Literatūrinės kalbos ryšiai su gyvąja kalba

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES SANDAROS INVESTIGATIONS LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) PRANA KNIUKSTA LITERARY LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS SU 100th anniversary of Juozas Balčikonis’ birth is an important event in our linguistics, a celebration of language culture. It is symbolic that the ir years since his birth encompass the entire history of contemporajo ry Lithuanian literary language. J. Balčikonis saw the light of day when the press finally determined the principles of the ir common language, which were ir later consolidated by the expanded Jonas Jablonski. J. Balčikonis grew up ir with a commonlitesu rary ne language. Jo opinions iš of part formed J. Jablonski's works are ir the ideas, iš partly the same social conditions that influenced the Lithuanian ir literary language. Prie J. Balčikonio views most agreed J. Jablonski- 's principle that the basis of literary language is the living language. J. Balčikonis jį applied to all areas of language practice translation- — s, language corrections, language teaching in secondary higher ir school held all his life, — ir jo During six decades of activity Lithuanian literary jo language finally formed was developed, slightly changed ir ir ji itself, its ir theory, finally its ir relationship with other su areas of language, but nothing moved the professor’s confidence in living language. J. Balčikonio strategy was simple and clear: ir speak and write as ir your neighbors speak. vo ir Į Looking at literary language from today’s point of view, such an attitude may seem somewhat one-sided, but the professor applied it very jį fruitfully: it fitted the needs of the circumstances of that time. ir This method was developed when the literary language almost completely adopted the ways of expression of the iš popular spoken language. ir ir The literary language ir had no other reliable support for its users. Iš country į ją brovėsi «mainly syllables of ir foreign syntax, primitively formed on the basis of the example of other languages. J. Balčikonis was particularly concerned about protecting the younger generation from this disease, which had to cross the crossroads of dialectal ir common literary language. The best immunity against it could be developed by living language, the professor’s exercises o were like therapeutic gymnastics, which no factory drugs can replace. The professor taught with concrete examples, further developing ir intuition and sense of ir language. — ir When the positions of the living language are strong, ja one can rely on the be evidence of ir the rules. Literary language has never been limited to the principle of “so people speak”. The further away, the more it began to need a different support and other ir arguments. Social circumstances, social needs, language changes create new language problems, language practice becomes more complex. There are innovations that can no longer be regarded as "a mere negative opposition to living language. The literary language is no longer satisfied with what is taken 115 directly from the traditional language. In its example, new words and sentences are created, the powers of word formation and syntax are expanded. Literary language becomes a more independent system, increasingly begins to rely on its own resources, looks at its own examples and laws. The element of language begins to be regarded as a lower level, the higher level is grammar with its own rules, which must be learned and memorized. The direct influence of living language is no longer decisive and can no longer overshadow the planned arrangement of language. People who speak the necessary equivalents are either lacking, or they no longer meet the increased language needs. Language allows new offspring, which must be tested in other ways. The principle of the traditional living language is becoming limited also because more and more people have grown up without it. They cannot learn from “how people speak.” For a while the interests of the insensitive language users can be ignored, but in the long run something needs to be done with them as well. Left unattended, their language urbanization begins to affect the entire language. J. Balčikonis regarded it as an inevitable evil and, as can be seen from his letter to L. Dambriūnas, he over-dramatized it: “I am afraid of what will happen to our language when its fate is taken into its own hands by a generation that has grown up in the cities—without a dialect, without a lively sense of language. What will happen was illustrated by Dr. Algirdas Margeris in his work “American Lithuanians English Borrowings Dictionary”. The rhetorical ir question raised by the professor seems quite real to us, but neither from a linguistic nor from a social point of view we can accept the answer dictated by the polemic. Life itself demands that we look at the matter with the eyes of the present and draw our conclusions from it. Already today, the generation that has grown up in the cities is working in various jobs related to language