Kalbinės situacijos raida pakraščių šnektose

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXVIII (1989) LANGUAGES COMMUNICATIONS IR INTERACTIONS KAZIMIERAS GARŠVA LINGUISTICS SITUATIONS RAIDA The area of the Old Lithuanian language is km?) (114000 1572—1861 m. decreas23000 ed km? o in the subsequent — century still about 26 000 km? (Pakštas 1968, 449). The direction of language assimilation was the iš center of the į periphery of ir the area, the longest surviving Lithuanian-- speaking islands are now mostly within the už borders of the republic. Going from iš west to į east to ir south, in Latvia we can identify isolated 10 areas of native Lithuanian language (centers) — Vadakstis, Ukrai, Skyrėnys, Nėretos, Aknysta, Garšvinė, Subačius, Daugpils southern suburbs, Ciskodas, Uodegénai), in Belarus — 8 (Apsas, Kamėjys, Gervėčiai, Laziinai, Zietela, Varenavas, Pelesės — Rėdūnios apyl., Pérvalkas), in Poland — 2 (Seinij— Punsko apyl. ir (Vision). Most of Lithuania Minor (Eastern Prussia, 9000 km?) population 1944 m. withdrew or buiškelti current vo į VFR, also GDR, but until at least to Smaliniūkų (Jūrbarkas raj.), in Kaunas there are speakers of Lithuanian dialects, as long as they cannot be ir said to have disappeared. Linguists of various nations have been interested in the dialects of the Lithuanian language for a century. Due to their geographical position, they have ir more active contacts su with other languages, and they have both archaic features and innovations. ir Be therefore, peripheral sniffs should be examined for their „rapidly disappearing, in many places only grandparents speak Lithuanian, therefore Lithuanian dialectologists have an important task to write down the data of these — dialects that are very necessary for science“ (Zinkevičius 1978, 82). Small Lithuanian šnektas dar 1843 m. aprašinėjo F. Kuršaitis ir 1882—1885 m. — A. Becenberger (first texts published — 1579 m. J. Bretkūno raštai ir t. t.). Lithuanians of Belarus — 1886, 1888, 1893—1896 m. E. Walters. Lithuanians in Latvia po 1911 m. K. Boogs Ciskodo apyl. written texts more to study only from m., 1977 Polish Lithuanians from — 1963 m. (A. Uzdilos diploma thesis ir t. t.). So far Belarusian Lithuanians studied about 50 linguists, Mažosios Lietuvos — 15, Polish ir Latvian — po 10. Dialect descriptions approximately up to 1960 m. ne quite accurate could be due to the scarce use of tape recordings, instrumental, statistical studies. į Ne all dialects are described in detail, there are almost completely ar unexplored neighborhoods: Lithuanian dialects relics in Latgale, Aina, Obelci, Narutis, Alsena, Ziuprena, Smurgainiai, V$yšniavo ir other neighborhoods, i.e. Kaliningrad region, Gaurai, Germanevičiai, Dymanovas, Sofijsko, Litvinka and many other ir Lithuanian colonies. The dialect of Klaipėda speakers can still be found in Šilutė region. Much more would be done if these sites were more actively investigated Klaipeda linguists, o Latvian Lithuanians — Šiauliai, 12 Riga, Daugavpils linguists, students. Before it is too late, texts could be recorded on tape by people of different specialties. There is already a lot of information about some of the peripheral areas. The Lithuanian press wrote a lot about them in 1905—1913 and 1956—1967. According to the prevalence of the Lithuanian language, four types of peripheral speakers can be distinguished: 1) the majority of the population (Pūnskas, Gervėčiai), 2) a large part of the population (Pelesa), 3) a minority of old people (Apso, Daugpilio aps., Subačius, Aknysta, Nėretos, Skyrėnys, Lazūnai) and 4) one another can still talk (Uodegėnai, Zietela, Ciskodas). In the first, and partly in the second group of speakers, young people and children also speak Lithuanian; the mother tongue here, and sometimes in the third group, is better than the second language, the Lithuanian nationality is indicated in documents. Representatives of the fourth type of speakers have not spoken Lithuanian for several decades, even at home, and declare themselves to be of Polish, Belarusian or Latvian nationality. As the spheres of use of the mother tongue are increasingly narrowed, the older generation no longer transmits its language to the younger generation. Of the approximately 7,000 former Lithuanians of Latvia, who knew their mother tongue, about 150 remained: over 50 in the southern neighborhoods of Daugavpils, 10-20 around Subate, Aknysta, Nēretas, 2-5 in the neighborhoods of Ciskodas, Krūslava, Skyrėnai, Ūkrėnai, Vadakstičis. Comparing the data of O. Chominski’s map of 1928–1933 with the approximate current data, it is clear that in 50 years of Lithuanian-- speaking native inhabitants of the BSSR, from 2000–4000 in Apsa, there are now about 300 people, from 300–500 in Kamėjis — 10, from 3000–5000 in Gervėčiai — 1500, from 1500–2000 in Laziinai — 10, from 390 in Zietela — 2, and instead of 5000–7000 in Rodūniai, Pelės, Varenavos — more than 1000. I. MAIN CAUSES OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DECREASE 1. Germanization of Lesser Lithuania In foreign countries, Lithuanians had no conditions to maintain their nationality and native language, and the administration often even tried to destroy it. Power and property mainly belonged to foreigners (Polish, German): for example, in the Vilnius Region occupied by Poland in 1919—1939, 91.9% of manors (883 out of 969) were owned by Poles. A Lithuanian who acquired a palivark, a shop or a mill did not want to be different from the majority of the lords, even in terms of language. Lithuanian was spoken by the poorest, illiterate, most oppressed strata, of which the less resistant, fleeing hardship, gave up their native language. In the church, the “master- ’s language” was also spoken – Polish, German. The largest areas of the Lithuanian language disappeared in the 17th—19th centuries, especially in 1861—1904 (in Vilnius — until 1939), due to capitalist relations in the traditional community, in 1865 in Russia and in 1866, 1872 in Germany, when teaching in Lithuanian was forbidden in schools. ir t. t. ! It is based on the data of the most famous Lithuanian speakers of Belarus researcher A. Vidugiris. 13 Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania 300 by year (from XVI to In the a. middle of the 19th century, they developed their own culture, which had a decisive influence on the development of our nation. In Lithuania Minor, the first book in Lithuanian language was published (1547), a grammar (1666), (1653), a (1818), hymnal (1823), poem newspaper songbook (1825). After the Russian ban on Lithuanian press in Latin script, Lithuanian publications were 1840 published in kų Lesser 5,5 Lithuania in a millionth edition (all this helped Lithuanians to choose the common language we have now). The Prussian government was the only one of the foreign ones to publish even state documents (in addition to German) in Lithuanian: in 1578 alone, the least 1831 m. number of such documents were published. 108. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish was the only language used in the courts and in correspondence since 1697. German statistics considered Lithuanians those The inhabitants of Lesser Lithuania who considered Lithuanian to be their native language (which “is the easiest to use” which ir is thought). Many Lithuanians who graduated from German ir schools and served in the army were less proficient in German ne than už Lithuanians, so it was easy for them to write in their "native" German. 1858 m. In Prussia written in 139 780 Lithuanian, 1861 — 139 428, 1864— 152000, 1867 —146 000, 1890—117 637, 1900—106 230 (plg. Pakarklis 1935, 8— 10). Dar 1890 m. Lithuanian language as native 237 language of the villages ir 8 manors majority of the population (German respective- — ly 45 ir 35) Klaipeda county, 124 villages ir 10 dvarų (German) — 60 ir 13) — Šilutės county, 126 villages ir 9 dvarų (German) k. — 83 ir 35) — In the circle. Thus, in the 3 aforementioned kų districts, Lithuanian 2,6 houses were once o more, manors — 2,2 times less: in manors, cities, the German (in the east — Polish) language used by the lord, administration, church, school was more likely to be adopted. Tetzner’s map of 1902 assigns the Klaipėda region to the Lithuanian language area ir Labguvos, Pakalnės, Tilžės, Ragainės, Pilkalnio, Stalupėnų, Įsručio neighbourhoods. Dar XX a. at the beginning older inhabitants of į Greater Lithuania question "who are you?", answered „I am a Catholic“, o Mažojoje In Lithuania — „I am a Lithuanian“, „I am Lithuanian initiated Lithuanian ir į lę (teaches) walking’ (It is 1935, 6). known that 1309 m. By order of the Order's Master, Prussians were forbidden to speak their native language and o to marry if they did not — speak German. Lithuanians’ Social-Political ir Inequality Confirmed XVII - 18th century: they are forbidden to settle in cities, trade, learn crafts; less paid to mercenaries, Lithuanian prisoners had to work longer days than German colonists 4 ir t. t. Jau 1739 m. By order of the King of Prussia, į Lithuanian ir Polish schools were to be introduced in German. The colonists were forbidden to learn Lithuanian, už and teachers were paid "subsidies" for Germanization. German ir priests, teachers and officials, who did not know Lithuanian, which was foreign to ir them and made it difficult for them to do their work properly, believed that Lithuanian was stopping the “progress ir of culture” to because it had to go out iš of circulation. From 1873 m. Only religion could be taught in Lithuanian in the Lower Primary School class, German was declared the only state language of Prussia, to be o 1876 m. used in school meetings, correspondence, and village meetings. The Lithuanian culture of Lesser Lithuania was essentially ir destroyed over eight decades.) ir iš (1862—1944) If due to 1709—1711 m. many Mažojoje About half 14 (150,000) of Lithuanians died in Lithuania, and after Lithuanian schools were banned in 1864—1925 alone, the number of Lithuanians decreased by more than half (78,000) according to official data (Kymnep 1951, 194—278). Judging by the decline of Lithuanian worship, between 1719 and 1902 a territory of about 100 km long and 50 km wide was largely Germanized. The requests of Lithuanians not to persecute their native language, sent to the King and the Minister of Education until 1904 (27,773 people signed in 1869) did not give way to the imperialist plans of Germany (in 1879, 1895, more signatures were collected in Tilžė county alone than in Klaipėda and Šilutė counties). In 1930, there were 450,000 or */, persons of Lithuanian origin in Lithuania Minor, of whom only one third spoke Lithuanian in 1825. In the northern part (Klaipėda, Šilutė and Tilžė counties, where in 1736 95% of the population were Lithuanians) the absolute number of Lithuanians began to decrease from 1890 and in 1825—1910 it decreased from 50 to 3894 (1.3 times); in the central part (Ragainės, Lankės, Labguvds, Pilkalnis counties), having fallen since 1858, it decreased from 42 to 1094 (4.2 times), and in the southern part (Gumbinės, Darkiemio, Stalupėnų, Įsrutiės, Geldapės counties) — from 15 to 0.64, (25 times) (Soviet Lithuania Encyclopedia 1987, Vol. The number of Lithuanian-speaking pupils in families in the northern part decreased from 53 to 4794 in 1886—1911, in the central part — from 22 to 10%. In 1736–1837, 36% of the population died in three generations. Women spoke German less often, so in 1890 there were about 70 more women than men among 1,000 inhabitants with Lithuanian as their mother tongue (Vileišis 1935, 149—153). In 1387—1687, Polish priests who did not know and usually did not want to learn Lithuanian went to baptize Lithuanians. The bishops of Vilnius since 1408 were mostly Poles. In 1526, the first Vilnius Synod had already decided that the subjects of faith in the parish schools should be taught in Lithuanian and Polish. There has also been opposition to polonization (mainly because of the subject being taught). The fourth bishop of Vilnius, Matthias of Trakai (1421 — 1453) had ordered priests to learn the language of the people. Since the beginning of the 16th century, the nobles, when building churches, often demanded that Lithuanian language be used in them (in Žiežmaris, Alytus, Eišiškės and elsewhere). In 1593—1644 this was to be the case in Stakliškės, Pūnskas, Pajevonyje, Prienai, Rūdninkai, Lavoriškės. In 1685 in Vilnius it was proposed to give church benefits only to Lithuanians. Until 1569 (in fact until 1697) the government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania strictly restricted Polish settlers, like other foreigners: only clergymen who did not form families and a few craftsmen were allowed to enter. The First Statute of Lithuania (1529) included a special Article 9 in Chapter IV, which prohibited relatives who had married noblewomen to Poland from giving them estates as dowry, so that they would not become the property of Polish nobles. The Third Statute of Lithuania adopted in 1588 (sk. III, $ 12) therefore contradicted the Union of Lublin ($ 14). | 15 Among the 16th-century glorified villages of Vilnius, Trakai, Ašmena, Maišiagala. noble names still few real Polish. Inventories of the 17th—18th centuries and the 1828 acts of church visitation still indicate that in the parishes of Šalčininkai, Mėdininkai, Lavėriškiai, Buivydžiai, Nemenčinė, Dubingiai and other parishes (as far as Nemunas) “people speak Lithuanian, children and women do not speak Polish” (cf. Pakarklis 1987, 384). b. Repression 1687—1863 In the course of time, polonization increasingly penetrated the churches. Between 1737 and 1900, the Lithuanian language disappeared from Vilnius churches. Vilnius University lectures were given in Latin until 1812, after which (until its closure in 1832) this institution also became a hotbed of Polish nationalism in 1803—1812. Students were forced to “add a Polish ending to their surname or simply take a foreign Polish surname from another family” (VVLKB, 36; 