Nauji baltarusių šnektų lituanizmai

LITHUANI- AN LANGUA- GE QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) Language communi- ca ion and in e ac ion ELENA GRINAVEC- KIENE NEW LITUANIZ- MS IN BELARUSI- AN LANGUAGE Resea ch- es o he Bela usian lexicon ca ied ou o e he las wo cen u ies (1965-1986) ha e allowed us o a i m ha he p oblem o li uanism in Bela usian dialec s is s ill ele an and ha no all wo ds o Li huanian o igin used in hem ha e been disco e e- d. The e a e cons an ly disco e ed many p e iously un ecogni- zed li uanisms, a emp s a e made o iden i y and jus i y phone ic esponses o med in di e en Bela usian Snek s and a di e en imes. Some s udies show ha ¢ia occu s in he old a|!o|y ocalism li uanizmy- u, o igina ing om he Li huanian ZodzZiy, ha ing (i)uo and (i)au ocalism, e.g., axéma ‘ o ged’ < li. sha es; JIox, sox, " ield name" < lie. The ime ‘ . p.” < lie. ime; 2a6d® ‘guoba’ < lie. giioba; cAmxa ‘big sca wi h a kno ’ < lie. sidiis é ‘ . p.’, Gyo dana ‘b agged head’ < lie. buozé, buozélé ‘ . p.” ; "KyK Sys "molinis S ilpukas' < lie. kauki is ‘ . p.’ e al. [G ina e- ckiené,; G ina ec- kiené,]. The sea ch o Li huania- nism is s ill aced wi h di icul i- es, when he Li huani- an Wo d o one o ano he owel, bo owed om di e en Bela usi- an dialec s, has no only gi en di e en espons- es o such owelism, bu o en has also unde go- ne many a ia io- ns o consonan- ism, cha ac e- ized by a a ie y o p onunci- a ion. I is some im- es di icul o iden i y and show he ue Li huani- an Sal inj o such a Bela usi- an Wo d. Le 's say, b . a miy ZodZiai Kakapsu- xi, Kakéwxi, Kapdkyu- xi, KapKéwki, KéKawuk- xi, KéKiwki, KépKiwKi, Képnyuci, kyKapsu- xi, KyKiwki, Kykapsu- xi, Kypauxi, KypKiwKi, Kypdnau- ki, KYpniwKi, Kypmauxi, Kyp4eiki, Kypyiwxi, meaning ‘leg bones’, as well as kaxpKyw- xi ‘ ails’ and xéxawe , ‘leg bones’; 2, 364, 365; Hapoguae, 169; Ke poe, 155]*, wi hou conside i- ng he ac ha mos o he imes hey a e no simila in hei p onunci- a ion, bu a e ela i es among hemsel - es — dialec al hyb id a ian s o he same wo d, gene ical- ly ela ed o lie. ka ika as (cooks, kiku as), kaiiko as, kauka ad ‘buckled’, c . he same pa io o igin kaiikas ‘con usi- on, umo ’. IS Siu Ieksemy e ymolog- ically mos anspa - en and leas changed a e Kakapsu- xi, KyKapsu- xi and KykapSu- xi. I 's a lie. au>b . a (e.g., JTaacdK,- ,slénio and pa h name" < li. Lauz-+ b . -ok [Mixpa a- nanimia, 136] Kaxapsuxi will ha e appea ed i§ lie. and he de oga i- e meaning o b . su ix -eyxi [Cusa Ko, 260]. Kyxapsuxi and xyxapSuxi may ha e a dual phone ic o igin. They can be killed jus by i8 lie. cocke el, cocke el, ‘kuk8 e - a’; galéjo also i8 ul ulio- i and i8 lie. kaiika as by lie. au>b . y