Iš veiksmažodžio „rinkti“ semantikos lietuvių ir baltarusių paribio šnektose

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXVIII (1989) KALBŲ RYŠIAI IR SĄVEIKOS ALOYZAS VIDUGIRIS THE SEMANTICS OF THE VERB RINKTI IN THE LITHUANIAN AND BELARUSIAN BORDER DIALECTS Language, being the principal means of communication, constitutes a unity of content and form. Thus, even the most readily noticed element of language—the word—is inseparably linked in its form (expression or signifier) to its meaning (content or signified). The lexical meaning of a word is, in fact, the basic unit of the lexical system of language. In recent times, semantics has been regarded as one of the most relevant and promising fields of contemporary linguistics. Without studying the semantic aspects of language, it is difficult to gain a better understanding of the nature of language itself, the regularities governing its functioning and development, and its relationship to human thought and behavior (Васильев 1981, 3). It is no less important to study these aspects under conditions of language contact. This article aims to examine in greater detail the semantics of the verb rinkti and its changes due to interference in the contacting Lithuanian and Belarusian border dialects, which extend into both the southeastern districts of the Lithuanian SSR and the northwestern districts of the Byelorussian SSR. The names of places from which more or less material is available are given using the same abbreviations as in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language.” Most data on the meanings of the verb rinkti and their use come from the environs of Zietela and Lazūnai; accordingly, the article relies chiefly on material from these dialects. The material available from other places is considerably more fragmentary and does not reveal the full system of meanings and uses of this verb. It is cited mainly to establish the distribution of the relevant meanings. The Zietela and Lazūnai dialects have entered the history of Lithuanian linguistics as islands lying farthest southeast from the main Lithuanian-language area. In fact, the so-called Zietela and Lazūnai dialects are merely remnants of once much larger Lithuanian subdialects. Until the mid-19th century, Lazūnai was still essentially directly connected with the main area of Lithuanian dialects, whose southeastern margins had only begun to become porous as a result of assimilation (Balinski, Lipinski 1846, 251; Гаунас, Видугирис 1983, 38). The Zietela island, too, was formerly directly connected with other Lithuanian dialects. The Lazūnai and Zietela dialects themselves also differ considerably from one another. A substantial part of the Lazūnai area forms the southernmost corner of the Vilnius subdialect of Eastern Aukštaitian (Eastern Dzūkian). It is a natural continuation of this subdialect beyond the borders of the republic. In its most important features of vocalism and consonantism, the Zietela dialect, by contrast, differs from the nearest South Aukštaitian (Western Dzūkian) subdialect and is more closely aligned with the Western Aukštaitian Kaunas subdialect. Only in the hardening of the consonant l and in certain morphological features 39 does it approach the formerly distinguished Central Aukštaitian subdialect, especially its southern part (around Jieznas). In other respects, the Lazūnai and Zietela dialects share many features and are marked by considerable variety and archaism in their morphological forms. They are linked in particular by numerous newer common features of various kinds (i.e., features at different levels of dialect systems), which arose through long and close contact with Slavic languages (Belarusian, Polish, and, in part, Russian). These features gradually decrease as one approaches the main Lithuanian dialect area. Many representatives of the multilingual Lithuanian and Belarusian border dialects move remarkably easily from one language (linguistic system) to another. Consequently, some linguists—although they acknowledge the rapid assimilation of local Lithuanians, they nevertheless examine the mechanism of present-day contact between Lithuanian and Slavic languages from a strictly synchronic perspective—sometimes consider it appropriate to speak of a “Baltic-Slavic linguistic union” (Невская, Судник 1978, 286). In fact, as a result of long and intensive contact, many Lithuanian and Belarusian border dialects display a distinctive character, which is also evident in the semantics and usage of the verb rinkti throughout the area, especially in the Zietela and Lazūnai dialects. The verb rinkti, despite variations that are predominantly phonetic in nature (cf. riñkti | rbūnkt | riñkc' | rbūnkcie, reñka | rañka and so on), retains essentially the same basic forms in all dialects of the southeastern Lithuanian periphery—riñkti, reñka, riñko. Only in the Zietela dialect, owing to analogy, the root in present-tense forms sometimes matches that in past simple forms, e.g., riñku, riñki, riñkam(e), riñkat(e), riñka alongside renku, renki, reñkam(e), reñkat(e), reñka | rañka. In all Lithuanian dialects this verb is polysemous, and in the southeastern border dialects it is often exceptionally polysemous. Polysemy, usually identified with semantic derivation (Drotvinas 1986, 83; 1987, 29), is an extremely important feature of linguistic economy, helping to overcome successfully the fundamental contradiction between the infinite diversity of reality and the fairly limited number of linguistic elements. The semantic scope of a polysemous word, or, more precisely, its semantic structure, which forms a kind of continuum, is usually divided into separate meanings—semantic variants—in practical dictionaries (Vidugiris 1977, 111). A semantic variant, like a sememe, in turn consists of smaller units of meaning, so-called semes, identified by the method of componential analysis. Here, semes are used only insofar as they help characterize the individual semantic variants of a polysemous word. A semantic variant (sememe) usually consists of a complex of semes comprising integral semes, which connect different meanings—that is, are common to them—and differential semes, which distinguish closely related meanings (Гудавичюс 1985, 19). Thus, every semantic variant of a polysemous word, in addition to general or integral semes, always has more or fewer differential semes. The number of semantic variants depends to a considerable extent precisely on the identification of differential semes and the number of their complexes. In general, according to the nature of the effects of language contact, the semantic variants, or meanings, of the verb rinkti can be divided into two groups. The first group would comprise semantic variants shared with the corresponding semantic variants of the main Lithuanian dialects and the standard language. What often differs is only their 40 expression. Some semantic variants are usually expressed in the Slavic-language examples by