18—42). In primary school, the teacher would hang a special board around the neck of children who accidentally spoke Lithuanian, which showed that the child who was punished spoke Polish poorly. Priests and nobles regarded Lithuanians as Poles’ subjects, so the peasants who broke into the upper strata hid their “lower” origin; „all will try to break their tongues in Polish to repel and only those who did not know at all, were silent and shut up“ (VVLKB, 18— c. Lenkinimas 1863—1919 m.). The natural and forced assimilation of the eastern and 20, 28). southern edges of the Lithuanian-speaking area intensified after the 1863 uprising, when the tsarist officials strengthened the policy of Russianization of Lithuanians and the repression of Orthodoxy (cf. Garšva, Gudavičius, Nikžentaitis and others 1987, 5). The most important task of the Polish-run church became to spread not the faith, but Polishness. In contrast to Eastern Slavic Orthodoxy, Catholicism was called polska wiara, Polish was called katolicki jezyk, and Catholics were considered Poles, although a large part of the Lithuanian "Polish" did not know Polish or spoke a mixture of Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian (po prostu, po prostemu- ). In December 1905 Bishop E. Ropas founded the leading Catholic Democratic Party, which “was concerned to turn Lithuanians and Goths into Poles”, published a Polish daily newspaper and two weekly newspapers (VVLKB, 56). The fight for influence between the tsarist officials, who spoke Russian and were Orthodox, and the Polish-oriented clergy and nobles doubled the pressure on Lithuanian peasants. In such a situation, many Lithuanians chose Belarusian for public use, which they could also use as a language of contact with Polish priests, nobles and Russian officials. In 1906, Polish was used in many churches east of Gelvonai, Jiezna (Kliukščionysė, Gervéčiai, Lazūnai, Žirmūnai, Benekainys, between Ašiūžia and Pariélés). Bishop Ropas then ordered that without his written consent no one should change the order and language of worship in the church (until then Lithuanian priests used the native language of the parishioners, if necessary). When Polish clergymen wrote articles against Lithuanian priests in Panpolonist newspapers, Polish priests were appointed to the former Lithuanian parishes of Kaišiadorys, Gėlvonų, Kernavės, Maišiagalos, Butrimonių, Varėnės, Kliukščionių, Benekainių, Asavds, Rėdūnios (VVLKB, After 1904 Lithuanians began to take more care of the rights of their mother tongue and began to use it, Poles in Asavojė, Gervėčiai, Butrimonysė, Varenavė, Bene58—126). 16 prices ir elsewhere raised a fight (1906, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1925 m.). Most of them were instigated by Polish priests and nobles, ir who were despised. For example, the priest of Videniškis preached to Lithuanian iš listeners from the pulpit: “If you, fools, do not want to listen to Polish civilized speech, go to church” to z (LK LB, 17, 23). In Lithuanian called "pagan", "barbaric, be culture", "chami", which the god does not obey; The peasants were ashamed to of speaking Lithuanian in public. In many places ordinary people were incited to write in Polish, lying that if Lithuanian sermons were to continue, the tsarist government would return ir the penance, and convert churches into churches. (as in Šumska, Paberze, Dūkštose) and so on. Forcibly forced to choose between their own religion or the language of their parents, the Sodians, under the influence of the priests, were more inclined toward religion. Lithuanian-- — 3000 speaking parishes in Asava ir 1000 Belarusians — swore to stop speaking Lithuanian even at home (VVLKB, 100, 112). Rėdūnijos dean Gintautas (Gintowt) removed Lithuanian language iš Rodūnios, Nočės, Butrimonių, Varenavo, Asavds churches (VVLKB, 92, 110, 114; 78, 82, 98). In the area mentioned (also Eišiškėse, Kernavėje, N. Vilniuje, Vileikoje ir elsewhere) did not help ir 1909 m. The bishopric of Vilnius has been instructed to use both languages in mixed parishes. 1911 m. circular already allowed to use at home ne People's spoken language, but preferable. The number of Lithuanians in jų the former Vilnius Governorate decreased (1861 m. — 63 Of 1897 m. — 24%, 1916 m. — 10%, 1919 m. — 7%), o “Polish” — plural (respectively 12, 8, 30, 54 %) (Makowski 1986, 17-22). 1897 m. census data In Triku county Lithuanians were 69 %, Švenčionių — 43.94, Vilniaus — 32 94, Lydds — 1494, Blades — 794. Poles dominated only In the city of Vilnius (83 9%); in the rest of that county lived Belarusian Lithuania- (46 %) ir ns (40 9%), there were only Poles 1494 (plg. VVLKB, 48). d. Overtaking 1919—1939 m. The most important means of polonization were the church, the manor; bourgeois landlords’ occupation of Poland, the state, compulsory school, army, press also contributed. Lithuanian, Belarusian ir Latvian border Poles appeared mainly In the a. second half of XX a. the 19th iš century, they were mostly Lithuanians, before they often adopted Belarusian. Because of the novelty, the local Polish language did not į have time ji to split into dialects: it is a variant of the su Polish common language with elements of Lithuanian ir and Belarusian dialects. The local Poles do not have their own (untranslated iš primary language) folklore, jų surnames are often of Lithuanian origin: Bolądz, Bovszis, Bumbul, Butrim, Czywil, Dowgiallo, Gaidel, Garnisz, Gintowt, Gražul, Norkun, Sabas, Songailo, Tarwid, Trinkun, Voiszel, Vojsznis rat: Local Lithuaniir an St. Kazimieras, “Rytas” Society Sections po 1920 m. dab. Wrocław raj. founded 12 Lithuanian private primary schools, Pastovų raj. — 1, Astravo paradise. — 12, The Paradise of Yvia. —3, Varena's Paradise. — 37, Zietelos ir Gaftdino paradise. — po 1 (total 67). Pilsudskininkai 1925 —1938 m. (maximum 1927— 1936 m.) closed 195 Vilnius private Lithuanian schools. 1936 m. instead jų there were still about 150 Lithuanian reading rooms. The village of Zabarninkai (Wroclaw region) school (every year) po 50 pupils) operated 1925 —1932 m., Miciūnų m., 2. 678 17 (Astravo raj., up to 80 children) — 1912—1932 Pelegrindds (up to 40 children) — up to m., 1933 Rimdžiūnų m., — 1915—1932 Bieliūnų (Varenava district, 20—25 students) — 1926—1933 m., Bilius (more than 25 pupils) m., — 1928—1931 Paliūnų (Suvalkų voivodship, 70 children) ir Žagarių (35 children) schools — 1928—1933 m. ir t. t. (Lithuanian schools in Vilnius region 1934, VI-- XI). 