désnj (c . al eady men ion- ed xyxyys <lie. kauki is). Né a 1 The link /a icle shows ha sounds (and o ms) a e used in di e en Bela usi- an dialec s. ® Bela usi- an Snek y explosi e 2 (usually occu ing in {bo owi- ngs} ex ) is no di e en om hei explosi e 2. * Tha ,,kulk- Snis“ and,,kauk- a as“ a e seman ic- ally iden ical eali ies is shown by he common name o bo h kduSas, e.g.: gal dés kdusas and kdjy kdusas (LKZ. T. 5. 446). 162 qui e clea xyxapSuxi unk a ins ead o he expec ed a. Maybe ha 2 Gia galéjo ape is i i$ a? In o he wo ds, xyxapSuxi galéjo j i8 ans o m xyxapSuxi. In some cases, some b . In Li huanian, a ha d consonan o ms a so consonan , e.g., lie. climbing, climbing, climbing>b . Kaymnei | ka ombo1, Kayna | Ka ona i k . [C o¥nix, T. 2, 479-480; JIeisnex ana iune , 791—797, cap e Ne 235, 236]. On he o he hand, maybe xykapSuxi could ha e been i s a ed by some o he lie. kicke , kicke s... a ian , say, shell ish and so on. Nea es Siy leksemy ela i e, bu al eady mo e al e ed — expe ien- ced middle -ca e nous syncope, is xypauxi<*xyxapauxi — (plg. analogous cases o syncope: Kasanyxa<xasaxaayxa ,,ie a“, manpKa < mapeindpKa ‘S a kas’ [Cao¥uix, T. 2, 366; 1. 3, 29]). O *x xapauxi, as ob iously seen, lies. < Fucke - (GROANS) +b . - Ayxi. The lexicon xapdxyuxi is also qui e close o xaxap$uxi. Ji galbi kilusi iS *xaxdpy- uxi leng h o midnigh (-xapy-) skiemeny p iebalsiy me a hesis, . y. dél x i p exchang- es: -xapy->-paxy- (dél possible panaSaus consonan in e chan- ge plg. npaépx <npapsx ,,p a akcinas“, padsioea<dsapyea ,,ginia®,,,- Siu kS i paklodé“ [Cno¥nix, 7. 4, 76, 441]). O *xaxdpyuxi he beginning could gi e lie. cauka -+b . -yuxi: Kapdxyuxi nea es , no wi hs an- j ding he ac ha he i8 i s Z ilgsnio i ja almos unlikely, a e he lexicons xaxdwxi, KOKiwxi, KOKawbi, KOKawki, KyKiWKi i place name Kaxdéwe aye [Mixpa ananimis, 119]. I galéjo issi u ulio i i *xapaxdwxi, *xépaxiuki, *Képakauel, *kopaxauxi, *kypaxiwxi, *kapaxdwo ly iy dél idu inio -Paskiem- en's syncope. Thus, he jy phone ic de elopme- n o hem e en mo e han leksemq xapdéxyuxi, has dis anced hem om he o iginal Me ge — o ms su *xaxap-|*koxap-|*Ky- xap-, kilusiy lie. i8 kauka - (cook-) i b . - I'm so y. Zodziy xapkéwxi, xapkywxi, Képxiwxi, xypKiwxi Bela usian ini ial o ms may be *xaxpéwxi, *xaxpywxi, *kéxpenuxi, *kyxpenuxi, paki usios dél p ie alsiy samplaikos -xpme a e- zés (long xp i i- mo pkplg. Kd6six <Ked. A6iK ‘g uzlys, kilbas’ [Cao¥nix, 1. 2, 493]). O he la e dél o con enience o p onuncia i- on p obably o igina ed om ilgesniy, i8 *xaxapéwxi, i8 *kaxapyuxi, *Kéxaponuxi, *KyKapbuuKi, i$mesdamos Wo d middle syllable a (dél possible such iSme imo plg. xaamdwka<kan- amduxa ,, oks ezZimas“ [Cuoyxix, T. 2, 366]. O Siy o ms *xaxap-| *xoxapp- agal b . a|o <lie. au appea ed i8 lie. cows; *xyxap - — ic lie. i8 cuka -, iek (B . y<lie. au) — i8 Cocke -. Leksemy xdépnywxi i xypniwxi aida bus bu usi pana’i j ImageKi- wxi, KypKiwxi (Z . 