Veikiamosios rūšies esamojo laiko dalyviai sintaksinėje daiktavardžio pozicijoje

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) ALGIRDAS MALAKAUSKAS OPERATIONAL ACTION ESAMOJO TIME The article analyzes the present tense participants of the active kind, performing the functions of a substantive, adjective, incoordinate adjective in the sentence. be ir ir According to the ir peculiarities of their use, they can be divided into į three groups. Some used as nouns only in a certain situation to name a specific person ir (or a specific group of persons) according to the ar action performed in the present tense of the sentence, e.g. : The worker raised his ir head laughed Krtn. The drowning man cried for help Dks. Sick rodio anam not to marry BM251 (Krp.) Someone announced that they're giving lunch vouchers to workers. Everyone ran tsp. Competition of her youth, weeping ir ball, ... ir still stubbornly struggled with the dancing crowdje AND81. Soon I was transferred su to another hospital with a group of recovering į patients. Kristupas Daukintis followed, iš far behind the escorts Radz PV117. The patients are transported ir here to work į by the factory bus tsp. "In such cases, the most commonly used participle forms of participants emphasize omitted nouns denoting specific persons, often already known from the previous context. iš Other noun participles name an indefinite person or a generalized group of persons according to a certain action not related to a specific time. su This noun meaning is usually used in the present tense in the unnounified forms (especially they are characteristic of ir proverbial prepositions), Ji e.g.: must be patient, compassionate, suffering, peaceful, devoted caring such a nurse's ideal ir trš. — He said that we are in danger from the ne erring, o indifferent AvD242. Meaningful individual work with believing su doubters etc. ir Previously, when I started teaching, I was very concerned that there are students, only students, etc. į ne o But there are still a lot of young people who are just getting used to sports, who like ,, to play sports, watch others playing sports, ne etc. o į Scared ir bushes strawberry Skr. Dirban- &iam god ir help JNSH. Don't go, sister, už drinking Lnkv. Must go leading, už one promisiuž ng LTR (VK). Many take, but few give LTR (811). Help the working, promise the asking LTR (Jnš). Su cry with the crying, sing su with the singing, it's everywhere Ms. The ir už drowning straw grabs LMD (Valk). In contemporary Lithuanian common language, the noun is the third group of present tense participants, which tends to become names of persons denoting a specific feature of the actor, not related to a specific time. The following su subjects with specialized meaning are used: the student, the watching, the working, the drinking, the hearing, the speaking, the 122 mę loving, the not drinking, the non-smoking, the unbelieving, the writing, the seeing, the drinking, the sick, the drowning, the . married, the believing, the playing and one more?. pr ir For example, the term "student" is sometimes used in the sense of a student, a student, a student, a — student, a student, a — student, a student, a — student, a student, a — student, a student, a student, a 7496 student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a į jų student, a ir student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student, a student. A large part of the students excuse that they are preparing for seminars during lectures, because otherwise there are not enough books etc. The seniors of the floors are responsible už for the order ir and cleanliness of the floors, assign kitchen watchmen, jų control work etc. Į final round of the mo professional master's competition Cashiers, stewardesses, transportation organization department attendants, etc. of the Lithuanian Civil Aviation Board were gathered in Vilnius. Realus — ir horrible in his reality of — murderous television reports host tsp. ... held the national competition of mastery of jų entertainment evenings dedicated to the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War For the 40th anniversary tsp. A doctor must love people, seek knowledge, be interested ir in scientific news, sympathize with the sick and | ir want to help them. The age of the patient determines only the term for which the leaflet can be issued tsp. The players are divided