prefixed verbs or by verbs formed with both prefixes and suffixes. The more characteristic means of forming these forms of expression are also reviewed here. The second group comprises semantic variants that arose as a result of close contact with Slavic languages. Many of them are clearly products of semantic interference—so-called semantic calques. They are most characteristic of the dialects on the southeastern fringe of Lithuanian. Prefixed verbs are also presented alongside them; these are usually important not only for correlating meanings but also make it possible to trace the directions and tendencies of semantic interference. I. Pagal „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną“ (V., 1972) veiksmažodis rinkti turi septynis semantinius variantus, arba reikšmes¹. Įdomu iš eilės pasekti, kaip jos reiškiamos lietuvių ir baltarusių paribio šnektose, ypač apie Lazūnus ir Zietelą. Of the traditional meanings, the first two semantic variants are the most widely used: 1. “to take and put in one place”: Aimam m’ė·dz’an² v̄ogu· riṅkc’ Lz. Dz’iėnu· n’egalė·davo· riṅkc’ gr’i·bu· (in the manor’s forest) Grv. Ir tadaik ren·ka no·stāl’n’i·k’ė·n (onto the tablecloth) ir sarižd’in’ė·ja Zt. They gather berries and take them to the market Pls. I gathered pears and took them to the market Zt. L’ies’n’i·kai (from tree hollows) gather honey Rod. | refl.: Anà renkas’i (potatoes) v’ė·l’ k’itō·n t’erlbi·kon (into an earthenware bowl) Zt. 2. “To obtain or gather from various places”: The children go around collecting eggs Lz. The lads and girls go through the villages and collect eggs Zt. | refl.: Young people gather at the church and get married Zt. Now, before the feast, people gather Pst. It should be noted that fewer instances of the non-prefixed verb rinkti have been recorded here (especially in the Zietela and Lazūnai dialects) than prefixed derivatives with similar meanings (modified accordingly by prefixes), for example: pririnkti 1. “to fill by gathering”: We’ll take some, and gather apples Zt. In the forest they gather a load of brushwood (twigs) and bring it back Zt. We gather nuts and take them home Lz. We fill the sacks, then bring them in and stuff them Švnč. They gathered herbs for the cattle Slčn. In the apron (apron) I gathered fish Tvr. The tubs (large tubs) are already filled with milk, gathered Aps. | refl.: I gathered myself some of those straw stalks Dbč. Da 1 In the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, many of these meanings are subdivided further, and together with the meanings of the word rinkti in various dialects, the number of semantic variants reaches 30. However, what is revealed here is not the semantic structure of the word rinkti in any one linguistic system, but rather a heterosystemic inventory of its meanings. 2 A somewhat simplified transcription is used. The length of stressed and unstressed long vowels, as well as vowels lengthened by stress, is indicated by a dot at the upper right of the letter (in fact, their length is quite often no longer consistently preserved at the ends of words here). The half-long vowels į and u, and the prefixes a and e, are marked with a dot at the lower right of the letter and a stress mark resembling the letter s. The length of the components of diphthongs and mixed diphthongs is not marked separately: in acute-accented forms, the first component is lengthened (from half-long to long; only i, u+l, m, n, r in the Zietela dialect are not lengthened), whereas in circumflex-accented forms the second component is lengthened (usually to half-long). After hardened consonants, ė, į, ų are written ɛ/ə, ū; lengthened e–a and the unrounded, lowered ė, o of the Eastern Aukštaitian dialects are written ẹ; ɔ. Consonant palatalization is indicated by an apostrophe on the right. Rare dialect words and loanwords are explained in parentheses, while square brackets enclose explanatory words not recorded by the collectors. 41 kã-š'ikus (baskets) [cranberries] they gather for him Ad. In one place they sit and gather mushrooms Nč. Gather; you have to dry herbs Pls. 2. “to obtain from various places”: The boys gather a lot of eggs with the girls Zt. He gathered a bagful of bacon Lz. 3. refl. “to gather in large numbers”: Many people gathered Lz. The whole place fills up with people Aps. And such nasty people have gathered there Arm. to gather | collect 1. “to bring together in one place”: They gathered herbs, brought them together and gave them something to drink Zt. Those who go to the forest gather a lot of mushrooms Zt. To gather all the keys to the farmstead and circle around the farmstead three times Lz. Gather all the keys to the farmstead Lz. I collect berries, sell them, collect clothes Dv. This is firewood collected in the forest Aps. 2. “to obtain from various places”: Those girls gather a lot of eggs and sausages Zt. 3. “to drive together”: Gather them all from the whole white [world] Pls. | refl. “to come together in large numbers”: A hundred men gathered Dv. When we get together, we can’t find a place to sit down Arm. The meaning of forms with other prefixes is determined mainly by the combination of the first semantic variant and the corresponding prefix, e.g.: In autumn the master gathers apples and takes them out hidden Zt. Gather plums; we’ll look for apples Lz. He has already gathered nuts Btrm. After two apple trees we gather Dv. We only gather them in the evening [Colorado beetles], but in the morning they fly again Ad. | refl.: The apples have ripened better Aps. He selects where the footprints were and pushes them down Zt. One must sort out the white ones (spoiled eggs) and set the hens and eggs Lz. One must sort out the fibrous hemp Zt. One must pick the grass out of there Lz. I’ll dig up the potatoes (potatoes), then I’ll wash them Zt. She takes the hens’ eggs; they need to be collected Lz. We’ll gather those worms wherever we spot them Ad. I would pick up the little stones Dv. We must go to the market to sort the potatoes, because they have grown together already Zt. Sit down at the table; we’ll sort the berries Lz. There are more derivatives with similar motivation. Hybrids and various formations with several prefixes are fairly numerous, e.g.: I couldn’t gather them all Zt. We gathered the berries and poppy seeds; we collected everything Lz. The workers will gather the stones now Dv. The children gathered up the stones Dv. While driving, I found potatoes more easily; I picked them up from under the wagon Lz. We’ll dig the potatoes tomorrow and gather them Dv. She gathered berries Btrm. Berry girl, pick me, gather me [a little plum] Zt. We gathered the firewood Dv. They all picked and gathered apples Dv. The wolf gathered all kinds of animals Lz. | refl.: It seems the village children gathered for me last year Lz. The old and young all gather Dv. The girls gather by the fence and start singing Dv. The abundance and productivity of prefixed forms here is mainly conditioned by bilingualism (and multilingualism). In Slavic languages, various meanings of “to gather” are usually expressed by prefixed verbs³; cf. Belarusian набраць | набіраць, падабраць, сабраць | сабіраць, Polish zebrać, Russian собирать | собрать, etc. 3. The meaning “to look for, find a suitable one” is not recorded for the unprefixed verb rinkti in any of the southeastern Lithuanian dialects. By contrast, prefixed verbs with this meaning 3 Sometimes in certain northwestern Belarusian dialects (probably due to the influence of Lithuanian), these semantic variants can also be expressed by the unprefixed verb браць (Слоўнік 1979, 215). 