8 iau), ick jy Middle o Wo d -n-, we need a baseline su connec ion Sal y iSblukus, has appea ed i -k- (plg. analogue cases o xapmandcei <KapKanécwi <lie. ka kanésis_,‘ ies ano- sis’‘ [Cnoyuix, T. 2, 424]). Vadinasi, xépnywxi, Kypniwxi < *Kdpkywki, *xypKiwxi<*Kéxpyuxi, *kyxp uuKi<*kdéxapyuKi, *kyxapenuxi <lie. kauka - (kuka -)+b -wxi, -wxi. AnalogiSkai he la e a e i8 u uliojusios i Kypmauxi, K¥pyiuxi, KYpy i leksemos, ju ZodZio idu io -m-/-y-/-u consonan- s appea ing in place o -x-. So Kjpmauxi, Kypyiuxi, Kypueiki< *KypKauxi, *K}pkiwi, *xypxixi<*k paxauxi, *Kypaxiwxi, *K}paxixi<*kyxapayuxi, *KYKaKeIuiKi, *x xapoixi <lie. kauka - (kuka -), kauko ikai i and so on. (leng h o possible analogous al e na ion o some owels b . Snek ose plg. ju 6s < 6aKadowKa, i 163 xé6auka<Kénauka ,,duobu é po k i ine“, epe mdmuix < Opommdmnix, Kpoin imnix < mpeinymuix, KyocypKa<myacypKa i k . [Caoyuix, T. 1, 154, 491; 1. 2, 493, 545, 558]. I ype The incisions a e he oldes , mos al e ed i and he mos dis an om hei main loca ion. Sal inio. The lexicon xypénauxi also galé y bi i e y old. Ji will ha e he ollowing phone ic e olu ion: xypénauxi < *xypdKauki < *kyxépauxi <lie. Fucke - (GROANS) +b . - Ayxi. Some imes i happens when he suspec ed b . Snek y Li huaniani- sm ails o es ablish a p ecise Li huanian esponse. Le 's say ha he jy placename Bdowenuxi ..Va ana a Pa adise. Sal onixkiy illage pas u e’ [Mixpa ananimia, 23] is a li uanism, abejoniy does no a ise, a iau neZinia whe he his The oo a is kilgs lie. i€ au, wo, a since bo h The wo a e a a ce ain poin in ime in some places b . Snek os a e gi en he same a e lex, a e.g., Jlaxinixi <lie. Laukin kai i ed6a<lie. guoba e i al. So I don' unde s - a and, Baselie. he esul s a e Bauz-, a Buoz-, plg. lie. BaiiZiskiai ,,Rad ilik's pa adise. kaimas’ i Bioskis ,,.Bi zy pa adise. kaimas’ [LTSR adm., . 2, 30—44]. Panaus pobidzio sunkumy iSkyla i susidi us su li uanizmais a iamais bal a usiy Snek y Keywo ds pdei, paedse1, paediide , paeda i, aaedpe , paedi oc i, payedn, psyziuel, cypdei, cyp ei, u in iais a pa ia ,,p akai o, andens, aSa y s o és, ie és, s okos“ eSme pazicmu i jy eSme,,d i- iZé as, démé as“ [Cuoyuix, T. 2; 603; T. 4, 235, 236, 237, 333; 7. 