into skilled and unskilled į swimmers. Most of the time, the noun has the meaning of the participant working workers). ( It is used in various contexts: in the sense of workers, a) employees, b) working c) people, e.g. : a) Ir earned well: sixty percent of working people earn jų less than ne hundreds a month, other du — po 148 rubles, but they can ir acquire the highest category tsp; it is possible only to successful- ... ly perform ne the production tasks of the day, but to predict the physical capacity of the ir workers tsp. ; every work collective needs a b) living man who would lead after him mass sports tourist trips hundreds of working people etc. į The ar workers of Šilutė furniture factory are doing a great job, and today they will participate in the communist Saturday rally. When choosing a profession, you need to know its specificity, requirements for the working trs. Qualification is a characteristic of every worker trš. Some of the workers are closer to the production process, directly control machines, machines, carry out production operations, others only plan the technical and economic organization of the factory, others manage production, carry out its accounting, etc. ; c) the working people of Kapsuko actively participate in the communist Saturday rallies etc. Therefore, in our country, particular attention is paid to the organization of working rest tiš. Every year, the working people are given better and better conditions to study in evening and part-time departments... etc. Everywhere it is necessary to create an atmosphere of creative work, to encourage the initiative of the working people — as we know, this inspired the founders of the Stakhanovists movement to do good work, etc. … The Finnish sauna is good, I do not dispute it, but let the Finns themselves heat up in it, and we would rather build a few more communal apartments, because they are very lacking for the working people AvD235. 1 Be singular forms, almost all of them have the plural gender. ir 123 The noun participle working, which J. Pikčilingis already corrected 20 years ago, is not very willing to withdraw from usage, although, it seems, we have something to replace it. The term "worker" is usually used to refer to persons who perform only physical work. Language could have expanded the meaning of the word worker (see the statements worker of science, worker of intellectual work), but this did not happen. And now the word workers expands its meaning: in addition to people who do not produce material values (e.g., workers in culture, medicine, commerce, education, etc.), they are called all people working in one or another company, factory or organization (e.g., workers in a television factory = workers + clerks). When speaking in general terms, we use darbo žmogus, darbo žmonės. By the way, this meaning of the worker is presented in DLKZ (p. 140) and DLKŽ, (p. 122) and LKŽ (p. 565). LRKZ (p. 147) is also working, and LLZ pracujący is translated literally working, and masy pracujące — working people (p. 533). It should also be added that sometimes the use of the substantive plural participle pracujący the sentence becomes unclear, e.g. : A good example was shown by Vilnius drill factory, which committed to increase production with the same number of employees etc. It is unclear whether this refers only to workers or to all employees (see also: Production per employee decreased in Šiauliai wood processing plant). Very common are smokers, smokers (non-smokers, non-smokers), less common drinkers, drinkers, e.g. : In addition, it is worth remembering that along with the smoker, those who breathe air polluted with tobacco smoke are also damaging their health. Over time, the smoker develops a certain resistance to tobacco poison trš. All doctors and students in one breath can list what awaits smokers trš. In the United States, an insurance company calculates the life expectancy of smokers and non-smokers according to special tables and takes this into account when insuring a person's life trš. Druskininkai should become the first non-smoking city in the republic tsp. Recently, the opinion has begun to prevail that a non-smoker in public places has the right to breathe unpolluted air, i.e. Accidents occur 35 times more frequently among drinkers than among non-drinkers trš. Thus, out of a hundred drinkers, six are already or will become alcoholics in