Vietininko ir prielinksnio „į“ su galininku sinoniminė vartosena

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTIONS ELENA VALIULYTĖ VIETININKO IR APPENDIX Į SU END SYNONYM VARTOSENA 1. General remarks 1.0. The semantic structure of the prepositions — of local su (spatial) ir be meaning forms — consists of two types of semantic features: Orientation value, which denotes the 1) position of the localized object on another object (value of sliding)?, ir 2) indicating whether the localized object is sliding or not. | Pronoun ir prepositional į construction has identical orientation meaning indicates the — interior of the landmark (internal meaning) ir iš fundamentally different meanings of the slide: the prepositional į construction indicates the slide, the o pronoun does — not — tį (usually state), cf. growing in the ir forest į went the forest. Internal of this form on the basis of (indicative) meaning form a strong semantic opposition, whose distinctive features — are to | slide not to slide. However, there are cases where the opposition is neutralized, the ši above forms are used with the same verbs, for t. y. example: got caught in the clay. su į | 1.1. The local pronoun with prepositional ir suffix į su construction has a fundamentališ ly different semantic conjunction, e.g.: the table stands in the room the father entered the ir room. į The į prepositional construction is su used with the verbs of shift (change of ar position). | O deputy — opposite — su indefinite verbs (position, existence, process of a ar specific action). Between the semantic ir environment į of the local prepositional construction and the semantic environment of the logical class theory (semantic contexts can be perceived as logical classes) there is a relationship of distance®: where one word form is used, the other is usually not allowed, cf.: the table stands in the room (but ne į room) ir father entered į the room (but in the ne room)’. Nevertheless, in literary ir language there are contexts where alternative stories are told (t. y. alternately) both local forms mentioned, e.g.: the carriage stuck the soil in the į soil, put the | stick in the corner, the rebels į gathered in | the forest | į forest, sowed rye in the soil | į soil (plg. rusy k. Bnagamupcknii 1972, 19 tt. ). ! These terms į were introduced into Lithuanian linguistics by J. Kilius (see section 4.4). Kilius 1972, 23; 1977, 40). * For the logical class ir relationships jų between them, see Plečkaitis 1978, 99 tt. * In individual dialects, e.g. in the Klaipėda region, the prepositional construction is used in the position of the local person due to the influence of German į (e. g., was į Nidą) or Southern Highlanders (only for other reasons) analogously uses iliativ (e.g., I was in town). In other — places, the — pronoun is said by the prepositional construction į (respective- — ly, the meaning of the iliative), e.g. : The nurse went to a foreign country. Rdm (Zr. Laigonaitė 1957, 30—33; Zinkevičius 1966, 200—201, 418), Since these are facts ne of literary language, they will not be discussed here. 12* 179 How to explain the alternation of such forms, variant jų management? This, apparently, depends mainly on the meaning of the verbs. It can be assumed that there are verbs whose semantic structure corresponds to the semantic requirements ir of the local, ir prepositional į construction for the context, although at first glance these seem to iš be incompatible things. ir The verbs, su which alternately use the to prepositional construction of the noun pronoun itself, ir can be divided į into several groups. 2. Verb klimpti words with ir similar meanings 2.1.0. The verb klimpti by (1) meaning "to į descend ar on a soft fluffy mass"* has several synonym- (1), s: to sink (2), to sink to (2), sit (5) (see section 4.4). Lyberis 1980, 184). The semantic structure of these verbs consists of such common semas: the spheres of rotation, the 1) direction of 2) rotation. ir 3) This results in jų semantic ir syntactic connectivity. The meaning of the mentioned verbs is realized in compounds by dependent su nouns, denoting a viscous, fluffy soft mass ar (or having such a name), e.g.: mud, sludge, mud, mud, clay, sand, snow, mud; swamp, meadow, soil, land, etc. ir However, the grammatical form of these nouns can be two-fold: pronoun prepositional prepositional e.g.: carriage stumbles in ar the soil su į, | į soil. The use of the į prepositional construction in such an environment is systematic: it is motivated by the verb's conjugation. The pronoun in the given verbs is non-systematic. su As already mentioned, the semantic conjunction of the ir prepositional į construction of this form is fundamentally different: the iš prepositional construction is used with the inflection, į the pronoun with the su non-inflection o verbs. — su However, this law of semantic coordination is not absolute. In a sentence, the pronoun, as a generalized form of local meaning, is possible ir su slizovacím verb, but next to another of this absolutely required (compulsory) local forms, cf.: vozíček vjel do díry v lese 1) į ir 2) carriage stuck in į the snow in the forest. This pronoun is not directly connected to the verb, su belongs to the o whole sentence, is a determinant — jo (plg. IllsejjoBa 1964, 77 tt). Comparative sentences are not exactly the same in their structure. This is shown by different transformational jų possibilities. From sentence (1) it is not possible to eliminate the preposition into the construction (without damaging its grammatical character), in sentence such reduction is possible, e.g.: o kočár vjel do lesa (2) (phrase ungrammatical) ir the carriage got stuck in the woods (the sentence is grammatical). These structural differences in the sentences are caused by the semantics of the verbs. jų Although the two verbs belong to the same semantic group—the shift verbs, they differ in certain characteristics: the