1934/35 m.m. In the Gervėčiai village, 1 most of the compulsory kų government primary schools operated Galčiūnuose, Gėliūnuose (2 classes, 105 pupils), Gervėčiuose (3 kl., mok.), 185 Giriose, Pelegrindojėje, Pėtrikuose, Rimdžiūnuose, about Rēdūnią — In Biliūnai, Sen. Drūskininkuose, Dubiniuose, Pelesojė kl., (2 mok.), Plikiuose, 113 Paditvyjė elsewhere, in whose sections ir it is still allowed to teach I Lithuanian ir (plg. Makowski 1983, 237—240), 1936 m. In Lydds County there was 43 St. Casimir Society branches, Suvalkai — 30, Breslaujos — 26, Gafdino who — 19, still maintained Lithuanian reading rooms and bookstores. In 1939 the Soviet authorities opened a Lithuanian seven-year school in Pelesojė children, teacher (150 V. Krečius), 4 classrooms Dubiniuose, Pavalakėjė, Paditvyjė, Plikiuose, Ramaškonysė ir t. t. In government Polish schools Lithuanians were convinced that they were Poles, because they did not to even know Polish about The number of Lithuanians ir and Lithuanian-speaking persons in the official statistics decreases. ir Surprisingly lively bending traditions the church managed to introduce ir In Latgale, which was not part of Poland for 200 years and was governed by its own authorities. Lithuanians southeast In Latvia, in ir the cities, Latvians were ne more common, Belarusians ar were more common, Russians were more common. Census officials were not always able to distinguish Lithuanians from Poles; In 1925, only 2.8% of Latvian Poles came from Poland and the Polish-held Vilnius, and 13.4% from Lithuania (mainly from the Lithuanian counties of Telšiai, Šiauliai and other counties). In 1935, in the municipalities of Daugpils, Rēzekne and Ilūkste, which once belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian state, 11,579, 4,655 and 4,148 Poles were registered respectively (in 1860, in the district of Ilūkste, 5,023 Lithuanians and 3,828 Poles were registered, and in 1897, 6,986 Lithuanians and 11,380 Poles). e. Support for Polish language After the liberation of Vilnius region from the Polish nobility in 1939, some Lithuanians continued to write in Polish and speak that language because they were of “Polish faith”, lived in “Poland”, studied in Polish schools, wanted to keep the possibility of emigrating to Poland, avoided the ridicule of their surroundings, etc. Among some of the younger Lithuanians and Belarusians, due to the influence of schools and the environment, the Polish language has only now begun to gain more ground in the daily life, which is why modern linguists also distinguish the post-war period of polonization (see Vidugiris 1983, 58). In 1942 there were still many Lithuanians in Vidžių (24%), Kiemėliškių, Varnionių, Kučionif}, Graužiškių, Surviliškių, Geranainių, Trakėlių, Žirmūnų villages (Pakštas 1968, 445). Between 1942 and 1947, Lithuanians were robbed, beaten and killed by White Polish “partisans” (“armia krajowa”) between Gervėčiai and Pelesai. For support of Lithuanian language A former priest of Gervėčiai, A. Jakavonis, was also murdered. A considerable number of Lithuanians under terror then began to speak Polish or at least Belarusian and to call themselves Poles (see HexmoHac 1988, 45—52). In 1945—1958, about 18 8,000 Lithuanian-speaking people emigrated to Poland: about half (400—500 persons) from the Lazūnai district, and about 1,000 from the Zietela district. Zasėčiai village — about 50 (there remained 48) and so on. The bishopric of Vilnius still belongs to the archdiocese of Lomza. In the Lithuanian-Belarusian borderland, some Catholics fanatically maintain the Polish language (e.g. in Rodūnija- ), although most parishioners do not understand it. Of all the republics of the Soviet Union, the Polish national minority has the best cultural conditions in the Lithuanian SSR. There are Polish schools, radio, TV broadcasts, press, literature, the Faculty of Polish Language and Literature of the VVPI and groups of other specialties, self-help groups. This has a certain significance for some of the population of other republics. For example, in 1986 there were 289 copies of the magazine Kobieta radziecka and 207 copies of the newspaper Czerwony sztandar subscribed to in Belarus, in 1987 — 304 and 265 respectively. ; 192 and 31, 144 and 25 copies were sent to Latvia respectively. In 1981/82, 2.594 of all pupils in the republic (12,863) were taught in Polish in 54 purely Polish schools and in some mixed schools. There were 5411 in Vilnius district, 3111 in Vilnius city, 2835 in Šalčininkai district, 980 in Trakai district, 406 in Švenčionys district, 110 in Sirvintų district and 10 in Varena district. In the post-war years, Polish schools were also established in some Lithuanian villages (e.g., in Švenčionys district and its subdistrict, in Jaciūnų village, in today’s Strūnaitis district, in Rėpiškės village, etc.), where Lithuanian schools and lecture halls operated even during the bourgeois Polish occupation (until 1937). In 1953, in the southern outskirts of Šalčininkai district, between Kalesnifiky and Milkūnai, in the Lithuanianand Belarusian-speaking area, a Polish school was opened instead of the Lithuanian ones. Song of the Day. —Dainavds seven-year-old and Gilviniškių, Vėžionių elementary school, dab. The Apex. —Gėrviškių seven-year-old, Kaniūkai elementary school, dab. The Daleks. —Daučiūnų, Didžiūjų Sėlų primary school, Butrimonių seven-year school, Dievėniškių village. —Jurgelionių seven-year-old, Pabare village. —Miežioniai primary school, Poškoniai village. —Dailidžių primary school, Milkūnų village. —Šaūrkaičių septynmetė, Pagaujény pradiné®. Some pupils ignored Lithuanian language lessons: partly because of this, in 1979 only 11.19% of the Republic- 's Polish students were fluent in Lithuanian. In 1979, 247,000 people (7.3% of the population) identified themselves as Poles in Soviet Lithuania, 403,000 in Belarus (4.2% of the population) and 63,000 in Latvia (2.5% of the population). The majority of Poles lived in Vilnius, Šalčininkai, Trakai, Astrava, Ašmena, Varendė, as well as in the southern parts of Daugavpils and Kraslava districts. Polish has been spoken as a native language for a century on the border of Vilnius and Švenčionys districts, between Pabėrža, Nemenčinė and Pabrada. Elsewhere, it is usually only a second language of Belarusians, Lithuanians, and Latvians — an interdialect (Studia nad polszczyzna kresowa 1982, 19—145). ? A. Vidugiris information. 19 II. 1998-1999 GIMTOSIOS KALBOS' OPERATIONS 1. Latvian Lithuanian Schnaps They are the most prominent examples of contacts between the two living — Baltic ir languages, — Lithuanian and Latvian. In southeastern Latvia the Lithuanian language can ir be studied in the conditions of maximum multilingualism: only there our language functions simultaneouiš sly among all the neighboring 4 languages of the republic – Latvian, Belarusian, — Russian and Polish. ir For a long time, the ancient (native) Lithuanians in Latvia were almost unknown, believed to have been left here by recent settlers. Because most of the Lithuanians į Riga, Liepaja, Jelgava ir other Latvia's localities were 1880—1914 raised in: 1897 m. jų recorded 26 033, 1914 — ~95000, 1920 — 25588, 1925 — 23 192, 1930 — 25885, 1935 — 22913, 1959 — 32383, 1970 — 40 589, 1979 — 37 818, 1989 —34 630. Dar 1925 m. half Latvian Lithuanians were born Not ir considered Latvian o citizens in Lithuania, many others had moved parents (plg. Garšva 1984, 83—91; 1985a, 118—126; 1985b, 38). A. Bylenštejn (1892, 13—459), about 1924 m. K. Būga (1961, 563—583) described many