Dėl prielinksninių konstrukcijų išplitimo šiaurinėse aukštaičių tarmėse

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) STASYS TUMĖNAS ON Introductory remarks Dialectologists usually pay the greatest attention to the phonetics, lexics, and morphology of dialects, which are the areas where the differences from the literary language are the most — pronounced. Syntactic features of dialects: word order in the sentence, the role of intonation, the prevalence of prepositional and other analytical — constructions, etc. ir ir — so far little studied. Iš works that discuss the use of prepositions, mentionable E. "GrinaveckienésJ. ?, Senkaus?, J. Šukio" articles. In addition to the above, there are some more important features of the ARPANET. From a ir methodologijų cal point of view, important for the study of J. Kiliaus darbai“, which attempts to identify the semantic differential features of individual local prepositions of literary language. Prepositions are used in Lithuanian dialects in a wide variety of ways. Almost all dialects are characterized by the introduction of prepositional structures. — Only the prepositions are increasing, ne but the role of conjunctions ir and particles is increasing, the demonstrative jwardziai® are sometimes transformed into service words, so-called arthroids. In this article, the proliferation of prepositional constructions is considered as a characteristic iš phenomenon of analyticism. One of the reasons for — the proliferation of prepositional constructions in dialects is the influence of other languages. For example, in the dialects of Klaipėda region, many prepositional constructions were introduced due to the influence of the German language", in Latvian due — to the influence of ir the German-Russian languages". However, this is not the only reason for the spread of prepositional constructions. The purpose of this article is to — investigate the Northern Highlands (Eastern Highlands Panevėžys ir Western Highlands Šiauliai) spoken texts, to determine the ir relationship of the use of consonant prepositional constructions in those dialects. ! Grinaveckienė E. The north-western slope of the mountain is very steep. ir — Kn. : Lithuanian Language (Lietuvių kalbos klausimai). V., 1967, t. 9, p. 151—170. * Senkus J. The use of prefixes and their more important jų significance in the dialects of ir Kaps. Lietuvos TSR MA Works. A batch, 1960, t. 1(8), p. 125—150. 3 Šukys J. The most important examples of prepositional structures are found in ir the dialects of the western Pontons. — Kn. : Lithuanian Linguistics. V., 1963, t. 6, p. 275—286. * Kilius J. Local prepositional ir vowel system in common Lithuanian language/Kand. dis. (Inscription). —V., 1973. * Rosinas A. The semantic structure of pronouns in Lithuanian common language. — V., 1984, p. 48-52. = © Laigonaité A. It is the most ir commonly spoken language in Lithuania today. — V., Dp. 1957 33. * Hurnis JI. CucreMa IpEUIOroB B NATHIIICKOM ITHCBMEHHOM s3bIKe: ABTOped. mic. ... You. (one. Waik. — Bunsnioc, 1981; Hutu HIM. K Borpocy O BIMSIHME PYCCKOrO S3BIKA HA JIATBINICKHE MPEUIOXKHbIC KOHCTPYKIHH. — B XH. : It's a narthemic s3xixa. Pure, 1977. » 171 In order to see the changes in the use of prepositioiš ns, the ir data collected by the representatives of the su A. Baranausko Texts a. written at the end of the 19th century®. Mainly used cohesive texts of folklore in ir everyday language iš 11 panevėžiškių šnestas places: Siesikų, Raguvos, Krekenavos, Šeduvos, Rozalimo, Pasvalio, Pušaloto, Joniškėlio, Linkuvos, Pašvitinio, Žeimelio Šiaulių ir iš 6 dialect places: Kėdainiai, Šaukoto, Šiauliai, Pakapės, Kriukai, Joniškis. More typical cases of use of prepositions Due to phonetic changes, new consonant variants have appeared in the northern Highland dialects: dpe ‘apie’, ap’l’ oijk "aroundng ", "from", "to" "beforepo ", "after", ont ‘ant’, so ‘su’, ‘terp’ “betweeir n” etc. However, many prepositions have similar meanings as in literary language, only some ir prepositions, especially: ont, par, pro, so, terp have a much wider scope of use. It is an