direction of the shift, the shift sphere semoms. The verb ride denotes horizontal ir scrolling (land), o climb — vertical scroll (viscous mass deep). The meaning of the last verb's conjugation (due to the sphere nature ir of the direction it denotes) is not as pronounced as that of the horizontal scrolling verbs. This, apparently, explains the position of one localis (without a prefix to the construction) next to it (i.e. the verb klimpti). Shio 4 The number of po the verb indicates the number of the order of the meaning according to D.J. 180 the verb compounds su with the pronoun is dual: some pronoun can be replaced by a prepositional construction, others not, į e.g.: transport zablokował — się w lesie (but ne į forest) ir truck stuck in the snow | į snow. It depends on the lexical meaning of the noun. Alternatively used both forms of the final — prepositional su pronoun į ir usually in such nouns as are — required by the verb to crawl semantic valence, t. y. representing a viscous ar mass having such a semu (see 2.1.0). The similar compounds describe the ta denotative situation itself, but in some cases the situation is interpreted nu slightly ta differently, cf. carriage stumbles į soil in | soil. The su prepositional į construction of the compounds, which actualizes the scroll seam in the verb meaning, emphasizes the scroll sphere (soil), in o compounds su with localising pronoun, implying the presence of an object*, usually emphasizing the object itself (carriage). However, this difference is not significant, as compounds of ir the same lexical composition are considered synonymous. The group of compounds of the verb klimpti with prepositional su construction į in the locus ir differs in frequency of use, stylistic differentiation slightly semantically. ir 2.1.1. The verb to stumble its basic meaning realizes in the compounds of defined semantics of su nouns (see section 4.4). 2.1.0.) in two alternating forms: final preposition su į (or iliativo* — in dialects) (a) a ir placeholder (uncommon) (b). a) The wheels į stamp the loose ground, ją raking like tines. BubnZDZ 31. =It's hard to walk on the ground, — the feet stumble on the mill. Ktk. b) Stumbled in liquid bitumen, faces black from ash, they saved friends, saved the power plant. T 1986 108. However, nouns that do not have a clearly expressed viscosity semas in their semantic structure, used with a su specified verb, cannot be replaced by a prepositional construction ir (unless in literary jo language), e.g. : į Cars stumbling on the melted road (sh) 2.1.2. Both forms are used as prepositional derivatives of ir su the verb klimpti: įklimpti, nuklimpti, — suklimpti. a) Andrew got į caught in the plough. The legs became heavy. BubnZDZ 8. Children, don't walk po the lazy: you can get stuck in į Moors ir drinking. LKŽ VII We got 603. caught in į a terrible mud. LKŽ VIII 338. Su all the wheels were in į the dirt. LKŽ VI 93. = A mare fell to the ground, five wolves pulled, o du and waited (riddle). Lš (LKZ XII 59). When we were skiing, we all stumbled on the bridge. Ktk. b) At the lake (in a clamp) the cow stumbles. Mrk (LKZ VII 603). Carrying in a broken, moored loam iklimpo (vert.) The animal died in spring. J. The snow is about to fall. Krkl (LKZ VI 94). * In general, the local compounds of the verbs of su the absence can be regarded as the result of syntax condensation: feel the omitted verb of the state (it can be easily inserted, e.g. reads in the room<reads while in the room, as well as car stuck in the woods<car stuck in the woods). ir For this concept, see. Maprsruos 1985, 159. * Tliativ is considered a semantic į variant of the prepositional construction, jį we will mark it with an equal sign (=). . 181 In dialects" there are derivatives of other prepositions of the same verb —apklimpti, paklimpti, priklimpti, parklimpti. We have examples of their use with a local. The wagon got stuck in the swamp. A mare fell into J. Balelė: five men were pulling, two were waiting for the horse (riddle). 94 (Vol. The doctor is lost and stuck in the mud. 94 (Vol. (Therefore, he was not able to live a good life.) 94 (Vol. 2.1.3. A characteristic syntactic companion of the discussed verbs is the construction of prepositions do | ligi sa kilmininku. It is used both next to the prefix to the construction (a) and next to the pronoun (b). a) They are viscous bushes, climbing up to the strip in the snow. RadzPV I 135. The most important thing here is the meadow..- ., where in the summer heat, climbing to the hubs in the sand, wagons loaded with hay or clover. RadzPV I 148. b) The feet often stumbled up to the knees in the snow (trs). The horses were stuck up to their stomachs in the mud. 94 (Vol. As we can see from the examples, the mentioned prepositional constructions till | ligi are definite lexical compositions: they consist of nouns denoting an integral part of the object (subject of the action). And the construction itself has a peculiar meaning of a boundary, which is determined by the nature of the action (the amorphous mass of vertical displacement): it indicates the limit to which the action encompasses its subject, cf. : A man stumbled halfway up to his knees, and a man walked halfway up and stopped. There are also other limits, such as the limit of 100. : A man got caught in the snow above | above the knees, also halfway up the knees, along the knees. f2.1.4. With the verb klimpti and its derivatives, the two dependent forms — the prepositional suffix in (a) and the pronoun (b) and abstract nouns (e.g., trouble, crisis, idealism, worries) are used interchangeably. In such a lexical-syntactic environment, verbs have a figurative meaning and often form aggregated word combinations. But in this respect they will not be examined here — we are concerned with the syntactic structure of compounds. a) The bourgeois countries are still sinking deeper into the economic crisis. 