the next 30 years. Mr. Baublys, there is discord — children's "destruction trš. Instead of a common smoker, it is suggested to use a smoker, who with a certificate is simply irreplaceable (tobacco, cigarette smoker)?. By the way, in SZ (p. 353) the dominant is presented as the smoker (a non-smoker fits well next to the smoker). Sometimes, the word "smoker" is considered a colloquial word or a hybrid, and the word "rickal" has a derogatory meaning, so it is not very suitable for general language. Drinkers are called lovers of drinking, alcohol, intoxicants, a cup or a glass. The noun is also writing, speaking, loving. Writing it only in a certain context could sometimes be replaced by a writer who in Lithuanian language usually 2 Malicious J. Word clarity ir accuracy. — V., 1965, p. 87. 3 Plg, Klimavičius J. Rūkytojas, rūkorius, rūkalius, —Mūsų kalba, 1980, Nr. 2, p. 58. This article does not mention the smoker at all. iš 124 has a narrower meaning, "who does literary work, writes fiction: works" (DLKŽ,, p. 652), o the speaker is always ne semantically equal to the speaker as the lover ir to the lover, — e.g. : Transcription ir application of morphological laws now still relies on the intuition of each writer, so writings flicker from foreign checks jo (and common) noun spelling variations trš. When using a word in a figurative sense, the speaker can ar express another concept trš with the same word. But there is ir another opinion: Koserius believes that the speaker is well aware of his language system (has a sense of language), distinguishes non-language phenomena, (or reproduces) only words that fit its system trš. It is not enough for linguists to simply talk about language culture work, carefully classify the ir mistakes made by various specialists or other speakers, etc. —All lovers (and loved ones!) are apparently endowed with a special sense AvD395. The beloved rarely corresponds to the ideal formed in the imagination of the lover trš. Some substantived participants replace non-existent nouns (they are not at all in our language for naming certain persons), e.g. : Believers like to say that atheists are fighting with god tiš. These words of the priest can be confirmed by many believers SajK297. But what causes a believer to surrender completely to God? hard. The constitutional rights of both believers and non-believers are equally protected by the Criminal Code of the LTSR. Recently, many different devices have been developed to help blind and deaf people communicate with each other or with the sighted. The seeing eye can determine when his body is in an upright position, while the blind can only rely on proprioceptive and vestibular signals. The sooner we start, the less he (the deaf) will lag behind the hearing trš. Later, deaf children must also be educated and taught in deaf-hearing educational and educational institutions tiš. It is equally important to adhere to a strict daily regime and to the family of the deaf or hearing-impaired person. The participle skestantysis, stojantysis, mirStantysis are also used as nouns, which very often denote persons according to the action performed at a certain time (temporary, non-permanent), which is not related to either the time spoken in the sentence or the present, e.g. : Not every day you have to take a child out of a burning house, save a drowning etc. The publication explains the rules of behaviour in water, indicates how to rescue a drowning person, taking into account the existing conditions and available means, etc. There is more ir The primary organizations of the Lithuanian Drowning Rescue Society in areas of activity preventing accidents etc. Nurses often have to watch at night, feel their helplessness to the dying, listen to unfounded reproaches of the patient's relatives trS. Ne the secret that The Faculty of Mathematics has a shortage of students every year, but the plans are nevertheless fulfilled. It should also be noted that the present tense participants in the place of the noun sometimes go by dependent words, e.g. : su Although much has been achieved in the treatment of diabetes, there is still no cure for the disease. ši ... 