Įvardžių „kas“, „kuris, -i“ anaforinė vartosena

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATOR MAY LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) Adele VALECKIENĖ ĮVARDŽIŲ WHAT, WHICH, -I ANAPHOROUS VARTOSENA § 1. Be interrogative ir relative functions, pronouns who, which, in Lithuanian language have an -i anaphoric function. These pronouns, in the position of nouns, pa= lead the real anaphoric demonstrative pronouns used in the same position. $ 2. Pronoun who replaces bev. g. generalised form of indication tai and its variant fas "that", when these forms go at the beginning of the subjunctive of the connective sentence, o jų antecedents are the whole statement, the main t. y. focus. For example: : Our current surnames, for example, such as: Daukšas, Daujotas, Gediminas, Daugilas, Dargis, Gedvilas ir etc., also In the sixteenth century there were still personal names, which (that, that) clearly visible is iš 1528 List of barons BūgRR I 203; So long as I was telling, the listeners began to snore garr garr, (this, that) regédamos, cypt silently extinguished ką the candle and went to bed aš ValPJ 117; Aisčių peoples artificial "gods" were familiar, which (this, that) shows not only the sources of history, but also the language BūgRR I 143; the word "danger" has an etymological "v" between "a" and "o", which (this, that) shows dialectology, the history of the word and the origin BūgRR I 107; In ancient times there were deer in Lithuania, about k q (about this, about that) testifies here mentioned remains IvanPZ 263; These fairies custom still fill virgins abandoned Biržai and Pabiržė, which (that) in Žemaitija since long no longer ValPJ 90; Between those rooms were kept grains, in the other clothes weighed hanging, from which (from that) and barn called DaukR I 433; He repeatedly hit this tree with his forehead, from which (from that) the tree was leaning to the side IvanPŽ 293, Such sentences with anaphoric what used and our famous linguist J. Jablonskis, in other cases correcting this noun (see below), e.g. : The hawk-nosed bird catches birds in the sight of people, within two or three steps from them, for which (for this) sometimes even puts his head RR I 534—535. It is particularly useful as a pronoun of this meaning to include in the sentence insertive or adjective elements, e.g. : If sometimes everyone has to leave the house, —which rarely happens, —the door is locked from the inside, and the last one flies out of the window. In this sentence what is convenient also because there is a conjunction this, correlated with if. This is a case where what is needed and offered, not this. On the other hand, the anaphoric use of the pronoun kas is limited by the sentence structure and the wider context. It goes in the conjunction and stands at the beginning of the conjunctive. This position of this pronoun in the sentence does not always allow it to replace the much more freely used forms of demonstrative pronouns this, that "that". For example: : That one against another 7. 1835 177 would call a common enemy, that was not yet in Žemaitija! VienPD, K. 282. Here change that to what hinders standing next to it, correlated with that. There are more contextual cases where the transformation what—that, that “that” is not allowed®. Thus, in Lithuanian, the anaphoric use of the pronoun kas is limited: the generalized indicative forms this, that “this” are possible everywhere, and the anaphoric meanings what — only in certain structurally defined cases. The primary in this subsystem There are generalized indicative forms this, that "this", and anaphoric meanings what is a secondary form. This means that the word "what" is used only when the generalized form of the indication that, that "that" is not appropriate (as in the above case). It is not necessary to artificially expand the anaphoric meaning of the pronoun kas used in Lithuanian literary language. $ 3. The pronoun which, -i, when it goes in the subordinate of the connective sentence, also has an anaphoric function. Unlike the pronoun who, the anaphoric pronoun who, -i replaces the masculine and feminine forms of the same pronoun, that, that. Their antecedents are nouns, said in the main subject. For example: : Raising his head, (Vainorius) pointed with his finger at the swallows, which (those) flew high, swam in the blue depths of the skies KrėvŠP 26; Half an hour (Plūga) was watching a pig in the gardens, which (that) laid out a whole bunch of bulbs for him, knocked it down... KrévSP 183; Then he takes by the shoulders Juozapėlis and Mike, who (said) still standing together against each other CvR II 103; The wolf and the fox ran together past the frogs, on which (on those) was hung a goose KatkR 267; In ancient times there lived an old man, whose (that) wife died S I 133; There is a small village in the country of Dainava, about which (about that) little one has heard KrėvRg 79; cf. examples with tas, ta: Zolys vedėsi Kupstį ant alaus. He didn't leave Peter with him. The one who, although with backslides, had his uncle to listen to ZemR I 162 —At the same time, he did not leave Peter, who, although with backslides, had his uncle to listen to; News we learn from the basket, which often goes to the market Balč AP 202— News we learn from the basket, which often goes to the market; ValPJ 30—All of them were wearing shoes, but only until they left the church—All of them were wearing shoes, but only until they left the church. As with the pronoun who instead of that, that "that", the use of the pronoun who, -i instead of that, that is limited by the context and the sentence structure. In order to change the pronoun forms tas, ta into the pronoun kuris, -i, it is often necessary to restructure the sentence members, change the sentence type, and in certain contexts such a change is not possible at all, for example, when there is direct and author's language. Plg. : Sliok splatk splashed water on the girls, and wet ki ki ki laughed, because they, as if on a holy day, decently dressed, cheered ValPJ 83; —Levuk! "Yes," said the man. He turned around and listened to ZemR II 62. Thus, in this subsystem, that, that are primary forms, and which, -i —secondary. § 4. As a pronoun which, -i is used with the same anaphoric meaning as the pronoun katras, -a, e.g. : As they walked they both discovered a very hard pine, which (which, that) was a middle rotten BM 97. 1 For more details, see Valeckienė A, Bevardės giminės forma rai ir jos santykis su kitomis pronominal forms. - Kn. : Word forms and usage (problems of Lithuanian linguistics). V., 1974, t. 15,. p. 71. 178 Pronouns for which, -i ir katras, -a are free variants, but katras, this -a function Tetai is used, its place is taken by kuris, -i. The latter is the primary form, katras, -a — secondary, $ 5. Pronouns of anaphoric meaning who and which, -i are distributed according to the principle of additional distribution. In the same position —at the beginning of the subjunctive of the indicative sentences—these pronouns distinguish each other: what is the bev of the generalized indication. g. the forms this, that "this", the substitute, and which, -i (each, -a) —the forms of specific indication fas, that substitute, According to the generalized/ungeneralized (specific) indication characteristic pronouns who and who, -i form a private opposition, where the marked marys is who, -i (each, -a), and the unmarked —who (the latter pronoun is used more widely). The relationship between these pronouns can be graphically represented as follows: Anaphoric pronouns who, which, (who, -a) -i Generalized Non-generalized kos:; (specific) indication: which, -i D fff. That's it. The isomorpta hic relationships of these pronouns are as follows: this, that “this”: what = this, that: which, -i (some, -a) or this, that “this”: that, -a = what: which, -i (some, -a). $ 6. In a certain context, the pronoun what is in the neutralization position: the distinctive sign between what and which, -i (what, -a) is neutralized and what replaces its opposite member which, (what, -a). — -i For example: : I do not see a person who could take the flag Lnkv; There is no longer my little boy, who (who) talks with me NS 1297; Here has appeared such a master, who (who) has taken on the task of teaching their child SlanSLSA 149; There is a young maiden in the field, who (who) calms my little heart (d.) ; Don't you remember Labanor's greatness, (which) he waddled in his armpit? ką po Lb. It is used in place of dg. who, -ies, e.g. : There were two brothers who were very welcoming to travellers SlanSLSA 43; Not as scary as those who say (who) were