42 there are many verbs, for example: And they selected items for the factory to make Zt. | refl.: In one village a girl found herself a match Rod. I chose myself a pretty girl Zt. Perhaps one day they will choose a single language, and people will be united Zt. I chose the best apples to take home Lz. From all over Lithuania I chose myself a girl Dbč. | refl.: Here, when you grow up, you too will choose a girl Zt. You chose me Lz. And if the thing had been chosen, you would have moved quickly Azr. The first wife died, and he chose another Grv. He gathers four crooked birch poles [for riding] Pls. A good girl needs a good boy Brsl. She gathered herself a skirt and that one Zt. I gathered some hemp for the girls and made shirts Lz. This meaning is also well represented among hybrid forms, for example: Look what kind of person you’ve made for yourself Zt. You need to get yourself glasses Lz. We won’t make it in time Aps. Now we won’t have time to make it, when the horses are already harnessed and ready Rod. | refl.: He didn’t choose a wife and lives alone to this day Ad. We take out the trees, and I pick the crooked ones Lz. I picked out the best little pigs Aps. 4. The meaning “to elect by voting” of the unprefixed form of the verb rinkti is recorded only in Zietela, e.g.: They elect me as brigadier (of course, if this is not simply a substitute for the verb ima ‘to take’). Otherwise, this semantic variant is now generally expressed everywhere by various prefixed and suffixed forms of rinkti, e.g.: I can neither count nor write; they want to elect a king Grv. The whole village gathers, and whoever the shepherd likes best, that one he elects Grv. Three people from the village elect guardians Grv. Now, they say, we are electing a president, wait Zt. The father’s sister appoints guardians for the orphans Asv. They appoint guardians so that the orphans won’t be mistreated Asv. They elected a chairman Grv. 5. According to DLKŽ, the meaning “to form a text from letters” is new. In the dialects mentioned, this meaning would be represented by the rarely recorded examples “to create patterns while weaving”; cf.: The blankets are woven one at a time Dv. They used to weave patterns and designs into the bedspreads. Not everyone would weave patterns Zt. To weave checked cloth, one must know how to weave patterns Zt. Many bedspreads are beautifully patterned, with floral designs Šč. The original unprefixed verb rinkti in this meaning is not recorded. The last two more widely known semantic variants of the verb rinkti are likewise attested essentially only in prefixed or suffixed verbs, e.g.: 6. “to take from the windrow and tie into sheaves”:We gather the rye from behind the reaper and haul it Pls. They lay the flax, gather it, and tie it into bundles Šič. We lay the flax in the meadow and then gather it Dv. When the flax has lain down, we gather it, fire the kiln, and dry it Eiš. They gather the flax, then thresh it Arm. They gather the flax, dry it, and tie it into sheaves Dbč. Some lay the flax, others gather it Zt. Everyone cuts the grass, while the woman gathers and ties the rye Zt. Then they gather the flax from the meadow and dry it Aps. I gather little flax plants Zt. 7. “to clear, clean (the table)”:If you don’t eat, I’ll clear the table Arm. I’ll clear the table Švnč. Clear it off the table Arm. | refl.: We’ll clear the table ourselves Lz. They clear everything off the table, everything off the tablecloth Dv. The spoons need to be cleared from the table Eiš. One must also serve the food and clear it away Grv. I’ll clear the table Ad. Clear the table Lnt. | refl.: You eat, because we’ll need to clear the table Str. One must 43 having tied up' nok stā'lo· val'g'i'mus Lz. Ītaig'i nuringd'in'ė jau stā'lo· Zt. Nuringd'in'ė·k stā'la· Zt. Alk, nuringdz'ik stā'lu· Rod. The examples presented show that the traditional expression of the meanings of the verb rinkti has been preserved here quite unevenly. Only the first two basic semantic variants have retained the best Lithuanian expression. They are expressed both by primary, non-prefixed verbs and by prefixed ones (more often). The latter examples may be more frequent because the corresponding prefix makes the nuances of the action expressed by the word rinkti more specific and precise. For the remaining meanings, there are essentially no recorded examples of the non-prefixed verb rinkti anymore. It is largely replaced by various prefixed forms; compare the third semantic variant, “to search for, find a suitable one,” expressed exclusively by prefixed verbs. The other remaining semantic variants are expressed both by prefixed derivatives and by formations with the suffixes -(d)inėti, -dyti. This depends on which word-formation method has become more established in a given area. For example, in the Zietela dialect, verbs with the suffix -dinėti are very popular for emphasizing repeated, frequent, or long-lasting action (Vidugiris 1961, 219–231). Alongside Lithuanian prefixed verb formations, calques modeled on Belarusian word formation are making inroads (cf. вɪбіраць / выбіраць “1. to choose a suitable one, 2. to elect by voting,” падабраць “to choose a suitable one,” набɪраць “to take laid-out flax or hemp and tie it into sheaves,” прыбіраць / прыбіраць “to clear (a table),” etc.). For example, alongside the Lithuanian form nu(si)-rinkti (Mē's pā'ci's nusirīnkšim stā'lu·), the Lazūnai speakers now more often use the calques pri-rinkti or even priimti (Reika pririņkė' | priim'c' nok stā'lo· val'g'i'mus). Thus, owing to close and intensive contact with Slavic languages, the development of the expression of the traditional meanings of the verb rinkti in the dialects on the southeastern edge of the Lithuanian language area is characterized by two tendencies: as non-prefixed forms disappear, prefixed formations (and sometimes suffixed derivatives) become increasingly established, and word-formation (formal) calques spread widely. II. Intensive contact between the dialects on the southeastern edge of the Lithuanian language area and Slavic languages also affects the semantic structure of the verb rinkti. The development of the meanings of “rinkti” characteristic of Lithuanian was disrupted—that is, diverted from its traditional course. A vast layer of meanings emerged that has little in common with the traditional meanings of “rinkti.” The Lithuanian word rinkti began to take on the meanings of the corresponding Slavic word (cf. Belarusian браць “to take,” Polish brać, Russian брать). Meanings foreign to Lithuanian, so-called semantic calques, began to intrude into the semantic structure of rinkti. In this case, calquing involves the so-called “inner form” or content of the word. In terms of external form, semantic calques “bear no signs of foreign origin, since they are words of the native language” (Velakoski 1984, 221–222; Ojanen 1985, 143). A native word that acquires a different or foreign meaning immediately becomes a different word, or lexeme. This is one way of naming (Павел 1983, 74, 83). From the perspective of content (bearing in mind that the verbs rinkti and imti share some semes), the new meanings of rinkti may be regarded as secondary semantic derivatives (i.e., derivatives of meaning). 