Литовский говор в округе Опсы

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBŲ RYŠIAI IR SĄVEIKOS KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA, OLEG POLYAKOV THE LITHUANIAN DIALECT IN THE OPSA AREA One of the little-studied dialects of the Lithuanian language is the Opsa dialect (Braslav District, Vitebsk Region, Byelorussian SSR). Administratively, the area (surroundings) of the settlement of Opsa lies mainly within three rural councils: Opsa, Zarechye, and Daleki. This Vilnius-region dialect was first studied by Prof. Zinkevicius in 1952 and by researchers from the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR in 1956 and 1958 (see: Grinaveckienė 1960, 173—191, and K. Morkunas’s article in this collection). Many dialect texts were recorded during the folklore expedition of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature in 1972 (led by Dr. of Philology L. Sauka). In the summers of 1985—1987, we continued this work: we studied the linguistic situation, which had changed considerably over 30 years, and recorded dialect texts and song samples from almost all the villages where people (predominantly elderly) who knew Lithuanian could still be found. Its distinctive geographical position and historical past set this dialect somewhat apart from the many other island Lithuanian dialects in the present-day territories of Belarus, Latvia, and Poland. These circumstances also influenced its formation and functioning to some degree. The territory where it is spoken borders Lithuania to the west and southwest, Latvia to the northwest, and Belarus on the other sides. I. HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DIALECT 1. The linguistic situation before 1939 The area around Braslav has long been inhabited by Lithuanians. For about 150 years (from the 11th to the mid-12th century), Braslav belonged to the princes of Polotsk, who had invaded Lithuanian territory. Then, for six centuries (until 1794), Braslav and its surroundings were administratively incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The vigorous Lithuanian expansion eastward in the 13th–16th centuries checked the process of Slavicization that had begun in these territories; to the north, Lithuanians lived on both banks of the Daugava River (around Daugavpils, Kraslava, and Drissa), while to the east they reached for a long time as far as the Ikazn–Iody line 7* 99 (cf.: Lietuvių etnogenezė 1987, 219 — 220, etc.). In 1596, a Catholic church was built in Ikazn (15 km east of Braslav); its founder, L. Sapieha, ordered that a priest who knew Lithuanian be appointed, since the common people in this parish spoke Lithuanian. As late as the end of the 19th century, the local priest Buivydas distributed officially prohibited Lithuanian publications among the Lithuanian-speaking population. It is hardly possible to speak of any isolation of the Opsa dialect before the mid-19th to early 20th century, since the Lithuanian-Belarusian ethnic and linguistic borderland, where the Lithuanian population predominated, lay east and north of Opsa. This is why, under the peace treaty between the RSFSR and Lithuania of 12.07.1920, this territory was transferred to Lithuania. At that time, the border (under this treaty) ran from the easternmost point of the present-day border of the Lithuanian SSR near Koziany (Byelorussian SSR), northeastward to the eastern part of Lake Drisvyaty and then to the Daugava River (Western Dvina), somewhat west of the town of Druya. However, from October 1920 until September 1939, this district, like the entire Vilnius region, was occupied by lordly Poland. As a result, the Lithuanian population was cut off from the mainland Lithuanian population, and its dialect began to develop in conditions of isolation and a foreign-language environment, which intensified further after the district was incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR in 1939. Only then did the Lithuanian-speaking population of Lithuanian nationality begin to shift en masse to Belarusian, as well as Polish and Russian (under the influence of schools, mass media, etc.). This process of linguistic and national assimilation had been developing mainly since the mid-19th century (especially after the suppression of the 1863 uprising), when, under strong pressure from Polish priests and the tsarist administration, residents of the areas around Belmont, Plusy, Vidzy, and Drisvyaty abandoned their native language (cf.: Viltis 1911, No. 17; 1913, No. 12; Žiogas 1909, 19, etc.). At the beginning of the 20th century, about 2,000 people still spoke Lithuanian in the Braslav parish and about 2,000 in the Vidzy parish (1,022 lived in the town); two-thirds of the population of the Opsa parish was Lithuanian-speaking, and one-third of the Peleki parish (cf.: Viltis 1908, No. 134 and 144; 1909, No. 16; 1912, No. 97; 1913, No. 117, etc.). In addition, Lithuanian colonies were established at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of Germanovichi (about 600 Lithuanians) and Disna (300 Lithuanians), and in smaller numbers around Braslav and Opsa (the villages of Gruodishke, Mariampol, and Kupcheli). The Lithuanians of Germanovichi were apparently from the Ukmergė area1, while those of Disna came from the Merkinė area (Viltis 1909, No. 7, 80), and some of the Braslav Lithuanians from the Daugėliskis area. Compared with 1908, the number of households (homes) in the formerly Lithuanian-speaking villages of Braslav District has decreased only slightly, but the population has fallen from about 10 to 3 (see Table 1). 1 Zygmunt Potapovich, a resident of the village of Bely Dvor in Germanovichi Rural Council, born in 1889, wrote to us on 25.05.1985: “I know Lithuanian. Our father is from Lithuania, from the village of Petrashuny.” 