5, 20, 21, 229; Cuamxosis, 397, 412; Riidninkai, Akmenyné]. Lexicon pdzi dél sp ags amojo (mo e sui able o Bela usian bo owe s) p onuncia i- on, dél i s geog aphic- al isola ion o use was p onounced i as Li uanism [Apamonxapa, 128; punasenxene, 187], a iau eal Li huanian jy Me ge o So i s ill doesn' wo k. Now, when bal a usiy Snek y In he ga dens i se The e a e mo e o he undoub edly necessa y phone ic ela i es in he i sou ces. Gu, lie u iskyu jy a liepy sea ch is a ounda ion es . When M . a<ay (<lie. au) will be j ykes leksemos pdzi* Roo (so, pdei<*pdyei), he e is eason o belie e ha among he adequa e eikimés lexemy pdei, ps eiue , payedu Sakny (pae-, paye-, paye-) he gene ic ela ionsh- ip is clea enough ha all o i hem a e descended om paye-. i8 All no paid- >pae- The oo undoub edly has he i lexems pazdswi, paediide, pazda , paediio e (only wi h su di e en cons uc i- e s em elemen s), as well as sazdpwi i me a ezés biidu a i$ (leng h o okio k a& iniy pa- — -a0: syllabic change o posi ion o consonan - s, . y. jy p onuncia - ion aa-—-pe also plg. analogue No. sand5pax ,,hea - esi- su s an < handle“ le. adelek w . p. [Cao¥nix, 7. 2, 717]. P adzia Fo hese one-meani- ng lexicons he e was a deep seman ic i phone ic language. i was- Roo s ZodZi, say, like dug is ( idug is),ni- auk is, e ea (wi h clouds)“, dugas ’sc a ch’, c . s ill w ong (expi ed) ,,apsiniauké“, o b eak u h ough ,, o u pene a e”, and,, o neglec , o illumina e” bees wi h smoke; su Change o he oo owel: igd, igys wilgas lie us; d y ai “, igas ,, ainy, bluish day“, iigala, igalas 4 Pas ebé ina, when b . Zodis pdei Laz iny Snek oje (BTSR "Y ias aj.) used al eady as a loan b . i8 i a iamas é"g’e’s (leng h b . a> lie. in deb iS sla y j o plg. os Snek os Bela usian- ism e oked ‘cau ion’ <b . amedea , . p.*, uch é ai_,,laikiklis“ <b . yxedmo ,. . p.’ {Laziinai}. 164 oily ai ’, c . bu : Ziul in, Ziul in, Ziul ineli, ali e you'll — d ink milk, ge ma ied, i dead you'll swim in — blood; The animals in he paddock smiled, he nu unspeakable smell ippling all a ound ,, ekédama, sklisdama“ d oké k . i [LKZ, . 11, 281, 286-288, 523, 883, 892, 905]. So, as you can see, lie. dug is ( iig i) k . i segmen needed ,,sp ead, u n a ound, i un“ e c. jus is iden ical i b . su pdei k . i We' e looking in o Bela us. i o ZodzZiy in he su li uanian genealogy The cause o he disabili y is no known. NemazZy abejoniy sou h kinship iek b . su pdei (and o he s), and i su lie. dug is ( iig i) c ea es a uni e Sal pdzi lexemy cypdei, su cypyei o ms. Jy Roo s, sp end- In he case i o simila su communica - ions, pa icula ly o gene al in e es , he e should be - Wa ch ou , -pyei (-pyei galé y bi i o simply linked lie. su iig- The spoken meaning o he oo In wo ds, o keep i olled i8 *-payei>*-poyei>*-pyei; dél such ans o ma ion plg. No. xyxyyp ,mola S ilpukas’ <lie. caucu is ,, . p.’ ). A e his, he ju ela ionsh- su ip pdei galé y bi i qui e measu ed possible. i I'm like aiScan bo h ju Wha 's he name o you g and a he ? So i you' e in he i middle, i 's a new need No wo ds. Tas cy- Gia dél The wo d need8més i8blukimo galé y bi i a si ades adé inio bei i i§ jplugininio c- (sou h ligh ness holds) y. When analogous p e ixes a e added Snek osis (especially jy in loanwo ds) occu s, well shows b . i ceAcaa ,, y8ys“ < e icaa , . p.“, naiumea ’ap umbas, apmusalas’ < le. lis wa ., . p. “, lie. sc iipcio i- <k ipéio i i d. k [Cnoyuix, T. 4, 14, 403; LKZ, . 12, 1101]. O ha some imes po c (o ano he consonan ), when a g oup o consonan s is o med, ano he owel may be inse ed, see such a b . y a i Snek y I said, like a man. o cypaad acbipaa6 - ocapoa6,,S- al inis, e smé“ le. < z édio ,, . p.“, eykaspos ,,scle ose- < d’’ cxaepd3 w . p.“, cyxpymax ,, ySulys“ < cxpymax , . p.” k . i [Cnoyuix, 7. 2, 140, 174; . 5, 14, 16]. Pana’y balsio u (a ne q!) isp audima well shows some i lie u iy (also p asy) i bo owe- d, e.g., suli ibas, sdliiba, sqliiibas ‘ma iage’ < le. slub a . p.’ (plg. p . saliiban ,, . p.’ ), sune oga,,ize- idimas, apSmeizimas“ < le. insul ,, . p.’, meaning "iSmoné, he idea" le. < sense ,, . p.“, su odba ,,wedding u. < You pe mission. p.’ [LKZ, . 12, 81; . 14, 137, 148, 151, 250]. Galéjo Gia as cy isas bi i i p idé as p ie Zodziy *paei, *pyzi, when hey all b . adap a ion o language s uc u es o i s a sys em. Simila ope a i e case occu s in i Li huanian dialec bo owing- s, e.g. susmislas ,,in en ion” le. < zmys! ,, . p.“, su ada ,, aidas“ < b . none ,, . p.”<le. zwada ,, . p.’ [LKZ, . 14, 230, 246]. I This is a easoned belie , Bela usian pdei, cypdei, i e c. i hem kin’ky leksemy lie u i8ka kilmé, qui e possible hing, could be jus like ha *. ABBREVIATIONS Akmenyné — Akmenjnés Snek os @aléininky aj.) 1981 m. E. The expedi ion o G ina eckiené- s. ApamonKaBa — Apawonkasa A. Y., Dps nanenkene A. I, Kapaapyys I. I, Mauxesi4 10. ®., Pamanosis A. M., Wa asasa J. ®. 3 nexciki G6emapyckix *Sou h kai ku iy The membe s o he edi o ial boa d o ,,li uaniz- my* a e o a di e en opinion. 165 Rapopak 3axoquH- aii 30HbI //Becui Akayomii Hasyk BCCP. Cepia pamayc- Kix HaByK, No 4, 1969. C. 123-134. I'm so y. I'm so y. I'm so y. Cap s in KoMeHT- apbii. Ti HBI Mixcx, 1963. G ina ec- kiené,; —G ina e- ckiené E., Macke i- é J. Some phone ic cha ac - e is ics o Bela usi- an li uanism //Li huan- ian language and bilinguali- sm. V., 1988. P. 123-131. G ina ec- kiené, —G inaye- ckiené E., Macke ié J. Lie. (i)au ocalism espons- es in Bela usi- an li uanis- ms //Bal is i- ca. 1989. Vol. 3 (Annex 1). P. 70-80. Tpunase- uxene —Tpunase- ukene 9., Manxes- ny 10. ®., Pomanos- ny E. M., Uebepyk E. VW. "B os- as sexcuka JIMTOBC- KO O NpOHCX- OKTeHHA B SalaTHO Benopyc- cun //Lie u iy e