44 Thus, in addition to the traditional meanings mentioned above, the word rinkti in these dialects has acquired many other meanings (semantic variants), which can in turn be divided into two groups: various meanings of “to take” (a), and “to get ready, prepare” and other, more specific meanings (b). The meanings are further subdivided and presented at the author’s discretion, so their classification and arrangement may be debatable because of their diffuseness. a. The semantic variants of the verb rinkti presented here mostly not only express, but also duplicate, the semantic variants of the word imti. This is clearly evident from the examples with the verb imti presented alongside: 1. “to grab, take by hand or with a tool”: Gãl’iv’ienas picks one from the throat Zt. There was nothing to pick the manure with Lz. Reñka buys [a sheep], ties its legs and shears it Zt. We pick up the peas with a spoon and eat them Lz. The old woman went out and picks the children up from the cart Lz. They picked up the little children in their arms Zt. | refl.: He takes an axe by its handle and rides Lz. We take one another by the hands and take up, sing Zt. The big and small fish, pick them out of the wolf’s tail Zt. || He takes the axe and goes to work in the field Zt. Don’t make that noise with the door, because the witch will take you Zt. And there are two children, one takes [the other] by the belt from one side, and the other takes [him] by the belt from the other side Lz. | refl.: Then I took hold of my arm, and the pain went inside me Zt. We took each other by the hands and danced, sang Lz. This meaning, though modified, is reflected in prefixed formations of the verbs riñkti | ìmti, e.g.: Kõ·ši: from the stove they take out a pot made of clay (a clay bowl) Dv. Take the nails out of the little pit Lz. The old woman scattered them, and I picked one potato after another Lz. One needs to gather the clothes and carry them home Zt. Whoever the short straw falls to, they pull it out; then that person will die Lz. || Well, the bear comes out, tears open the bee hives and the honey, and takes it out Lz. || The pan was so big that it could not be lifted with both hands Zt. Take the ring off my finger Lz. They took the fat out there and then Zt. I’ll strangle the puppy and take out its heart Zt. I put the bread trough on my head and carried it into the burning house Zt. Take the fat down from above Lz. She wanted to take the pot off Zt. I wanted to take a little chicken Zt. It is shameful to accept such a bad thing with one’s hands Arm. He reached for that twig, took out a chisel, and cut them apart Lz. We have not gathered honey now Zt. 2. “to take for oneself, or take along”: He does not take the money Lz. She is pretty, but I gathered [berries] Zt. He says, “Look for whatever you want, but whatever you don’t take, gather it for yourself” Zt. | refl.: We gathered ourselves some food in the meadow Lz. || I took a little bread with me Lz. You get dressed now, while I take [them] Zt. I’ll take it home; this is our little girl Zt. | refl.: Put on your apron and take some salt with you Lz. Both with rinkti and with imti, this meaning is expressed in two ways, including by prefixed verbs, e.g.: He gathered the children and his wife Lz. | refl.: Then I gathered them for myself Gry. She chose her daughter for herself Zt. She took everything for herself and left them nothing Zt. She dressed up, while I gathered [things] Zt. The old man went to the beehive, gathered that honey, and left Lz. Then he gathered a little footwear and some food and set off Lz. My family gathered flax Str. If you gather such children to be married Arm. | refl.: She gathered everything for herself and left us empty-handed Arm. She gathered everything of her own and went away Vrn. May death take me away from them (so that death comes sooner) Arm. Ìt’ep 45 and razdail'ė, and I gathered it all for myself, Zt. What will you gather for yourself? Zt. I don't know when I will gather her (the cow), Zt. || She took the shoes to go for a walk and carried them away, Lz. You won't take everything for yourself, Zt. If there were two, I would take one, Zt. Oh, if only I had taken that one, Zt. 3. “to eat, to drink”: There is nothing to eat, Zt. I have already been giving him food, but he hasn't eaten, Lz. Have some bread and milk, Zt. I'll prepare something, Lz. || The man didn't eat anything; he only drank a little kvass, Zt. You won't take anything to eat, Zt. Save a little for tomorrow, Lz. Such prefixed verbs with a similar meaning also occur, e.g.: He went to his in-laws and gathered a lot of beer, Zt. He drank a lot of that spirit, but gathered only a little water, Zt. || “to entertain”: The old man took me to the table and treated me very well, Lz. 4. “to receive, get”: What a fine material he got, Lz. He gets good wages, Zt. He gets three hundred a month, Zt. || There's nowhere to get hay; we need to bale hay, Lz. I used to earn a thousand, Zt. Where can I get the money from my father, when he doesn't have any? Am. Oh, where will you get it from there for them? Zt. Prefixed verbs with this meaning occur less often. Most of them were recorded in the vicinity of Zietela, e.g.: I picked two rubles' worth of geese from the incubated ones, Zt. I got a cough twice, Zt. He got scabies and lice, Lz. || reflexive: Oh, he has already begun coughing; he has caught a cough, Lz. He got scabies, Zt. || At least let me collect the debt, Zt. She asked for a certificate; they took out the metrics, Zt. They have already taken out the papers too, Zt. A little of the name was taken from that. Zas'à·c'ai, Zt. Oh, he says, I took thirty-two rubles from each, Zt. We work all the years and don't know how much we will take each month. I won't get a million, Tvr. 5. “to marry (a girl), or to bring into the household (a man, a son-in-law who moves in with his wife's family)”: She is both beautiful and rich; how could no one marry her? Zt. The young men are slow to marry; one marries, another does, Zt. They marry a son-in-law into the household, Zt. No one married her for a groom, Zt. We marry her off to a husband, Lz. || They intended to take me