Dėl kai kurių tarptautinių ir lietuviškų žodžių vartojimo šnekamojoje bendrinėje kalboje

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIX (1991) VIDA RUDAITIENĖ ON THE USE OF SOME INTERNATIONAL AND LITHUANIAN WORDS IN COLLOQUIAL STANDARD LANGUAGE Today, as scientific and technological progress accelerates, we learn an ever greater number of new international words. There is no language in the world that does not contain words of foreign origin or international words, since peoples communicate with one another. New realities are discovered, and with them come names, which are usually borrowed from the people among whom the new reality originated. Since many achievements created by different peoples are international in nature, a need for international words also arises for the purposes of scientific communication. The use of international words is a complex phenomenon, first and foremost, as we have mentioned, associated with language contact. At present, the internationalization of terminology is becoming a major problem. With the growth of culture, education, and learning, international words from the fields of science and technology are making their way into other styles of the standard language; “they are universally recognized natural forms of lexical-semantic expression for the most important concepts of contemporary culture” (Акуленко, 1975, 198). Today, scientific international terminology is beginning to be used on a massive scale in various styles of the standard language. Borrowing words is a natural phenomenon. The number of international words, especially terms, is increasing in all languages. International words are now increasingly used by people from various social strata, even in the colloquial speech of workers and collective farmers, as well as in journalistic genres—from the rostrum, in political speech, in newspaper articles, and so on. Speaking about variation in the use of international words in Lithuanian, one can say that it manifests itself in two ways: a Lithuanian word and an international word are used in parallel, and either may be old or new, e.g.: aeroplanas — lėktuvas, aviatorius — pilotas, lakūnas, eksportas — išvežimas (Skardžius, 1973, 25). Long and short forms of international words may also be used in the language, e.g.: kinematografas — kinas, metropolitenas ir metro, radiotelegrafas — radijas, taksomotoras — taksi. However, short forms of international words now often prevail over the long ones, e.g.: radiotelegrafas, taksomotoras, or their meaning and sphere of use become narrower, for example, kinematografas. Sometimes the gender of certain international words is unstable, e.g.: filma — filmas, šlanga — šlangas. As part of the Union-wide research theme “Typology of Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Soviet Union,” in 1987 the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature organized a research expedition to collect sociolinguistic and language data, and on the basis of the “Lexicon stu- 118 dy questionnaire1, an article was prepared from the material in those responses, which the author collected in Varėna and Druskininkai. A total of 95 Lithuanians from the aforementioned districts, users of contemporary Lithuanian literary language, were surveyed. They came from the following social spheres: public and political life (employees of the Varėna District Party and Komsomol Committees—secretaries and department heads, most of whom had completed higher education, two who had not completed it, and two with specialized secondary education); education (employees of the Varėna nursery-kindergarten: mostly educators, music instructors, and other service staff with specialized secondary education, two with higher and two with secondary education; and students of a vocational technical school); mass communications (employees of the Varėna district newspaper editorial office: department heads, editors, correspondents, etc., only one of whom had not completed higher education); culture (librarians at the Varėna Central Library, most of whom had specialized secondary education, two had completed higher education, and two had secondary education); production (employees of the Varėna household services plant: engineers, foremen, technologists, economists, accountants, workers, etc.; most had specialized secondary or secondary education, three had higher education, and two had not completed secondary education); healthcare (employees of the “Nemunas” sanatorium in Druskininkai: mostly doctors, all with higher education, nurses, and other service staff, many of whom had completed specialized secondary education, and one person secondary education); and agriculture (employees of two collective farms in Varėna District, an agro-industrial association, and a veterinary station: agronomists, veterinarians, agricultural mechanization engineers, animal husbandry specialists, economists, accountants, etc., approximately