93, No. 93. When he was in debt, he was not able to pay. Crew. A teacher needs too much, or anyway, not to get into the details. 1967: B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) in Economics. Aisb. Our machistas are all idealists. LKZ VI 93. 94). 2.2.0. The verb smagti (1) realizes its basic meaning,“- to fall deep (into a soft object)” in combinations with nouns of the same semantic group as its synonym klimpti (See 2.1.0.). These verbs differ in certain semantic nuances. In the semantic structure of the verb stegti the character of the subject of the action is more emphasized — its gravity, weight, and in the verb klimpti — the character of the place of action (its sphere of manifestation) — viscosity, porosity, etc. These semantic characteristics can also be “transmitted” by verbs to their lexical environment® if they are not explicitly expressed there. For example, in the sentence Going to the feet " We consider dialects such derivatives that do not have DŽ,. * Plg. U. Weinreich- 's thoughts on the "transitional signs" of words (H ux x TH Ha 1979, 115). 182 the verb klimpti, in addition, indicates a be dependent noun in the meadow ir (or, more precisely, the denotation of this noun) with the characteristic of viscosity (because the meadow can be ir non-viscous). O in the sentence Vežimas smego medžioje the verb smegti, among other be things, informs about the fact that ir the subject (carriage) was heavy, weighty (therefoir re smego)?. 2.2.1. Su verb smagti and preposition derivatives ísmegti, nusmegti, prasmegti, susmegti, parsmegti trm. (dialectal) as ir su with the verb klimpti (see section 4.4). 2.1.1 ir etc.), more commonly used prepositional į construction (or iliatives in — dialects). Feet į touch the ground. Aš I'm in a į swamp. J. Animal legs deeply penetrate such į manure very ir muddy. LK Ž XIII 142. When the loaded wagon got dirty, he į pulled it out alone. jį Simk (LK Ž XIII 143). The exiles are squeezing the snow to the į strips. Vien (LKŽ XIII 144). =The wheels get stuck in the nė ground, they can't get out. Yes (LKŽ XIII 144). The horse's all legs in the balloon fell asleep. Vb(LKŽ XIII 143). There are many pine, birch, pine, spruce, cored hedges, scattered in mud covered with stumps with grass. ir BM 67. 2.2.2. The pronoun is su used in these verbs in a limited way. More frequently occurs with past tense su active participants formed by them compound ar su executive forms of the verb, having the meaning of the resulting state (see section 4.4). LKG 1971, 150) (a), o su solid less — often (and dialects) (b). a) Many legends have been created about castles, towns, manors that have been lost in the earth. LTs IV 52. Felicia was sitting in her bed, lying on down pillows. SajND 116. b) The wheels were completely stuck in the mud. Pbs. It's a pee! I didn't sleep in ko the carriage. su Bsg (LKŽ XIII 144). 2.2.3. The verb stegti can usually be replaced by the verb klimpti, e.g. : The feet are flat | on the į ground. Only between prepositional verbs there is a ne correspondanda ce, e.g.: wheels slipped in the snow, but they crashed, because this verb has a different ne meaning — "to become viscous" (e.g.: rain Po soil leaked). 2.2.4. When the subject of the action is a sharp sharp ar object, the verb smagti has the meaning ‘smigti’. Ir in this case it is a regular su prepositional construction (or ilative in į dialects). The writer is slapping his finger. į J. A nail stuck in į his leg. Krš (LKŽ XIII 142). The knife slipped into the wall and fell asleep. 143 (13th ed.). = Axe in his mouth. 145 (13th ed.). O pronoun in the active su form (plg. 2.2.2). He was shot in the head with a bullet in the leg. Žem (LKZ XIII 143). In dialects, the pronoun occurs in ir su personal forms of prepositional verbs. A splinter in his hand. 143 (LXXIII). * That the semantic structure of this verb reflects the characteristics of the subject, is clearly shown by the secondary jo meaning “smigti”, where the subject is more specific, cf. definition of this meaning: “to get deep (about a pointed object)” (DZ, 722). 183 The verb „įsmegen“ denotes a final action and has a resulting state set: its meaning can be interpreted as: „flyed in and remained“. The latter (i.e. state) sem supports the position of the localist, and this (localist) form in turn actualizes the mentioned sem. However, the position of the preposition in construction to this verb is stronger, because it is supported by the morphological structure of the verb —the preposition corresponding to the preposition in-. 2.2.5. With the verb smegti and its derivatives, as well as with their synonym klimpti, the constructions denoting the boundary of the transition can be used — the prepositions do | ligi, nad, vyššie and kolmininkas (see 2.1.3). Ancient] feet above the knees to the laying sole. 143 (Spring 1999). The scope of the action can also be specified by other means: by an adverb to the verb (a) or by a sign to the subject vowel (b). (a) Wheels are completely stuck in the mud. Pbs. The feet of animals penetrate deep into such manure and make it very muddy (see). b) All the legs fell asleep in the mud. 2.2.6. The ending of abstract nouns with the prefix in (or iliatives) (a) or pronoun (b) (see 2.1.4) is also used with the given verbs. a) The mother’s word is imprinted in the baby’s memory. TS 1901 4—5b. They fell asleep into a religious slumber (of). = He is all in debt. 143 (RgVIII). When we came to my parents, they did what they could: they were busy (they work a lot), they didn't have time to deal with guests. 144 (1913) Op. b) We were in debt (very indebted). 144 (1913) Op. cit. The dependent noun may have a figurative meaning, and the word combinations themselves may be phraseologicalized. That knitted thing stuck in my head (see stuck in my memory). 143 (1999) pp. 143. The words of that writer each imprinted on her heart. 