Stilių normų atspindys metakalbiniuose komentaruose

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE CANDAR STUDIES QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS, XXVI (1987) KAZIMIERAS ŽUPERKA STYLE NORMS REFLECTED IN METALINGUISTICAL COMMENTARIES Metalinguistic commentary refers to the discussion of the linguistic expression of language and its units or text: evaluation, motivation of use, etc.? For example: : To be intelligent often means to be dependent, obedient. (A new and strange meaning of the word, but unfortunately, it is becoming more and more popular.) LM 1984.V.13; Our dear lecturer, to whom the cold name of associate professor is absolutely unsuitable (which is why we do not address her so!), is very similar to such an amber N 1975 12 25; That word „honour“ seems great, especially when speaking of a Lithuanian peasant LM 1981.V.16; A nation that has created such songs is worthy of immortality for them alone. That's too loud words MarcD 96. The content of metalinguistic comments is quite varied. From this variety, commentaries providing stylistic information, i.e. metalinguistic style comments, were distinguished. They are collected from fictional, journalistic and scientific texts? and from speeches at meetings, conferences, from domestic conversations. These comments show that in the linguistic consciousness of our society there exist many ways of using Lithuanian: scientific, legal, official, newspaper, journalistic, everyday, folk, high, rough, country, ancient, modern, ageing, youth, pictorial, emotional, satirical, concise, template, jargon, etc. Many of the listed ways of using language in stylistics have the status of style, are considered functional or other styles (scientific, journalistic, everyday, high, figurative, concise). Other ways of speaking (aging, youth, Zargoninis) are usually not considered styles, but are closely related to the stylistic system of language, with the norms of styles. The metalinguistic commentaries in question provide two kinds of stylistic information: first, they show that the speaker distinguishes a certain way of using language (or style); secondly, a certain means of language is regarded as usual, typical of that style, i.e. as the norm of that style. Individual words, phrases, larger text passages, the way of speaking in general are evaluated. For example: : In the language of the law [speaking], he is a recidivist, convicted several times for various thefts 'T 1980.X1.12; He was summoned as a righteous1 See. Jitičkova J. Metafečovy komentaf.—Slovo a Slovesnost, 1979, N 2, s, 149—151; Hoffmannova-Jifičkova J. Metalanguage and metalanguage and their character in the diary of Karl Čapek. — Word a Ceremony, 1979, N 4, s. 295-296. * In terms of the functions of metalinguistics (see Zuperka K. Metalingvistiné kalbos akto funkcija įvairiuose stiliuose. —Kn.: Šiauliai, 1978, p. 117) linguistics differs from other sciences: here the whole text is metalinguistic, not individual commentaries. Languages are used to communicate with each other by means of speech, and the language is used to communicate with other languages by means of writing, reading, and speaking. search sometimes comments, ninkai say, involved in the crime V. K.., by the way, also a minor T 194 1978. X.5; I apologize if the answer sounds too manual. The structural core of the city plan, a complex of residential and public buildings with a service center, built according to the functional-compositional idea conceived by the architects, —this is how urbanists define the residential district LM 1983.X.15 (from an interview with the architect). In linguistic stylistics, style is usually defined as the purposeful selection (selection) and combination (composition) of language means. The metalinguistic comments of language users mainly reflect and evaluate selection, i.e. a stylistically marked inventory of styles. Bally wrote in “Styling of the French Language”: “Phenomena that do not interest the speaker should not interest stylistics either”*. Now we agree with this statement only in part: it fits the stylistics of coding; decoding stylistics also cares about what interests the addressee. We could reformulate Bali's statement as follows: stylistics cannot be uninterested in phenomena that interest the speaker. The use of metalinguistic commentary shows the awareness of language expression, the actualization of the statement. These commentaries are a kind of study of language, they clearly confirm the observation of F. de Saussure that ‘linguistic activity is more or less studied