minol- ogija". V., 1975. P. 163-195. Laziinai —Laziiny Snek os (Y ij6s aj.) in 1959 and 1972 E. G ina ec- kienés expedi i- on esul s. LTSR adm. —Lie u os TSR adminis - acinės-- e i o i- nės suski s - ymo žinynas. V., 1976. Fe e LKZ —Lie u iy Zodynas. V., 1968. T. 1; V., 1969. T. 2; V., 1956. T. 3 . Mixpa a- nanimia —Mixpa a- nanimia Benapyci. Mixcx, 1974. Hapoguae —Hapogn- ae cmopa. Mixncx, 1976. Ridninkai —Ri idnin- ky] snek os (Saléinin- ky aj.) 1980 E. G ina ec- kienés expedi i- on uzZ asai. Cusnxo —Cusauko II. Y. Hapoguas sexcixa i cnopay - sapenHe. Mincx, 1972. CysmKos- i4 —Cusamx- osia T. ©. I'm so y, I'm so y. MixcK, 1983. Cnoynix —Caoynix Genapyc- kix apopak nayHoun- a-3axogH- ai Benapyci i ae ma pa- Find i . T. 1-5, Mincx, 1979-1986. 2Kp1woe —Ke oe cnopa. Mixcx, 1978. HOBBIE JIATYAH- H3MbI B BEJIOPY- CCKHX TOBOPAX Pesiome VUccnenosa- enu Senopyccko- l WMaseKTH- OM MeKCHKH MOCTOAHH- O{cTauKMB- aloTCa C ellie HeOT03HaH- HBIMM 3a4MCTBOB- aHHAMH JIMTOBCKO- O Mpo cxoxZ- eHHA. O6pamae Ha ce6a BHHMaHHe 3aHMCTBOB- aHHA C BOKaJIH3M- OM KopHA a /o/y, pas3BABIIM- ecA B TeYeHHe CTOMCTHI H3 JIHTOBCKHX CJIOB C BOKasM3M- oM ()uo, (i)au, Ra p., 2a6d “uibM’ <sMT. 2 oaaki ‘ onopacTu- KH’ <s1aT. biozgal iai “ x.’, camxa “6ombu ok miaTOK c KyTacamu’ <sMHT. siaiiš e ‘ x.’, JIox “HasBaH e noma B Hoso pyzcK- om p-He BCCP’ < nm . Time ‘Ha3panne mons’ (<mu . ime ‘none’), yx yyo “TanHAHbIi cBucToK’ <suT. kauki is “ x.’. JJannpie 3a4McTBOB- AaHMA HepenKO TasT B ceOe H HeKOTOpBIC V3MeHEHHA KOHCOHAHT- H3Ma HM OTIMYaIOT- CA pa3sHOOOpa- zHem cioBoobpa3- z0BaHHa. [os omy HHO Za CPpaBHUTeI- bHO TpyTHO YcTaHOBUTb MOVIMHHBIe JMTOBCKMe HCTOYHHKH TaKHX JIeKceM. B c a e uccneny o - ca oOmbHBIe O6pa30BaH- Us COBa KakapSuki “MATOWHAA KOCTb; HOTH; TIe4H’ M MOTHBAPye- TcA, a TAKE M OOOCHOBEI- BACTCA HX MPOHCXOx*- KMeHHe (KaxK TOTO B OTACIbHOC- TH) OT sma. kduka as (kiku as) ‘6y op’. Tax kax KopHesoi a Genopycck- ux 3aMMcTBOB- aHHi Mo TIpoHcXOM- MTb KaK OT HT. TMTOHTAa au, Tak H OT UO, baKTHYeCKH HEBO3MOX- HO YCTAaHOBH- Th TOYHBI JHTOBCKHi HcTOYHUK GenopyccKo- o TOMOHUMa Baocouuxi: 1A e o OOpa30BaH- HA B OTMHAKOB- OH Mepe MOP TOCHYKUTb Kak JHTOBCKHI TONOHUM Baiiziskis, ax u Buoziskis. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i again. “HoTéKu, CTpyH NOTA, BOB, cie3’, OTHOCHTEI- LHO KOTOpBIX JaBHO cy lecTBO- BalO MHeHHE, YTO OHH JHTyaHH3- MbI. Ha OcHOBe 3HAYeCH- HA Ce MeHTa “Te4b, JHTbCA, 3ATAHYT- BCA, MOKpbIBa- TbCA’ H BePOATH- OCTH 3aKOHa Oup. a<sMT. au (cp.: payedn, p5 ziuel) HenaeTca BEIBOL, ¥4TO]JaH- HBIe JIeKCeMEI MOTH MPOMCXO- JUTh OT IIHT. COB Cc KOpHEM aug-( iau- g-, iig-) To o *Ke 3Hauenua. 3aMMcTB- OBaHHH si ada ‘ccopa’<G- 6np. now ‘Tx.’<mo- MmbCK. zwada ‘Cama TR. 166