100 Forced Polonization was carried out by Polish priests. For example, in 1860 Father Czernicki in Drisvyaty did not hear the confessions of Lithuanians in their native Lithuanian language (Žiogas 1909, 19); even in Pelekantsy, the local population began and ended confession in Polish (Viltis 1909, No. 16). In the Lithuanian-speaking territory between Braslav and Vidzy, 7 Catholic churches operated until 1939 (at present, only the church in Braslav remains). After these churches were transferred in 1846 from the Vilnius Diocese to Žemaitija, conditions for using the native language became more favorable. In the Pelekantsy church, in 1904—1910 and 1928—1936, services were held in Lithuanian every third Sunday (the Gospel reading lasted longer); in Opsa, sermons were read only around 1932; in Vidzy, sermons were read during church feast days around 1912; and in Braslav, the Gospel was read in Lithuanian in 1908—1911 (confessions were sometimes heard in Lithuanian up to the present day) (Viltis 1909, No. 16; 1910, No. 44; 1911, No. 117; Mūsų Vilnius 1934, No. 16; 1936, No. 13—14). Lithuanian was not officially used in the churches of Urban and Dalek, while it fell out of use in the Drisvyaty church in 1886 (Žiogas 1909, 19). The rights of the Lithuanian language were defended most vigorously by the Pelekantsy priest A. Žeimis-Žemaitavičius (1854—1909) and the Braslav priest Armalis, who also organized Lithuanian schools there. In Pelekantsy, a Lithuanian school operated continuously at least in 1905—1911. Initially it was private; from 1909 it officially functioned as a branch of the „Saulė“ organization (there were 37 pupils in 1909 and 60 in 1910); after it was closed in 1910, the school operated clandestinely in the home of A. Abalevičius. In 1907 there were 4 Lithuanian schools near Braslav: on March 14, 1908, bailiff Popov discovered and shut down a clandestine school in M. Bagdonavičius’s home in the village of Usiany (9 pupils), although Lithuanian publications had been legalized since 1904 (Viltis 1908, No. 43; 1909, Nos. 58 and 139). During the occupation of the region by bourgeois Poland, Lithuanian primary schools initially existed in Zaborniki (teacher A. Bublis; in the 1934/35 school year, the native language was taught only as a subject, and there were 39 pupils), Opsa (teacher M. Tunkunaite-Žemaitene), Petkunishki (teacher S. Malishkaite-Krivyalene), Pelekantsy, and Obolikšty (clandestinely in the home of J. Vancevičius)². The activities of the branch of the St. Kazimieras Society (a clerical-cultural organization) and the „Rytas“ Society, which existed from 1925 to 1936, contributed greatly to the survival of the Lithuanian language to this day in the Braslav—Opsa area. Branches of the St. Kazimieras Society were established in at least 17 villages (in Zaborniki, Kupčeliai, Domašai, Miliūnai, Paberžė, Vainiūnai, Adymaniškė, Usiany, etc.); they often organized evenings and youth gatherings at which various talks were given (on topics such as farming, art, sports, etc.), Lithuanian songs were sung, and dances were held. This society helped establish Lithuanian kindergartens for children ²Information supplied by former teachers M. Žemaitene, S. Krivyalene, and others. 101 (in the villages of Adymeniškės, Zaborniki, Kupčeliai, and Pelekantsy), the aforementioned primary schools, and reading rooms (Zaborniki, Kupčeliai, Petkuniškė, Domašai, Opsa, Miliūnai, Jedlovičiai, Adymeniškės). Table 1. Number of households in 1908 and 1987 and number of inhabitants in some formerly Lithuanian-speaking villages Village name | 1908 no. of households | 1987 no. of households | no. of people Bužany | Bužionys | 37 | 10 | 31 Vainiūnai | Vainiūnai | 33 | 48 | 148 (G)usiany | Ūsiónȳs | 41 | 35 | 139 Jedlovičiai | Júodelėnai | 44 | 61 | 182 Žvirbli | Žvirbliai | 40 | 17 | Kriukai | Kriukai | 36 | 22 | 60 Meliūnai | Miliūnai | 60* | 46 | 104 Obolikšty | Obuolỹkščiai | 13 | 6 | 12 Roževo | Rožavà | 35 | 10 | 33 Strusto | Strustà | 24 | 18 | 34 Šalakundži | Šalakañdžiai | 14 | 14 | 32 *This number also includes the village of Pelekantsy. The Polish bourgeois authorities obstructed the education of the local population in its native language. Pursuing a policy of great-power chauvinism and Polonization, they closed educational institutions; meetings and evenings organized by the St. Kazimieras Society were often regarded as manifestations of „nationalism“ (participants faced persecution, including court proceedings). From 1937, instruction in schools was conducted only in Polish. Material conditions did not allow most pupils to study beyond the 3rd or 4th grade, so the overwhelming majority of the local population was poorly literate, or entirely illiterate. Few knew how to read and write Lithuanian. In public places, part of the population spoke predominantly Polish, especially since a considerable number of families were mixed (Lithuanians and Polonized Lithuanians). Lithuanian remained the home language in Lithuanian families. Lithuanian was also spoken in churches, at markets, and at fairs. Young people increasingly shifted to Polish, which was mixed to a considerable degree with local Belarusian, and in 1935—1939 they spoke predominantly in Polish. But they continued to speak their native language with their parents and elders. Thus, a social differentiation between the two languages emerged: Polish was perceived as a language with social prestige (used by the „upper strata of the population, the prie- 102 (families), while Lithuanian remained mainly the home language of the ordinary population (predominantly older people). Consequently, the use of the native language in this area declined considerably, and the number of its speakers fell sharply. Whereas in 1908 there were about 8,000 Lithuanian-speaking people, in 1928 there were 2,600. Based on „Mapu obszaru językowego litewskiego w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej“ (Warszawa, 1928—1933), compiled by O. Chominski, a map was prepared showing the distribution of the Lithuanian language among the villages of this district3. The map marks the largest villages in the area under study and, as a percentage, the number of Lithuanian speakers among the inhabitants of these settlements in 1928—1933. 