2005-2006 Literary Club of Russian-language Writers of Lithuanian Maritime Shipping "Environment" tsp. ... he would ask į the enrolled directors why they ne wanted to become directors, what they wanted to o ką tell people, etc. When writing to the editorial staff, please indicate the index of your communications department tsp. It was found that among those who drank hard water, 125 circulatory diseases were 41 percent fewer in women and 25 percent fewer in men, compared to people who drank soft water. To study all specialties are accepted working by specialty tsp. Research by scientists from various countries has proven that the mental capacity (workability) of smokers for a long time is significantly reduced. Totally blind and visually impaired people form the first group of visually impaired people trš. Participants with dependent words in the same context may also be ordinary — there is no clear difference. * * * Like blidvardZies, they can name persons by taking the noun's verb position. Research shows that the participants used in the terminological sense in Lithuanian language (especially in various writings and in the press) are used more than was thought a priori, and it is not easy to explain this only by the influence of other languages, because 1) the participants, denoting the characteristics of the person, tend to be nouns, 2) these participants are made of present tense verbs having a generalizing temporal meaning (talk, love, write, see, smoke, believe, etc.), 3) they are used when the present tense verbs have a generalizing temporal meaning (talk, love, write, see, smoke, believe, etc.). a) there are no nouns of the corresponding meaning at all, b) when the existing nouns are not semantically equivalent to them, c) when those nouns are not popular in common language or for some reason are not suitable. When there are nouns of adequate meaning in Lithuanian, language normers recommend not to use such participants*. ABBREVIATIONS "Avyžius J. Degimai". —V., 1984, DLKŽ — Dictionary of Modern English. — V., DLKŽ, 1954. Dictionary — of Contemporary Lithuanian Language/2 supplement. I'm sorry. — V., LKŽ 1972. —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. —V., 1969, t. 2. LLŽ — Vaitkevičiūtė V. Dictiona- — ry of Polish-Lithuanian Languages. — V., LRKŽ 1979, — Lyberis A. English-Russian dictionary. — V., 1971. RadzPV —Radzevičius B. Priešaušrio vieškelis. —V., 1979. SajK —Saja K. KlaidZiojimas: Short Stories and Stories. —V., 1982. SZ —Lyberis A. Synonymy Zodynas. —V., 1980. Others — like LKŽ. NPHYUACTHS HACTOSILEETO BPEMEHH JIEHCTBHTEJIbHOTO 3AJIOTA B CHHTAKCHYECKOA MNO3HLUHH CYUECTBUTEJBHOIO Pe310Me crarbe B packpkbiBaeTCA YriOTpeOjIeHHe JIMTOBCKHX IPHYACTHH HACTOSINErO BPEMEHH JeiCT - BHTeJIbHOTO 3AJIOTa B DpOJIH CYNIECTEJILHOTO. BEUJEJISIOTCA TPH TDYKINbI TAKHX IPHYACTHIL: 1) npmuacTHA, ynorpeGiseMbie TOIBKO B OIpejlieJIEHHONK CHTYAIIHH H HA3EIBAIONNME OHO KOHKperHoe NUUO (MM) TpyruTy PLACE-FIX (NAMES) INCLUDE, IO IIDpOH3BOJIHMOMY HM B HACTOSINEe BpeMs HJIH BO BPEMEHH, O KOTODOM HET pe4ub B Ipe/UIOkKeHHH, Harrp. :They who are here at- * Pupkis A. Language Culture, V., — 1980, p. 138. 5 See. Language practice tips/2nd person. ir supplement. leid, V., — 1985, p. 47, 51, 65, 258. 126 transported and taken to work by the factory bus “JIeuyw ux npusozam cioda u omeo3am na pabomy 3aeodeKum aemobycom’. The worker raised his ir head laughed ‘Pa6omarowui nooHan 201069 u 3acmMennca’; 2) NPHYACTHS, Ha3biBaloniHe HeOnpej]ejneHOe JiHIO Mim WARNING TpymIIy JIT] IO KAKOMY-JIHOO NIeHCTBHIO, HE CBSI3AHHOMY C KOHKDETHBIM BpeMeHeM, Hanp., crying Su cry, with singing sing, it is everywhere tiksi „C naauyw um niaus, c noww um noii, moz0a 6e30e Oydeuts na ceoém mecmeTM; 3) MPHYACTHS, HABHIBAIONIHE mana (AIH JIMIIO) MO JIEŽiCTBHIO, IIpOH3BOJIAMOMY HMH TIOCTOSHHO, Hanp., Believers like to say that atheists are fighting with god “Bepytowue nio6xm 2060pums, umo ameucmer Oopamea c 6020m". Druskininkai should become the first non-smoking city in the republic „IĮpyckununkaii doaxncen cmams nepebiM 20pod0M HeKypAW ux 6 pecnybauxe®. ABTOp CTaThbH OTMEYAeT, YTO TeDpMHHOJIOTH3HDOBAHH5IE NMpHYacTHS (3 Tpyrma), JIONOJIHAS cucTeMy CYOOKKCAIIbHLIX CYIIECTBHTENBHBIX, VIIOTDEOJISIOTCA, KAK IIDaBHJIO, TOr/Ia, KOTA B S3bIKE COBCEM HET AJIEKBATHELIX MM IO 3HAUCHHIO CYINNECTBHTEJILHLIX, KOA HMEPONNIHECA CYIIecTBHTEJIbHbIC HETOXIECTBEHHEI CEMAHTHYECKH CYOCTAHTHBMPOBAHHBIM NPHYACTHSM HJIH B JIATEpaTYPHOM s3bIK€ HEMONy/spHbl. B TeX ciy4asix, KOTA MMEIOTCS CEMAHTHYECKH aJeKBATHBIE HM CYIIECTBATENbHbIC, KOJIMOKHKATODEI S3BIKA NPENIAraloT TaKHe NtpHYacTHS Jyylle HE YIOTpeOJIATb B PEA.