locations In Latvia, where Lithuanians iš have lived for centuries, they ar still live. 1921 m. at the border of the republics, Ilūkstė, Aknysta, Skyronių, Ūkrų other ir neighborhoods km? ), (290 formerly belonging to Kaunas gubernija, were exchanged į Palanga ir coastal stretch (182 km? ), 1819 m. assigned by the czar's authority Curzon Governorate. In the west to In the a. 18th century, Lithuanians probably lived in Liepaja. between Rūcavos Nycos ir Bartos: For tų Latvians, the inhabitants of the neighborht. y. ood were Letti, Lettišnieki, Lithuanians, who became Latvians. XVII a. The border of the LDK passed Bartuva River (from the Holy Settlement 50 km į north). Tarp Rūcavos ir There were Lithuanians in Būtingė ir XX a. at the beginning of the treatment. From XIII a. Ūkrai officially belonged to Lithuania (dab. Dudbelés raj. ), from 1473 m. — Skyrėnys ir neighbouring villages Snake's Paradise. In the surroundings of Brūnava. Lithuania on maps until 1914 m. famous Wrocław, Aknysta cape north. į Ūkrų, Skyrėnų, Aknystos other ir neighborhoods belonged to Kaunas Governorate ir Vilnius, po to Žemaičių diocese, from 1919 m. August to 1920 m. of October — Republic of Lithuania. ; 1889 m. In Aknystės valsčius 30 there were ir Lithuanian farms about 100 po 1850 m. Latvian farms. Ethnographic border passed The River. Part of Aknystė parish formerly ir belonged to "Rokiškio rajonas" (in Lithuanian). More about 1913 m. There were several Lithuanian lessons in the Russian-taught school in Aknysta. Lithuanian elementary school operated ~ 1920—1944 m. Around this time, the sections of Lithuanian societies “Šviesa”, “Rūta” organized parties, plays, choirs, even a newspaper. The younger generation has been ir dispersed speaking Lithuanian more and more weakly, now the traditional conversation is preserved only in few Aknystos apyl. in villages: Liūobose (K. Urbonūvičiaus, g. 1903 m., ir J. Mačiūko, g. 1902 m., villages; there were seven farms here before), Riūkosė (P. Mikénas, P. Mikčnienė, g. 1904 m.), in Skaifdupyje (L. Murelienė, m.), in g. 1909 Kraukaliai (S. Mikčnienė, S. Čeičis) ir about Aknystą (A. Urbonžvičienė, A. Gasiūnienė, m., g. 1906 Šinkūnienė, O. Neniškytė) E. (plg. 20 Kivonys Vaikūnai A 100 km. 76 A sen. 100 m from Kazokiškės g! ; = Sklodonys O RODŪNIA ; Jucidnai O A Jotautai O Kurkes ‘O Piliakalnis d „Aytažeikiai 0 Plikiai Vigonys Shirts and O blouses A Shirts Sen. Sy GARDINA Paškovičiai Tolkūnai D Dubiniai O ! . nų . A Lipkūnai Gudeliai D Liliaceae © Balčiški Surkantai A altiškis © piliinai in Pavalke ei Os (ih: years ©2 As @ Sen. Druskininkai gs 57 © Paditvys schema. The Linguistic 2 Situation of the Pelesds-Rodinia Area. Villages where Lithuanian could be 1987 m. spoken: 1 — 60—70 9% per population, 2 — 40—48 %, 3— 27%, 4 — 10-18 %, 5 — 1-5 %. Villages that have stopped speaking Lithuanian: 6 — XX a. in the first half, 7 — XIX a. Broths: Povilaitytė 1970, 1—10, Vidugiris 1988, 21-34 ir kt 1890 m. Rediinios apyl. was 70 % Lithuanian, Pelesds — 82 % (1421 iš 1723 population). Iki 1914 m. In Varenavo, Rėdūnios, No&ids, Asavds, Armoniskiy parishes Lithuanian- -speaking 3/4—2/3 inhabitants, Benekainiy, Geranainiai, Kaulėliškių — 1/3—1/2, Trakėlių, Žirmūnų, Zėbalatės districts — 1/4—1/3 ir t. t: The main home language was Lithuanian until about 1950 m. between Benekainių ir Armėniškių, Varenavo ir Kaulėliškių, about Asava, Necha; in individual Rėdūniai villages. villages — up to m., 1975 Pelesas o apyl. (Pavalakė, Pelesojė, Dubiniuose, Sen. In Druskinin- — kai) until now. 1970 m. In Pelesa there 340 were (1986 m. — 253), inhabitants not 27 of women —only about 35 (Povilaitytė 1970, 3). In some places more Lithuanians of the author of the article (see diagram) than T. Sudnik (cf. Vidugiris 1988, 24) were found, apparently because the local inhabitants responded in the language in which they were spoken. In the eastern part of the Varenavo district, of the 18 villages that spoke Lithuanian at the beginning of the 20th century (the area was about 13 km long and 7 km wide), the language is better preserved in Stanišai, Tusamonys, Ramaškonysė, Navaséduos, Bieliūnai, and by individuals in Biliuosė, Parabiské, Cesliūkiške, Dainavojė, Romūčiai, Padvariškės. Of the 8,000–12,000 people who could speak Lithuanian in 1928–1933 (cf. Vidugiris 1988, 29, 27–32), in 1970, 1,234 Lithuanians were officially registered in Varendva district, in 1979 — only 939 (563 (60.9%) considered the language of their nationality as their mother tongue, 351 (37,945) — Belarusian, 24 (3,94) — Russian). Of these, 313 (33.94%) fluently spoke Belarusian as a second language, 307 (32.94%) fluently spoke Russian, and 78 (8.94%) fluently spoke their own language. In 1930 there were still at least 6,000 Lithuanians in Astravo region. In 1970, 2120 were recorded. (6% of the total population- ), 1979 — 1655. Lithuanian was the mother tongue of 1448 (8794) Belarusians — 172 (10 945), Russian — 35 (2%), and 1032 (62 9,) fluently spoke Belarusian, 388 (23 9,) — Russian, 80 (5 945) apslavéjusiy — Lithuanian. In 1970 there were 177 Lithuanians in Gaidino district (1979 — 138, Pastovų district — 184), Smurgainiai district — 73, Amends — 52, Ščiučino — 42, Lydds — 24, Yviės — 22, Zietelos — 12, Slonimo, Naugarduko — 10, etc. Most of the Lithuanians here were, apparently, atsikéléliai. The best Lithuanian language in the USSR territory outside the borders of the Lithuanian SSR has so far been preserved in Gervėčiai village. This, apparently, was determined by social conditions — some nobles in the 19th century and school, church, Lithuanian cultural societies, press in the 20th century. During the war, many of the prisoners were tortured in secret. About 1923 m. Lithuanian school opens publicly in Gervėčiai, 1925 — Miciūnuose (teachers — J. Naminskaitė and J. Kardelytė), Mockosė, Gėliūnai, Galčiūnai, Pelegrindongė, Giriai, Knystūškės, Rimdžiūnai, Pėtrikai. In the Lithuanian villages St. There were also sections of the Kazimierz ir Society, which had small po 200 bookstores ir (about books and magazines). Then the most read "Farmer's Advisor", "Road", "Soil", Maironis, Binkis K. writings. In Gėliūnai operated ir Cultural Society Section (the organ of friendship was "Vilniaus žodis" (in Lithuanian- ). In Miciūnai, “America in the Sauna”, “Aklą pažins, idiot supras” were performed ir t. t. In Polish government schools there were only po 2—6 pupils. Iki 1933 m. after closing all Lithuanian schools, 1934— 1936 m. instead jų operated "Morning's Reading Room". The former Lithuanian teachers remained as lecturers: in Miciūnai — A. Bubulis, in Giriose — V. Krėčius, in Rimdžiūnai — Selyla ir other (these were the most active). At the urging of the lecturers, the parents of the village of Giriai advised the children in the compulsory Polish school to speak less ir Polish and o not sing. 1934/35 managed to claim that In Gervėčiai school religion would be taught in Lithuanian (Valeika 1988. No. 1, 2). A Lithuanian school operated in Pelese 1908—1917, 1922—1932 