2. The Contemporary Linguistic Situation During the years of Soviet rule, education and literacy among the local population were promoted mainly in Russian and Belarusian. Rural areas have primary schools with Belarusian as the language of instruction (e.g., in Kumpiniai); secondary education is pursued predominantly in schools where Russian is the language of instruction (in Opsa and Braslav). Preschool institutions in Braslav operate in Russian, so Belarusian children who attend them begin communicating in Russian. Some of the Polish population (including those who spoke Lithuanian) emigrated to the Polish People's Republic in 1945—1958. In the postwar period, books and periodicals—which had been difficult to access before the war—began to circulate widely. A distinctive form of bilingualism emerged. Many of the Lithuanian families interviewed believe that reading in Russian and Polish (for those who attended Polish schools before the war) is much easier for them than reading in Lithuanian, although they use Lithuanian predominantly for communication within the family. In 1987, only 9 Lithuanian newspapers and 13 magazines were subscribed to in Braslav District: „Вальстечю лайкраштис“ (9), „Тарибине мотерис“ (6), „Мусу содай“ (5), „Геннис“ (1), etc. Villages bordering the Lithuanian SSR now have the opportunity to send their children to Lithuanian schools and boarding schools (Marijampolė and elsewhere); after graduating, many remain there to study and work. Lithuanians who have graduated from schools where Russian or Belarusian is the language of instruction may enroll at universities and other educational institutions in Lithuania. However, so far only a few young people from here move to the Lithuanian SSR: most go to Daugavpils, Vitebsk, etc. Improved living standards and the development of radio and television networks have led the remaining Lithuanian population in the Opsa district to begin listening to Lithuanian radio and later to watch Lithuanian television programs. Thus, to some extent, the influence of contemporary 3 The main version of the map was prepared by geographer T. Šidiškis. 103 of the Lithuanian literary language (which is sustained by the Lithuanian press and, in some cases, by communication with children living in Lithuania, etc.). According to the 1970 All-Union Population Census, 202 Lithuanians lived in the Braslav District as a whole; in 1979, only 137: 63 (46%) of them considered the language of their nationality their native language, 50 considered Belarusian their native language, and 24 Russian. Among them, 41 (30%) were fluent in Russian as a second language, 35 (26%) in Belarusian, 33 (24%) in Lithuanian, while 28 people (20%) were monolingual. In rural areas, in 1979, 47 people of other nationalities who considered Lithuanian their native language were recorded, along with 57 people who spoke it as a second language among the peoples of the USSR (of these, 26 were of “Polish” nationality, 17 Lithuanian, 12 Belarusian, 2 Russian, and 1 Tatar). Thus, in 1979, 200 people fluent in Lithuanian were recorded in the district (90 people spoke it as a second language). During the 1972 folklore expedition (July 3–16) and our expeditions in 1985–1987, at least 150 elderly people who spoke Lithuanian to varying degrees were recorded by surname and age in the rural areas of the Opsa district alone. In 1987, the largest number of such people lived in Dvarčiai (20)4, Adymeniški (15), Zaborniki (12), Usiany (10), Konstalin (Pogošče), Misiantsy, Šalakundziai, Petkuniškė, Jedlovičiai, Kupčeliai, and Naujasalis (about 5 each), Domashi and Rimashi (3 each), and so on. Even fewer remained in the other villages: some had died (e.g., 7 in Bykovskiye during 1972–1985), others had moved elsewhere (including to Poland and Lithuania; after the resettlement and demolition of Ignatiškė village, its inhabitants moved to Murmiški village, etc., where there had previously been 6 Lithuanians), while their children had not learned Lithuanian. In 1928–1933, the Lithuanian-speaking population in the villages named above made up 26–50% (Usiany, Domashi, as well as Braslav, Rozhovo, Opsa, etc.), and most often 51–90%. After Soviet rule was “restored” in 1939, many local residents believed that this territory (up to the Druika River) would become part of Lithuania, and listed Lithuanian nationality in their passports. When this did not happen (the Second World War intervened), they changed their passports again, registering as Poles or Belarusians. As former teacher M. Žemaitienė notes, “many can be Lithuanians today and Poles tomorrow.” The following reasons are cited for choosing Polish nationality: the Catholic faith (many priests and members of the szlachta called the Lithuanian language pagan and forbade speaking it); privileges for Poles in the zone occupied by bourgeois Poland; attendance at state schools where instruction was in Polish; terror by Polish nationalists and the “Home Army” against Lithuanians; adaptation to the surrounding linguistic environment (“to be like everyone else”); certain privileges during military service (in the first years of Soviet rule); the opportunity to leave for Poland, and so on. In the territory of the BSSR, local authorities favor Belarusian nationality. 4 In 1956 there were 48 of them (Vyšniauskaitė 1956, 26–28). 105 Many local “Poles” and “Belarusians” clearly remember that all the older people spoke Lithuanian: “our grannies and uncles were ліцвякі, and we are бѣларусы.” The older generation in Domashi, Rimashi, Medynka, and many other villages still remembers its Lithuanian origin. For instance, the elderly in these villages repeatedly told M. J. Grinblat (1959, 530): “мы урадзоны ліцвякі” (in fact, at the time they themselves spoke Lithuanian). Local residents of middle age, and especially the young, very often say that their language is “бѣларускі,” then immediately correct themselves: “рускі.” The local population here calls speakers of Lithuanian “літоўцы,” “ліцвякі.” The Lithuanian population is aware of its national affiliation and dialectal distinctiveness: “Kalba mūsų ne tokia kaip Lietuvoje, bet vis tiek lietuviška,” “mes mylim niūkti lietuviškai,” “gimtoji kalba labai brangi.” Almost everyone notes that their dialect has changed considerably: “we have forgotten our old language—we have to think in order to say how we used to speak.” Nevertheless, a considerable number of dialectal features and dialectal phonetics have been preserved in the local dialect. Many remember prayers in Lithuanian and sing Lithuanian songs. Jelena Krivjalene of Zaborniki village knows about a hundred of them. In studying the linguistic features of the dialect (especially linguistic and dialectal contacts), one cannot overlook the songs, as F. F. Fortunatov already noted (1871, 1). II. THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE DIALECT 1. Phonetics The main phonetic differences between the Opsa dialect and standard Lithuanian are as follows: 1. The stressed vowel ė often (especially after the consonants d, k, n, t) corresponds to ie, while the vowel o corresponds to a slightly more open o; cf.: pavardiẽ ‘pavardė’, ma.kėja., daržinies, tėvas, duktė, kójas sópa, šitó. Thus, in the pronunciation of the vowel ė, the Opsa dialect partly coincides with the somewhat more distant southern (Švenčionys) and northern (Uodėgėnai) dialects of Lithuanian, while in the pronunciation of the vowel o it coincides with the northeastern (Zarasai, Daugavpils) and southern (Švenčionys) dialects. More rarely, the vowel ė is pronounced as e or ē (e), and the vowel o as a: Adam’ã·nišk’a. „Adomėniškė“, nuvė, sadėdami, kã·lai|kõlai, pamã·niǰa.m, aštuon’á·lika, pã·nai, tã·luma5. 2. As in other eastern Lithuanian dialects, in unstressed position e and a are retained instead of the vowels ė and o: gyde.m, laukinemis, būva., iš móksla. In Domashai and some other localities, ie (<ė) is sometimes pronounced even in unstressed position: paródie, n’amókie. 5Our data do not fully confirm the pattern (ė = ę̇, ō = o°/ɔ°) reflected in the “Atlas of the Lithuanian Language” (Lietuvių kalbos atlasas. V., 1982, maps no. 27, 35, 37, 87, etc.). 106 3. Unstressed ie is pronounced as e/e/ie, and unstressed uo as a./uo; cf.: ležùvys, lietuv'ā., lietùvis | l'ietùvis | le.tùvis, āšta.n'alik'a., Jūod'alenasan, kruop'ālbu. 4. Long unstressed vowels are most often shortened to approximately half-long: ma.kieja., tāudi.t'a.s, (v)ùndin'a. Pre-stress counterparts of long vowels with secondary stress (tō.lļ, sū.mis), and sometimes also post-stress vowels following syllables with high vowels (slī'va.s, n'ū-k'a'm), are perceived by ear as long. In the linguistic literature, the unstressed vowels of this dialect are described either as half-long (Grinaveckiene 1960, 174—190) or as long (Lietuvių kalbos tarmės 1970, 392—394. 5. The vowel e (<en) may change to i, especially at the absolute end of names: Peleki “Peleke”, mani, Dūkšti, Brāslavi, Diguti'n'a., (v)ùndin'a. 6. As in other eastern dialects, the former “nasal” vowels ą, ę and diphthongs ąn, am, en, em change to u, i, un, um, in, im: kū ‘ką’, inkùs ‘įkąs’, žu.s'ālis ‘žąselis’, švī'ždava ‘švešdavo’, švìnti. ‘šventę’, ažàugi.s ‘užaugęs’, mani.s ‘manęs’, š'ùndie ‘šiandien’, brúngus ‘brangūs’, glūmži.tie ‘glamžyti’, lingvēsn'a. ‘lengvesnio’, žìntas ‘žentas’, gi.vìnt ‘gyventi’, etc. 7. In a number of cases č, dž, and sometimes t, d (before i) become c, dz: (svec'āi ‘svečiai’, šal'ù ‘šalčiu’, valdž'ā ‘valdžia’, gàudz'au ‘gaudžiau’, Vidž'uos ‘Vidžiuose’, kietùci ‘kietutį’, sėdzi ‘sėdi’). As in the neighboring Uodėgėnai dialect and especially in the Daugavpils Lithuanian dialect, the consonants t, d most often remain unchanged; cf.: pati, Degutinis, diedūtis, vadinas, didž'āusi ‘didžiausi’. 8. The consonants l, s before the vowels e, ė, and r, š, ž before i may become hard, in which case the vowels themselves change respectively to э, а, ы: saulāla ‘saule’, žó.le.s ‘žolės’, sānei ‘seniai’, pūsasara.s ‘pusseserės’, praūsasi ‘prausiasi’, Us'ani.sā ‘Ūsionyse’, pris'ēsi ‘prisėsi’, šās'ūs ‘šėsis’, mašina.s ‘mašinos’, vašavai ‘važiavai’, važùot ‘važiuoti’, žednój ‘žėdnoje’, žīrgu ‘žirgą’. The consonants r, š, ž and especially b, n, t, z become hard less frequently; cf.: bėda ‘bėda’, dektina.s ‘degtinės’, Šaltān'a.m ‘Šalteniams’, Puz'enai ‘Pužėnai’. The most likely explanation is influence from Belarusian (and Polish), languages in which hard and soft r are not distinguished (for example, Belarusian pad corresponds to Russian ‘рад’ and ‘ряд’); in the dialect under study, r is often hard: vakarē'l'us ‘vakarėlius’, ž'urrù, bāre ‘bare’, darbī's'u, turē.sim; r-r' alternation is observed very frequently in the speech of the same dialect speaker in the same words, which attests to the ongoing hardening of this consonant. This sound most often does not undergo intersyllabic assimilation: bern'ūkai, pirmиninke. The hardening of ž can also be explained by the influence of the aforementioned languages, as well as Russian: paž'īsta, dtvažūoja, in daržā'li. Overall, š, ž before front vowels are acoustically perceived in this dialect as harder than in standard Lithuanian. The sound č, which is hard in Belarusian and Polish, is rare in the speech of the Opsa Lithuanians. The final l in the words dèl', vèl', atgal', gal' is soft in the dialect. In the sequence lb+ ė the consonant 107 l is hard, and under its influence b also becomes depalatalized in the East Lithuanian dialects: kalbė't', kalbė jau. In infinitive endings, final i is reduced (-i>ʾ?): p'ri's(i)min't', vál'g'it'; when pronunciation is somewhat weakened, i' palatalization is no longer audible, and instead a very weak aspiration is heard. Devoicing of a voiced consonant between vowels occurs: ušáiga.m ‘užigome’. A grave accent on short vowels is characteristic chiefly of monosyllabic words kàp, tėr, aš, bū́s, jàm, nominative singular endings of the u-stem (su'nùs, gražùs), accusative plural (vaikùs, vainikùs, visùs), in a number of open final syllables ending in -i, -u (gar'di, penki, mažì, gražì, sunkù, gi.venù), as well as the words tadà, kadà. In other cases, vowels are often lengthened to half-long. The circumflex is used most often when words are pronounced in speech with a certain emphasis (sā'nas, chvī'ras, gē'ras), especially in endings in -ai (laikai, vaikai, tai, in the particle jai), and also on the sonorants r, l, m, n in closed position: kur, ir, vilkas, namìt'i. The acute is used most often in words pronounced in phrases with falling intonation or logical stress: trū'dna pris'(i)min't'. Sometimes the distinction between the acute and circumflex is blurred. There are irregular and inconsistent stress shifts, most often to preceding syllables: sū'nus ‘sū'nus’, žmō'gus ‘žmogùs’, su màma ‘su mamà’, sveikì ‘sveikì’, ark'liais ‘arkliais’, žōlė'mis ‘žolėmis’, ‘sunkù ‘sunkù’, negal'u ‘negaliù’, (j)i'ra ‘yrà’, ápi ‘apiė’. Unlike the Lithuanian literary language, some