never there Myk-PutAŠ 12. Neutralization cases confirm that the noun who in the specified opposition is an unmarked member. $ 7. In the position of neutralization, the anaphoric form of the pronoun who in the final form what stabarėjo became incompatible and became a conjunction, which detaches the pronoun who, -i both singular and plural vowel forms or the adverb where. For example: : I immediately recognized that creep who had come to me once in the Povilas Dovydonis! BaltPV I 119; For me such a man is not what (who) sa (= his) 70 179 forest: he forgot the language Mrp; Wretched is the boy who listens ką to virgins Mrk; Blessed is ta the hand ką that invented the axe! BaranR I 38; Where are the men who stayed ką here? LB-306; Ir these light clouds, ką (which) entertain your eyes tonight, will not return, having fled to į far countries PietRR 45; Iš houses, ką (which) were at the back of the village, filled with scented PietRR 285; Juos (Trees) only people who have grown in the forest ir know, ką doctors po know, (who) forests mistake BaranR I 31; Can't apologize to ir those (who) ką are guilty of working PietRR 256; With that stone, ką (which) lies on the mountain, he ordered to tear į down the hill BsMt I 70. Ta Maybe you. form also ką has other conjunctions: that, ir as, if, instead, etc., meanings. ir For example: : But, ką (that) wet, low, it is not appropriate (cereals) Wolf; Throw your belly to the dogs» "what (that) so unhealthy Kp; I felt that already aš ne that bridge, ką (as) next time KudR I 151; Ką (if) you ask me, it's better not to have it at (= all Skp; Better let them not buy, (instead) they ką charge me koingkart every time) (= I'm sorry. Plg. not yet in ką use „how Ką much“: how much is a pound Ką of sugar? ; health of my pulled those works®. § 8. The systematic use of the examined pronouns, especially the ju cases of neutralization, shows that the pronoun kas and its subordinate form in place of jo kuris, probably= now is not a Slavic loan, as ką before -i J. Jablonskio®, recently A. PiroCkino* ir others were thought, but a common phenomenir on of the Balts Slavs, as has recently indicated J. Palionis®. This conclusion is ir supported by typological data. § 9. In Latvian, the anaphoric meaning of what is used more often than in Lithuanian, more broadly ir than the special jų pronoun for this case, kurš, -a*, in such types of statements: gan vinš neklausis savu mati, kas par vinu Ka tik daudz rūpējusies "How he gi would not listen to his mother, who cared so much for him"; Gramatas, més ko labprat būtu lasijuši, bija panemuši citi lasitūji “Books that we would have read with pleasure were taken by other readers”; We are cooking at the hut, més sakam vakt wood, ar ko fire-deaf “Having į climbed up the hill to the hut, we danced to collect firewood to light the fire”. It is found in su the anaphoric meaning kas in Prussian, harmonized with unharmonized noun with a ir genus antecedents, e.g.: edeitte, ir sta ast mais kermens, kas su perwans dats wirst T, 21—22 “Eat, this is my body, which is given for you,” he said. “Eat, this is my body, which is given for you”; beggi stai ast Day's schlūsinikai, quai stawidan absergisan turri erlaikūt 57, 22 “Therefes ore are 2 Grinaveckienė E. Some peculiarities of Lithuanian dialects (from years 1961 of dialectological expeditions- ). - Kn. : Issues of Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1962, vol. 5, p. 165. 3 Jablonskis J. Selected Writings/Sud. J. Palionis. — V., 1957, t. 1, p. 512. 4 Piročkinas A. Jono Jablonski's grammatical corrections. —K., 1976, p. 14. 5 Palionis J. [Rec.:] Pirochkine A. The origins of common language. — V., 1977, 228 p.; J. Jablonski — promoted the common language. — V., 1978. — 279 p. — Baltistica, 1979, t. 15(2), p. 162. ¢ Kabelka J. Latvian language, —V., 1975, p. 140. 7 Grammar of Modern Latvian Literary Language/Atb. red. E. Sokol. — Riga, 1962, 2, Ipp. 671, 670, 673. 