m. Approximately 1926 m. Lithuanian Educational Society of Vilnius Region "Rytas" (its headquarters was in the present in the premises of the ir Lithuanian Language and Literature Institute) schools were established in Dubiniai, Pavalakėjė, Piliūnai, Drūskininkai, Paditvyjė, Leliūšiai, Kargau28 Table 2. The number of Lithuanians in the larger Gervėčiai village. in villages Total population Lithuanians in 1985 Eil Nr 1 this "name 1985 m. | 1987 m. | number | 96 shius 1. Gervėčiai 479 128 27 2. Girios 240 265 195 81 101 3. Rimdžiūnai 232 231 151 65 80 4. Galčiūnai 205 203 r 74 90 5. Mėckos 173 201 148 85 100 6. Miciūnai 180 195 126 70 60 7. Giliūnai 128 145 119 93 80 8. Knystūzkės 87 104 80 92 55 9. Gaigaliai 73 86 37 51 40 10. Pelegrinda 60 65 43 72 35 11. Gudiniūkai 64 57 28 42 25 12. Milcéjos 51 48 40 78 23 13. Pėtrikai 40 \ 36 90 20 14. KerplaSina 24 28 19 79 12 15. Gibifdé 7 21 2 29 16. Ūžupis 10 10 6 60 6 Data taken from: Romančuuk 1986, 241, Valeika 1988 and the Council of the area. duosė, Vigonysė, Rackūnuose, Plikiuose, Piliakalnyje, Sklodonysė, Smilginiuose. In addition to Lithuanian schools, there were Polish schools in every village. In 1933, the Lithuanian- -language schools were closed and replaced by Lithuanian “Rytas” reading rooms until 1936. Children were taught Lithuanian illegally (Povilaitytė 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 3—7). 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017). In the old wooden church of Gervėčiai, around 1898—1903, there was an organ by Mikas, Kipras Petrauskas and their father, who founded a choir and a flute orchestra. After 1924. J. Matulevičius’s visitation in Gervėčiai church introduced, alongside Polish, Lithuanian service, which was subjected to considerable trials. The priests who worked in Gervėčiai church can be divided into approximately neutral in terms of language, i.e., spoken both Polish and Lithuanian (A. Dalinkevičius, Buivys, S. Chodyga, present), Polish (Alšiauskas and especially Romeika, Malinauskas —“Ēdikas”, J. Trochimas and others) and Lithuanian (A. Jakavonis, J. Gylys). The spiritual terror of the oppressors often turned into physical terror, especially in 1927—1946 the village of Sakalaičiai was denationalized by force by the Struckas manor owners: the Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants were beaten with whips. In 1928, the 80-year-old Atminis from Miciūnai received bison for this. Therefore, the people of Sakalaičiai 25 village Damučiai, Gudaičiai, Kurmeliai, Maučiai, Skyručiai, Šauliai, Tvoragaliai and others switched to the Polish language and even began ir to beat Lithuanian-speaking people ("girgūnai"). ir For this work, the vicar of Gervėčiai 29 police ir commander founded a 1927 m. military chauvinist organization of Polish shooters. 1927 m. October night iš 4 i 5 d. many Lithuanian people of Vilnius (take intervals Gervėčių kun. A. Jakavonis) were arrested ir went to į prison or exiled į Lithuania. 1930 m. for Lithuanian sermon Polish shooters Gervėčiai church beat Lithuanians with bamboo je sticks planted a lot of resistance ir jų už į Vilniaus (Lucknow) ir Varnioniai prisons. In 1999, the 3 Polish language was — replaced by ir the Latin alphabet. ir 1988. No. 1-2). Unable to demand services in their native language, former Rēdūnai parish (especial7 ly rural — Pelesos, Dubinių, Piliūnų, Pavalakės, Paditvio, Drūskininkų, Leliūšių) Lithuanians 1917 — 1918 m. established a separate parish, o 1927 m. Pelesojė began to build a separate church, which operated from 1935 m. to 1950 m. ir had a great significance in preserving the Lithuanian language (1988 m. of October 16 d. ji returned to the believers). Now Belarusian Lithuanians in the TSR can officially be served in the only church in their native language — In Gervčėčiai, which from Pelesds is approxiuž 200 mately ir km, in Peles (as of ). 1989 1939—1941 m. Gervėčių apylinkė. taught Russian ir Belarusian, 1942 m. started Lithuanian. 1940 m. June in the first half Apso, Gervėčiai, Pelesos ir other Lithuanians was officially announced that those who want to be relocated į Lithuania. When most of them jų loaded their wagons, the į repatriation was cancelled. 1942—1943 m. was opened Lithuanian pre-school in Gervėčiai ir Galčiūnų (learn. S. Steponavičius), Mockų (learn. B. Steponavičius), Girių (learn. J. Valeika-Vėleika), Pėtrikų (learn. B. "Group 1, Schools, Ridgewood". There was a great shortage of teachers, so more educated local residents were invited to work. ir t. t.). 1939—1944 m. In Pelesojė there was also a Lithuanian school instead of the Polish one. There were no schools in other villages at that time because of a lack of teachers. After the front, the former Gervėčių apylinkė. teachers of Lithuanian schools (S. Steponavičius, J. Valeika, stud. A. Mileišis) went to President of the Astravo Executive Committee Padelj (Lithuanian, born iš "K-12 Educationir al Programs" (PDF) (Press release). Hearing that former teachers wish to continue teaching in Lithuanian, the chairman replied that such "fascists" should be arrested, o trained appointed Belarusian ir Russians. Gervėčių ir Pelesds apyl. residents' delegations for the Lithuanian school ir church times 9 driving į Moscow, Vilnius ir Minsk, representatives of other institutioir ns of the Ministry of Education of the BSSR local people were first ti ne už offered to votearrangement o in the už school in the native language, only her lessons (Select 1988. No. 3). Yes 1956 m. Astravo paradise. Gervėčiai secondary school, Girių eighth grade school ir Rimdžiūnų, Gėliūnų primary schools ir 1957 m. Varena's Paradise. Pelesos ir Paditvio eight-year-olds and The primary schools of Dubiniai and Pavalakė began teaching ir in Russian from In class III, mother tongue lessons (Lithuanian or — Belarusian) were introduced. In Gervėčiai Šironas, Grikpėdis, Vaičiulienė, in A. Giriuose A. Šaknys, A. Kaltinaitė, Augulytė, — B. Čiulada, D. Greimaitė, O. Pelesoje A. taught R. — J. Riauba, O. Babarskytė, R. Bugailiškytė, in Dubiniuose — L. Grabauskas, in Pavalakė — O. The ir Others. 30 As the number of pupils decreased, schools were expanded, there was a lack of mother tongue teachers, and insufficient consideration was given to the needs of the local population. The schools in Gėliūnai, Dubiniai and Pavalakė were abolished in 1972—1984, and Lithuanian language lessons were no longer offered in the primary schools in Paditvis (since 1981) and Rimdžiūnai (since 1987). They have not been introduced in Balčiškis, Rėdūnai, Varenavo secondary schools, where Lithuanian children are studying (and now there are about 10 of them, and Belarusian language lessons are taught in Girai and elsewhere to one pupil per class). ILNIŲ - A Grdodiškė |, —— ĮVILNIŲ - 50km. Karinis D ę= A Varnionys Gaigaliai A Sakalaitiai se Miciūnai 0 ; six Gervėčiai O Gudiniūkai D )Gėliūnai Čafniškės(A [=] Mockos © : eNRimdžiūnai , Ag inium Galčiūnai (4) Kerpla int S Pėtrikai A Mielaišiūnai Pe I nial h Girios A Treigiai R10 Ma. Jokintonys A Kngstuskes a Milcea ASTRAVAS A Did. Jokintonys ~~ ~~ S T W'Sniegionys Ša SY X SI ®1 Oo ~~ 02 A7 Nng)/sdlos O3 AS SN a e, A9 : 2 e; Recipients A 3 diagram. The Linguistic Situation of the Gervėčiai Neighborhood. Villages with 195 to 19 Lithuanians in 1985: 1 — 90-93%, 2 — 78-85 965, 3 — 70-54%, 4 — 65%, 5 — 42.51%, 6 — 27%. Settlements, neighborhoods that stopped speaking Lithuanian: 7 —first half of the 20th century, 8 —beginning of the 20th century, 9 —end of the 19th century. Sources: Romanciuk 1986, 241; T'aywac, Buayrupuc 1983, 38, 48; Benopycckas CCP 1973. 