practice. We have a number of uncompromising writers and journalists, Lithuanian teachers and literary critics, editors. The professor’s concern about the weakening sense of language was basically justified. From the press, and especially from unprinted writings and spoken language, we see that there is a rapid increase in the number of people who are beginning to lack it. More and more new meanings of distorted words are created, strange artificial syntax is created, incompatible word forms and meanings are combined. The weakening of language judgment is clearly shown by the inappropriate use of the -ish suffix in adjectives (life experience) and the blind attachment of the -inėti suffix to verbs (Five minutes left, we were five points behind). A Man with a sense of language will not hesitate to say —we were behind. The use of conjugated forms (the inability to use them) is a good indicator of the human language- 's intelligence. The same can be said about the servile participle, the noun-like usage of adjectives (from what has been said, it appears that the indicated must be performed). This is a list of the most important events that took place during the World Cup in Duisburg. How can we monitor what has already happened? The distance of the urban environment from the sources of living language is undoubtedly partly to blame for such language problems. But to identify the city with a bad language and to translate it only to it vi1 Balčikonis J. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1982, vol. 2, pp. 260-261. 116 problems would be insulting, ir unfair. We ir find language junk in the writings of rural ir authors, in the present village you can hear o such language junk that, in Saja’s words, “it is even shameful to listen to it”. K. The contrast between ne urban and ir rural, living 0 artificial ir or, more importantly, real distorted — language is ir now becoming more important. The greatest danger is ne the artificial, o unsuccessfully distorted language. It is no longer sufficient to say that the basis of literary language is the living language. The theory of functional styles, the practical language of ne special fields, caught the once dominant lust. ri ir That by ir knowing the living language, using its facts in the most ir ingenious way, without using the syntax of special styles of special terms, you will not consider ar the scientific problems of the political economy of cosmonautic, you will not write the Civil ar Code, "Rules of the Road". Here the opposition of ir the living special, in other words, — artificial language is determined by the language ne user, the functional o style. A generation that grew up į under the direct influence of live speakers is looking for the common be literary language of its path. They cannot rely on their social environment- 's speech. They get reliable foundations in school, they push a person into dry frameworks of norms. o ši The advice of grammar į books, textbooks, normative works do not give everything that a conscious, profound language ko user needs. ir He seeks his relationship su language, combines ją su their psyche ir needs, trying to manage in their own way. They are looking for ways to avoid patterns, trying to somehow fill the holes created by the lost ways of expressing living language. Iš of the available reserves creates new combinations: changes the shades of word connection, connects phenomena of different ir historical periods, from vivid synthetic forms goes to logical analytical descriptions. The illusion of vivid, flexible language is created in various ways, providing comfort and satisfaction ir to those who have not had contact with the sources of living ir language in childhood, but want to iš express themselves through su language and utter a creative word. It is not surprising that the influence of living language on literary language is gradually weakening. This is an objective ir inevitable phenomenon, like the demise of living nature due to the effects of chemistry, the muscles of the age of technology. ar Only the language of the old ir newrelationshjų ips of phenomena, be objective contradictions, still confuses subjective attitudes of people. We are accustomed to talk unreliably about innovations simply because the traditional language did not have them. The non-traditional language jų deviators have long struggled to seek equal rights with everyone. Now ir we are beginning to feel the opposite — the living language is being regarded as something high, as something outdated. Reproached for the artificial style, one is already aiming to fight back by writing in an innovative, ti iš “European” way. They dare į even to proclaim in the press that the present problems of the Lithuanian ne language are to blame for being... "the language of the peasants". In the days of J. Balčikonis, in an environment influenced by ideas, it would have been difficult to imagine such a thought, 0 now serious linguists start a polemic with the author of such a view from the fact that they too “have repeatedly affirmed exactly the same thing”, jo although in reality they have not done so. Only one thing is the various functions of literary language, one of which is to * Saja K. Atsakymai į „Lingvos kultūros“ klausimus. —Language Culture, 1976, sas. 31, p. 7. 