half of whom had higher education and the others specialized secondary education). Efforts were made to ensure that the questionnaires were completed objectively (in the presence of the article’s author). The “Lexicon Research Questionnaire” was also used to try to determine which social groups and which educational backgrounds were more inclined to use international words, and what their actual usage was. One of the objectives of the “Questionnaire” was to provide Lithuanian equivalents for popular international words such as: anonsas, deportuoti, kont(e)ineris, limituoti lokalinis, planer(is), progresyvus, struktūra. Their Lithuanian equivalents (advance notice; deport, exile; goods box; restrict; local; glider; progressive; structure, composition) were given by 44.2% of respondents with higher education (25.5% of them answered inaccurately). A further 34.61% of informants with specialized secondary education answered accurately (45.8% of them supplied inaccurate Lithuanian equivalents); 13.1% of informants2 with secondary education knew the Lithuanian equivalents well, while 8.4% of their answers were incorrect. Those with secondary education (in this case, mostly students of vocational technical schools) knew the Lithuanian equivalents of the international words we had listed well 1 The “Questionnaire” responses are kept in the manuscript collections of the Department of Language History and Dialectology at the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. 2 The response rate was low because most informants did not complete this task at all. This also allows us to conclude that all those who did not respond likewise do not know the Lithuanian equivalents of these international words. 119 Only 2.5% of respondents wrote [the correct answer], while 8.24% did so poorly. The answers of respondents with some higher education were almost identical: good — 6.34%, incorrect — 6.3%. It was also established that the most accurate Lithuanian equivalents of these international words were known by employees in the cultural (good 20.8%, poor — 0.96%), health care (good — 20.23%, poor — 10%), socio-political (good — 13.06%, poor — 2.21%), and mass communication (good — 10.6%, poor — 3.4%) spheres. These were mostly respondents with higher or specialized secondary education. The greatest number of inaccurate answers was given by employees in manufacturing (as many as 43.23%, good — only 12.9%) and agriculture (incorrect — 19.31%, good — 11.43%). It can be concluded that people with higher levels of education know the Lithuanian equivalents of the international words presented better. Accordingly, they also use international words more often. The most popular of the international words we mentioned are the following: limituoti (used by 61 respondents — 64% of the 95 surveyed), konteineris (54—56.8%), progresyvus (51—53.7%). All the other international words are used less; native Lithuanian words are more common and popular in their place. The “Questionnaire” included questions designed to reveal whether respondents from the educational and social groups we mentioned tended to use international or Lithuanian words more often (when their meanings were the same). Sentences and phrases containing correctly used international words were provided, for example: Globalinis karas. Iš visų požymių reikia išskirti dominuojančius. Lithuanian words could have been written in place of the underlined international words, and so on. People with specialized secondary (international words — 73.3%, Lithuanian words — 26.1%), incomplete secondary (international — 41.3%, Lithuanian — 3.43%), and secondary (international — 26.1%, Lithuanian — 9.87%) education tend to use the international words in these sentences more often. Respondents in the agricultural (international — 85.8%, Lithuanian — 13.3%), manufacturing (international — 72.9%, Lithuanian — 26.2%), and education (international — 72.1%, Lithuanian — 27.8%) spheres also tend to use the international words in these sentences more often. The Lithuanian equivalents of the underlined international words in these sentences (pasaulinis; vyraujančius, pagrindinius) are more often used by respondents with higher education (Lithuanian — 49.63%, international — 42.77%). These are mostly employees in mass communication (Lithuanian — 40.7%, international — 8.1%), health care (Lithuanian — 76.2%, international — 23.2%), and cultural (Lithuanian — 51.8%, international — 32.3%) spheres. This would suggest that respondents with higher education, having a better understanding of the equivalence between words in both groups, value and appreciate their native word more. The “Questionnaire” included a task to determine whether international or Lithuanian words were used more often as synonyms. Sentences were presented with Lithuanian equivalents given in parentheses, for example: Projektas buvo (pakoreguotas, pataisytas). Techninė komisija pastebėjo mašinų konstrukcijų kai kuriuos (defektus, trūkumus). Plytų (deficitas, trūkumas) labai jaučiamas statybose. Į mačą pakviesti geriausi (arbitrai, teisėjai) and so on. There were also tasks without sentences, for example: aktyvumas — veiklumas, eksperimentas — bandymas, fundamentas — pamatas, liftas — keltuvas, litiažė — 120 akmenligė, radiacija – spinduliavimas, remontas – (pa)taisymas, rentabilus – pelningas, stabilus – patvarus and so on. Respondents had to underline the word they used more often. It emerged that respondents with specialized secondary (international words — 47.84%, Lithuanian — 34.76%) and secondary (international — 25.08%, Lithuanian — 23.97%) education tended more often to use international words. This category of respondents includes employees in agriculture (international — 46.85%, Lithuanian — 36.15%), manufacturing (international — 44.48%, Lithuanian — 40.13%), and health care (international — 41.45%, Lithuanian — 27.29%). Respondents with incomplete secondary (Lithuanian words — 22.22%, international — 18.51%) and incomplete higher education (Lithuanian — 14.16%, international — 11.15%) tended more often to use Lithuanian words. Respondents with higher education tended more often to use Lithuanian equivalents, although a fairly large percentage of them also used international words (Lithuanian — 38.33%, international — 35.87%). Lithuanian words were used more often by employees in mass communication (Lithuanian — 43.52%, international — 14.29%), socio-political (Lithuanian — 69.05%, international — 36.85%), and cultural (Lithuanian — 18.55%, international — 15.25%) spheres. Among the most frequently used international words are the following: liftas (used by 88 of the 95 respondents—96.6%), remontas (83—87.4%), radiacija (73—76.8%), eksperimentas (63—66.3%). Only the Lithuanian word akmenligė is not replaced by any respondent with the international word litiazė. The response material also revealed incorrect use of international words. This can be seen in the sentences: Globalinis (didžiulis, milžiniškas) mokestis. Gera aplinka formuoja (ugdo) kalbą. Here, globalinis and formuoja are used inappropriately. It was found that respondents who tended to use international words more often still frequently used them incorrectly. For example, in the sentences we provided, as many as 72.7% of respondents with specialized secondary education used international words incorrectly. Moreover, only 27% of them knew how to use accurate Lithuanian equivalents in this instance. International words were used incorrectly by 53.2% of respondents who had completed higher education, while 37.7% used the accurate Lithuanian equivalents. And 41.35% of respondents with incomplete secondary education did not remove the incorrectly used words in the case we mentioned; only 4.2% replaced them with Lithuanian equivalents. 43.6% of respondents with secondary education also used international words incorrectly; only 8.35% found accurate Lithuanian equivalents for them. Of the sentences given, 21.9% of respondents with incomplete higher education did not remove the incorrectly used international words, while only 8.4% replaced them with accurate Lithuanian equivalents. A review of questionnaire responses from respondents in individual spheres revealed a similar trend: respondents inclined to use international words tended to use them incorrectly more often. As many as 48.1% of respondents in agriculture (only 16.7% replaced them with Lithuanian words), 38% in health care (14.6% replaced them with Lithuanian words), and 31% in manufacturing (27.1% replaced them with Lithuanian words) left the incorrectly used international words globalinis, formuoja in our sentences unchanged in the text, without replacing them with the equivalents didžiulis (milžiniškas) and ugdo. 16.3% left the incorrectly used international words given in the “Questionnaire” in the text— 121 … (only 12.5% of these informants replaced them with precise Lithuanian equivalents) among informants in the cultural sphere. Informants in the spheres of mass communication (25% replaced the words, 6.9% left them uncorrected), social and political life (25% replaced them, 14.8% did not correct them), and education (51.9% replaced them, 37.5% did not correct them) were more inclined to replace the specified international words with precise Lithuanian equivalents. The answers to the “Questionnaire” revealed that a large percentage of informants did not know how to use the specified international words. In contemporary standard spoken Lithuanian, adverbs formed incorrectly with the formant -iai, from relative adjectives with the suffix -inis, are still fairly widespread. The “Questionnaire” included the sentence: Tickets were sold out in (record, record-breaking, very, exceptionally) little time. Informants had to choose one of the options in parentheses. The