Pirminių būdvardžių semantikos derivacinis aspektas

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE CONVENTION STUDY MAI LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) RITA ŠEPETYTĖ DERIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE SEMANTICS OF PRIMARY PRONOUNS 1. Use of adjectives high, deep, low in the meaning of “large, strong; good" or "small, weak; bad“ is considered a semantic error of Lithuanian language®. Prof. J. Balčikonis corrected it?® strictly. In his edited "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" I tom. the adjective high in the socket does not have the meanings “good, excellent (about quality)” and “large, significant in quantity, strength, etc.” (see second edition*). J. Balčikonis knew the Lithuanian language well, or rather, he knew what was foreign to it. One of his main arguments in correcting the language was the truth of the word or phrase in relation to the spoken language of the people." In the second edition of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, volume I, the adjective aukštas is presented, in our opinion, taking too much into account the meanings of the Russian adjective esxcoxuū. By making subtle corrections, Prof. J. Balčikonis did not slow the development of the Lithuanian language, as some might have thought, but rather nurtured its distinctiveness. After all, each language models the world in its own way. Only a thorough study of semantics can reveal this, of course. Prof. J. Balčikonis did not write major theoretical works, but his corrections and translations show that he was a great master of Lithuanian language semantics. In order to describe the semantics of primary Lithuanian adjectives as systematically as possible, we applied the method of analysis of working relationships, among others. Primary adjectives are a favorable sphere for this; they are characterised by the abundance of labour relations. In addition, the deadjective types® are characterized by a fairly high degree of regularity and productivity’. Usually, the analysis of derivative relationships is used to break down the semantic structure of a multi-meaning word into semences (meanings)*?, more precisely, derivatives 1 In the “Language Practice Tips” these words have the mark “better not to use. r.’ (preferably not to be used in meaning), see : Language practice tips. —V., 1976, p. 40, 81, 312. In the second edition of the advice, this prohibition is relaxed, see. : Language practice tips. —V., 332. 1985, p. 41, 82. * Balčikonis J. Selected Writings- /Sud. A. Pupkis. —V., 1978, t. 1, p. 155, 228, 291, 307, * Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. —V., 1941, t. 1, p. 396—397. 4 Dictionary of the Lithuanian language. —V., 1968, vol. 1, p. 488. ę 5 Keinys S. J. Balčikonis' works on language science. —Language Culture, 1985, vol. 48, p. 7—8; Vitkauskas V. Juozas Balčikonis. —Kaunas, 1985, p. 66, 106. See also: Balčikonis J. Rinktiniai raštai, vol. 1, p. 194. $ For the term transaction type see. : Urbutis V. Theory of word formation. —V., 1978, p. 249. 7 For these terms, see the case-law. : Urbutis V. Min. veik., pp. 262—268. 8 MennuurxosBa 3. M. 3magenmne cnosa H MeTOJIbI ero ommcamms, —M.,1974, c. 60—61; Kalendienė D. Old adjective lexical-semantic characteristics. —Kalbotyra, 1981, t. 32 (1), p. 38—51. The basis for this analysis is the statement that derivatives are usually based on a single (defined) meaning of the base word, see : Urbutis V. Min, veik., p. 152—156; Tunxoxos A. H. O ceMAHTHYECKONH COOTHOCHMOCTH IIDOH3BO- /ISINIHX UM NPOM3BOAHBIX OCHOB, —BA, 1967, Ne 1, c. 114. 