31 In 1978, 162 pupils attended Lithuanian language and literature lessons in Gervėčiai, in 1987 — 74 (51 in 9, III—X grades), in 1970 in Pelesė — 60, in 1987 — 25 (56 in 94). In 1943 there were 127 pupils in Girių school, in 1962 — 156, in 1965 — 130, in 1987 — 48 (35 of them were Lithuanians; 30 pupils, or 88%, learned Lithuanian from the third grade). The local administration still bans Lithuanian classes. 1970/71 m.m. Last names of pupils attending Lithuanian language classes at Pelesds school (the same root is not repeated)*: Adamonis, Balnevičiūtė, Čaplytė, Čiuika, Doda, Dudavičiūtė, Galvelė, Geležinytė, Grišelytė, Ivaška, Kanevičiūtė, Kauzaitė, Kračytė, Kruopys, Mindziulis, Ladišiūtė, Lingė, Pakulis, Rameika, Selyla, Stanišauskas, Šimelionytė, Šimelevičius, Šiškaitė, Tunkelis, Valiukevičius, Varanauskas and others. 1976/77 m.m. Names of pupils of Gervėčiai school: Aleksa, Atminis, Augulis, Bazytė, Čepukaitis, Gražulytė, Gudaitis, Gulbinavičiūtė, Jankevičius, Jaskaitis, Karmazaitė, Kiškelytė, Lukša, Lukoit, Mažeika, Meškys, Mileiša, Petravičius, Petrikaitė, Pliauga, Puiša, Pukštaitė, Ravaitytė, Reketis, Remys, Sysas, Skerla, Šėmis, Trepšys, Vaičiulytė, Valeika and others. In 1987, the 23 weekly lessons of mother tongue (Lithuanian) and literature provided for in the nine-year school curriculum were reduced to 18 in Pelesojė (the planned number was 10, with Lithuanian literature being removed and Lithuanian being called a “foreign language- ”), and to 22 in Giriai (4 weekly lessons remained in grades III-V, 3 lessons in grades VI-VIII). In Pelese, a teacher from a mixed family was found to teach Lithuanian. She had graduated from the Salčiniūkai secondary school, where Russian was the language of instruction. There were 28 weekly mother tongue lessons left in Gervėčiai secondary school. In order to acquire secondary education in their mother tongue, Lithuanian children from Astravo, Varenavo, Wroclaw districts tried to enter the Vilnius boarding school on Dzūkų Street (now the VLKJS 50th anniversary boarding school taught in Russian), Vilnius district. Marijampole, Ignalina district Mielagėnų, Tverėčiaus, Utends raj. Juknény and other secondary schools. In the best case, it was only possible to get home on Sunday, 100 km or more away. In 1967 alone, there were about 300 such pupils in the Lithuanian SSR: 14 came from Girių school, etc. Many Lithuanians in the Belarusian SSR watch Lithuanian SSR television and listen to the radio. In 1987, 135 copies of the “Farmers’ Newspaper” (about 30 in Girai) and 52 copies of the “Soviet Woman” were subscribed in the Gafdino region alone. In 1956-1960 there was an actors’ section and a dance club in Girai. mų 3. Lithuanians of Poland (Suvalki Voivodeship) On the Polish border (near Lazdijai and Kapsukas districts) there are about 60 more compactly inhabited Lithuanian settlements, which are roughly bounded from the west and southwest by the line Budziskas, Veseldvas, Klevai, Morkiškė (cf. Aleksaitė 1985, 9). This area is 40 km long and, widening in the middle, reaches 10—15 km wide (includes the Voivodeship of Suvalkai- * Data of the then Pelesds school teacher T. Povilaitytes, hereinafter —Gervėčiai school teacher A. Grikpėdis. Also see "Separated Lithuania". V., 1985. 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Largest Lithuanian villages ne with more than po 1—2 Polish families — Aguikiai, Būrbiškės, Didžiūliai, Kampuččiai, Naviniūkai, Vaitakiemis, Vidūgiriai; Lithuanian 90—95 9, lifena Dusnytė, Juodėliškė, Kreivėnai, Ožkiniai, Pristavonysė, Žagurėnai. 1919 m. August what. Suvalki triangle separated from Lithuanian, former bilingual Lithuanians among Bėrzninko ir Vižainio (southern In the 1990s, a number of schools were closed due o to lack of funding, television, po 1975 m. and other reasons. ir mostly become bilingual. During the Nazi occupation about half The ir jo Lithuanians of the Pūnsko area were raised į Lithuania (from Būbelių, Būrbiškių, Burokū, Didžiūlių, Paliūnų k. — 72—9095); po war all ne returned. In Punsko parish Lithuanian language as a subject was taught again in the school year in Naviniūkai, Pristavonia1951/1952 i, - Vaitakiemio, Vidūgiriai primary schools. o 1953—1959 m. ta 1956 m. In autumn, the mostly Lithuanian Punsk Lyceum was opened (in parallel, Polish is taught up to the classroom, 8 then only Polish — literature, history, physical ir education, military training). High school graduates every year po 20—30 of graduates (1985 m. jų was 525). 1967 m. there were still Lithuanian elementary 9 schools in that region, eight-year 1978 m. — 4 ir 2 initial; mother tongue was 12 taught as a subject to Lithuanians in: Arddninkus, Klevuosė, Krasnagrūdojė, Krasnavė, Pinsk Agricultural School, Seinų Lyceum in eight-year schools, Smalininkai, Suvalkai, Šimanovizna, Žabariškiai ir 2 (1967 m. still taught in Juodėliškė, Lumbiuosė, Paliūnai, Radziūčiai, Šlynakiemis). After enlarging the schools, lycée, now be there are eight-year schools 4 taught in the mother tongue (in Naviniukai, Pristavonyse, Pūnske, Vaitakiemi) ir 4 classrooms In the middle. || 1957 m. founded the Polish Lithuanian Public Cultural Society, which 1984 m. had 1800 members ir 48 section: Suvalki Voivodeship, as well as in Bialystok, Gdansk, Słupsk, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw, where 1945—1958 m. moved some Lithuanians iš Lietuvos TSR. The Society takes care of the education of compatriots, from 1960 m. publishes the magazine „Aušra“, manages libraries, art self-help, maintains contacts su Lietuvos TSR ir t. t. 1956 m. In Pūnske there is a culture house, choir “Dzūkija”, jų vocal instrumental ensemble “Punia”, village band “Klumpė”, choreographic ensemble “Jotva”, girls’ ensemble “Ulbuonėlės”. (plg. Encyclopedia of Soviet Lithuania. 1986. T. 2. P. 512, 561; 1987. T. 3. P. 469, 644—655). Lithuanian is widely used in the social life of Punske parish, as well as In the churches of Punskas, Seinų, Smalény, Žagūrai. 