answers show that as many as 66.7% of those with specialized secondary education and 33.3% of those with higher education incorrectly chose the adverb rekordiniai. All informants who use this adverb are from the agricultural or manufacturing spheres. We sometimes hear adverbs formed incorrectly in this way on the radio and television, too. Even intellectuals use them. For example, I am more of an optimist. I look at life philosophically (= philosophically) — an actress says on television, 1987 05 03. A physical (= physically) person is incapable of lifting such a load, says a sports commentator on television, 1988 03 07, and so on. The “Questionnaire” included a pair of sentences containing international words for which there are no Lithuanian equivalents, for example: The young man is wearing a brightly colored shirt and jeans. Many people wear shorts at the holiday home. The answers revealed that informants more inclined to use international words left džinsus and šortus unchanged in the text. Informants more inclined to use Lithuanian words, however, suggested various Lithuanian substitutes for džinsų and šortų. Instead of the word džinsai, they suggested sportines kelnes, darbines kelnes (sports trousers, work trousers), and instead of šortai — trumpikes, sportines, trumpas sportines kelnes, puskelnes, glaudes (shorts — short pants, sportswear, short sports trousers, knee-length trousers, leggings), and so on. Among informants with specialized secondary education, 75.4% did not replace these words with Lithuanian ones (23.1% did); among those with higher education, the figures were 50.1% (32.35% did), and among those with secondary education, 23% (15.2% did). Jeans and shorts are more often replaced with Lithuanian words or phrases by respondents with incomplete higher education (13.25% use the specified international words, while 35.8% replace them with Lithuanian ones). Almost the same percentage (13%) of respondents with incomplete secondary education use the international words jeans and shorts, and 38.9% replace them with Lithuanian ones. Agricultural (60.5% do not replace them, 15% do) and manufacturing (45.8% do not replace them, 29.3% do) workers most often do not replace the specified international words with Lithuanian ones. A higher percentage of informants who replace the international words we have mentioned with Lithuanian ones are found in the social and political sphere (23.9% use Lithuanian equivalents, 16.2% use international words), education (53.2% use Lithuanian equivalents, 42% use international words), culture (23.6% use Lithuanian equivalents, 8.1% use international words), and mass communica- 122 workers in the communications (replace them with Lithuanian words: 15.4%; use international words: 10.4%) and health care (replace them with Lithuanian words: 29.6%; use international words: 27.7%) sectors. Of the 95 respondents, 37 informants (38.9%) use the international word džinsai (jeans), while 58 (61%) replace it with Lithuanian alternatives; 26 informants (27.4%) use šortai (shorts), while 69 (72.6%) replace it with Lithuanian synonyms. The responses to the “Questionnaire” sometimes reveal a certain opposition to some international words (despite the fact that no Lithuanian equivalents for them are available). This is particularly evident with words denoting new objects, fashionable goods, and rare realia, for example: bluzonas, kruizas, stresas, voljeras (sweatshirt, cruise, stress, aviary), and so on. In such cases, the realia in question are quite often named in Lithuanian by means of descriptive phrases. In our view, this would indicate that, being new, these international words are still unfamiliar to speakers, and their meaning is not entirely clear. The responses to the “Questionnaire” show that many international words used in Lithuanian have generally adapted to the language’s phonetic and grammatical system and become part of its lexicon. These include, first of all, the words kava, radijas, kinas, filmas, mašina, diskas (coffee, radio, cinema, film, machine, disc), among others. Bearing this in mind, we see no reason to replace with Lithuanian words the džinsus (jeans) and šortus (shorts) that came to us from English via Russian. The responses show that some informants tend to use international words even where a Lithuanian equivalent or a hybrid derivative of one would be more appropriate. For example, the “Questionnaire” included the sentence: Each country devotes considerable attention to (gasification, dujofikacija). Respondents were asked to underline the word in parentheses that they use more often. In this case, the hybrid form dujofikacijai. would be preferable. It turns out that, of our 95 informants, 45 (47.4%) use gazifikaciją, while only 28 (29.5%) use dujofikaciją. Gazifikaciją (gasification) is used more often than dujofikaciją (dujofikacija, a hybrid term) by informants with specialized