Sociolingvistinis vilniečių lietuvių kalbos tyrimas: konsonantizmas ir akcentuacija

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XXVII (1988) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE IR BILINGUALISM LAIMA GRUMADIENĖ SOCIOLINGUISTICAL VILNIEČIŲ LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES STUDY: CONSONANTISM IR Accentuation! The consonantism of Vilnius Lithuanian varies in three cases: some of the iš palatalization requirements of the common 1) Lithuanian language are violated, sometimes the assimilation of consonants is conditioned by phonetic, morphological circumstances, 2) and there are cases of consonant elision. ne o 3) j The softness of the prefixes ir depends on jų the nature, on the articulatory characteristics, on the ir dialect idiolect ar sound system in general (plg. Urbanavičiūtė, 1978; Zinkevičius, 1966, p. 153—170). Acoustically, the softest consonants are pronounced before the long stressed sounds of the front row, especially before the upper case [i']J. Since, as already indicated in the analysis of the vocalism of the Vilnius language, the tendency to pronounce long vowels with less tension prevails, the softness of the consonants naturally decreases. In particular, the vocals are palatalized before the ir vowels of the back row. Since Vilnius language is characterized by a certain delabilization of the vowels of the back row, the soft consonants before them should be especially soft, i.e. ir acoustically very high timbre, but this is usually not the case, especially in unpronounced syllables. Apparently, the less effort-intensive articulation of softly pronounced vowels also presupposes an easier path for the palatalization of smaller ir consonants. Therefore, it could be stated that in Vilnius language there is a tendency to palatalize soft consonants less. Regressive iš palatalization of consonant samples, one of jo the features of Lithuanian — consonantism, syntagmatics. In Vilnius language, especially in the junctions of morphemes, there are many cases of ignoring this rule. The interpretation of the facts — of the language — periphery from the point of view of palatalization of international words is extremely heterogeneous. The reason for this article is šį that, in terms of frequency of use, many of these words occupy a far peripheral position, are very noticeable, and are constantly ne increasing. jų Be therefore, it is necessary to find out what model will take effect, how the future Words will be adapted. This is not just a question of viola, waltz and so on. Sociolinguistic analysis of consonant samples before or after a variable. V! Vi Ne uniform features of regressive palatalization of consonant samples in all dialects (plg. Girdenis, Pirochkin, 1978, p. 25). In most cases, when the samples at the ar beginning of the middle are k, g, o common ir p, b, m, mentioned consonants in those samplaikas nepalata1 Continuation. For a description of the methods of studying the spoken Vilnius ir Lithuanian language, see vocalism analysis. : Lithuanian Linguistic Issues: Language Contacts in the Lithuanian SSR. V., 1983. T. 23. P. 62—101, lysis (Zinkevičius, 1966, p. 157). There are 132 also exceptions in dialects, and the requirements of the general language are quite strict (cf. Vitkauskas, 1985). In Vilnius Lithuanian, the consonants Kk, g, p, b, m are practically never softened in the samples of consonants. In general, there is a tendency to palatalize only the last consonant of the samplaic before the vowels of the anterior order, or only the soft consonant before the vowels of the posterior order, e.g.: [I’pt’] or [Ipt’] —[al’.pt’i] or [al.pt’i] ‘alp’, [ž’v’] or [žv’] —[ūž'v'ir'ę*] or [ūžv'ir'ę*] “UZviré’, [kš't'] or [kšt'], [s’n’] or [sn’] —[aukš't'ės'n- 'is], [aukšt'ėsn'is], [aukš'tėsn'is], [aukšt'ėsn'is] ‘aukštesnis- *, [t'pl’] or [tpl’], [§’t’] or [št'] —[at'pl'ė*š't'i- ], [atpl'ė*š"ti], [at'pl'ė*št'i], [atpl’é3t’i] "to tear", [n’v’] or [nv’] —[r’eln’v’i’n’is] or [r’ei.nv’i’n’is] ‘reinvynis’, etc. Earlier studies of the language of Vilnius students show that samples of two consonants are not articulated in 1794 cases, and of three — four — in 4394 cases (Pakerys, 1971, p. 7). In sociolinguistic analysis of Vilnius Lithuanian language, the palatalization of consonant groups was tried to be studied as sociolinguistic variables, which consist of a set of consonant samples with the last soft consonant, Abbreviated (C'C'Vi vC'C'Vu), where C'C' —samples of two, three and more consonants, Vi —any front-order vowel, Vū —contracted back-order vowel, v —“or’. There are only two subdivisions in the scale of variables: palatalized and unpalatalized. The results of the study should be viewed with caution, because some concessions had to be made in order to take into account what we found to be more important factors. Samplaics were considered palatalised in all cases where at least two of their consonants were softly pronounced, i.e. all palatalised diphthongs, while for trinaréms and quaternions two palatalised consonants were sufficient, even if they were not adjacent, e.g. [al.’ksn'is] ‘alksnis’ is recorded as a palatalised pronunciation of a consonant sample. The aim was to investigate the