almost extinct iliative, used only in the eastern part of the Panevėžys dialect. The deteriorating iliativ was replaced by prepositional constructions. At the end of a. the 19th century, ir apparently, the people of northern Panevėžys still used the In Joniškėlis A.. Baranauskas wrote a sentence: Lape inkiszti lefigwiai ifikisze Galvą uzbénan... (see section 4.4). Ibid. p. 155). On the other hand, in another text of the same tale we find the following sentence: Ldpia ikiszt lufiwô ikisziū galwo unt uzbono... Almost disappeariš ed prepositions ing, int displaced — them by construction į su back. The prefix ing in Šiauliai dialect is not completely synonymous with the prefix į. It is used when it is necessary to describe approximately the direction (with the meaning,,link“), Cases of use of the prefix ing A. In the days of Baranauskas In Joniškis recorded 13, now 5, Kriukuose 7 ir 2, In the grave 3 ir O. Almost everywhere the preposition nuog nog is no longer used, recorded | only about Kriukus. The following are the prepositions of spoken dialects whose semantics differ most from literary language. Ontlon? ‘ant’. It is most commonly used in northern highlands. If we exclude 76 clearly translational constructions su as the origin, jo the ratio of use cases in texts of approximately the size of 2 author’s arcs, reflecting different periods of language development, is as follows: In the shadow 24 : 20 ao Li Pušalote 23 : 21 : 28, Siesikuose 18 : 7 : 14, In Joniškis 30 : 19%, Pakapéje 14 : 21, in Siauliai 30 : 22. 8 Specht F. Lithuanian dialects collected by A. Baranowski. — Leipzig, 1920, Bd. I. 9 Panevėžiškių $nekto assigns the du variants of this prefix git or on. — The final ? consonant is not pronounced po when the next word after the prefix begins with a muffled consonant, e.g. on_kié'ma ‘ant kiemo — kieme’, on. ta'ka ‘ant tako’. When a po prepositional word begins with a diphthong vowel, the ar consonant is clearly 7 heard, e.g.: ortt ‘dusty ‘ant aukšto', ont /ak'u “on the eye”. The prefix ont is used when the first sound ir of another word is a consonant, e.g. ont_gd'tv'es’ 'on the street in — the street', ont "land" 'on the ground'. The prepositional form before the sonants /, m, n, r varies, for example: on_rupd'n'ulont_rupdé'n'u. The variation of ont|on forms is more clearly visible in the language of the old dialect speakers. 10 The first digit indicates the number of prepositional constructions Late a. 19th, second — XX a. half, third — iš in the texts written by the current young generation. 11 Iš western Highlands Šiauliai are presented only Statistical a. data on the language of the ir current younger generation of texts written at the end of XIX century. 172 In literary language, the general meaning of the preposition on is being on top, in contact with someone's surface. In the conversations discussed here, this preposition is used in a much more diverse way, and its construction with the genitive in many cases replaces the literary locutor, e.g.: nebirket’ onOliettos, oncysd'ules padėk | tūo.į ež'dž uvi-s", al" Oykep ti*& on _kié'ma pri.rištos to's kdr'ves’, on _tei'sma to" pat’ pasike. The preposition ont/on with the adjective often also indicates the direction of movement, e.g. ma-te ji“ onklet'es’ noai'nan’t- ’, novéje kaské.r ont mi.ska | musair kd'r'v'u mil's’t’. In these cases, the preposition ont/on with the genitive can replace the construction i... + pi.se "half", e.g.: ontmi. Ska = iiumi. Ska piu.se. In the northern Highlands $nektos, the colloquial prepositional construction is also used in cases where in literary language we have a noun vowel, e.g.: gnie’k gi.vol’u vie’ns pie’mo 'for such a herd of animals only one shepherd', on _tie’k vi.