143 (1999) 143. The words stuck like nails in my head. Vaižg (LKŽ XIII 143). In comparison of the word combinations of this lexical composition of the verb smegti with the verb klimpti, only partial overlap is observed, e.g.: sakoma į skolas | skolose įsmega ir įklimpo, taip pat į darbus | darbuose prasmegę ir įklimpę, bet į atmintį, į galvą, į širdį įsmega, o ne įklimpo. 2.3.0. The verb grimzti (2) is synonymous with the verbs klimpti, stregti in its secondary meaning: DZ, it is defined by reference to the latter verbs: „klimpti, stregti (in the mud, sand, snow)“. The verb referred to in its main meaning is in the next row of synonyms (see 3.1.0). 2.3.1. With the verb to sink and its prepositional derivatives to sink, to sink, to sink, to sink trm., to sink trm. used usually as a prefix in a construction (or an illative in dialects) (a), less often as a pronoun (b). a) The stone sinks into the ground. J. Money with a boiler and sunk into the ground. BsP I 102. The waters are covered in mud. 606 pp. (e-book). = The boat sank into the mud right up to the wings. 605) (c. b) The castles on it (the mountain) are sunk. BsV 162. 184 2.3.2. These verbs are also used with constructions denoting the limit of action (see 2.1.3., 2.2.5.). The boat sank to the mud of the wings. Sr (LKZ III 605). 2.3.3. There are also compounds with various abstract nouns (cf. 2:14," 22.6). a) The capitalist world is sinking deeper and deeper into contradictions. T 1953 45. The Valais is in debt. "Aviz (LKZ III 605)". To sink into trouble. K I 308. = Varkaliené didn’t see it, again immersed in heavy thoughts. GudGuz (LKZ III 605). Another year amZinybén sank. BZ 195. b) He all grounds the work. LKZ III 605. Others are already in debt. Kel 1933 69. An invisible chain connects us with past generations, sunk in the fog of ages. 352. 2.4.0. The verb smukti (2) has a secondary meaning of "to fall down, to stumble- ". In the basic meaning of this verb – “to slide down” – there is a fixed slide and its direction (down). And in the semantic context of the verb klimpti (see 2.1.0), it acquires the same meaning as the latter, e.g., feet sink into the dirt. (In this case, the downward direction sema is modified to the sema "deep"). 2.4.1. With the verb smukti and its prepositional derivatives įsmukti, susmukti, nusmukti, pasmukti, as well as with its synonym klimpti, two dependent forms are used optionally — the final form with the prefix in (or the iliative) (a) and the pronoun (rarely) (b). a) My feet are sinking into the mud and I can't walk anymore. 2019) 209. In the wet soil, in the swamp, the feet slip when walking, and the water splashes. J. The wheels are falling on the Armenians. J. I'm in a hurry. 315) (p. = The car hit the balloon. "K-13 (2019)". The car crashed into the mud, two tractors even pulled it out. 214) (PDF) 214. Then the whole wedding fell to the ground. LTs IV 649. b) I was stuck in the meadows. 268. And in the context of nouns denoting water or its bodies, the verb smukti has another meaning — "to fall" (it is realized in compounds with the preposition in construction). He walked only on frozen ice and sank into the lake. 211) (PDF) 211. They stood and stood and they all sank into the water. 214) (p. 2.4.2. This verb, as well as its synonyms, is used in constructions denoting the limit of action (see 2.1.3, 2.2.5, 2.3.1). That I've fallen to my ears into the desert! 209 (Spring 2000). The carriage sank into the mud. Kv (LKŽ XIII 211). Similar semantic functions are used for quantity constructions. The stone has been buried deep in the ground. 211) (PDF) 211. It is half a meter deep. Ktk. The same constructions are possible with the other mentioned verbs, e.g. : The carriage (over) half a meter stuck | fell asleep | sank to the ground. 2.4.3. Abstract nouns with the prefix in found to the prepositional verb to (see 2.1.4, 2.2.6, 2.3.3.). 185 You've got trouble, you've got trouble! 211) (PDF) 211. He was intoxicated by that drunkenness, but anyway he got rid of that schnapps. 211 (LXIII). I'm stuck in that debt and I don't know how I'll get out of it. 211) (PDF) 211. A substitute is possible with a past participle, e.g. in misery, in debt. 2.5.0. Only the 5th meaning of the verb sėsti (5) is synonymous with the discussed verbs: in DZ it is explained as synonymous with grimzti, and in LKZ as synonymous with stegti. This meaning is related to the basic meaning of the same verb – “to take a sitting position” – of scrolling down, cf. Sit on a bench and carriage sat in the sandbox. more sensitive to the style and dialects of spoken language. With them, the preposition in the construction (or iliative) (a) prevails, the pronoun is very rare (b). a) The beetroot is so large and so deeply embedded in the soil that the leaves are sometimes broken off when drilling. BubnZDZ 20. = The stone was big, and the darts were deep in the balloon, only the top was visible. The Wolf (LKŽ XII 447). The carriage went into the meadow, and the horses did not take anything. 447) (p. The earth is covered, so the carriage is in the papaya! 447 (12th ed.). Ages passed, ages passed, rains and storms broke down the shells, walls fell to the ground. Krėv (Ibid., pp. 449). b) In dry sandstone, the wheels sit close to the hubs. LKŽ XII 442. 2.5.2. And with this verb, constructions denoting the limit of the action are used (see the last example). 2.5.3. The verb sėsti, like smegti (see 2.2.4), in the context of the subject — pointed, arrow-shaped object has the meaning of “smigti” and is used with the preposition in construction (or iliative). He was shot in the chest. M1 (LKZ XII 447). He then throws a knife at the man, and the knife falls off his neck. 447) and 448 (Ch. 2.5.4. When the subject of the action is liquid, paint, the verb sit has the meaning of "absorb- ". This value is also realized with the preposition in the construction (or iliative). The paint settled į on the canvas. Bt (LKŽ XIII 447). The ink į has stuck to the tablecloth and can't be washed off. 447 (12th ed.). 