158 difference in order to confirm the difference of the semes (values). We analyze the derivative relations of adjectives in another aspect. The primary adjectives of the Lithuanian language are characterized by regular constructions —from them nouns with the formants -umas, -uma, adverbs with the formant -ai, verbs with the formants -ėti, -inti and even much more or less regular constructions belonging to various parts of the language are made. We have noticed that adjective derivatives, formally “produced” according to the same constructive scheme, often have different constructive meanings, and sometimes are far from the probable (specific to the constructive scheme “adjective + formant”) meaning, i.e. lexicalized?. Our hypothesis —1) the semantic affinity of the base adjectives is followed by the semantic affinity of their corresponding derivatives; 2) if regular?" derivatives are distant in their meanings from the likely meaning of the construction scheme, the semantic structures of the basic adjectives differ in important semantic components. In this paper we have chosen for analysis four semantic groups of primary adjectives, i.e. adjectives, whose semantic structure includes semas** (unequal rank) “space”, “quantity”, “color”, “time”. The nomenclature of sems was based on the model of Z. Sokolovskaya!?. The presence of sems is determined by the definitions of meanings given in the dictionary. The article is based on the Lithuanian language dictionary? and “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language”* with illustrative material and explanations of meanings. We emphasize that our assumptions and conclusions are hypothetical, and this is related to 1) the fixation of derivatives in dictionaries (regular derivatives are not always fixed); 2) an incomplete illustration of them; 3) most importantly, the possible heterogeneity and heterochronicity of formations? * (e.g., not quite clear basis of the verb —old—aging or old—aging, etc.). Furthermore, our analysis does not include figurative meanings (both derivatives and basic Zodzis). 3. We chose regular structures for analysis: a) with the formant -uma. In „Lietuvių kalbos gramatika“!® they are described in the two categories of creation —“abstracts” and “place”. At the same time, it is stated that abstracts denote "an abstract property or time, a state of time" "*", and derivatives with a place meaning can also denote,,... part of the thing" and time *? ; * For lexicalization, see : Urbutis V. Min. veik., p. 146—148; Ky6psxrosa E. C. Tans S3LIKOBbIX 3HaueHnHi. 1981, pp. 57. 10 The minimum regularity is 2 derivatives belonging to the same derivation scheme. 11 Sem and semantic component are used synonymously in this article. 12 CorxojnoBcras XK. II. 1998-1999 OrtbiT CHCTEMHOr0 ONHCAHHS CEMAHTHYEeCKHX OTHONIECHHHŪ B JIEKcHxe (Ha MaTrepHnajie pycCKHX HMEH NpHjJIaraTejIbHbIX): Asroped. HEC... I-t-pa. QHION. HayK. — Kues, 1981. —28 c. 13 Lietuviy language Zodynas. —V., 1956—1984, t. 1—13 (hereinafter abbreviated as 1 Contemporary Lithuanian Dictionary. —V., 1972 (abbreviation DZ). 15 pp. : Ky6psixosa E. C. Teopust HomMuHauuu H ciioBooGpasosanme. - B x H. : S3bIKOBas HommHaAs (Bums mamMmewoBanmit). M., 1977, c. 270. 16 Grammar of the Lithuanian language. —V., 1965, vol. 1, p. 311, 399. 17 Ibid., p. 311. 18 Ibid., pp. 399-400. 159 b) with the formant -ėti. These derivatives mean “the gradual appearance or strengthening of the characteristics expressed by the main (= basic — R.S.) word”! ?, A little formalized, the meaning of the action can be presented as follows: "to do X-am/X-esnam"?? ; c) with the formant -inti. The main meaning of the verb: “to do what is expressed by the base verb”® („to do X [X-th’); d) in addition, regular derivatives of adjectives with the “color” sem with the formant -woti and derivatives of adjectives with the “time” sem with the formant -yvas were analyzed. During the analysis, attention was paid to: 1) whether the meaning of a particular construct corresponds to the meaning of the work (i.e., the degree of lexicalization is determined); 2) what meaning the derivative acquires (has acquired) with regard to the base adjective's semis. 