180 "God Servant, who such Protection should handle", lied. “for they are servants of God who must keep such vigilance”; ‘kirscha wissans swirins, nominated lise 67, 12 “about everything Animal, that auff Earth crumbles- ”, sang. "above all the beasts that (which) crawl on the ground’’*, The corresponding pronoun gui, guae, guod in Latin is used, e.g. argentum, quod habes, condonamus te’ “silver which (what) you have, we forgive you.” In Russian, the pronoun ymo is used narrowly in the corresponding type of statements. „taken than the special pronoun comopuwii, prone to as ir stabaréti no longer — respects the Russian-specific xmo/umo of living /dead opposition, — umo used to indicate ir objects, persons, e.g. : ir »xuey om 8ac uepes ynuyy, smom 6 domuKe, npomue um o eawumux oxowex “I live a street away from you, in this house, which is in front of your windows- ”; Watch out! Hado cxodums nazad —63ame oguyepa, umo pawen mam 6 .Kanase’ "Guys! We have to go back and get the officer who is wounded in the trench." In Polish, the pronoun form co is used instead of ktdry, e.g. : Zty to ptak, co wtasne gniazdo kala"* "The evil bird that pollutes its nest." In other languages, certain forms of the pronoun what also tend to become a conjunction, e.g., Latin ka "when", pr. kai "when", kan "when, when", Latin quod "when", etc.12 $ 10. Thus, what, what forms used instead of the pronouns who, -i (who, -a), the adverb where, probably are not unregular and uncondemnable, if they occur sometimes. In the present system of literary Lithuanian language, it is a relic, archaic, peripheral phenomenon, found mostly in folk songs and narrated folklore. Another sentence with this pronoun has entered the language of fictional literature “(and from there into grammar), especially those writers whose language is closer to the spoken language of the people (J. Baltušis, I. Simonaitytė and others). In general, what, what forms instead of which, -i in the present Lithuanian language have no great support. Pronouns which, -i, katras, -a or adverbs where for the purpose of the speech are dominant and more expressive forms. AHA®OPHYECKOE VIIOTPEBGBJIEHHE MECTOMMEHHA KAS (KTO, 4TO), KURIS, -I (KOTOPBIH, -AS) Pe31oMe 2010-11-01 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 - 10:00:00 I'm going to pop it up a little. p. o60OnieKHoro ykasauus fai (5TO), AHTENeEJIEHTOM KOTODpOČ CIIYXKHT Ienas Ēpasa, Mexay Tem MecroHMeHHe which, -i 3aMeBsdeTCS ODOpMAMH MYX. H XEKH. p. KOHKDETHOTO 8 Mažiulis V. Monuments of the Prussian language, —V., 1981, t. * Hofmann J.B., Szantyr A. Latin Syntax and Stylistics (Leuman-- 1 Hofmann-Szantyr. Latin Grammar, Vol. 2). —Miinchen, 1972, p. 555. 10 "paMMaTHKa pycckoro s3eika. —M., 1960, T. 2, 4. 2, c. 273, Szober S. Grammar of the Polish language. Vyd. 4/Opracowat W. Doroszewski. — Warsaw, Poland 1957, s. 371. 12 See Valeckiené A. Grammatical system of the Lithuanian language- /Group category. — V., 1984, pp. 71-72. 181 Yyra3anmus tas, (3TOT, ta 3Ta, TOT, Ta) Toro Xe MECTOMMEHMS, AHTCUENCHTAMM KOTOPBIX CITyXaT cymtecTBuTeJisHEIe, HANp. : In the distant past deer existed In Lithuania, about ką (= about it) testify the remains mentioned here Ivan „B rny6oxoit APPENDIX OJICHH XWJIKH B Jinrse, o 9eM (= 06 3TOM) roBopaT 3mech YIOMsHYThie OCcTATKH’; Once upon a time there was a man who died himself, there was a ir woman who (=it) died himself Balč ‘Kuri OTHAXIEI MYXHK, Y KOTOporo (=y Hero) ymepiia xema, H XWNa KEHI(HEA, Y KOTOpoH (=y Hot) ymep Myx". I'm glad you're back. I'm glad you're back. B ASBIAIOTCA MEPBHYHBIMH dopmamMn, a kas, kuris, -i — Your brother. B anadopryeckoM iOTpeGNeHHH MeCTOMMeHHEe kas NMPOTHBOMOCTABJSETCA MECTOHMEHHIO which, -i mo mubdepenEanEEOMY TIpH3HAKY 0606mennoro /Heo606menHoro (KOHKPETHOro) yKasaHHs Tax Xe, Kak (¢opma fai dopMaM fas, ta, [aHHOH B ONMO3HIAH MECTOHMCHHE which, -i stBnsieTCA MADKHDOBAHHBIM WICHOM, a cas — HeMapKHPOBAHHBIM. Omro3uiust MecrouMenant whoever, mu mojBepraeTcs -i HEHTPAJM3AIMH, B TAKHX CJrydasiX MapKHpOBaHHEI Wien kuris, 3aMeHseTCH -i HEMADKHDOBAHHLIM kas, Hanp. : I don't see a man who could take the flag Lnkv ‘He Buxy YenoBeKa, KTO (KOTODpEkIM) Mor Oki B3ATH 3HaMsS“, moun B geiirpajm3anau $opma BHH. II. 1998-1999 ką MeCTOHMEHHSA cas CTAHOBHTCH YCTOWYMBOH H IpeBpalifaeTCA B COIO3. B craTbe IpHBeJIEHBI MAPAJUIENH VYIOTpeGjieHHSA JIATOBCKOTO kas B amadopuueckož OyKKuaa H COOTBETCTBYIOIIHX MECTOHMEHHI! B JIDYTHX POZCTBEHHBIX A3BIKAX — JIATBINICKOM, IIpyCCKOM,. CJIABAHCKHX, JIATHHCKOM H Jp. [lenaeTcst BBIBOJĖ O TOM, 4TO HCITOJIb30BaHHC€ who, smecto who, ką «į B JIATOBCKOM $S3LIKE IrpejCTABJISiIeT COGOH He 3AMMCTBOBAHHE H3 CJIABAHCKHX ABEIKOB, A oburee sSBeHHEE CJIABAHCKHX H OGanTHHCKHX S3BIKOB.