as a bride, Zt. In old age, one either takes a wife, or lives with a man until he dies, Zt. Then she took him as her husband and married, Lz. Well, she got married and took a woman from Pagìrù, Zt. They wouldn't take her as a bride if she weren't beautiful, Zt. The following prefixed verbs with corresponding meanings should be mentioned: He is thinking of marrying me, Zt. He married that girl for himself in Rud'n'o·s, Zt. His wife married a Belarusian, Lz. They all married girls, if not young ones then old ones, Zt. They all married Polish women, Zt. The father married a Polish woman, Aps. || One boy took that girl, Zt. I took a wife from that very village, Lz. If he took me from his own home, Zt. He took her along with the house and the land, Ad. 6. “to gather from the field, to harvest the crop”: He gathers from the field and brings it home, Zt. I mowed a little hay and didn't bring it home, Lz. If it doesn't rain, we gather from the field and carry it to the barn, Pls. There was a lot of work then, when we gathered from the fields, Dsn. || We used to start cutting the rye; Father would harvest it, Ad. We harvested potatoes from the field, Zt. 46 This meaning is also nicely illustrated by prefixed verbs, e.g.: Nug laūko nurinīko·m, v’īsa nurinīko·m Zt. Daũk jā·vo· nurinīko·m Lz. Nur’īnkā rug’el’ūs, būl’-bas i(š)s’ī·kas’e· Aps. V’īsa žė·m’ē·n pas’ē·jo·m, o· paskui reik’a v’īsa nurinkc’ Dv. Vi.su. nāudu. nuo laukū· nurīnkau·m Zr. Jau laukai nurinkt’ī mú·su·, nūrinkta v’īsa Zt. Nurīnko· rug’ūs Dbč. Jau v’īsa kàs nūrinkta nug laūko· Grv. T’ik būl’bɔ·s li·kɔ· n’ēnū·r’inkta Str. Nug laūko· dar v’īsa pārinkta Zt. Prieš rug’el’ūs v’īsu· šienu· parinktái, tadū g’erai i rug’āl’ai Btrm. ‖ Dabar kakarū·za· reik’a nujimt Zt. Kazlā·l’is č’irk’a ka(p) p’jov’imas, kap nūjimam rug’ūs Lz. Nog laukū v’īsa nūimta Zt. Kai nūim’i javūs nug laukū·, v’is’i darbaī g’i’n’ē·c’i Rod. Pries n’ed’ē·l’u· ir daržūs nūimš Pls. Kap aps’id’irba, v’īsa nog laūko· pāima, l’inūs m’ina Lz. Kad šč’esl’ī·vai suim tum rug’ūs, tai šiėm’et dūono·s turė·tum Nč. 7. “buy”: B’il’ieto· n’ereik’a rinkc’ Lz. Kap pa·ū·tarina, kad p’érmain’i·d’i-n’ēs asmo·kūs (money), tai labai žmōn’ēs riṅka v’īsa Zt. ‖ Nū’veimu, imū k’ilo·grā·mu· tris Zt. Nuv’eisu, p’ie pūs’e· šīmto· jimsū Zt. Sakaũ, ās im’č’āp, al’ė as-mō·ku· n’eturū Zt. Prefixed verbs with this meaning are recorded only with the root rinkti, e.g.: Ā·no·s p’īg’os, tai jās v’iek’āū pārenka Zt. Tā· juoda· dūona· žmōnė·s parinks Zt. Kap ātv’eža, t’ep ir razrenka Zt. Jau razr’īṅka· [goods] — n’er’ė Aps. N’eb’it nurnaik m’iltu·, razrīnko· Zt. S’v’ietas razrīnko· m’iltus Arm. 8. “call, mobilize”: Tadaik riṅko· man’ė maskō·l’uosna (into the army) Zt. Mas’kā buvū, kap v’ī·rus riṅko·, mō·t’erīšk’o·s v’ėrk’ė Lz. ‖ Ė·m’ė· vaiskañ (into the army) pō·no· tris sv’nūs Lz. Šėn ištrū·ko, b’ijō·j, kad n’eimtu· vaiskañ Zt. Although they are few, prefixed verbs also support this meaning, e.g.: V’ī·ru· azrīnko· un pō’l’skos vainō·s Lz. Man’ė izrīnko· vaiskañ Zt. A po·tōm maskō·l’uosna izrīnko· jau Zt. Kap būtu pat’i darb’in’ī·k’ė, man’ė izrīnktu· vė·l vaiskañ Zt. Tadaik mūs daugī· parinko· maskō·l’uosna Zt. Iš jū· k’ėmo· b’ėrnus d’o· v’ienām maskō·l’uosna paparinko· Grv. ‖ B’ėrnus papā·m’ė· vaiskañ Lz. 9. “arrest, seize”: Č’ā jau jī· reṅka t’urmō·n (to prison) Zt. Kàs kaltas, tai riṅka to·k’ō·n t’urmō·n Zt. ‖ Kap jė·m’ė· jūos n’ėmč’ū·s, ir n’egrīžo· Zt. There are more prefixed verbs with this meaning, e.g.: Ažr’īṅkā· p’ī’ie-nan (into captivity) Pst. Man’ī· ažrīn’k’i· būvo· Lz. Izrīnko· v’īsūs v’ī·rus Lz. N’ė·r mū·su· kaplō·no· (priest), ot jau k’iek m’ė·tu·, kap izrīnko·, tai ir išrīnko· Zt. M’īl’i-c’ija jī· izrīnko· ir pasod’ino· Zt. Ot ā·nas jūos dav’īs ir g’ī·vus parīṅks Lz. Kàs n’ek-laūš’ė, pašāud’ė, parīṅko· Arm. V’īsūs būvo· parīṅk’i· ir panuv’āri· Lz ‖ T’ep jūos g’i’vai pājė·m’ė· Lz. Maskō·l’ai pravažāvo·, o· itu· pō·nu· n’epājė·m’ė Zt. Jī· būvo· t’urmōn pajė·m’ė· Zt. Norrė·jo· p’ėrimti jūos ir n’ep’ėrė·m’ė· Zt. 10. “invite; accept”: Ā·ni·s riṅka t’ik an darbo·, jė·s(k), kā· nō·ri, n’ėšō·(k), kā· nō·ri Zt. An v’es’ėil’o·s, an krišt’ī·mu· v’īsu· riṅka, v’īsu· prašo· Zt. Prip’īl’a lachōn’ė·n (into a bowl) vánd’en’o; im’ėta av’ižū·, o· tadaik reṅka v’īsūs praušt’is Zt. Ir man’ī riṅko· mō·k’ī·c’is Lz. ‖ Dūoja s’k’ep’ėti·ka· (a handkerchief), kab ims jā· šō·kt Zt. Sā·ko· brō·l’u, kab imtū· jā· šō·kt Zt. Few prefixed verbs have been recorded, e.g.: Tadaik ā·nas man’ė izrīn-ko· t’enāik Zt. Vaikus parinko· mō·k’ī·c’is Lz. Man’ė jau užrīnkt nor’ė·jo· Zt. ‖ K’itu- 47 ‘He took the [something] from the woman, to teach’ Lz. ‘The bride was afraid to accept [him]’ Zt. ‘She accepted [him] as a friend’ Zt. ‘If you accept [it], then I’ll come’ Zt. ‘Accept me for the night’ Lz. 11. “take away, seize, plunder, steal”: Nowadays one steals from another Zt. ‘Why are you stealing from them like that (plundering), taking everything’ Rod. They took away the wagons Lz. They took away the horses from them Rod. ‘Take the horse, and he’ll take some little masks’ Bn. || Let him (let) keep what’s good for me, whatever he might take, but I won’t take anything Zt. In the Lithuanian and Belarusian borderland dialects, prefixed derivatives with this meaning are especially numerous, e.g.: ‘The thieves took all the beautiful things’ Lz. ‘Someone took those houses from us’ Lz. ‘The police took [him] for what he had stolen from people’ Aps. ‘They took that miller, because he had hoarded it there’ Grv. ‘This year they’re taking our pigs’ Pst. ‘They came and took the calves too’ Str. ‘They took me for a year as well’ Šlc. ‘The wasps attack the bees; they want to take the honey’ Lz. ‘They took the black horses’ Zt. ‘They took quite a lot of food; they took everything that was there’ Kli. ‘They took all our livelihood (life) from us’ Zt. ‘If the fox catches a hen, you won’t get it back’ Zt. ‘Where has it ever been heard that all the land was taken’ Dv. ‘They took the good cows and left us the bad ones’ Lz. ‘He has no sheep; they took them’ Lz. ‘They take all the animals’ Ad. ‘They took everything from my garden’ Zt. ‘You picked out the prettiest of my faces’ Grv. The treasures were all taken, everything Arm. And they took his little ones Zt. They took the horses, took the cart, took everything Zt. They took everything: both the fields and the horses Zt. They took the cows from us Lz. From all of them, they take a cow apiece Aps. They took the land and then became one Arm. They pulled off the windows and took everything Bn. They take everything from you Rod. They didn’t take my clothes, they left nothing Dv. They took everything because we hadn’t paid Arm. When he died, the people took all his property Lz. And they took the cows, took everything that was left Zt. || ‘And they themselves are working, wondering how to take it from him’ Zt. ‘They take everything from you’ Zt. ‘They took the lords’ estates’ Lz. ‘They took those bandits and took those oak trees away’ Lz. ‘I couldn’t take anything from anyone’ Zt. ‘They took everything they could get