4.1. "Color" sema. Adjectives: white “snow, milk colour”, black “charcoal colour”, yellow “windflower, sulfur or gold colour”, blue “one of the main colours of the spectrum — middle between violet and green”, red “warm rainbow colour” (‘blood colour’ DG), brown “dark yellow”, green “grass colour” DG. (a) The value of ‘X colour spot (surface- )’. For example, white "white spot", black "black spot, blackness", yellow "yellow spot", blue "blue spot", red "red spot" (could also be "red spot"), brown "brown spot, brown spot", green "green spot, green surface" DŽ. b) More potential than real type of action. It is recorded in dictionaries, but almost without illustrations. "X-Men: Days of Future Past". E.g.: baltėti „go baltyn, balti“ (without illustration); blacken "to be black; tape” (5 illustrative examples of different meanings- ); *žėltonėti*?, mėlynėti „to turn blue, bluer“ (2 ex.), raudonéti „to turn red“ (1 ex.; the second-degree derivatives jraudonéti, išraudonėti etc. duplicate the meanings of the verb with the formant -yti or are dialectal variants of it), analogously rudėti „to turn brown“, žalėti „to turn green, Zalesniam“ (DŽ; without illustration). (c) The meaning- ** of ‘painted in X colour’. For example: bleach "to paint something white" (‘painted white’ DŽ), blackened "make black, smear", yellowed "make yellow" („make yellow, paint yellow“ DŽ; illustration LKŽ —Gardakuliais yellows threads Šts), blued "make a bluish shade, bluish" (Spring ash does not whiten, but bluish the collapse Šts), reddish "painted red", browned ‘brown coloured- ’, greened “to make green; painted green’ DJ. d) Values: 1) “to be, to look like X color”*4, e.g.: whiten "white to be, white to appear", blacken “to be, to appear black; black thing to go, to slide“, yellow19 English Grammar, V., — 1971, t. 2, p. 258. 20 The sign X hereinafir ter means the reference adjective. #1 Jakaitienė E. Conjugation of verbs. (I swear Vedic.) — V., 1973, p. 21. ?2 Sign* We indicate (potential) derivatives or meanings not recorded in dictionaries. jų * Plg. Yakaiti E. Min. ill., p. 21, only here the author mentions noun derivatives (gilding, etc.). *“ See. Jakaitienė E. Min. ill., p. 43. Here is perhaps a more accurate interpretation „to appear from afar, to be seen by such as is expressed by the reference word“. 160 swim "to be yellow, to look yellow", bluish “to look ar blue”, “to glow red” (“to look red, to be red”) DŽ), browning "to appear, to be seen brown", greening "to be, to appear green" DŽ (this actionThe word is more commonly used in lexicalized meaning "about meadows, fields, plants (spring ir summer)"); 2) “gradually acquire X color; cover (shrink) X colour”, e.g. : *whiten, blacken “to turn black, to blacken” (“to strip, to blacken”) DZ), *yellowish (this value is recorded in the second-degree derivative yellowing “turning yellow on the surface”), bluish “turning blue”, reddish „to be, to turn red“, brown „to turn brown“, green „with green rust, with mould to withdraw“ DG; 3) ‘tepti (contamiX nated) colour”, e.g. : *whiten (value not recorded, although possible, e.g. in the second-degree derivative Where did you get your back? ), *blackening analog., yellowing “making yellow, yellowing”, *melting analog., *red-ening (but reddish ‘red-stained- ’, ‘red-painted- ’, etc.), *reddish ir (but rusty "stained brown"); „to make green, to pollute with greens“ DZ. The first value is manifested in the ir second-degree derivatives by the prefixes at-, su from-, nu-, pa-, par-, with-, the second value by the prefixes ap-, into-, from-, nu-, pa-, with-, with-, the third value — su — su prepositions from-, to-, with-. 