117 found language cannot perform, ir quite another — unlimited power of fictional language. It is one thing to seek ways of expanding and enriching the living language, and quite another to proudly turn away from it. Aversion to living language can be very harmful. Having declared that the traditional language is obsolete, we can easily justify any distance from it, no longer respect its laws, write as it pleases. į As the current writings show, a lot of individual language creation really exceeds the permissible iš limits, violates the spirit of the Lithuanian ir language, sometimes the mandatory rules. o ir When the author no longer feels the connection with the living su language, even the simple language norms need to be checked according to the recommendations of the grammatical guides. kų ir The writer either begins to create individual language by going beyond the general norms, or writes grammatically impeccable, but in a style that does not have the individual ir flavor. The most reliable way to create a flexible natural individual style is to use creatively what ir exists in living language. ir — It is necessary to break into the subsurface of language, to unravel the uncovered curtains, to unravel the entangled loops of usage ir iš everyday words to tie new knots themselves. Ir everything has to be done delicately, so as not to break the roots that your moved word has planted in the system of language. į You have to feel what ir happened here over the centuries, you can ką move, you can’t touch the fingers. ko Tą to this day is best developed by the traditional talk of rural people. Ji has accumulated the views of the nation, ir thinking taste, is least affected by stereotypir es foreign influences. Rural language we value by habit ne iš sentiments, ar because it o most corresponds to the essence of all our language its foundations. ir For those į who need to walk on the sidewalks of literature, the best substitute for living language is folklore, classical ir literature, the word nurtured in the family. All this helps to ir develop a sense of language judgment, which is ir difficult to be find the right individual language relationship with rules, ir su ir su jų unwritten in living language. Of course, folklore cannot replace functional styles or satisfy the everyday language needs of the uneducated people, but ji it only helps to develop a sense of ir language, which we are increasingly beginning to miss. Some conflicts in the living su language already have linguists, ir although its importance is best understood. ir J. Balčikonis did not talk about the contradictions ir of the rules of ordinary language: either he considered the living language as evidence that no longer needed to be interpreted, or he relied on the rule derived from it. Most iš often, the rule was repeated that the noun is appropriate in communication when the means of the action is said. su Gal ir ne all cases of living language covered, ji but clearly its examples iš were derived. If the living language did not agree su with any more general rule, Balčikonis supported J. the real usage. Such was the whole jo practical activity of language culture. Theoreticaltą ly his attitude is set out, writing about Lake Bils name: „as it is pronounced in the living language, so it ir should be o used“, ironically adds: “Before facts, the ir laws of metatonia must be silent”®. Authentic language facts J. Balčikonis, as ir K. Booga, didn't suspect * Balčikonis J. Selected Writings. — V., 1978, t. 1, p. 384, 118 ir did not prohibit their use in literary language, regardless of ar whether written rules covered them or not. Now the work of language standardization has become more rigorous and ir rational. We want to measure everything according to rules, to codify according to them, to evaluate what is used ir in practice. Rules are becoming more formal, broader, more artificial. ir It is understood that this makes it easier to regulate new language phenomena. This has facilitated the na standardization of special expressions, such as terminology and legal clerical stamps. The expanding systematizatiar on work reaches such a limit that it begins to cross the living language. su The danger of over-normalization is that we want to fit all language phenomena into rules, and į what doesn’t fit, we try to “fix” or declare non-normative. o The most jų innocent facts of living language are included. Iš press practically already expelled plural form alone, without suffix -er-. Raised hand against the primary, last noun forms of adjectives, based on the general statement that suffixes -inis adjectives have no noun forms, The violations of the norm include the pronunciation of the words masina, Eurdpa, although such pronunciation is more widespread than masina, Europa. There are ir many other types of errors, such as errors in the search be j engine. Iš language loses more than it gains from such