause II Non-discretionarySka NeZyméta Modaliné NeZyméta Internal External Positive Negative | Reward | NeZyméta from from thanks | through uz because As we see, the means of expressing cause form a system of three-tier oppositions, organized hierarchically: the lower-tier oppositions enter the higher-tier oppositions. The lowest levels are (3) oppositions: 1) from —from (differential sign “inner cause”, marked member —preposition from), 2) thanks to —through (differential sign “positive cause”, both members marked: the first positively, the second negatively), 3) for —because (differential sign “cause of reward”, marked member —preposition for). The second stage of the system consists of two oppositions: 4) from, from (1) —in. (differential sign —“non-discrete| cause”,! marked member —subjunctive), 5) 22 Here we have listed only the relevant signs of each preposition. All prepositions have some characteristics, for example, "internal- /external" cause, but they are only significant for the prepositions dš, od. * The cause expressed by the adjective is indistinguishable (non-discretionary) from the consequence in terms of time (and existence), e.g.: eyes shine with happiness, the slope turns blue with lights, the forest sounds with songs. yi 151 thanks, through (2) — because of, už (3) (differential sign — "modal cause", marked member of the words — thanks, through). į The highest level of the system consists of opposition (6) from, from, in. (4) — because, thanks, through, už (5) (differential sign — "specific / generalized reason", both members Mark). The latter opposition includes all the elements of means of reasoning. However, ne all members of the system are equally important from a functional point of view. Galima teigti, kad sistemos pagrindą sudaro nariai: prielinksniai iš, nuo dėl, už, nes įnagininką galima 4 pakeisti prielinksnių nuo konstrukcijomis ir iš ar (t. y. opposition is (4) neutralized®, see § 17, 68), o preposition through a ir subjunctive thanks can replace a preposition due to (t. y. opposition is (5) neutralized, see. $ 94 tt). The use of the už prefix (jos construction is lexically limited to verbs of a certain meaning, see. § 102 etc) part can iš be replaced by a prefix for construction, cf.: išbarė jį už disobedien- | ce for disobedience, loved ją už a good way for a | good way. In this position, the preposition dél is less commonly constructed. The spheres of use of these prepositions (environment) are related by the ratio o of ir intersection, the spheres of (4 use of the indefinite prepositions from, ir from (5 (opposition- ), prepositions through, thanks to (opposition) are related by the ratio of inclusion. ) The main opposition (6), which both members consist of several po elements (plg. from, from, in. — because of, through, thanks to, for), in individual, isolated cases, the differences in the following pairs can be neutralized: iš — for (see section 4.4). § 89), iš — by (see section 4.4). § 44), from — because of (rare, see section 4.4) $ 91). APPENDICES ABBREVIATIONS BaltD — WhitefiJ. Su sh with eaten salt. — V., 1973 — t. 1, 1976 — t. 2. BubnBV — Drum V. The White Wind. — V., 1974. BorSVB — Boruta K. Sing in the wind, birch trees. — V., DrskD 1975. — The Songs of Druskininkai / Written by J. Balčikonis. — V., 1972. FŽ — Dictionary of Philosophy / Edited by M. Rosentalis. — V., 1975. JakLKL — Jakaitienė E. Lithuanian language lexicology. — V., 1980. JasiukR — Jasiukaitis K. Writings. — V., 1959, t. 1—2. JurgIP — Jurginis J. History ir is poetry. — V., KubJJ 1969. — Kubilius V. Julius Janonis. — V., 1970. LankKS — Lankauskas R. Wandering sand. Cruel games. White, black, ir blue. — V., 1967. LanktM-P — Lancutis J. V. Mykolaitis-Putin's creations. — V., 1961. LanktMDT — Lancutis J. Justinas