4.1.1. The group of adjectives “Colour” is characterized by semantic proximity (perhaps that is why ją the subject of analysis is chosen). This is evident in ir iš the overview of derivative iš relations. The group is distinguished by the adjective green. Jo semantic structure more complex than other su color adjectives (e.g., values The Colours of the Grass ir ‘unripe, immature’ and ‘uncooked (untreated)’ coexistence). Be therefore, the analysis of derivative relations, in our view, confirms that the semantic relevance of colour adjectives is also ‘surface’ (see section 4.4). interpretations of derivative meanings). 4.2. "Space" sema. Adjectives: high “having great height, great scale from bottom to top”, deep į "far from the surface", low "with a small scale from bottom to top" į DŽ, artus "near (in terms of location)" (near "nearby"), far away "distant in space" DZ (distant) ‘distant (spatially)’). a) "Locatio- „X n". For example: altitude "high place, high area, mountain, hill", depth "deep place, depth", lowland "low place, plain, slightly above the sea level" DG, artuma "near place, distance "far away place, far away" DZ. b) Different meanings, e.g. awkstéti "to be tall" (without illustration; in our opinion, the benchmark value of this structure high — 2. "far from the surface of the earth" į ir 1 || "above the normal level (location, water)’), deepening "go deep" (because this adjective has no corresponding primary verb, the verb gilėti may have the meaning "to get deeper, deeper" (second-degree derivative pagilėti)), ir žemėti analog. to rise, to approach „go closer, approach (in terms of distance)“ (higher-degree lexicalization; second-degree derivatives with prepositions su pri-, su-), distant „to go further, to get away“ DJ. c) A significantly lexicalized meaning of “to make X/X-ier”; daryti means a real action, e.g.: aukštinti "to make higher" (Gausim tvorą aukštinti Grg), deepening “to make 161 deeper, to shake”, to humiliate “to make low; leisti žemyn" DŽ, priartinti "make to approach" („pulti artyn“), tolinti "make farther with respect to space" DŽ (this may be a derivative of tolti) („pusti tolyn“, cf. illustration Senis here artino, here tolino tabokinę š.r.). Second-degree derivatives with prefixes nu-, have the meaning component "too much", e.g.: nuaukštinti "to make too high", aukštinti "to make too high", nudilti "to deepen too much", gilinti "to make too deep", žeminti "to make too low", parénti "to bring too close". 4.2.1. The group of adjectives of “space” could be divided into two subgroups: 1) high, low, deep; 2) near, far. The adjective derivatives of this subgroup are characterized by greater lexicalization of meanings. The adjectives long, short, wide, narrow also have the semantic set of “space”. However, the semantics of “quantity” is more important for them; and for adjectives high, low, deep the semantics of “quantity” is not important. In addition, it can be observed that the meanings of the derivatives of the adjectives “space” can be interpreted by the corresponding adverb (high, deep, low; near, far). 4.3. Quantity sema. Adjectives: ilgas "long, extended in length; long“ (compilation definition from DŽ and LKŽ), short „small length“ DŽ, thin „narrow diameter- “, thick „with a large distance between the two surfaces of the plane“, wide „large across“, narrow „with a small diameter, width“, large „remarkable by its volume“, small „small height, height, small dimensions“, hard „resistant to the pressure of another body, not compressible, not crumbling- “, soft „easily pressed, not heavy“ DŽ. (a) The meaning of ‘Part X’. E.g.: ilguma „the long part itself“ (DZ —„the long place“, without illustration), thinuma „the thin place“ (but from the illustrations it is clear that the meaning is, apparently, „the thin part“, e.g.: Lašinių plonuma DZ, Eikit [sieno] plonumų grėbstyt Dsirt.t.), storiuma „the thick part, place, stormena“ (stormena „the thick part, thickness- “), platuma „the wide, wide place“ (could also be „part“), nauruma