words have stressed endings: lietuvìs ‘lietuvìs’ (lietuv'ái, lietuv'á, etc.), bra.lìs ‘brolis’, etc. The presence in the speech of speakers of this dialect of syllabic accents, diphthongs, the plosive [g], and assimilation in palatalization (netur'(i)ngai, nes'v'eikas) convincingly indicates their Lithuanian ethno-linguistic origin and distinguishes their speech from that of other residents of the area when they use the local variety of colloquial Russian in communication. Over a relatively short historical period, the dialect under consideration has undergone enormous changes, coming under the strong influence of Belarusian speech, Polish and Russian, as well as the Lithuanian literary language. Phonetic description of the Opsa dialect is associated with certain difficulties. The influence of other languages has affected individual speakers to varying degrees, so even the pronunciation of members of the same family shows some variation. For example, some pronounce о in an unstressed position as in the literary language, while others pronounce it almost like а: bū,vo and bū,va, dirbo and dirba ‘dirbo’. Variation is observed even in the speech of one and the same dialect speaker: vakarė: l'us | vakarė:l'us, kal'bė: jau | kalbė:jau, su'nùs | sū'nus (nominative singular), aukštė|aukšti, and so on. Apparently, under the influence of Slavic languages, some speakers pronounce the vowel е as ie: niė ‘ne’, miės ‘mes’, diebie-s’alis ‘debesėlis’, biegr’ab’ant ‘begrėbiant’. It is very often difficult to determine vowel length with sufficient precision, since spontaneous speech cannot be produced monotonously, and quantitative differences between vowels occur in the speech of the same speaker in the same position but depend on speech rate, emphasis, and manner of speaking. Therefore, in many cases, especially in an unstressed position, the length 6 This accent is also found on sonorants in Russian when a word is pronounced with interrogative-exclamatory intonation: He won, „Voldu“..., „Voldu“!!! Is it there?! 108 Vowels should be interpreted as approximate or variable. Syllabic accents (intonations) likewise depend to a considerable extent on the emotional coloring of speech or phrase intonation. The dialect may lack phonological and even phonetic distinctions between the acute and circumflex, which is indicated in the texts by the sign „St“ above vowel letters. 2. Morphology Among the morphological archaisms, the extensive use of the East Lithuanian singular illative is noteworthy. It is formed from nouns of various stem classes (Lydōn, Lietuvōn; Apsān, miškān; jaunimēlin, sa.dēlin; turgūn, Vilniun), as well as from old and new borrowed nouns: ármijon, galiōrkon, Kaliningrādan, klūban, selsavietan. In the plural, three formatives are used with o-stems in this meaning: (i)uosna, (i)uosan, (i)uosun: Bikauskuōsna, Pelekuōsna, Jūodialenasan, Švenčianēliuosan, Šalakundziuōsna | Šalakundziuōsun. In rare cases, the illative is used with an inessive function (jis mokēsi in ēlektrika Polackan), as is the formative -and in the singular (nuvē svietana). In nouns of the fifth declension, the nominative plural in this dialect retains the ending -es: (dvi)sēšaras < sēšeres ‘seserys’, (dvi) dūkteras < dūkteres ‘dukterys’ (in the standard language, as is known, the endings arose under the influence of i-stems). The same is observed in the singular genitive endings. The change e > a is associated with the hardening of the consonant r. The pronoun katrās often has a full form here: kataràs, katarōn; katrās is occasionally used instead of the form kuris. The third-person personal pronouns have the following nominative forms: ānas (anàs) ‘jis’, anà ‘ji’, ānys ‘jie’, ānos ‘jos’; in the oblique cases, the forms jū, jām, etc., are used alongside the standard forms. The forms of numerals meaning ‘ten’ retain the old endings: dēšimts ‘dešimt’, dvidēšimts ‘dvidešimt’, etc. As in the Daugavpils dialect, and partly also in the Lithuanian Vėdariai dialect, the nominative plural of adjectives uses -ūs instead of the ending -i (jāunūs, netāžūs, tūnkūs); in the infinitive, the formatives are -tie (> -tia.), -tei: nuveitie, manytia, māuditia.s, mōkitia.s, niuktia.; ma.kētei (Domashni). The singular imperative is often formed without -k, using the ending -ai (with an o-stem) and j (or without it), that is, the full or shortened ending of the second-person singular present tense is used: atidārai, dārai, pasākai; atvažiūoj, padainiūoj; naktūj; nespjū, nēš. In the plural, the formative -me (first person) and -te (-tie) (second person) are added: stātaime, vālgaita, dabāitie. The subjunctive mood is also distinguished (palais-tój ‘palēiščiau’), along with the forms po gùlintum ‘po gulinčiu’, sù visùi ‘su visai’. The end of the verb- 109 The past-tense inflection is usually shortened by a syllable: atvažiau ‘atvažiavo’, dāv ‘dāvē’, nuvė nuvėja ‘nuėjo’, ataininė ~ ateinėję ‘atėjinėjo’, niaturė ‘neturėjo’, nutekėj, negiedō, nešio, važō. 3. Word formation, vocabulary Word formation employs the prefixes ai(si)-, ata-, až-, (a)žu-, in-, iš-, nu-, pa-, pad-, raz-, už-; the suffixes -ėlis, -énti, -ýkštis, -inėti, -inis, -uitie, -ūtis, -ė; compare: aisidarb.i.t ‘užsidirbti’, aisireng.i.s ‘apsirengęs’, atadūosu ‘atiduosiu’, atāmiamu, atāsuntia, atatiakėjus, ažmiršau, ažlaidia, ažniu.kinėja, ažūgava.s ~ ažūgavos, ažūravė, ažūpyla, žūjímta, inbede, indėja, insviėde, išpūola, nucharakterizāva, pamira, numirė, pamiàs, padājus, razmaisyti, rastūsa, usširga, Ciumėlīs, kumeliakėlis, pušýniai, ragutāliu, titālīs, džiuvāna, dabarykščiai, Braslavinia, Pelektnia.s, skrudelinis, naktūitia, naktavō, budūja, kruopeliūti. Within a word, vowels are sometimes inserted between consonants and sometimes omitted (especially in verbs): Aliksnis, apīkulam, dionakepe., jüodāžemis, raudānagalviai (grybai) vienamāte.s; āisma, gi.vínsme, nezgirdis, praskėikiau, Jūod(ia)lėnuos. The following words may be cited from Lithuanian dialect vocabulary⁷: aprimestis ‘apynasris’, ažušiūokti ‘užšniokti (lietuvi)’, bradinis ‘tinklas’, dāiktas ‘vieta’ (tan dāiktan perūndas kap dāve.), dabōti ‘žiūrėti’ (dabōja in kėltavu), dangtys ‘stogas’ (ar dūnkti pataisīt?), grynas, -à ‘plikas’ (griebiau gryna.m runka.m i apsāl-dziau), griauzmas ‘griaustinis’ (grāudžia groūzmas), karti ‘kabinti (drabužius ir t. t.)’, kėltava ‘galvijas’, kitaipō ‘kitaip’, kruopelė ‘trupūtis’ (ir kruopelytė, kruopeliūtė: ma.kėja. kruopiābl niūkt), kūčia (kūčiu suvalgė?), kvāilas, -à ‘prastas’ (sveikatà kvaila), lākštas ‘lapas’, landytuvė ‘kibiras su snapu pienui melžti’, lapatūoti ‘kalbėti’ (Paulina niūkia., Adēlka lapatāva; su vienōm, su kitōm palapatūosi, palapatūosiu), māigyti ‘spausti (daryti)’ (pienu šildia.m, sūrius māigia.m), mygti ‘spausti’ (nasylai išmyga kupru), nauda ‘javāi’, niūksmas ‘kalba’, niūkti ‘kalbėti’, pagaišenti ‘pames-ti’ (pagaišenau dukūmentu.), paklotuvė ‘paklodė’, pasiūgėti ‘paaugti’, perūnas ‘perkūnas’, prijunkęs ‘pripratęs’, pūšalōtas ‘toks grybas’, salà ‘kaimas’ (visà salà niūkia. lietuviškai), skrēgždės ‘kregždės’, skrudelė ‘skruzdėlė’, stōvai ‘staklės’, tiesiōji ‘dešinioji (ranka)’, visiapō ‘visai’. Under the influence of Slavic languages, the meanings of some Lithuanian words have broadened: pažistam (= mokam) lietuviškai, vakarėlius stāte.m (= ruośem), etc. Slavicisms known in the dialect include (v)ūli.cia ‘kaimas’, ūitura ‘kalba’, among others. There are many new Slavicisms, most of them associated with borrowings for terms denoting more or less new realities (as in other peripheral Lithuanian dialects, where the standard language is little known). First of all, 7Five words are cited from the work of A. Višniauskaitė (1956) and from collections made by folklore expeditions (1972), kept at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. 110 occupation names: predsėdåtelius ‘pirmininkas’, šafiōras ‘vairuotojas’; in constructions meaning ‘to work as someone’, they take Lithuanian endings: (dirba) prarābu ‘darbu vykdytoju’, ščįotavōdu ‘sąskaitininku’, svārščiku ‘suvirintoju’; names of people, realities, and objects include jedinalyčnikas, kolchōzas, chūtoras, nasōsas, rubėžas ‘siena’, svėtras ‘megztukas’, dvuchspālndja ‘dvivietė (lova)’, učāstnik vainbl ‘karo dalyvis’, sōtka ‘aras’; musical instruments include harmōška ‘armonika’, skripkà ‘smuikas’; fruits, vegetables, and berries include klūbnikas ‘braškės’, cibūliai ‘svogūnai’, malýna.s ‘avietės’, márkva.s ‘morkos’, fasōliai ‘pupelės’, grūšia.s ‘kriaušės’. Borrowings also include adjectives such as bėdnas ‘vargšas’, bagōtas ‘turtingas’ (cf. the comparative forms — bednesni, bagotesni), šikārna ‘prabangi’; the words prynidta ‘priimta’, padkōrmka, vniūkas ‘anūkas’, and others. The word mōžna ‘galima’ is used with very high frequency: mōžna gyvint, mōžna dirbt, and so on. 4. Onomastics An analysis of the names8 of villages in the western part of Braslav District shows that most of them between Pliusy and Vidzy are of Baltic (Lithuanian) origin. From this point of view, the names of villages in the Pliusy, Drisvyaty, and Vidzy village councils do not differ from the names of villages in Zarachye, Opsa, Dalekoye, and other village councils, where Lithuanian has been preserved to this day. Consequently, the shift to Belarusian in the former village councils is not ancient. Let us give some names of Lithuanian origin. Pliusy village council: Adamushki, Borovikishki, Boruny, Dudeli, Matyulishki, Lukii, Nareikishki, Ravtikishki, Shvedy; Mezhany village council: Belusishki, Belonishki, Buchany, Vyazhi, Zhvirino, Kishke-lishki, Kozyany, Mezhany, Petrishki, Yakity; Drisvyaty village council: Bartelishki, Voinikishki, Voikelontsy, Vozgelyany, Yedoga-li, Melontsy, Obolyany, Rudi; Zarachye village council: Buzhany, Belyany, Boyarunishki, Zhvirbli, Maishum, Plyav-kikety, Ratkuny, Usyany, Yutishki; Opsa village council: Adymyantishki, Belusishki, Greitonishki, Daubly, Dukeli, Zhvirbli, Kumpini, Kupcheli, Medynki, Opsa, Petkunishki, Pukinya, Rimuty, Snegi, Sharkishki, Shalteni, Yanguli; Dalekoye village council: Baltishki, Balundishki, Bogdyuny, Voinontsy, Darzheli, Daubory, Zhirnelishki, Naruty, Obolikshty, Shalakundy, Yutishki; Vidzy village council: Ashkaragi, Belyunishki, Biteny, Blazhuny, Vainontsy, Verbuny, Vidishki, Zhvirblishki, Zhvirina, Zhiguti, Kirmelishki, Krumli, Kyakishty, Laibuny, Meshkeli, Milontsy, Mushkli, Obali, Pakulnya, Pod-rukisha, Romulshki, Skrabeli, Snegishki, Stunzhishki, Trakishki, Tributshishki, Markishki, Shlikita, Eitmyany, and so on. 8 Russian equivalents of the names, many of them already distorted, are taken from estate books. Many of the corresponding Lithuanian names are given on the map. 111 Place names have suffixes of Lithuanian origin: -any (-yany), -eli, -ini, -ishki, -uli, -uny, -uti, -yuntsy. As in other districts of Belarus, the Lithuanian consonant c' (< č') before front vowels, under the influence of Russian, becomes t (Greityunishki), while the affricate dz' (< dž') becomes d (Bogdyuny). In official Belarusian and Russian names for these localities, Lithuanian dialect phonetics is retained, in particular the East Lithuanian diphthong un, which derives from the literary equivalent an: Balundishki, Kumpini, Shalakundy (= Balandinshki, Kampini, Shalakandi, etc.). Many names derive from common Lithuanian words, e.g.: Darzhelli (cf. daržėlis ‘flower garden, small vegetable garden’), Dudeli (dūdėlė ‘pipe’), Zhirbli (žvirblis ‘sparrow’), Zhirnelishki (žirnėlis ‘pea’), Krumli (krūmėliai ‘spurs’), Kyaishty (kėkštas ‘jay’), Laibuny (laibas ‘thin’), Meshkeli (meškėlės ‘bear cubs’), Mushikli (mušikliai ‘bullies’), Obali (obuoliai ‘apples’), Plyausketty (pliauskėti ‘to crackle’), Pakulnya (pakulnė ‘place near the heel, heel’), Pukinya (pūkinė ‘down jacket’), Trakishki (trākas ‘glade’), Usyany (ūsas ‘moustache’), Sharkishki (šārka ‘magpie’), Shalteni (šaltėnis ‘one who feels cold (spring)’), Shlikshta (šlykštus ‘disgusting’), etc. In the Opsa village council, of 44 names, these unquestionably make up more than half; in the Zarachye village council, 27 of 43 names are of this type (names of Slavic origin, in some cases apparently of recent origin, include Verbovka, Gusarovshchina, Yelno, Zarachye, Zaprube, Zloto, Zybki, Krasnoseltsy, Nadberezhye, Osinovka, Pustoshka, among others). Villages whose names are Slavic in form (e.g., Zaborniki) may also have been inhabited by Lithuanians for a long time. In the eastern outskirts, oikonyms of Lithuanian origin are much less common: Kumsha, Milashi, Petkuni (Ikazn village