Marcinkevičius' Dramatic Trilogy. — V., 1977. LĮ — Plečkaitis R. Introduction to Logic. — V., LKG 1978. — English Grammar, V., — 1965 — t. 1, 1971 — t. 2, 1976 — t. 3. MarginG — Marukas K. Žaliakalny sweeps the streets. — V., MašMŽ 1962. — Durovas V. My beasts / Value P. Mashiotas: — V., MašNA 1972. — Mašiotas P. An extraordinary holiday. — V., MašS 1970. — Mašiotas P. Wings. — V., 1972. MerkSD — Merkys V. Simonas Daukantas. — V., 1972. MG — Science is ir life (journal). MikelKLL — Mikelinskas J. Where the fields are flat. — V., 1981. MikelŽS — A pinch of J. sand. — V., 1982. 24 Neutralization of oppositions of causal constructions we conditionally call the jų identity, coincidence of the lexical ir sudétie environment. 152 MškŽG — Forest A. Greens May. — V., 1977. P — Pergalé (Journal). PaukstCMN — Paukštelis J. This is our home. — V., 1974. Pauk3tNS — Paukštelis J. Netekák, saulele. — V., 1963. PetkAA — Petkevicaité-Bité G. Ad astra. — V., PietRR 1967. — Pietaris V. Selected Writings. — V., Psich 1973. — Psychology. Handbook for Pedagogical Institutes. — V., SajND 1960. — Saja K. Už nevarstomy door. — V., SakAP 1978. — Sakalauskas V. The pearl of Africa. — V., 1983. SoukTSV — Sauka D. The value of the ir individual. — V., SirGAI 1970. — Syrian Gira V. Idyllic atlas. — V., 1973. SkliuAŠ — Skliutauskas J. The golden root. — V., 1977. SZ — Lyberis A. Thesaurus of the Lithuanian language. — K., ŠaltRD 1961. Šaltenis — S. Nut bread. — V., 1972. ŠeinVVK — Šeinius I. Summer feast. Kuprelis. — V., 1970. ‘TarasP — Tarasenka P. Escape. — V., ‘TLR 1957. — Soviet Lithuanian Writers. — V., 1977, t. 1-2. ‘TreinTK — Training P. Parents are ir godparents. — V., 1972. VenclLL — Venclova A. Literature ir is a people. — V., 1974. LITTERACY Būtėnas J. Lithuanian language and literature. — K., 1930. Fraenkel E. Syntax of Lithuanian Post positions and Prepositions. — Heidelberg, 1929. Jablonskis J. Funny ir Prepositions. — Kn. : Selected Writings. V., 1957, t. 1, p. 551-672. Kilius J. Orientacinisy structure of meanings in Lithuanian language (See the section on localizatioir n.) — Linguistics, 1977, t. 28(1), p. 40—49. Laigonaitė A. The meaning of localities ir in contemporary Lithuanian language. — V., 1957. . Lyberis A. Dictionary of Synonyms. — V., LKG 1980. — Grammar of the Lithuanian language. — V., 1965, t. 1; 1971, t. 2; 1976, t. 3. LKM — Jakaitienė E., Laigonaitė A., Paulauskienė A. Morphology of the Lithuanian language. — V., Nitina 1976. D. The Latvian written language was written with prepositions. — Riga, 1978. Oginskienė E. Negative compounds in words of contemporary Lithuanian literary su language "who, where, when, how". — Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy, A series, 1978, t. 1(62). Pupkis A. Basics of language culture. — V., 1980. Rasimavičius A. Verb combinations with a noun in su contemporary Lithuanian: Son. m. cand. dis. — V., 1965. Typography. Šukys J. Use of prefixes. — K., 1978. Teplovas B. Psychology. — K., 1950. Valeckienė A. Bevardés form of the genus is its ir relationship with su other pronouns in forms. — Kn. : Lithuanian Linguistics, 1974, t. 15, p. 35—75, Valiulytė E. Causal verbs with preposition per su ir jų synonyms in Lithuanian literary language. — Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy, A series, 1977, t, 4(61), p. 155-165. Valiulytė E. Verbs and synonyms of the verb pikti jo with prepositions su dėl už, Kalir — 'bos culture, 1978, sas. 35, p. 26—30. Valiulytė E. Blame už what, for what, with what. — Language culture, 1979, sas. 36, p. 32—37, Bacnsen JI. M. Cemantuka pycckoro ryraroja. — M., 1981. 3acopuma JI. H. Orrsir cHCTEMHOTO aHa/MM3a MPe/UTOroB COBpeMeHHOro pyccKoro s35IKA '(npemprorH co 3HAYEHHEM IpH4KHHEI). — B xH. : Vu. Sam. JITV. IlpoGneMst s35rK03HaHus, 1961, Ne 301, c. 64-84, , 153