analog., diduma®® „the larger part, majority- “, mažuma „the small part“, kietuma „the hard place“ (could also be „part“, e.g.: Softness was eaten, and hardness was left to me, etc.), minkštuma „the soft part, flesh“. (b) The meaning of “to do X more”. E.g.: ilgėti „to become longer, shorten „to become shorter (shorter- )“ DZ, platėti „to become broader (wider)“ DZ (the meaning “to go wide, to expand into countries” given by LKŽ is partly lexicalized, because it is related to the semantic structure of the adjective platus in the semantic structure of “space”), siauréti analog., plonėti,.eiti plonyn, darytis plonam (thinner), thicken „to go storyn, to become thicker“, didėti* „to become bigger“ (LKŽ „to go bigger, to grow (wide, thicker)“, mažėti* „to become smaller“ („to go smaller“ —LKZ), kietėti „to become hard“ („to become hard (harder)“ DZ; There is also a partially lexicalized meaning of „harden, stiffen, harden“, related to other, not mentioned here, sems of the adjective kietas), minkštėti „to become softer, softer“. The same meaning is manifested in the second-degree derivatives with the prefix pa-. (c) The meaning of “make more X”. E.g.: lengthen "make long", shorten "make short" DZ, broaden "make wide (broader)- ", narrow "make narrow, #5 For semantic and formal mismatch of measurement of derivatives see. : Urbutis V. Min. veik., p. 84. 162 narrower- ", thinner "make thin", thicker "make thick, thicker", increase „make bigger“ (LKŽ —caus. didėti: In spring we will need to increase the garden by increasing Gs), mažinti „make smaller volume“, kietinti „make hard, harder“, minkštinti „make soft, softer“. These verbs (except hardening softening), as ir well as exalting, lowering, deepening, drawing closer, drawing further, have a (although sometimes ir illustrated) the meaning of "make it look like X", e.g. : A short skirt lengthens the legs, Vertical lines look better — they raise and thin the figure trš, Wide clothes make a person thicker DŽ, The gaze closes at one end, distances at the other DŽ, Magnifying glass DŽ, Orange color narrows the space, reduces trš, etc. The verbs to harden and soften, or rather their second-degree derivatives with the prefix, have the meaning "to touch, to try, or X", e.g.: pahardinti "to try the hardness", paminkštinti "to press, to see if soft" (cf. palengvinti and apsunkinti "to raise to determine the weight"). Second-degree derivatives with the prefix acquire the meaning “to make it too X”, e.g.: nuilginti “to make too long”, truncate “to make too short” DŽ, enlarge “to make too large”, naplatinti “to make, offer too wide” and so on. This is also the meaning of the verb to harden: "to make too hard". 4.3.1. As we have already mentioned, the adjectives long, short, wide, narrow also have the semantic “space” (and the meanings of some of their derivatives correspond to the meanings of the adjectives high, deep, low). But more important in their structure is the "quantity" sem. A psycholinguistic interpretation could also confirm this. After all, in order to qualify an object as being, for example, high, it is important for us its position in space (verticality, base, top, etc.). A long or wide object can be independent of its position in space, the most important here is the quantitative relationship of the parts of the object. ; 4.4. The ‘time’ sense. Adjectives: long “lasting for some time”, short “not long lasting” DŽ, old “having a lot of age, reaching old age, not young (about people, animals); long growing (about plants)“, jauns „not many years old, old“, jauns „recently appeared, made, acquired“, agrīns „beginning of some time period“, vēls „far gone, going to the end (about time)“ DŽ. a) Length “the longest time” (I don’t twist the SDK so much in the long days), shortness analog. (e.g., from LKŽ kartotekos 7rumpumoj nakties), senuma „Old age; old thing“, jaunuma „youth“ (jaunystė „young year, young age“), naujuma „something new“, ankstuma „early, early time“, vėluma, „late time“ DJ. b) Adjectives with the dominant "time" semantic are not made, e.g. lengthen and shorten manifest the "quantity" semantic, not "time". Aging "to become old (older)" and becoming younger "to become younger, to go younger" (apparently, by analogy with becoming old; has a sign of relativity) are related to sema "state". c) The meanings are lexicalized, e.g.: ilginti „to delay, to continue”, ankstinti „to do something too soon, to hurry”, delinti „to do something later than necessary” DŽ, atnaujinti „to erase the signs of consumption, wear, aging”, jauninti „to make young; to restore youthfulness’, ‘to age’, ‘see. seninti" (seniti caus. senti "to make old") (the latter meanings are the least lexicalized, probably because the base adjectives have the semma "state"). 163 d) Iš of adjectives united by semas "time phase", making adjectives su formant -grapes; but the jų values are different: early "early occurring...", late * "late occurring", juvenile "new, recent" DZ (more precise definition), elderly "aged, old man". As can be seen, the meaning of the first two derivatives is significantly lexicalized, the second o two are modifier. — 5.1. In this article, we have iš provided an example of the application of the work relationship analysis. However, we can draw some conclusions ir confirming our hypothesis: if the base adjectives have a common set, then the corresponding 1) derivatives acquire: jų a) (or repeats the repertoire of meanings (e.g., derivatives with the formant -umd), especially when that semantic is dominant (e.g., "color" adjectives); meanings of the same degree of lexicalization b) (e.g., derivatisu ves of tu -it). 2) the difference in the meaning of the verb indicates the difference of the base adjectives in relation to other semis (e.g. elderly ir early or whitish green). ir 5.2. The economy of means of expression applies to language. The creation of words according to semantic analogy is iš one of the cases of manifestation of this law. We believe that further studying the derivative relationships of adjectives, it is possible to identify the most close semantic structures (semanthems). AEPHBATHBHBIA ACNEKT CEMAHTHKH HEMPOM3BOJIHBIX NMPHJATATEJIbHbBIX Pe3ome craTee B omMhiBaeTCS NpHMeHeHHe aHANW3A CJIOBOOGpa3OBATEJIbHELIX OTHONIEHMI ITpHiAraTeJIbHBIX C HEJILIO MOATBEPKICHHA HX CEMAHTHYECKON G/IH30CTH IIO OTHOLIEHHIO K TOM HJIH HHOMN obuieit ceme, KOHCTHTYHPYIOLIEH HX CEMaHTHYECKYIO CTPYCTYPY. Full of nights Takoro anaJIH3a OCHOBBIBACTCS HA THIIOTE3€ O TOM, YTO CeMaHTuyeckas GIHM30CTH MIPOM3BOJHBIX, BOCXOJIAIHX K ONpeNesieHHON CJIOBOOOpa3OBATEJILWOUCH MOEN, NO/KHA CBHJIETEJILCTBOBATL O ČEMAHTHYeCKOH OJIH3OCTH NpOH3BOJISINIHX; BO3MOXHOCTL TaKOTO aHAaJIH3A OCHOBAHA HA DPeryJiAphoCTH AeaTbeKTHBHOM! JIEDHBAIIMH B JIATOBCKOM S5i35IKE, HOMEHKNaTYpa CEM COCTABJIEHA C YYETOM MOJIEJIH X. II. 1998-1999 Coronoscxoit. Hamaune ceM YycraHapjiuBaeros ITyTEM OOOGOnEHHS CJIOBADpHEIX Get rid of it. 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VerakanpnuBaeTcs, ‘TO NpOoH3BOJSINHe, OGbejiuHSeMbIe OonIeK cemoii (ocobenro, ecru cema Ta SBJIISeTCH NOMHMHMDYIONIEH), COOTHOCSTCA C IIDOH3BOJIHLIMH (B paMKaX OjIHOH MOJIEJIK), OOJIAJIAIOLIHMH OIMHAKOBBIM CJIOBOOGpAa3O0BATEJILHLIM 3HA4UCHHEM WIM 3HAYCHHAMH OJIKMHAKOBONŽ CTeIICHH JIEKCHKAJIH3AIKK; BapbHDpOBAHHe STHX 3HAYCHHMIH CHIHANM3MPYET O HAJIHYHH B CeMAHTH4eCKOH CTPYKTYPE IIDOH3BOJŲSINHX I'm gonna take care of that. Ilpeamonaraercs, YTO JIaJIbHelIiee KCCJIe/[fOBAHHEe CJIOBOOOpa3OBATEJILHbIX OTHONNIEHHÉ MOXET CIIOCOGCTBOBATL YCTAHOBJICHHIOCEMAHTEM MAKCHMAJIbHON GJIM3OCTH. IlojrgepkuBaeTCH, YTO TIOJIOXEHHA H BbIBOJIbI HOCAT TMIOTETHYUeCKHŪ XApaKTEDp, YTO CBS3AHOB NIEPBYIO O4epeJIb C BO3MOXHONH TETEpOMreHHOCTELIO H TETEDOXpOHHOCTEIO IpOH3BOJIHBIX, 164