council), Zhemyany, Milyuny, Petkunitsy (Slobodka village council), etc. Most local microtoponyms are also of Lithuanian origin. In only 8 villages in the Opsa district, 128 were recorded (Grinaveckienė 1959, 186–189). The following names of meadows, fields, etc. can be added (first the literary form is given, followed in parentheses by the dialect form that differs from it more): village of Пабяржи⁹: Daublià (lake), Gùdakar klė (Gùdakar klė), Įduobis (Įnduobis), Kártuves, Kélninė, Kemsỹnė (Kimsỹnia.), Krìokinis (Krãkinis, lake), Óbuolis (lake), Ožia (Ežio)-nugārė (Ažiāngarìa.), Pābalos, Pavėrsminis, Samānis (lake), Šilėlė (Šilàlia), Vārlinė, Vilkāplaukis, Vinkšnā (Vinkšna); Yurany village: Asālyčia, Bedūgnis (lake), Beržynėlis, Dobilinė, Paliėpinė, Stervelis (lake), Šaltāžemė, Uodega; Zaborniki village: Asiūkline (Asiukline), Áukštas kalnėlis, Įšdagas (Įždagas), Jūodas kélmas, Levōnikas, Molinė (Malìne, hill), Paraistỹs, Piliakalnis | Piliakalnė, Prūdas, Ratāmiškis, Smūčka (Smūčka), Šarkėlius (Šarkėlius), Vėlėklė (Vėlėkla), Velniākalnis; 9 The toponyms of the villages of Пабяржи and Yurany were recorded in 1972 by D. Yuzelyunaite. 112 Shalakundi village: Šalakunūdži: Beržynėliai (Beržinėliai), Dār ymai (Dārimai), Dirvōnai (forest), Krūmynė (Krumynia.), Liulynė (Lilūnyia), Pabalys, Pabārtis (hill), Pālūkšnė (Pálūkšnia.), Po pūšė (Pa puši), Paralynė (Paralynia), Šniūrai, Vartėlis (Vartialis), Vidūgiris (Vidūgirb.s), Žvyras; Milyuny village: Azhuklaine, Azhurave, Elzhbetos kalnas (Ažbieta·s kalnas), Chvaliabalis, Išdagas (Išdagas), Lūkšiškė (Lūkšiškia), Melnyčiavietė (Melničiaviete), Pelėkas10, Piliakalnis, Rūkšiškė (Rūkšiškia), Samānijos, Vieversio kalnas. Not only village names but also almost all the original surnames of Lithuanians are significantly distorted and Slavicized in passports and other documents (the ending -is and the suffix -ene are omitted, vowels are changed, etc.). The Polish bourgeois administration had also been interested in the Slavicization of surnames: for example, Žemaitis was asked to change his surname to Žemajko or Zhamzha. In conversation, most men give their surname with the ending -s. Most married women pronounce their surname with the characteristic Lithuanian suffix -ene. However, even in Slavicized form, the surnames indicate their Baltic (Lithuanian) origin: Bals, Vaikut, Valeiko, Vanagas, Varnel, Garon, Gasol, Gedyun, Getovt, Zhuzel, Yoch, Krivel, Kumpin, Leysha, Lukia, Mazhvilo, Mantul, Matul, Narel, Papakul, Petkun, Pinchura, Protas, Puisha, Ragel, Rakel, Ragin, Rud, Tsionel, Chepul, Shukel, etc. In 1979, 20 people of Lithuanian nationality were recorded in the city of Braslav, of whom 8 considered the language of their nationality to be their native language, while 12 considered Russian their native language. However, there are more than 50 surnames of Baltic origin in Braslav: Abolikshita, Belyun, Varno, Valeiko, Gasol, Girsa, Grod, Gudel, Zhvirblya, Zhuzel, Koyro, Labut, Machul, Petkun (more than 12), Pigir, Pupen, Stalauskas, Shakel, etc. In Polish, Lithuanian surnames were Slavicized in a similar way: Auksztoi, Bielus, Ciunel, Mikszta, Pietkun, Szakel, Virszuto (Opsa cemetery). In documents, the names of Lithuanians in Belarus are written as Slavic names: Jōnas — Ivan, Kazimieras — Kazimir, Ond — Anna, Pētras — Petr, etc. 5. Syntax Numerals indicating time (years, hours, etc.) are usually used in the locative case (following the model of the Slavic languages): išvažiu vai pinkiasdešimt devintuos; gimiau trisdešimtuos metus; atāja. untroji adūnoj. The prepositions lig, po, prie are used with the dative case: lig kārui, pa. kārui, pa. tiesajai, prie kelni, prie Zarasām. The East Lithuanian preposition par is widely used (alongside pas, which arises under the influence of the literary language): par mani, par mūs, etc. In phrases, constructions modeled on Belarusian or Russian are often used. This is also observed in the speech of those people for whom— 10The name of this village is more often pronounced in the plural form: Pelekai, Pelekų..., Pelekuosė (Pelekuōs). * 678 113 se Lithuanian remains the language of communication in the home to this day: prigulėja. m prie draugijos ‘we belonged to the association’, in sviėta. ‘in the world’, tarp sāvi ‘among themselves’, in vÿru ‘at the husband’s’, daugiau už kitūs ‘more than the others’, māna vyras b iški geresnis kap jōs ‘my husband is a little better than hers’, vienas in kitų būrasi ‘they quarrel with each other’, reikė buvo, reikėjo buvo + inf = ‘it was necessary to’ + inf. (raikia būva imti in visų pinigų ‘it was necessary to take [it] for all the money’), negėrk, bra.lālis (= broleli), Vilnius (= Vilniaus) dabar nepažīn, a māna tu vi.rāli (= vyrel). III. TEXTS Jedlovichi (Jūodelėnai) I think to myself, all alone, how Lithuanian is not spoken | in our Pelekuōs, once the old woman has passed away | and my brother is truly alive, he lives a little farther away | his wife used to be lame | barefoot | legs sore | and my parents died, I came to Jūodelėnai | I remember them all, how the old women used to speak Lithuanian | there is a forest there, they made charcoal, there used to be drinking | girls had to be married off, and berries, and mushrooms, there were boletuses, pine mushrooms, red-cap mushrooms, chanterelles | boletus mushrooms | hens, geese, we kept them, slaughtered pigs | we harvested rye ourselves, bought nothing | and now we grow cucumbers and potatoes | my father is Lithuanian, we used to go to Bikauskas | that one is Bikauskas’s | no one speaks Lithuanian anymore — there is no one to speak it with | war came, we could not speak Belarusian | until the war, in Lithuanian | and today I spoke Lithuanian, so it was easier for me and my soul | my native language | the Soviets came, there were no Lithuanians | when I go to my relatives in Bikauskas, then we speak | oh, I was a little girl, they always came from Lithuania | well, probably, they sang | it goes on in two ways, as you know, as you have not forgotten | I can never forget my native language | I cannot speak, I am not interested | I speak, I knew how to pray in Lithuanian | the old people used to speak Lithuanian, and they went to Spavidin | I remained alone, I need to live with the children | Pievos