2.6.0. The verb klimpti and the words of similar meaning grimzti, smegti, smukti, sėsti (as well as their prepositional derivatives) form synonymous compounds with the prepositional construction localising, e.g.: vežimas įstrigo (įsmigo, į įsmuko, įsėdo) ir salą į salą. į | 2.6.1. In the given lexical environment, the į prepositional construction is regular, more frequent, and the pronoun is less frequent. It is used unrestrictedly with conjugated executive forms of the verb (or past participles) having a set of the resulting state that meets the localist's semantic requirements for the context. 2.6.2. The pronoun is more typical in sentences of generalized o meaning, the prepositional į construction — in statements of actualized meaning, e.g. : In the melted road, the machines stumble and the tractor gets caught in the soil. 186 2.6.3. It is more commonly used in dialects, in prepositional o constructionį s. ja — This reflects a general tendency towards more analytical constructions. 2.6.4. Syntactic forms of different semantic conjugati- — on of the ir placeholder prefix į su the ability to — join to the verb klimpti ir jo synonyms (to sink, to strike, to fall, to sit) is determined by the specific semantics of these verbs. Jų The marked vertical shift deep into amorphous mass can be perceived as the object's ir location not changing, as non-shifting. t. y. This ir determines the position of the local. 2.6.5. The prepositional construction of compounds į of the said lexical composition has a somewhat modified ji orientational ne meaning: it denotes the interior of a o defined object, the depth of an amorphous object. This is due to the semantics of the dependent noun. Be therefore, the meaning of the sliding of this ir construction differs: it has ji no approximation semas, o indicates sliding deep into amorphous mass. 3. Words with similar ir meanings of the verb skesti 3.1.0. For the verb skesti (1), be jo synonym grimzti (1), semantically are close verbs nmerti nirti (1), (1). Similarly they are all defined ir DZ,, plg.: plumzti "to go down in the liquid", nusėsti "to sink in the liquid", nurti "to sink, to sink į water", to dive "to į touch the water, to dive". As we see in the iš definitions, in the meaning of these verbs are fixed such semas: (down) ir scroll sphere (liquid, usually water). The verbs indicated by the latter sema differ from the synonyms klimpti order: in their semantics a different scrolling sphere is fixed. ra — viscous, fluffy items (see section 4.4). 2.1.0). 3.1.1. Verbs sink, sink their meaning realizes in compounds with the locus of nouns denoting su water (and other liquids) ar bodies of water (river, lake, mud, lake, ocean, pool, well). The stone drowns in the water. DZ, 708. Dry wood does not drown in water. Ktk. Ko ships that sink in the sea in storms. In the water it sinks, in the dirt it stumbles.J. 3.1.2. Pronouns are used as ir su prepositional derivatives of the given verbs. It's hard for this feather to drown in the marshes. Lnkv (LKŽ XII 845). The church in our lake sunk (sunken).- Tvr (LKŽ XII 845). Ir the ship sank in the depths of the sea. JV 194. The net in the net is all sunk. Sr (LKŽ III 605). In the evening the raft sank in the river Minija. TP 1881 1. 3.1.3. The į construction of the prefix (or the iliative) is rarely used in su the verbs in question (a), except for the construction into the bottom (and the iliative dugnan) (b). a) The axe quickly sank into the depths of the sea. 212 pp. (PDF). Make a note of how deep the tube was in the water. LKZ III 605. = Fish drowned in the depths of the lakes. 843) (c. Yesterday, the well drowned. 844) (c. | b) And the wind rose, and overturned the boat, and the virgin sank into the deep. Stn 5. The crown is already sinking to the seabed. KIvD 144. 187 5. Verbs to sow, to plant 5.0. The verb sėti in the meaning of “to sow seed in the soil prepared for plants to grow” DZ, 695 (and the prepositions pa-, su-, za-, initials), as well as the verb sodini (its definition — “to dig, to sow a plant or its seedling in the ground so that it grows” DZ, 726) and the prepositions pa-, suvediniai also form parallel compounds with two local forms: the local and the final one with the prefix į, cf.: sowed flax in the soil | in the soil, seedlings are planted in the soil | in the soil. This shows the aforementioned verbs having a complex meaning with the conjugation and state semiotics (see 4.0). In addition, the semantics of these verbs is fixed and the semantics of the goal "to grow". 5.1.This variant syntactic conjunction of the verbs sėti, sodinti (and their prepositional derivatives) in literary language probably came from different dialects. As far as we can judge from our accumulated material, the eastern Lithuanian dialects are more characterized by the pronoun (a), and the western dialects by the construction of the prefix in. a) He sowed summer wheat in the orchard. 462) (p. I planted flax in the soil. 588) (Ibid., pp. 588). Linus used to sit on a hired couch. 1998) 20th Century Fox (Dec. 29, 1998). I sowed flax with the accompaniment. 406 pp. (in German). I'm going to take a ride. 418) (c. Maybe we'll have to sow clover in the field, it's growing a lot. 315) (p. Sow me yellow lines in black soil. 413) (c. In such a plow, whatever you sow will grow. 243) and 244). So much flax in the soil had been planted! Pg (LKŽ, II 589). In the sand they only sow buckwheat, nothing else grows. Ktk. You have to sow barley in the potato field — it will grow well. Srv (LKZ 1940). If it is not a flax year, you sow in the best land, and it does not grow. 462 pp. (PDF). Don't even plant potatoes in the soil, they'll still rot. 315) (p. I planted potatoes in white soil this year, let's see what comes out. 507 (Spring 1995). Bulb planting in the same place is not good. Plm (LKZ XIII 277). b) We sowed barley in the sludge left in the meadow. 