1904 m. Lithuanian chants every second Sunday briefly existed ir Bėrzninke, because then half of the parish population) were Lithuanian- (3000 s, living further away from the town. už But then the į Mozūrs, who looked iš high on the Lithuanian language, thought that “Lithuania wants to lose the Polish ir faith”, immediately „wounded ir covered Dzūkijos ir Dzūkijos [...] counted eighteen, of iš which four ypatas with holes in su their heads barely survived“ (LKLB, 38). Now the prevailing opinion is that Seinil—Punsk region colonized by Merkinės — The Lithuanians of ir the Punids neighborhood quite late — at the a. end of XVI ir XVII a. Šį this approach, apparently, was 1921 — 1944 m. stimulated by German scientists, who had to prove that 34 ir The Lithuanians of Lesser — ne Lithuania are the natives of the po 1422 m. (Black Peace) German settlers (plg. Pakarklis 1935, 44—68). It may be assumed that some Lithuanians in the present Suvalki voivodeship survived at least from X a. Mat Seinij — The Lithuanian dialect of the Pūnsko region splits ir into two parts in the se southeast and į northwest: the southern Altai, or otherwise the western — Dzūki (about 40 villages), ir western highland Kaunas (9 villages, border goes į south of "Gilroy". Southeast of the dialect from Punskiškiai (through 30 the villages) still separated from the (8 Sene villages), which do not eat soft c, consonants dz. If these Lithuanians had moved in alone just a year ago, 300 iš Merkinės — Punids of the neighborhood, they would speak one phrase (and only ne ‘caps’). Sniffed between Vižainio ir Seinū is the Lithuanian language area (approximately between Vilkaviškio ir The Continuation. Many of the mentioned villages are only within 1—5 km from the wall, which is drawn even through them. The southern part of the former Suvalki gubernia, ir the adjacent part of Lomza gubernia, was inhabited by Lithuanians even before XI - 13 Lithuanian a. wars with Poles (LKLB, 36). And in the beginning of the 13th—15th centuries there “were remaining inhabitants” in the German Order wilderness (Pakarklis 1935, 12). This can also be witnessed by Jogaila’s hunting in 1418 near Vygrių: if the forest had not been inhabited by people (who served the Lithuanian Crusaders for remuneration), hardly ir ar į the crusaders would have entered there, and the Lithuanians would have known about them*. According to J. Totoraitis, V. Vileišis (1935, 104—106), from the middle of the 16th century inhabitants of Lesser Lithuania fled to Sūduva. Numerous settlements of Lithuanian origin between Suvalki and the Baltic Sea show that this area was a continuation of Lesser Lithuania for about 60 km to the south until the 18th-19th centuries (approximately to the Augustava-Olštynas road). Going from east to west, there are Szurpily, Klaipeda, Skaizgiry, Zytkiejmy, Mieruniszki, Motule, Dubeninki, Rogajny, Rogojny, Pluszkiejmy, Jurkiszki, Mažucie, Juchnajcie, Surminy, Straduny, Meldze, Szarejki, Kaliszki, Wydminy, Wierciejki, Grodzisko, Budry, Wajsznory, Gatvuny, Kiemlawki, Warnikajmy, Krelikiejmy, Moltainy, Gierkiny, Korsze, Lankiejmy, Wozlawki, Gatajny, Krykajny, Burdajny and so on. Similar names of places of residence are also used (with the second component -kiemis "-kaimis" and so on). The Lithuanians settled early in the northern part of the former Jotvingian land up to the upper Bebr River. By moving Lithuanian nobles and soldiers to more strategically important locations, in the present-day Balstogė Voivodeship (up to Bug) islands of Lithuanian language appeared in Raigardo, Goniondzo (Lithuanian was used in the church since 1501), Knišino, Odelsko (a parish for Lithuanians was established in 1492), Tikocino, Supraslė, Balstogė, Suražo, Bransko, Belsko, Drogičino, Kamenec and other surroundings, which remained stronger until 1520 (Zinkevičius 1987, 229—230). Until the beginning of the 20th century, Lithuanian-speaking people remained in the villages of Bėrzninkas, Gibū, Krasnėpolis, Vygrių, Suvalkų, Augustavo, Jeleniavo, Vižainiai and other villages of Suvalkų Voivodeship (see LKLB, 36). 5, by the Museum of Fine Arts. 3* 35 III. COMPARISON OF THE LINGUISTICAL SITUATION OF PERIFERICAL Iš SCHNACKS of all peripheral už Lietuvos The TSR borders, so far best preserved Seinų — The Lithuanians of Punskas. This was mainly due to greater cultural autonomy jų (schools, societies, press, church ir t. t.). Young people of this region much more often stay on their parents’ farms and traditionair lly inherit the culture; north-east į migration ir is held back by national borders. The compactness of Lithuanians is almost equal to Gervėčiai district. The best conditions to maintain your culture up to 1865 m. had the Lithuanians of Lesser Lithuania, 1921—1946 m. — Lithuanians in Latvia (1919—1936 ir 1939—1944 m. — ir Belarusian Lithuanians), from 1953 m. — Lithuanians in Poland. Both in the press and organizations and in education 9000 Seinų — The Lithuanians of Punske now have similar conditions as the 1940 m. had 23000 Latvian Lithuanian. Then iš approximately 3500 Lithuanian children in Latvia attended mother tongue lessons 674 (19 94): 107 children learned Riga Lithuanian Gymnasium, eleven 446 — Lithuanian elementary schools; the child attended 121 Lithuanian language classes in Latvian border primary 6 schools. In Poland, optional Lithuanian language lessons are also only available in a more compact autochthonous area, where 1986 m. the classes 725 attended children: 115 — Punske Lyceum, four 411 — eight-year-olds (or primary) schools in ir 159 — six primary schools and Punske Agricultural School ir In the Lyceum (plg. Paransevičius 1986, 9—12); In Latvia before the war, 43 children still attended du Lithuanian kindergartens, now o There is one in Poland). Qualified Lithuanian language lessons in compactly o populated areas (e. g. Giriose) at — ir least initial instruction in their mother tongue now want ir Astravo, Varenavo, Riga, Liepaja, Bauskas, Saldus, Sovetsko, Krasnoznamensko (Kaliningrad Sr.) Lithuanians in the districts. Lietuvos TSR ensembles, poets, even press abroad į — Poland falls LR — also more often than some districts of the same į state of neighboring republics. Dependence of the dynamics of the number of Lithuanian speakers on political, cultural, social, demographic circumstances can be seen by comparing the ir The development of Apso district from 1910 m. Initially, Lithuanian was spoken by approximately the same number of people in these three areas — po 10000. Approximately until 1950 m. cultural conditions in these areas did iš not fundamen- — tally differ all iš they originally belonged to the tsar Russia, temporarily ir occupied territory of Pilsudski's Hitlerites. Unlike The region of Apso, Rēdūnai, Punskas at the beginning of the century had begun to glorify less (the exception was only the neighborhood of Kadariškiai, as well as the plains west southwest į of ir total — iš about populati6500 on) (Kymmep 1951, 27—30). In the post-war years, when children began to attend ar schools in Belarusian Russian, Apso, as well as The Lithuanians of the Rėdūnai area began to migrate en masse: Lithuanian-- speaking (more elderly People) remained there respectively about 1000 ir 300. In the meantime Seinų —There are still about Lithuanians in 9000 Punske region. In the former Ilūkste County in Latvia (between Daūgpilio ir Neretū) Lithuanian-speaking over tą the same period decreased approximately from 6 000 to 100. After the abolition of land 36