by everyone’. In recent years, metalinguistic style commentaries have increasingly attracted the attention of stylistics and text linguistics researchers.” An important issue is the typology of style comments. The above-mentioned ways of using the language collected from the commentaries do not form a single classification system: they are distinguished on various grounds, related to each other either by subordination and coordination, or by marginality, or by intersection. The analysis of the comments confirms the following conclusions of the researchers of general stylistic problems: 1) the number of styles is not finite®, 2) classification on one basis does not allow for a more detailed discussion of the complex phenomenon of style, various classifications of styles are necessary". The analysis of comments does not push any new style division, does not deny existing ir classifications. True, it can not be said that they clearly confirm them. For, on the one hand, the means of linguistic expression of the commentaries are assigned to a certain style, but style does not emerge here as a certain system. Secondly, the style is indicated as ne a member of some larger system, only as a member of a binary stylistic o opposition: both members of the opposition are stated, or, more often, only one is stated, and the second is implied, e.g. : Officially called Naujosios muzikos ansamblis, popularly and shorter 3 Bannu III. Opanny3ckas criwmcTHka. —M., 1961, c. 79. 4 Zr. Cocciop O. no. Tpymst no si3biko3Hanmioo. —M., 1977, c. 45. 5 Zr. Bumokyp T. I". O comepXaHWM HEKOTOPBIX CTHIMCTHYCCKHX HOHATHH. — B KH. Crujnmacrnuecrne uccrnenopamus. M., 1972, c. 84; BexOunka A. Merarexrcr B TekcTe. — B KkH. : Hosoe B 3apybexnoit ruarsuctake. M., sem. 1978, 8, c. 417; Yepemucnu II. 1998-1999 I". Pycckas cTumacruKa. — M., 1979, 4. 2, c. 38—44; MISection Bb. C. Crpaterus H TakTHKa mpouecca pe9H B HX OTHOINCHHH K CTHIMCTHYECKOHW HOpMe. — B Kâf, Hâ. : SI3pikoBast I'm not a criminal. H IlporpaMMa-ItpHriialNeHHe H Te3HCbI I'm sorry, I'm sorry. BHMJILioc, 1984, c. 50-52. 6 See. CxpeGren FO. M. Ouepx Teopux cramucTaku. — [opekmit, 1975, c. 48. " Idem, p. 42, 56, 166. 195 —Nako ensemble LM 1984.11.31; Signed officially: „Iš anksto dėkingas Braziulis“ (from a conversation on the bus). Based on the names and concepts of language usage collected from the commentaries, it can be said that several style phenomena are reflected here: 1) so-called functional styles; 2) general categories of style culture and 3) stylistic and style-related contradictions: the so-called vertical classification of styles (high — low), age (aging — youthful- ), historical (old — new), territorial (rural — urban), common language and other language variants (e.g., as the Dzūki call it, in slang). 1. Metalinguistic commentaries reflect well the means of expression of 4 functional styles: scientific, administrative, journalistic and domestic. a) The following comments follow the references of the scientific style: scientifically speaking, I will say scientifically, it will sound textbook- -like, as scholars would say. This includes references to the language of various fields of intellectual work: the language of breeders, the use of the term of philosophers (economists...). b) Administrative (official, legal, law) style references: in official speaking, officially called, in the language of the law pronounced, in the legal language, lawyers called, in the judicial language, as lawyers say. c) Publicistic (newspaper) style references: in publicistic terms, poster-style named, as it is said in newspapers, as journalists write, as it is called in the press. d) References of everyday style: in more everyday terms, translated into everyday language, simply put, a simple word. This style is most often indicated by the commentaries as the people say, in popular terms, as people say, as people say, according to people, as the world says. In the case of the most commonly used words, they can be divided into the following categories: Uncommonly used words: Uncommonly used words are words that are uncommonly used in a particular context. Signals of this style are also used in apologies, forgive me for saying that. e) The artistic style has no special means of language, except for the few (Lithuanian language) poeticisms, and in metalinguistic commentaries, as said, the eyes are drawn to the characteristic means of some style, so in this case there are no typical metalinguistic commentaries. A fairly common commentary in figurative (visual) speech signals the visuality of speech as a feature of the general style culture (i.e., relative visuality compared to the overall expression of the context), rather than as a characteristic feature of the artistic style. The poeticness of the language expression can be shown by commentaries as the poet (poets) says, in the words of the poet, as the song says, corresponding individual comments, e.g., as the song promised MarcSA 191. 