Viršupis, Ažūbalis, Pālaukās, Ažārai Bōltu prie Šaltānām, Beržōnka, Paštnis, Didisei prie Brāsla. Vei, Dručatas, Bōhinskas | Vaitanec, born in 1908 Domashiai (Damošiai) But here, I used to speak Lithuanian. | I used to travel to Lithuania, to the south, with a cart | I used to speak Lithuanian well | I would take a load of firewood on the cart, and bring back something useful | Vilnius was a city, and the towns too | That’s how I speak, and what about there, all the Russified? | There were girls. From Šiauliai they would come. | Maybe two, maybe three nights they would stay. | My daughter lives there. | There was a daughter-in-law for me | I would save a little grain, and give them some as well | And there were Lithuanians among us for eighteen years, the soldiers were stationed here. | The border was twelve kilometers into the forest | where they’d set up, and we didn’t know | I crossed over to the Poles, they didn’t sell me land. Over there, where the morning star shines, I was in Kazimieras’s society | everything was cheap on the Polish side; when we went to the shop—it was expensive | you had to pay— 114 you had to sell it | Oh, there I went among Lithuanian people | they were like real brothers | from somewhere they’d pound out some bread for me | tourists came to me | I’m a quiet person, I’d stay at home and in the stable. | I thought, one has to receive them as one should, in Lithuanian | Grandpa, what kind of person are you, what can you teach me? | They would pound bread for me. There wasn’t any. | In every place they sold it, they said it was their own republic, in Poland | they came over here and brought it to the church | two hundred seventy lamps. | I say, they should have taken all the money | they kept us waiting | We were in the forest, we went and got the documents | the priest went to Rokiškis and to Pamalda. And the next morning the gardeners and beetroot growers | they brought the horses in, we went to the farm to shoe them. The horseshoes. | Not far from here | and it’s hard this way, it’s hard that way, it’s bad everywhere | Vikentiy Krivel, born in 1906. Dvarčiniai (Dvārčionys, Dvārčiniai) The weather used to be nice, not like nowadays | people don’t go anywhere to get berries anymore | we used to go walking in the forest, picking berries | and mushrooms grew plentifully near us, in the little pine woods. Not far away | but now they’ve stopped grazing the cattle, and there are no mushrooms | When we went, we would bring back whole baskets | all kinds of mushrooms grew, but now there aren’t any | It’s overgrown. The forest is dark | nobody goes there, and no mushrooms grow | and the men, they would salt them too, put them in jars. And in winter, they’d eat them. | I’ve never picked mushrooms | others pick them too | they go mushroom-picking on St. John’s Day | now there’s no work, just sitting around | Salomeya Tadeushevna Vansovich, born in 1912. Misnyatsy (Mísos) The neighbors used to be good friends, the old people | the elders knew very well, to me | that if you didn’t drink, you wouldn’t speak | they still say that. | I say, I’m already old, so if it’s your turn, I might as well die now | I’ve already lived my life, and your children are little | and my grandchildren are still alive | but I still worry about them | they’ve been left alone | so I give him what he needs | my parents couldn’t teach us, we lived very poorly | there was no work, no education, so our parents couldn’t teach us that. | And later, when I started keeping bees, I learned to count in Lithuanian because of this beekeeping, all by myself | Jurgis Rakel, born in 1912. Adomėniškė (Adomėniškė) The little sun flowed through a little cloud, Vai tai, vai tai, through a little cloud, Vai tai tai, vai tai, through a little cloud. The lad rides [walks] through a little pinewood, Vai tai, vai tai, through a little pinewood, Vai tai tai, vai tai, through a little pinewood. 8* 115 The young maiden sits pensively, Vai tai, vai tai, sits pensively, Vai tai tai, vai tai, sits pensively. The young lad took a fancy to her, Vai tai, vai tai, took a fancy to her, Vai tai tai, vai tai, took a fancy to her. The heart sent them to pull flax, Vai tai, vai tai, to pull flax, Vai tai tai, vai tai, to pull flax. Thank you, lad, where are you riding, Vai tai, vai tai, where are you riding, Vai tai tai, vai tai, where are you riding? At your father's I ate and drank, Vai tai, vai tai, ate and drank, Vai tai tai, vai tai, ate and drank. Your father has already promised me, Vai tai, vai tai, already promised, Vai tai tai, vai tai, already promised. While still a young girl, I will not marry yet, Vai tai, vai tai, will not marry yet, Vai tai tai, vai tai, will not marry yet. I, a young lad, will not take you, Vai tai, vai tai, will not take you, Vai tai tai, vai tai, will not take you. Žusalys Mykolas, born in 1912. Rozhevo (Rožavà) Sejau rūtų, sejau metu, Sejau lelijabl, Sejau sava jaunas dienas Kaip žalia rūtela. 2 × 2 Dygsta rūta, dygsta meta, Dygsta lelijabl, Dygsta mana jaunas dienas Kaip žalia rūtela. 2 × 2 116 Laiščiau rūtų, laiščiau metų, Laiščiau lelijalb, Laiščiau sava jaunas dienas Kaip žalia rūtela. 2 × 2 Žydi rūta, žydi meta, Žydi lelijalb, Žydi mana jaunas dienas Kaip žalia rūtela. 2 × 2 Džiūsta rūta, džiūsta meta, Džiūsta lelijala, Džiūsta mana jaunas dienas Kaip žalia rūtela. 2 × 2 Yochene Felitsiya, born in 1918, Yochis Jonas, born in 1912. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Гринблат М. Я. К вопросу об участии литовцев в этногенезе белорусов // Вопросы этнической истории народов Прибалтики. М., 1959. С. 525—539. Фортунатов Ф. Ф. Литовские народные песни, собранные Ф. Фортунатовым и Всев. Миллером (предисловие). М., 1872. Grinaveckienė E. Kai kurios Apso tarmės būdingesnės ypatybės // Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos darbai. Serija A. 1960. T. 2(9). P. 173—191. Lietuvių etnogenezė. V., 1987. Lietuvių kalbos atlasas. Fonetika. V., 1982. T. 2. Lietuvių kalbos tarmės (Chrestomatija). V., 1970. Mūsų Vilnius. 1934—1936. Viltis. 1908—1913. Vyšniauskaitė A. Pas Baltarusijos TSR lietuvius. V., 1956 (Rankraštis: LTSR MA Istorijos institutas, Nr. 44). Žiogas J. Archaiologiški tyrinėjimai Gaidės apylinkėje // Lietuvių tauta. V., 1909. Kn. 1. D. 3. 181