715) (c. Linus sows in the prey. 169) (PDF). He had no experience of robbery. 1689) 1689 – John X (b. I didn't have any piding, so I went to sow rye in the field. 555) and LKZ XI (v. 555). I sowed a couple of purs for the crop, and half a pur for the seed. 345) and up. I have sown into the seed, but this is the fruit. 345) and 345. I sowed green peas in two new nursery. JD 76. I planted in my nursery a lot of blezdingy. Yl (LKZ, 1908). Both local forms are connected to the verb sėti with the meaning of "plant" (about potatoes). (As you know, this word has this meaning in the Žemaičių dialect, see. LKŽ XII tt.) 459 I passed through the potatoes rotten in the slope. 463 (12th ed.). There, in that hole, it is not worth sowing bulbs, because they will blow anyway. 645) (LXXVIII). Where those bulbs will grow — the next year we sow in the spring. 459) (PDF) 2014. In the same place I sowed bulbs, the soil and settled. 462) (p. 462). Don't throw those potatoes in the dumpster. DūnŽ. 5.2 In written language, especially in special literature, the local forms with the verbs sėti, sodinti (and their prepositional derivatives) are used as much as possible. 194 differentiated. The prefix į construction is used to emphasize the sowing itself, planting as a process (a), o pronoun — when referring to the process ne itself, result of o jo cultivation — (b). a) Į uncultivated rye is sown in our republic. ir KolK 1986 36. Conditions are created for the mixtures to be sown in similar į rows as di the ground ir cultures. KolK 1971 36. In the spring, į the so prepared dir is sown with vą special sowing machines. KolK 1986 36. Four-fifths will be sown jų black rot, dolichos or į fields of winter grasses. po T 1986 198. Germinated potatoes are planted į in sufficiently ir dried warm soil (when the willows are blooming). KolK 1971 38. 8— 10 cmilgio sprouts separated from gumbo ir planted in į watered soil. KolK 1984 51. Early varieties seedlings į are best planted in the field when ivy is green. KolK 1985 62. Potatoes, beets are į planted in furrows. DG, 908. b) When planning a green conveyor, ir other mixtures of willow-oats should be sown in soils of varying moisture content. KolK 1971 37. In light soils, it is best to sow feed lupin or ar mixtures with oats instead of summer vicks. jų su KolK 1971 37. The custom šį of planting a ko tree on the farm, well, was already about to be forgotten. KolK 1986 70. Individual trees and ir shrubs are planted in squares, woodlands, near buildings. RiepšMP 126. You were planted in the garden, I was raised young, apynėli pūronėli, apynėli žaliasai. DrskD 256. Aš I planted grapes in heavy loamy soil. KolK 1986 52. The design of ir the į placeholder prefix highlights the different sems of the verbs sowing, planting in meaning. The meaning of these verbs in the local compound is su equal to the meaning of the verb grow, the prepositional construction of o su the verbs berti, į deegti meaning, — e.g.: sájó linus pomiškėje augina linus pamiskéje pasėjo linus juodfemi pabéré linus juodžemį. In general, the pronoun is more prominent in = generalized sentences, the prepositional construction in ir actualized, specific į sentences, e.g. : = i o į — Buckwheat sown grown) in (| sandy soil ir (This year) sowed į buckwheat in sandy soil (near the forest). 5.3. The choice of a ar pronoun prefix į construction may be determined by linguistic ir factors. Nouns denoting — arable land soil ar (clay, sand, black soil, peat), usually said with a preposition denoting su defined į, o places (garden, garden, forest) by a local, e.g.: sowed flax — black soil, acidic soil, wet land sowed flax in į forest, į garden, plain. The choice of į the local form may depend ir on the syntactic structure of the sentence: the prepositional construction is used in sentences where there ir is a quantity-value construction describing the object. į [ tą he sowed about fifteen portions of rye. Krkl (LKŽ, II 587). Į per hectare plant so many ir centners of potatoes. In this context, the verbs sėti, sodinti acquire an additional sem “Accommodate”, which in turn supports the aforementioned construction. 5.4. The noun kalnas is used as a preposition on the verbs sėti, sodinti su (o ne su in!) ir rarely a — local. 13 195 Last year the bulbs were in the loam — drowned; this year I sowed on the mountain —it burned. 463 (Rdn. Don't put me on the hill, put me down on the hill. 148 (Vol. Father didn't come: he was sowing rye in the mountain. Klvr. Rarely found in the mountains. BsO This pronoun has an archaic character (see Pirochkin 1986 211). With the 324. prefix on sakomi and other nouns denoting prominent places or objects, e.g. : I sowed a line on the embankment (d.)*. You sow on a stone, you bake on a board. Sl. However, in dialects (usually in Eastern Highlands) the preposition on the construction with nouns denoting the plane (soil, plowing, field, etc.) is not present in literary language. My father, my father, my father, sow the lilies on my land. 201 (2nd ed.). pp. 201. "An riekimo (apart pūdymo) sėdėdamas neturėsi duonos". "Vin (LKŽ XII 458)". Will you sow peas on the hill? 555 pp. (PDF). We sow rye on cardboard. 344) (p. Ant atjaurios dirvos rugius pasėjus, klok šiaudus... J. Taip pat vertintinos normos požiūriu analogiškos leksinės sudėties konstrukcijos, siejamos su būsenos veiksmažodžiais, pvz. : On the white soil this year grows good flax. 507) and 507 (p. In the literary language, it is said that the locality grows in white soil. 6. Verbs fit, fit in 6.0. The verb talpinti “make so that fits” is a prepositional derivative of the verb tilpti. Their semantic connection is causal: the condition “to have enough space” denoted by the base verb fit is the result (effect) of the active action expressed by the derived verb fit. However, the syntactic conjugation of these verbs is analogous (see below). 