2. The concept of style culture includes more general (precision, clarity, conciseness) and more specific (visuality, vividness, etc.) stylistic characteristics. The metalinguistic commentaries especially often reflect the refinement and condensation of the statement: more precisely (better, more truthfully) saying; briefly speaking, briefly speaking, briefly speaking, (in one) word. During the preparation of this article, metalinguistic comments were selected from J. Balčikonis- ’s two-volume 196 H. K.. Andersen "Story". Found 4 references for clarification: (3 better say k.), more precisely (1); 14 — “Collected Writings” (commentaries on the author’s own text) and from the references to conciseness translated by him: (T) in a short word in (1), one word in a word (1), (1), (4). 3. Iš of the remaining undiscussed metalinguistic style comments, the following are mentioned at least: a) Reflecting the contrast ir of high and low style. High style shows: loudly said, loud word, bright word, sound solemn, beautiful words in speech, as it is said in the national anthem. One comment of higher style (that name is too clever for us) found H. K.. Andersen In the Tales: — The ir Romans ją called the Greeks Driada, — said the old man. — But that name is too cunning for us, Naujasodėj called her ir “family ją grandmother” BalčAP. The style of living is 112. indicated by the comments already mentioned when talking about the household style. b) Some low-style references include another emotional į opposition — to the — positive ir negative connotation, cf. gently call, call with a pleasant (loving) name, nicely called, ir rudely speaking, roughly speaking. c) A vivid historical (chronologica- — l) antithesis ir of — old-fashioned new-fashioned speaking: speaking old-fashioned, old-fashioned to say, old-fashioned to pronounce, old-fashioned saying, as used to say then, as people used to say before, as it is now customary (loved, fashionable) — to say, as it is now called, speaking in current terms, speaking modernly, speaking newly, speaking modernly. d) Age (generation) language contradiction: say old people, older people callna — as young people say now, according to young people, as our youth would say. Here are appropriate comments ir of children's speech: children call, kindergarteners call (in contrast adults say). — Iš part of the old-fashioir ned way of speaking about aging, e.g.: as our parents used to say liubėjo. e) The — territorial ir contradicti- — on of rural and urban language. Comments: rustic style, rural man's words pronounced in the city language. — The commentaries of rural speech sometimes su intersect with the comments of old-fashioned speech: as our village used to say, as it used to be said in the village. f) The common language is especially often opposed to the jargon language: jargonically said, said the Zargon of the corridor, speaking in the jargon of filmmakers, speaking in the jargon of prisoners, calling the meliorator's jargon, meaning in the Vilnius jargon. Metalinguistic style comments not only explicitly reflect the real style norm; the language users, the society claims the right to codify that norm. It seems that there is a smaller distance between actual stylistic usage and the codification of style norms than between other language norms and their codification. Let’s say, bookish (or “speaking”) is what the whole Lithuanian-speaking society or at least the majority of it perceives as bookish (or “speaking”), and a language error is still a language error, even though it is made by the majority of society. Because the norms of styles are internal norms of language, their violation does not destroy the language system; their change, a certain diffusion of styles only differentiates that system in a different way. A more detailed study of metalinguistic style commentaries (only 700 examples were used in this article) may be of great value for stylistics. The statements with those comments can give interesting data language tools for understanding the competition, because a lot of comments (in other words, scientifically speaking, etc.) are nothing more than a demonstration of competition. 197