štu t’ok viens gai"d's 'for such a herd of chickens only one cock'. For the "per". The prefix par usually denotes place, distance, time, mode of action, comparison, and can also denote business, profession. For example: paroto“ bale neparei:s' [t’okr pė"Pk'e jon _bu.va, jos na'k’t’ par._daiZs | par darzs e_pabé ga, vezi.ms važ'ūo'į par._mi.sko, jos\nedoins Zmoge-I’s’ | jauni’s’t’e par_pasd-- ul’ kel’av’es’, par_laiirks ni.lake kep_ak’s’ ezde g’es’ (cf. lit. k. laukais), pas’k’aii’ toks _g’'r’¢v’s’ éje par lair ko, tros méts tarnavo par._bé rno, kéjos\_paseke te. _t’ok per. work. In the northern highlands, the prepositional construction par with the adjective displaces the adjective vowel. Noticeable increase in the use of prefix par, for example, in Kriukai 1: 3, Šiauliai 8: 14. For the "pro". The prefix pro is used with a suffix and denotes a place that is either crossed or bypassed. Younger generations sometimes confuse the prepositions par and pro, so they use Yra synonymously, while older generations distinguish them more clearly. The use of the prefix pro is increasing: in Pasvitinis pro is recorded 1:2:5; in Pasvalys 0:2:4, in Siesikus 0:2:4, in Kriukai 1:6. For example: ta upéla pro Ul' oijkavo tekéje | bét visd'i né-seke | mat lofikau on _kd Ina, vag's' bos elei'd'es' prold'ngo, etd" kd'imo kéI's' ai'n pro_pa.t' šėk'š'en's- ", gaspado'- r's' pro doi' &'ke\_nusespjd un | te gėrra jau_neld-- uk. After "after". The prefix after the northern highland Snekts is used with several adjectives —kilminenko, naudininko, galininko, inagininko. It can be used to indicate time, place, or way. In Šiauliai it is used more often than in Panevėžys, for example: Joniškyje 16: 17, Kriukuose 14: 19, Pašvitinyje 6: 1: 8, Pasvalyje 3:1 :4, Siesikuose 7:6 :8. For example: : Sova pove®’ om pal’oiida, isegoii’d’e vaikas kep mat po._sudles pal’ ofida, starke mékst braidi‘t’ po_badls, keptos kd’r’v’es’ duos ta: piena jei po_ba'lp legi ke: I’u brai‘da gani:"klo, kū" fe.raudonio’i kai'p po_niod’em’es’, po_zém’ viétos visieem® ustéks, prasigé-re tas mus'aū' jai: povai‘ka bos, _kai're This preposition | indicates a friend’s relationship, way, means, po time, purpose, te 173 Good. Ione is burning, savd'ritę po _savd-ites' g upraai"n mė*te, nerei"k" ai"t" ne._po_ vir ne_po Į mar'. So ‘with’. object, quality. It is particularly common in the speeches discussed here. It has been observed that in the northernmost places of the Highlands, where the most detracted consonant of ir the reduced endings, the singular consonant is be almost not so used as a preposition, o the plural consonant is used as a preposition, ir su ir be his, because in the plural paradigm does not form homoniminiy vowels. Ratio of the number of prepositionso al uses in the postposition 19:16:28, Linkuvoje 16:17:22, Pasvalyje 9 :8 : 13, Siesikuose 11 : 14 : 17, In Joniškis 25 : 29, In the 16 : 21, backyard in Šiauliai 12 : 17. For example, "I'm going to" is "I'm going to go". _autd.bos, sen’aii d'rdavam t’ok so_ai’k’les’, nebezina kė“ dara [t'0k mosūo'į | mosūo"į so kev', md.na babii.tes' name's' so\sen sté'g. A. Baranauskas recorded the following sentences In Joniškis: nė wiendm ¥mégus sawės ni defending nudrūske wéida nails; houses for su multiple wooden lattices...; sendbej su Joniszkes apigarda biiwa stauni prekiūvimu sit apyneis. Terp ‘between’. The construction su of ferp adjectives instead of — inessive is a distinctive feature of the northern panevezy dialect. The prevalence of this design is ir discussed! ?, in Panevėžys dialect XIX, p. a. in the language the construction su ferp pronoun place is recorded only once in texts of the same volume, in the language of the current generation 7 even times, o cf. : 32 Linkuvoje 1 : 4 : 5, Pušalote 1 : 4 : 5, Pasvalyje 0:2 : 4, In 0 : 2 : 1, Siesikuose ji rarer than in Šiauliai dialect: Joniškyje 1:4, Pakapéje 1:3, Kriukuose 0 : 2. For example: : v'Ošt vé'rd terp_piioda, v'ės' pi.nege terp _kisen’es’, vd'rn tū.p' terp_mée-dze, sosi.muse jie: terp save’ po._geguZi.nes’, terp._pan&-I’'u ma-t’es’ e_neprastu. * * * Inesyva tends to be replaced by prepositional constructions only in northern ne Aukštaitija, but in western Žemaitija $nektoje!