6.1. The verb talpinti (and its prepositional derivatives talpinti, patalpinti, partalpinti trm.) can alternatively connect both the locus and the preposition to the construction, e.g. sutalpino haną daržinėje | į daržinę. This shows that the verb has both a scroll and a state semas (see 2.1.0). True, in this case, the shift is not clearly expressed. This verb has a generalized meaning, which includes several specific meanings, as can be seen from the context, e.g.: sutalpino žiemą į daržinę = sukrautė..., sutalpino miltus į maiSq = supylé..., sutalpino daiktus į lagaminą = sudėjo..., etc. DZ, verbs talpinti, patalpinti are given with the pronoun, and talpinti — with the prefix in construction. However, in dialects with these verbs, both dependent forms are used: pronoun (a) and preposition to construction (b). 12 In dialects, this noun is used with the prefix í, e.g. : I planted linels in the embankment. Akm. 196 a) If there was no grain or fodder in the sheds, they were loaded on the field. Dauk. The Sejm was housed in the Magistrate's Palace. Simon. You didn't fit all the stuff in [the wagon]. Kps. b) What would eat, not fit in one viedrq [milk]. DinZ. Do not put [things in a suitcase- ], separately jdésma. Break. We were | to put the barracks. Psk. This year's rye is good, we can't fit them all in the rejq. Yks. I'm probably going to put some hay in one end of the barn. J. Maybe we'll put Įrugius in a bag)? Rs. They opened, put the birds in the yard and just put them in the barns. BsP III 270. The reverse form to accommodate is usually used with the local person. In winter maybe we can all fit in one room? PnmA. How did you fit in such a small room? Prn. All of them may fit in that troupe. Jdr. The school is not open to the public until after noon. Break. We can hardly sleep in the same bed. Yks. This verb can be replaced by the verb fit. The verb (su)tilpti, unlike its derivative (su)talpinti, which denotes an active action, has a clear state meaning of “to have enough space, to be able to fit in”. This value determines the position of the locutor to the mentioned verb. The pitcher holds three liters. DG, 851. These horns can hold half to three bottles of wine. LT II 114. Two cats can't fit in a bag. LTR (Grv). Great wisdom fits in a small head. LTR (Srd). Everything he brought fitted in the pockets of his worn-out black coat. PocRM.58. Monica's bedding fitted in a small chest. CvŽM 21. All the slaves with the gold trays could not fit in their houses. BalčTVN 225. We all fit on the bus. NdZ. In the past, everyone in one house was silent. Dglsh. However, with this (i.e. state) verb there is also the construction of the preposition to, which is more difficult to explain. This is apparently due to the analogy with the co-root verb to place, next to which the above-mentioned construction is semantically clearly motivated. We'll take as much as fits in the wagon. DZ, 851. Will that thing fit in the box? Willow. All his tools fit in one bag. Prn. Everyone fitted into the manor. Vlikv. One cow's milk does not fit into the giant. VKS. One of your legs wouldn't fit in that pot. BalčTVN 12. As you know, each dependent form emphasizes different semantic features of the word it determines. The prefix to construction has a scroll set, which can also be conveyed to the verb. In fact, this construction is easier to say with those forms of the verb that denote a still unrealized state: an active action is necessary for its formation. The construction of the prefix į refers to the action itself, e.g.: ar tilps į dėžutę = can fit into the box, negali tilpti į puodą = cannot fit into the pot. Thus, both dependent forms used with the verb (su)tilpti are motivated. 197 7. The verb to choose 7.0 The verb rinktis and its prepositional derivatives susirinkti, prisirinkti also form parallel compounds with the pronoun (a) and the preposition in construction (b). This shows them having a complex meaning with the scroll and state sems. a) The children were already gathered in the yard. BaltrTK I 39. The Žemaičiai would not worship their gods, would not gather in the woods under the holy oaks. VienR IV 101. All the geese in the panneau are already gathered. 324) (Ibid.). b) Dense clouds, edges slide. From the arable brothers to the green grove. BorNA 64. Again, to defend their freedom, to avenge their misfortune — as in the days of their ancestors — Lithuanians gathered in the forests. CorsPj 55. Lithuanians used to go to the sacred forests or gojos with their families. RiepšMP 31. The placeholder of the given sentences can easily be changed from preposition to construction, and vice versa, e.g.: rinkosi kieme | į kiemą, renkas į girią | girioje. 7.1. Analogous parallel compounds are also synonyms of the verb choose. In the town (| in the town) the crowds flooded. 314 and op. The sparrows jumped up on the tree and looked for the cat. MašAMB 217. Bees are thrown into the pit. Ig (LKZ, II 862). 8. Concluding remarks The local pronoun and the construction of the preposition into have the same orientational meaning — they denote the interior of the object (e.g., v lese — v lese) and fundamentally different meanings of fluidity and, accordingly, different semantic connectedness. Typical environments for the use of the preposition in the construction are verbs of conjugation (or having such a conjugation), and of the locus, on the contrary, verbs of non-conjugation (usually of state). 8.2. However, there are some verbs with which both forms are used interchangeably — the pronoun and the construction of the preposition in. It indicates such verbs in their semantic structure by having characteristics that correspond to the context of both the locutor and the preposition to the semantic requirements of the construction. Some verbs can be interpreted in a double semantic way, others have a complex meaning with the semiotics of progress and state. 