dependence of the variation of the sociolinguistic variable (C'C'Vi or C'C'Vū) not only on social (education, -C), socio-demographic (age, A) and contextual style (B) factors, but also to assess whether there are more frequent cases of non-regressive palatalization in the junctions of morphemes, especially in prepositional and compound words. After deciphering the tape recordings of interviews with Vilnius residents, it was calculated that about half of the samples of consonants were palatalised and about half were not. Figure 1 shows that the softening of homomorphic and heteromorphic samples differs not or almost not (see confidence intervals). The variation of this sociolinguistic variable cannot be described more clearly either from a stylistic or a stratificational point of view, although the more frequent appearance of palatalised variants of the variable in the middle generation (A,) language is statistically significant, especially when compared with the younger generation (A,) language, in which often only one third of the potential samples are palatalised. In the control group of speakers and actors (C;), the pronunciation of palatalized variants prevails. Apparently, with certain reservations, the sociolinguistic variable (C'C'Vi or C'C'Vū) could be considered stratificational: sensitive to the age factor. 133 soft consonants (Zinkevičius, 1966, p. 169—170). This dialectal softening of the end consonants of words is not common in Vilnius language. In the speech of pupils, 1-259 such cases are recorded (Pakerys, 1971, p. 7). This question was still discussed in the Lithuanian grammar questionnaire distributed in 1939 (Tarties anketa, 1939, p. 64). In cohesive, especially fast, speech, Vilnius residents, without softening the consonants at the end of the word, change the vowels at the beginning of the other Word, i.e. instead of the vowels i, e of the anterior row they pronounce a kind of middle-row allophones [si], [3], e.g.: [kam 3r'z'in'i] “kam érzini’, [kat sLIm.tum | or without assimilation [kad srm.tum] ‘that you would take’, [jaunam iSman’i‘t- ’i] ‘young to know’, etc. Especially common are the cases when the first Word becomes a prolytic, e.g.: [t*an. 3i.l'ę-s] "ten eilés’, [kat siM.tum] or [kad s1m.tum] ‘that you would take', etc. The facts spoken in the decrypted conversation recordings occurred in the language of many informants, but they could not be statistically processed. ; In the questionnaire for subjective evaluation of their own speech, three examples were given, in which the softening of the consonants at the end of the first Word varies in such a way that the vocalism at the beginning of the second Word may change. Therefore, Vilnius residents were asked whether, in their opinion, they say that you go, there are lines, for whom you annoy, or that you go, there are lines, for whom you annoy. A questionnaire survey on this issue is not reliable. Therefore, the fact that only three respondents (one from the actors and narrators group and one from the older and middle generations) indicated that they pronounce 3, 0 not e in the second word in such cases as kam erzini, etc., should be interpreted as the respondents feel that they usually pronounce non-hard consonants at the end of the word. (Perhaps it was not without reason that there was fear that the answers to the questionnaires would be unreliable simply because many people would avoid the unusual spelling with 3, #7?) Respondents indicated the same pronunciation in all three cases, they did not exclude any one — this is already a pattern of pronunciation. The word combination kam erzini was included in the targeted interview program: every informant used it in the textual style B, i.e., when reading a coherent text. Thus, it was possible to compare the subjective assessment of the language with the objective facts of the same informants. This time the results differed significantly: 439, the older, 38%, middle and 529%, the younger generation in the second word pronounced [3], not [e]. And yet, such a unanimous attitude of respondents, recorded in the questionnaires, can be explained by the fact that the absolute majority of Vilnius residents are aware of such a rule — to coordinate the pronunciation of consonants at the end of a word with the pronunciation of the following word, although this rule is not always observed. The pronunciation of hard consonants at the end of the word does not necessarily indicate the appearance of allophones [1], [3] in the positions mentioned, but the allegro style inevitably affects the surrounding sounds more than the bord, because, by reducing the pause between the Words to a minimum, the vowels of the front row after the hard consonants change (cf. Kajimbrub, MacjrfenHukoBa, 1981, c. 30). The facts of the Vilnius language show that the combinations of words pronounced without emphasis and without a clearer pause, the first Word of which ends with a consonant and the second begins with a vowel of the front row (sometimes even when it begins with a soft consonant), are nevertheless treated as two separate units, i.e. an effort is made to fix the boundaries of the words. This is how changes the vowels at the beginning of another word 135