®. The tendency of ir analyticism does not bypass literary language, in which the inessive is also replaced by ir prepositional constructions in certain cases, cf. a folkloric inesy: The mountain rugeliy does tu not bind the ir literary language construction on the nobleman. su Iš older people managed to write sentences in which instead of the usual prepositional constructions of many dialect representatives, they used conjugative prepositions, e.g.: amēreko be kor važ'ūoi vės" sudie.v ka atai"dava saki’t’; there two#® darba dava jęgoket’ ęšvaž’ūo:dava gevé’n’t’ rigd-; jonGOcap'1"' e_esedé je bi kisé'ne palovi" budam, viens t'0k ešėje kar'iio'mene tuéi mi.re. | It seems that such examples reflect a previous state, when prepositional constructions had not yet displaced the corresponding imperfects. 12 See. Laigonaitė A. Min. veik., 32; Tumėnas S. Several remarks on the distributional limit of the prefix ferp in the northern Panevėžys dialect. — Kn. : Syntax ir semantics/ Resp. science. 100 mg/ 100 ml, solution for infusion 60th anniversary of the USSR, thesis reports. Šiauliai, 1982, p. 47—49. 18 Laigonaitė A. Min. ill., p. 32. 174 The results of the comparison of the texts of Northern Highland dialects, written at different times, confirm the hypothesis of the lawful relationship between the morphological changes caused by the reduction of the extremities and the establishmeir nt of analytical type conjugative constructions**. The relationship of ir the consonant prepositional constructions in the dialect of Panevėžys is determined 2 by factors: historical ir geographic. Prepositional constructions are currently used much more frequently than in texts a. fixed at the end of XIX; especially in the language of the younger generation. The geographical factor plays an even more prominent role in the conversation of the people of Panevėžys. The southern section of the river has a very narrow mouth, and the northern o section has a wide mouth. As the iš north-souį th direction increases, the reduction of the gauntlet increases. The further north, the į more homonymous forms appear in the conjugation paradigm. In order to avoid homonymy ir differentiating meanings, the use of prepositional constructions is expanded. The number of prepositional uses of at* in dialect texts increases as the endings are reduced, going from south to ir north. iš į For example, in a text of the same size, the preposition į Fixed in Linkuva 17 : 12 : 16, Pušalote 1 : 11 : 10, In the 3 : 8 : 6 sides of times, pre In the shadow 4 : 7 : 11, Pasvalyje 2 : 6 : 10, Krekenavoje 1:2 :2 100 times. The Panevėžiškiai border the su West Highlands in the west Shielding. They are much more sensitive to lower ir temperatures and reduced thermal conductivity. This is reflected ir in the syntax. In the Šiauliai dialect, the geographical factor for the establishment of prepositional structures is almost irrelevant. The distribution of prefixes in the ir southern and northern parts is almost identical. For example, the prefix on|ont Joniškis residents in the younger generation fixed 19, Called 21, times, 16 preposition respectiveiš ly times, 17, 14, 18 preposition pro In Joniškis 7, In the 6, cliffs 8 shouted times. However, the role of the historical factor in the proliferation of prepositional constructions is obvious. Antai Ratio of the number of cases of use of preposition pro in Joniškis 2 : 7, Kriukuose 1 : 6, In Šiauliai 2 : 5, prefix su respective25:29, 16:21, 12:17, ly before preš — 0:4, 1:5, 0:3. It should be noted that much more frequent conjunctive constructions su in singular forms, because in the plural paradigm homonymous vowels are not formed, due to o to ne such an urgent need for ir syntactic differentiation. PACNPOCTPAHEHHE INVALIDITY KOHCTPYKILHA B CEBEPHO-AYKIITAATCKHX TOBOPAX I knew it B was going to happen. OMHCHIBAIOTCS Te MPEUIOTH CeBepHO-ayKNITAaHTCKHX FOBOPOB Jim Tobcott, YyrnoTpeOGjieHHe H CeMAHTHKA KOTOPBIX OTJIH4aIOTCSA OT I'm sorry, I'm sorry. [on ‘Ha’, pro|pro ‘cKBO35, MuMo’, per[par ‘wuepe3’, po[po ‘my’, terp Mexny“, su/so Big Ha OCHOBE CTATHCTHYECKHX MAaHHBIX YCTAHOBJIEHA CBA3b MEXIY paciIpocTpaHeHHeM IpelJIOXKHBIX KOHCTDYKIIKŪ AHAJIHTHYeCKOTO THIA H It's a simple, ordinary thing to do. 4 Tumen S. The ir relationship of the consonant consonants in the Panevėžys dialect. — Kn. : Young philology works, V., 1986, t. 2. 175