their hands on—both grain and livestock’ Lz. 12. “paralyze, deprive (of limbs, body parts)”: No forms of the unprefixed verb rinkti with this meaning have been recorded. This is probably motivated by reality itself. Paralysis is usually sudden and is expressed by prefixed forms of perfective verbs, e.g.: ‘Both her legs and arms have already been paralyzed’ Zt. ‘His side, leg and arm have been paralyzed; he hasn’t recovered’ Zt. ‘His leg and tongue are paralyzed; he can’t speak properly’ Zt. ‘This thing has made his legs go numb’ Dv. ‘His arms and legs went numb in the cold’ Rod. ‘Her legs were paralyzed; she is sitting’ Arm. || ‘As soon as he broke one side, everything was taken away’ Zt. 13. “occupy, take, seize.” This meaning is attested only in the prefixed verb (with the prefix už- /iž-), e.g.: ‘The Soviets took that place’ Zt. ‘Napoleon left the word and placed the king’ Zt. ‘He (the German) took Kyiv’ Zt. || ‘Then they took the very large plot of land’ Zt. 14. refl. “get down to, take up (work)”: ‘When she comes, there’s still no knowing what work I’ll take up, because nothing has been done’ Lz. ‘So much of it is too much, but he takes up work very industriously: he plows, hoes, or spreads manure’ Zt. ‘I’m already old, completely unable; I can’t get to work’ Lz. || ‘My father was an old man, so from the time I was sixteen I went out to work for him, and worked, worked, worked’ Zt. | refl.: ‘After the whole evening they got down to work until…’ 48 work Lz. ‘And then I already knew what kind of work each person would take up’ Zt. | “work hard”: ‘It’s hot during the haymaking; the world gets busy with hay’ Rod. This meaning is characteristic mainly of unprefixed reflexive forms of rinkti, since the prefixed forms recorded are generally only those with the root imti, e.g.: ‘Well, he took up grazing the pigs’ Lz. ‘They took the boys in winter and our cows to graze’ Lz. | refl.: ‘I took on grazing all the pigs’ Lz. ‘Where would I find anything to give them?’ Zt. ‘If I took up grazing, I’d have to work much more through the years than in Latvia’ Švnč. || With the root rinkti, perhaps only the example “work a lot, wear oneself out with work” would fit here: ‘I worked hard all through my life; now I can scarcely move because of the infirmities of old age’ Arm. 15. “overcome (by a particular state)”: ‘Anger takes hold of him, so that he has no peace’ Lz. ‘Sleep is taking hold of him’ Zt. ‘You’re laughing, but laughter isn’t taking hold of me’ Lz. || ‘He got sleepy, and lay down’ Lz. ‘The disease did not take him’ Zt. ‘Chills aren’t taking hold of him’ Arm. No prefixed verbs with the root rinkti are recorded with this meaning. Only prefixed verbs with the root imti have it, e.g.: ‘At night the trees were enveloped in frost’ Lz. ‘She got some sort of rash; now it’s already the third day she’s been lying down’ Arm. ‘When a serious illness took hold, I thought everything over’ Arm. ‘Sleep came and took hold of his head’ Arm. ‘When he was taken by it, it hurt’ Tvr. This shows that the verb rinkti began to be used with this meaning much later. 16. “cut, take well”: ‘The razor cuts the beard’ Lz. ‘The knife no longer cuts that stick; it’s dry wood’ Zt. || ‘Look, the scythe is sharp: it cuts like fire’ Švnč. ‘A good haymaker cuts well with a scythe.’ – it cuts Rod. This is also confirmed by the occurrence of prefixed verbs with related meanings, e.g.: ‘Cut the hide with a knife’ Zt. || ‘They say that if you were younger, we would cut off your leg’ Zt. ‘They came and cut off his head.’ (cut off, killed) Zt. ‘Cut off his head, and he’ll still sing his own song and that’s enough’ Švnč. 17. “draw (water)”: ‘Whoever comes, everyone here draws water’ Zt. ‘The rainbow (rainbow) draws water from the sea’ Lz. ‘We need water from our well’ Lz. ‘I drew water’ Zt. || ‘I took a bucketful of water’ Zt. Prefixed verbs with related meanings also occur, e.g.: ‘Draw the cream with a spoon’ Zt. ‘He has drawn a lot of water here.’ || ‘You need to draw the cream with a spoon, skim it off, take it off’ Pls. Some unprefixed verbs rinkti that duplicate meanings of imti are isolated, that is, they have no prefixed verbs that clearly support them. 18. refl. “be found, arise”: ‘And where does all that water come from after the rain?’ Zt. ‘Where does the water come from?’ Zt. || ‘Where did you say you got that?’ Zt. ‘And where did he get such a thing?’ Lz. ‘Here among us in Zietela, where did that Jew boy come from?’ Zt. ‘The meadow called Patiltai got its name because the meadow is under the bridge’ Zt. ‘I was digging potatoes, and got blisters’ Zt. ‘When voting began, it was already taking place there’ Zt. ‘It is not known where the warts came from’ Ad. ‘Where did such a fool come from among us?’ Vrn. 19. refl. “to begin growing, to increase”: The grass is growing after the rain Lz. The mushrooms are growing in winter after the frost Lz. || That fence has taken (become covered) with frost (ice) like a sheet of tin (sheet metal) and then you’re not afraid of any cold [legs] Lz. | “to begin burning”: From that corner it caught fire, and then the shop caught fire too Zt. 4. 678 49 20. “to perceive, understand.” This meaning is recorded only with the prefixed verb: Such words come into one’s ears that I can’t make sense of them Zt. It’s hard to understand when the teachers speak Dv. Nobody understands how he talks Lz. I can’t make out what’s written Lz. I can’t understand their speech (language) Arm. A child or a girl can’t understand it now Pst. You won’t understand what they’re giving Šlc. Who will make sense of those things, in the smithy Švnč. You won’t understand either Russian or Lithuanian (language) Ad. | refl.: I somehow just can’t (somehow) make sense of it; I can’t figure it out Zt. I couldn’t understand what he had written Lz. It took a long time to understand this, until we figured it out (worked it out) Zt. If I came across a local document somewhere, I wouldn’t recognize it (wouldn’t recognize it) Dbč. The threads have become tangled, and it’s impossible to unravel them (untangle) Lz. || I can’t pick anything out here Zt. They speak unclearly to us, so it’s better to take it Zt. It’s impossible to take it [from the drawing], the whole plough is unlike that Lz. You won’t take in how much of the party there was Zt. Nearly all these meanings are semantic calques, mostly having entered recently through contact with the corresponding word brat and its derivatives in Slavic languages. Most of them are used in dialects situated farther from the main Lithuanian-speaking area, especially around Zietela and Lazūnai. The most widespread semantic calques among them are “to take away, rob, steal” (11) and “to perceive, understand” (20). All the other (remaining) calques become markedly less common closer to the main Lithuanian-speaking area. However, meanings of rinkti reminiscent of semantic calques also occur in the main Lithuanian dialects. They may have developed independently here. Particularly noteworthy among them are the more widespread idioms: May the devil take him Ds. May his end take him Kps. May thunder take you Yl. and others. b. This group includes not only semantic but also derivational calques, which generally have meanings different from the aforementioned meanings of “rinkti” and “imti.” Some are known quite widely, while others are highly individual and recorded only in particular dialects. 