8.3. The pronoun and the preposition in construction are used alternately with the verb klimpti and its synonyms (see 2). The meaning of these verbs can be interpreted in two ways: as a shift (more often) and as a non-shift (rarely). For the denoting of these verbs, the movement of an amorphous mass into depth, can also be perceived as the unchanged position of the object (compared with the horizontal movement), in that sense as non-movement. 8.4. The verb to put (and words of similar meaning), the verbs sėti, sodinti, talpinti, rinktis can alternatively join the prefix to the construction or the locus due to their complex semantics. In their semantic structure there are scroll and state semas. The first (i.e., the shift, the change of place of the object) is more pronounced and determines the position of the preposition to the given verbs, and the second is potential (it denotes the state as a result of the end of the shift) and determines the position of the placeholder. 198 8.5 The pronoun is used unrestrictedly with the compound forms (or participants) of the given verbs, which have the grammatical meaning of the resulting state. 8.6. The pronoun and the prepositional construction in emphasize the different semantics of the determining verb. The prefix into constructs the semantic of the movement, and the pronoun of the state. However, these differences are usually not significant from the point of view of communication (information) and the forms mentioned are used selectively, e.g.: sowed rye in wet soil | moist soil. 8.7 It can be assumed that this variant syntactic connection of the aforementioned verbs in literary language has come from different dialects. Abbreviations BubnŽDŽ —Drums V. Hungry land. After the summer sky. Unsown rye blooming. V., 1977. DrskD —Druskininkų dainos /Written by J. Balčikonis. V., 1972. "V. V. Vitkauskas: North-East Dūnininkų šnektų žodynas". V., 1976. DZ, —Contemporary Lithuanian Zodynas. V., 1972. GustPP —Gustaitis A. The blessing of caressing. V., 1987. KolK —Koliikie¢io calendar. LanktMDT—Lankutis is a drama trilogy by J. Justinas Marcinkevičius. V., 1977. Grammar of the English Language. V., 1965-1976. T. 1-3. "Literature and Art" (PDF). PocRM —Pocius A. Scars in the tree. V., 1968. RadzPV —Radzevičius B. Priešaušrio vieškelis. V., 1985. RiepšMP —Riepšas E. Forest and Human Rest. V., 1981. SajND —Saja K. Behind the Unlockable Door. V., 1978. sv —Sužeistas vėjas: Lietuvos liaudies mitologinės sakmės /Sudarė N. Vėlius. V., 1987. SZ —The Magical Word: Lithuanian Folk Tales /Prepared by K. Aleksynas. K., 1985. VaičnLMP —Vaičiūnienė T. In the world of literature and art: Memories. V., 1986. VenclLL —Venclova A. Literature and Folklore. V., 1974. vert —translation language. Other abbreviations as in the academic "Lietuvių kalbos gramatika" or the great "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas". LITTERACY Kilius J. The system of local prepositions and conjugations in common Lithuanian //Problems of Scientific Language. V., 1972. P. 23—44, Kilius J. Structure of Orientational Meanings in Lithuanian Language (On the Meanings of Local Adverbs and Verbs) //Kalbotyra. 1977. T. 28(1). P. 40-49. Laigonaitė A. Meaning and use of pronouns in contemporary Lithuanian language. V., 1957. A Dictionary of Synonyms. V., 1980. Grammar of the Lithuanian language. V., 1965. T. 1; 1971. T. 2; 1976. T. 3. Paulauskienė A., Tarvydaitė D. Grammar norms and current use. V., 1986. A. Pirochkin's corrections of A. Jon Jablonski's language. K., 1986. Introduction to Logic. V., 1978. Valiulytė E. The meaning and use of the prefix in in the contemporary Lithuanian language //Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai. 1964. T. 7. P. 97-117. Zinkevičius Z. Lithuanian dialectology. V., 1966. Baaaumupceknii E. 10. CacreMa npeyioxHO-- MAASXHBIX KOHCTDpYKIAH C MPOCTPAHCTBERHBIM 3HANMCHHEM B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM JIHTEPATYPHOM si3bike: ABTOped. Oh, you. OHJIOJI. HAyK. M., 1972. 199 Maprsiuos B. B. dynrxunonanisHas rpaMMaTHKa H kateropus s3bIKA //TipoOjieMti OdyKkiumoHaJIbHOH rpammatuku. M., 1985. C. 155-161. Huxkurana C. E. O ceMaHTHYECKOM BapbHpoBAHHH pycckux npemioros //CeManTHYECKOE H dbopmansHoe BapbupoBatue. M., 1979. C. 108-147. Hosuxos JI. H. CemanTnka little sssika. M., 1982. lseaosa IO. H. [derepmunupyiommnii OOsLeKT H JIETEDMHHHDYIOLIECE OGCTOATENLCTBO KAK CAMOCTOSITE/IbHBIE pacipocTpaHHTeJiH npemnoxenns [/BS. 1964. No 6. C, 77-93. CHHOHUMMYECKOE VIIOTPEBJIEHME MECTHOI- 'O INAJIEXA HU IIPEVIOTA a C BUHUTEJIBHBIM ITA/ĮEXKOM Pe3iome 3Ha4eHus OOpa3yeT COBOKYNHOCTb CEMAHTHYECKMX KOMIIOHEHTOB JĮBYX BHOB: OPHEHTHPYIOLIEE H JĮBHTATEJILHOC 3HAUCHMHS, MecTHBIH nagex H KOHCTPYKUMS NMPEAIora to C BHH. II. 1998-1999 HMEET TOXJECTBEHHOC OpHeEeHTHpYton[ee 3HaueHHe —0603HAYAET MECTO BHYTpH OpHeHTHpa HM COBEPIUCHHO Pa3/IHYHbIC JĮBHTATĖJIbHbIė 3HAUCHHA: NpeJUIOXHO-IAJ[EXHAS KOHCTDYKUKHA YKa3biBaeT HA JĮBHXCEHHA CyObeKTa, a MecTHb NAEX —HaOGOpoT —Ha HEMOABHXHOCTH (OOBIMHO Ha ero MecToHaxokaenwe). JlfaHHbIe (OpMEI Ha OCHOBE OPHEHTHPYIOWIEro 3Ha4YeHUA OOpa3ytOT CHJIbHYRO CEMAHTHYECKYIO ONMMO3HLMIO (mud deperunanbabie NIpH3HAKH —ABHTaTeNbHbIE 3HAYCHMs); cp.: miske "B necy' —to the forest "B nec'. OnHAaKo BCTPEYAKOTCH HEMHOTOYHCI/- ICHHBIE IJIAroJibl, KOTOPbIe MOryT AJIbTEpHaTHBHO COYeTATbCA H C MECTHBIM MAJIEXOM, H C IIDEJŪJIOXHO-IIa IeKHOM KOHCTPpYKUHel, 00pa3ys CHHOHHMHYHbIE C/I0BOCOYETaHMs, Cp. : transport stuck in the soil | in the soil ‘B03 yBsa3an B nousy /B nose’. CoorBETCTBYIOLICH anbTePHATHBHON CHHTAKCHYECKOH COYETAEMOCTHIO OT/IHYAKOTCA MiIarojibi: CEMaHTHyeckoro psna klimpti (i murva | murve) ‘Ba3HyTh (B Tpai3b | B rpasu)’, c. p. dėti (į kampą | kampą) ‘knacth (B yroa | B yriay)’, a TaKxe rjiarojisi sėti (ryžius į žemę | žemėje) "ceaTb (poxb B mousy / B mouse)’, sodinti (potavus į drėgną žemę | drėgnoje žemėje “caxate (Kaprodejs| BO B/axHYIO 3eMuTIO /BO BiaxHoH 3emue)’, talpinti, tilpti (į kambarį | kambaryje) "moMecTHTL, BMECTHTHCS (B KoMHaTy /B xomHate)’, rinkti (i miška | miške) "coGuparsca (B sec /B necy)’.