activities. Ji never fit now do ir not fit formal rules. į This is beautifully stated K. Ulvydas: “No rules, even if they are drawn up by dozens of scientists for decades, will be able to cover, exhaust, solve completely all possible cases of use of spoken ir language”*. In order for the work of language ir culture codification not to interfere su with the living language, the balance of codified actual usage must be maintained. ir Su what exists colloquially je but does not conform to written rules, must be treated with caution. Iš the surface seemingly unjust phenomenon can become quite natural if į jį look at it from another Su point of view, the ji language system can beautifully link nė another, ne somewhat inferior, ne just such a formal ir straightforward rule. Numeral alone ir be suffixes - can be understood as plural, because plural is the characteristic form of ta all plural nouns. This is clearly seen in the noun of the iš second-order iš noun: the simple (main) forms are the ir plural two, jų two, the plural of the masculine feminine gender two, — two; Two, two. — ir — Same ir su the third iš consecutive digitPronoun: three, — three, three; Three, — three, three. These numerals are also distinguished by the additional — attribute suffix -ej-, giving the plural nouns the necessary sound form. Some forms are be hard to iš make, e.g. dv(ej)oms, dv(ej)ais. Starting from the forms of ir the “four”, ir basic, plural numbers are plural, so the only distinctive feature is the prefix jų TO -er-, e.g. five, five five, five. — Ją we begin to imagine as necessary for all plurals: we process the number alone * Ulvydas K. The Principles of Distinction in Contemporary Lithuanian Literary Language. — Language Culture, ed. 1963, 5, p. 15. 119 į vieni, o Krėvės In Gilša we even find a similarly recycled numerals trejeri: thirty-thUž ree years I will remember...® Without a doubt, this is a fictitious, random form. There, after six lines, there is thirty-three years, and a few pages later there is one year. For a numbering noun, one form distinguishing suffix -nepotrebuje — from the main numbering noun it is obviously separated by the form of the number. The main number one, because of its meaning, cannot have a plural, it is only needed as a plural form. Artificially complicated pronunciation and pronunciation of the word Europa. We have a rule that the vowel o of international words is pronounced short, so the consonant must jump from it to the short final syllable: proza, sofa, and for general order and Europa. Many speakers of the language have a long history of writing. tą — su o ir jį pronounced strongly in Prague — Eurdpa. The rural variant of the pronunciation Eurdpa is as regular as the standardised Europe, and most importantly — more natural and convenient, because it prevents spelling errors. When the normal facts existing in the language do not conform to the formulated continuous rule, it is necessary to tolerate more variants of norms. There is no need for editors and proofreaders to necessarily do it alone. ir iš Į greeting good day we can boldly answer in the form of a lip day. It is perfectly possible to justify international words with a long solid base su such as o, Europe is ir ruling. Ir the ne machine itself is common, and because of the tendency of living language to pronounce the first syllable of three-syllable international words. This inclination is not studied and described, but it is clearly felt. Jį show such words as talent percentage. ir Therefore, the widely used spelling variants konkursas, transportas, trimestras, vagonas, which, like mūšina, did not raise any doubts in J. Balčikonis, are completely understandable. You can't call a person an ignorant for saying these words. Overly "regular" we forbid a person to ride a taxi or walk penny. su ir su By attacking the innocent words of living language, we destroy people’s confidence in their language, we damage their sense of language. Not understanding ne why their speech is correctir ed, people begin to speak as they are used to, making much bigger mistakes. As long as normative language can still be based on living language and sense of language, it should not be suppressed, but o supported. B3AHMOOTHOIlNNIEHHSA JIMTEPATYPHOIO SI3bIKA H HAPOJAHOR PEYH Pe310Me OcHOoBOH H MCTOYHHMKOM JIMTEPATYPHOTO S3BIKA SBJIK(CTCH HApOJIHas peub, CTpacTHBIM CTODpOHHHKOM HAPOJHOCTH JMTepaTypHOro si3LIKA Our FO. You son of a bitch. Ha npumepax HapomHO# pes OH CTDOHJI A3BIKOBYIO MPAKTHKY H BOCIMTBIBAJI 4YBCTBO si35IKA, TIDHHIMII HADOJIHOCTH S135IKA OH YCIEITHO IIDAMEHSJI BO BCEX OOJIACTSIX SB3LIKOBOŽ ĮIESTEJILHOCTH. The COBPEMEHHOTO jiaTepaTypHOTroO S3bIKa TO He €AWHCTBEHHBLIH IrpaHIIaII. JiarepaTypabrit S3BIK HMEET TAKXE CBOH PECypPChl, Pa3BHBAETCH IO COOCTBEHHLIM 3aKOHOMEPHOCTSM H ITPABHIIAM. 155 pp. Notes and Notes. —V., 1955, p. 31. 120 3HauHTeJIbHASi 4ACTb HOBOTO IOKOJIEHHA JMTEpaTYypHbIĖ A3bIK YcBaMHBaeT Ge3 rnocpejicTBa Tpa-- JUALHOHHON HApOJIHOŽ Pew, WINET HOBEIX myTeif B JATEPATYPHbIH A3LIK, HOBBIX CIIOCOGOB pa3BH~- Tusi Very nice. 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