1. refl. “to get ready, prepare”: It is already time to get ready for sleep Lz. The bear is preparing in its den and is getting ready to argue with someone Zt. I’m already getting ready to talk Ad. He got ready, but nothing came of it Kli. He is getting ready to go, so give him some more Ad. We are getting ready to buy and we aren’t buying Tvr. But how quickly he’ll get drunk, and then he won’t get ready Well, then get ready and go that way Grv. Don’t leave home so early Zt. No equivalents with the lexeme take have been found for this meaning. However, there is no shortage of prefixed verbs derived from the lexeme gather, e.g.: The in-laws have already gathered to go to the meadows, Lz. Everyone had gathered in Lithuania, Grv. Well, when he arrives, he gathers everyone so they can be entertained (to entertain) And food had to be gathered, and everything had to be prepared, Zt. | refl.: They gathered at the market, Zt. I didn’t arrange to come to you for work, Tvr. And then the fox (fox) gathered what little silk was left, Zt. The boys gathered to go to Vilnius, Lz. Whenever he gathers, it takes half a day, Lz. Shall we gather? He is going to leave, Švnč. The old woman, not waiting for her husband, gathered herself and went, Tvr. You had already gathered and gone to work, Lz. Some examples here of the non-prefixed reflexive verb rinktis are somewhat ambiguous, that is, in addition to “to prepare, get ready,” they may also mean “to put on, get dressed, adorn oneself— 50 oneself” (cf. Well then, get ready and we’ll go to your place), “to go, travel, move” (cf. It’s time to get ready for sleep. Don’t leave the house so early), and so on. These meanings are more clearly differentiated in prefixed verbs. 2. “to clothe, dress”: They dressed the grandfather like a lord, and the grandmother like a lady. Grv. | refl.: The girls dressed themselves in the people’s clothes Grv. The bride is waiting, but she still hasn’t dressed Lz. We walked around getting dressed in our Sunday clothes Grv. Then she dressed the old man in a grey coat Lz. Until the men returned, I dressed my lord Zt. Dress him too, and the boy will be handsome Zt. A nicely dressed girl arrived Zt. People saw that Jonas and his children were dressed Zt. | refl.: The daughter served, and had to get dressed Zt. He dressed himself like a lord Zt. He dressed nicely and kept looking in the mirror Lz. And he got dressed, and the Lithuanians were beautifully dressed Zt. They undressed the man, stripped all his clothes off Lz. | refl.: He undressed and lay down to sleep Lz. He undressed completely Lz. The thieves must have stripped them Lz. I’ll wash them and dress them Grv. | refl.: She dressed herself up nicely, arranged herself and did her hair Zt. Everyone was dressed nicely Lz. Grandfather came home and dressed himself in his own clothes Grv. The woman dressed her daughter in her own clothes Grv. They raised my mother and dressed her like a young lady Ad. | refl.: On other days she dresses up like a gypsy Ad. | And then I got beautifully dressed Zt. I’ll get beautifully dressed Zt. Since everyone is going, they all dressed up nicely Lz. They’ve all dressed up beautifully Grv. Grandfather’s daughter returns, dressed in silk Tvr. The bed is not nicely made Grv. Everyone has got undressed; they’re going to bed Lz. Because the functions of the prefixes in- and an(t)- (as well as of prepositions) have become similar in the Gervėčiai and Lazūnai dialects, the verb anriṅkti is also used with the same meaning, e.g.: they dress [the deceased], put them into the coffin Grv. One must gather up the dead Lz. | refl.: Everyone has gathered together, handsome Lz. 3. “to adorn, adorn oneself.” This meaning is closely related to the aforementioned meaning “to put on, get dressed.” This is clear from the examples already cited and those given below: They adorn the church, make the place look beautiful Zt. They adorn the cows, put garlands on their horns and necks, and lead them around Zt. They set the table beautifully, and guests come Zt. They adorned the sofas Dbč. What will they adorn them with, when they’re only dressed Ad. She put a wreath on her head Lz. Wherever you go, you have to dress up Lz. Well, I’ve already decorated the stockings Lz. What will you adorn the Christmas tree with Grv. | refl.: The daughter dressed up for her father Dsn. He wouldn’t let me go—I would have dressed up Aps. 4. “to go, travel, move.” Closely related to the meaning “to prepare, get ready” is the meaning “to go, travel, move.” The shades of meaning of these prefixed verbs depend on various components of the translation (prefixes, the lexeme rinkti, the presence or absence of the reflexive particle) and on context. Therefore, these verbs are further explained in the sentence below, e.g.: There was nowhere to settle (to stop and stay) Grv. I came to gather firewood and made it there (came close, reached) there Lz. I wanted to get ready to leave (get ready, depart) Lz. And with that woman he went to Lida Zt. They went in (went, climbed in) into the cellar and lay down Lz. He went to that barn and drank Svnč. There in Poland there are Belarusians and Russians, so they will move them here (resettle) Zt. | refl.: And those three, when it got dark, moved to Patėraban (moved away, 4* 51 (moved away) Zt. Ãr jau jùs iš t'i suvy'isu iš'iriṅko· Lz. N'eg'ird'ė·t, kab ãni· is'i-ri·ṅkt kur̃ Zt. V'is'i iš g'r'i·č'as is'ir'iṅka· (dispersed) Tyr. Pačũ.kai ir̃ g'i· jeigu sugáus'i, užmuš'i k'iek, tai is'ir'eṅka paskuĩ Str. Is'iriṅko· (came out) ã·n'i· iš m'ė·dz'o· un laũko· Lz. Anà jau pas sã·va· žmõ·gu· is'iriṅko· (died) Zt. ÷n'is pasriṅko· (dispersed) i(r) rã·do· dãrbã L'i·dõj Zt. Para(z)s'iriṅko· (dispersed) v'is'i m'iẽgo· – panuv'ė·j gul'c' Lz. Pa(s) sũ·nu· p'ėrs'iriṅko· (moved over) Zt. Maṉ'í·s(p) ã·n'i· p'ér-s'iriṅko· Lz. Ka(p) pàd'eg'ėm do ir šen p'érs'iriṅko·m Zt. An g'er'es n'ė·s žẽ·m'ės p'érs'iriṅko·m Grv. Jiej nõ·ri p'érs'iriṅkc canuje Azr. Krũpa p'érs'iriṅko· (crossed over, diminished) tõj radn'à (family) Zt. P'er' bã·lu· n'ep'érs'iriṅk's'i (you won't ride a bicycle across) Lz. Bũt v'isus prariṅk'i· (took away) Grv. Žiẽmu n'emõžn'ė·jo· m'ė·dz'an razriṅk'c'ie (get to, enter) Lz. | refl.: Taduj un ri·tõ·jo· v'ís'i ras'ireṅka (disperse) priẽs dz'ienu· Lz. Maṉ'i aspãdõ·rai (landlords), p'i·rk'a ka(p) p'i·rko; ras'iriṅko· (moved away) Zt. ÷nas bũvo· Zas'ẽ·c'u(o)sa, al'ė u(ž)s'iriṅko· (moved away, relocated) K'l'išũsna Zt. Mã·nd(s) su·nũs v'ienas us'iriṅko· Põ·l'ščin Zt. Rusk'ėjai us'iriṅko· (ran away) Grv. 5. “to dismantle, demolish”: Reik'a lubãs išriṅkc' Dbč. Norė·j bažn'i·č'u razriṅkc' Rod. Klũonu· ir s'v'ėrnu· razriṅka· Pst. Balatnõj bažn'i·č'u razriṅko· Arm. Nug-rùvo· nãmas, razriṅko·m in málko·s DV. Bu·dãs razr'iṅk'jəm Str. Sũ·ko·, itu· p'irk'u razriṅks Grv. 6. refl., “to come together, coalesce”: Kũl'a pakõ·l' s'm'eto·nà sas'ireṅka s'v'ėstan Zt. Grumul'ais ladùs pasriṅko· Lz. Kap dùst'elej, t'ep ir kaisnùkai (little pieces) sas-riṅko· Zt. | “to become covered with”: An v'ienu· splũsnu· (feathers) kap gul'i, pas'ireṅka an žmõ·go· Zt. Inláid'au hũp'ėn ir prisriṅko živ'ũ iš vuod'eg'ė·s Zt. Ir lãuk'a, kad živ'ũ prisriṅktu iš vuod'eg'ė·s Zt. Other usages have rather individual meanings and, it seems, are not widely გავრცელed. 7. “to put (into something)”: Kójų prikultà, g'ipsan riṅko· Zt. 8. refl. “to squander one’s resources, become impoverished”: Aps'iriṅkau, asmõ·ku· n'ė·rà Zt. 9. “to reprimand”: Išriṅk's'ù as jì· ažu itus dãrbus Vrnv. Po· s'v'ieto· ak'imù kap išriṅks'ù jì·, tai n'ėt s'c'aud'ės Vrnv. 10. “to remember”: Šl.tu· g'ė·šm'i· t'ik v'ienu·kart g'ir'd'ė·jau, tai da n'epar'iṅkau Ad. Ot jã g'erà galvà: kù· užg'irsta, tai askãrt par'eṅka Ad. 11. “to beat up, thrash”: P'ėrrinko· tai p'ėrrinko· man'i po·l'c'ija pastarãnk'i (at the police station) Nč. 12. refl. “to get oneself into trouble”: Žmõ·gus prisriṅko· b'ė·dõ·s Lz. 13. “to divide, split up”: Tadaik razriṅks Põ·l'šč'i· Zt. 14. refl. “to get together, become friends”: Do you know who you got together with? Lz. He got together with bandits Lz. Nug mãs kũ· dz'ienu· jau ã·n'i· susriṅk'i· Lz. 15. refl. “to meet, encounter”: Tro·bõ·s (in the town of Trobos) sus'iraṅka k'ėl'ai Lz. Many of the words and meanings in this group (rinkti ‘to gather’) have most likely developed in Slavic languages and were only subsequently adapted accordingly (translated morpheme by morpheme) in Lithuanian dialects. The fact that this adaptation took place separately in Lithuanian dialects is quite often indicated by their individual meanings. The reflexive verb to dress instead of rengtis ‘1. to get ready; 2. to put on clothes’ is used mainly in the peripheral Vilnius dialects and around Zietela. Especially in the Vilnius dialects 52 forms rengtis may perhaps have begun to be avoided because of a certain inconvenience that arose here when the tautosyllabic en was changed to in and the consonant g was devoiced before t. Thus, the infinitive and imperative forms coincided completely with the forms of rinktis. In the Zietela dialect, this word was entirely displaced by calques. The literal translation into Lithuanian of members of aspectual oppositions in Slavic languages greatly influences the variation of forms. All this considerably increases expressive doublets, which in turn undermine the system of the local Lithuanian dialects. A substantial proportion of expressive calques, as well as calques of their meanings, are accidental and occasional coinages. After all, in the southeastern outskirts of the Lithuanian-speaking area, a larger part of which is now in the Byelorussian SSR, much material was recorded from people who knew only Lithuanian but often already spoke Belarusian among themselves at home. Many formerly compact Lithuanian dialects (such as those of Breslauja, Kamojys, Lentupis, Armoniškės, Asava, Benekainys, Nočia, Žirmūnai, and partly also Apso and the environs of Varenavas) are now nearing the end of their existence. The Zietela dialect, meanwhile, is now spoken of as one that has disappeared. Thus, some of the expressive and semantic calques mentioned here must also be treated as the result of the final stage of Lithuanian–Slavic bilingualism or multilingualism. LITERATŪRA Baliński M., Lipiński T. Starożytna Polska pod względem historycznym, geograficznym i statystycznym. Warszawa, 1846. Drotvinas V. Pagrindinės leksikologijos sąvokos. V., 1986. Drotvinas V. Lietuvių kalbos leksika ir frazeologija. V., 1987. Ojanen M. О кальках и полукальках (на материале восточноприбалтийско-финских языков) // Studia slavica Finlandensia. Helsinki, 1985. T. 2. S. 142—152. Velakoski H. О кальках по немецкой модели в русском языке // Studia slavica Finlandensia. Helsinki, 1984. T. 1. S. 221—232. Vidugiris A. Veiksmažodžių su priesagomis -inėti ir -dinėti Zietelos tarmėje // Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos darbai. A. serija. 1961. T. 2 (11). P. 219—231. Vidugiris A. Dėl leksinės sinonimijos santykių su žodžio geografija // Lietuvių arealinės lingvistikos klausimai (Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai. T. XVII). V., 1977. P. 109—120. Васильев Л. М. Семантика русского глагола. Глаголы речи, звучания и поведения. Уфа, 1981. Гауачас П., Видугирис А. Этнолингвистическая ситуация литовско-белорусского пограничья с конца XVIII по начало XX в. // География, 1983. Т. 19. С. 26—73. Гудавичюс А. Сопоставительная семасиология литовского и русского языков. Вильнюс, 1985. Невская Л. Г., Судник Т. М. Диалектные контакты в зоне современного балтийско-славянского этноязыкового пограничья // Славянское языкознание. VIII междунар. съезд славистов. М., 1978. С. 285—307. Павел В. К. Лексическая номинация. Кишинев, 1983. Слоўнік беларускіх гаворак паўночна-заходняй Беларусі і яе пагранічча. Мінск, 1979. Т. 1. К СЕМАНТИКЕ ГЛАГОЛА RINKTI ‘СОБИРАТЬ’ В ГОВОРАХ ЛИТОВСКО-БЕЛОРУССКОГО ПОГРАНИЧЬЯ Резюме В статье исследуются преобразовательные процессы в семантике глагола rīnkti ‘собирать’ в литовских говорах, интенсивно контактирующих со славянскими языками (особенно с белорусским, в меньшей мере — с польским и частично с русским) на территории юго-восточных районов ЛитССР и в северо-западных районах БССР. 53 Констатируется, что в юго-восточных литовских говорах глагол rinkti испытывает влияние контакта со славянскими языками как в плане содержания, так и в плане выражения. В более отдаленных и тем самым быстрее ассимилированных литовских говорах на территории БССР, напр. в окрестностях Дятлова (лит. Ziętela) и Лаздунь (лит. Lazūnai) в Ивьевском р-не глагол rinkti ‘собирать’ почти полностью перенял значения соответствующего славянского глагола, ср.: блр. браць, польск. brać, рус. брать. В других говорах, которые находятся ближе к основным литовским диалектам, такой последовательности не отмечено. Слово rinkti в значении ‘брать’ в указанных говорах существует чаще всего как дублет наряду с исконным imti ‘брать’, так как глагол rinkti в некоторой степени еще сохраняет и старое значение ‘собирать, собрать’. Из семи (7) основных традиционных семантических вариантов два главных сохраняются еще полностью, а остальные чаще всего выражаются уже приставочными или приставочными и суффиксальными глаголами, как и в славянских языках. Употребляются заимствованные приставки da-, pad-, raz- (darinkti, padirinkti, razirinkti), по славянской словообразовательной модели используются по две или три приставки (papagrįžkti, papiriņkti, papanuirinkti и др.), суффикс -amь передается суффиксами -(d)inėti или -dyti (išrinkdinėti, nurinkdinėti, išrinkdytį, nurinkdytį). Словообразовательные кальки в отдельных литовских говорах часто адаптируются с индивидуальными значениями.