secondary education (gazifikacija – 45,5%, dujofikacija – 21,4%), and by those with secondary or incomplete secondary education (gazifikaciją is used by 13.6% of informants in each of the two education groups; dujofikaciją – 10,7% of informants with secondary education and 9.8% of those with incomplete secondary education). These are mainly informants from the education (40.9%; dujofikaciją – 7,1%), agriculture (40.3%; dujofikaciją – 21,4%), and manufacturing (26.9%; dujofikaciją – 14,3%) sectors. Gazifikacijos (gasification) is not used at all by informants with higher education. These are generally employees in the cultural and socio-political sectors. Of informants with higher education, 64.3% use dujofikaciją, while 27.3% use gazifikaciją. These are most often employees in mass communications (dujofikaciją – 7,1%, gazifikaciją – 4.5%) and health care (dujofikaciją – 28,6%, gazifikaciją – 13.4%). Based on the data from the “Questionnaire,” we can conclude that informants with specialized secondary and secondary education are most inclined to use international words, as are a fairly large proportion of those with higher education. They are mainly employees in manufacturing, agriculture, and education. The material examined also leads to another conclusion: informants who use international words more often also make more semantic errors related to their use. Among our respondents, international words were most often used incorrectly by employees in agriculture and manufacturing with specialized secondary and higher education. 123 Most international words, being terms and serving a terminological function, are generally justified in language. One of the more striking features of contemporary standard Lithuanian is the increase in the number of various terms. Terms are used not only in scholarly writing but also in various other styles of standard Lithuanian. They enter newspapers, social and political journals, fiction, and radio and television broadcasts not only individually but also in entire groups. This process is encouraged by extralinguistic factors—the growing role of science, the establishment of technology, intensive international relations, and so on. Alongside the spread of terms from various scientific and technical fields, their use in figurative senses has also become established in the general vocabulary of standard language, mainly in political vocabulary (both written and spoken); at times, the sphere in which they are used in their literal senses has narrowed somewhat. It should be noted that, at different times, terms from different fields are more often used in figurative senses. Today, terms from medicine, biology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific fields are very often used in these senses. International terms used in the general vocabulary of standard language also frequently undergo determinologization. The “Questionnaire” included the question: Can you use the words akumuliuoti, balastas, diagnozė, diapazonas, orbita, vakuumas. in a non-specialized (non-terminological) sense? These words were presented in sentences in which the terms we had identified were used in a determinologized sense, and informants were asked to write the word “yes” or “no” at the end of each sentence. Some informants also wrote additional sentences in the “Questionnaire” using the terms we had identified in figurative senses. An attempt was also made to determine whether international terms are used in figurative senses in sentences to give the thought a humorous tone. If so, respondents were asked to underline the terms in question. It emerged that informants with some higher education were more inclined to use the terms mentioned above in figurative senses (figurative senses—48.0%; literal senses—23.67%; terms used in figurative senses give the thought a humorous tone—28%); as were those with specialized secondary education (figurative senses—28.72%; literal senses—19.93%; terms used in figurative senses give the sentence a humorous tone—16.2%) and those with secondary education (figurative senses—23.33%; literal senses—10%; terms used figuratively give the sentence a humorous tone—10%). The international terms mentioned above were more often determinologized by workers in agriculture (determinologized by 46.83%; used in literal senses by 15.55%; used in figurative senses to give the thought a humorous tone by 12.52%), health care (38.49%; used in literal senses by 26.95%; used in figurative senses to give it a humorous tone by 10.27%), social and political (33.37%; used in literal senses by 19.07%; used in figurative senses to give the thought a humorous tone by 33.37%), and cultural sectors (33.32%; used in literal senses by 18.03%; used in figurative senses to give the sentences a humorous character by 31.45%). 124 Of the international terms presented, the ones most often used in figurative senses were diagnozė (used by 27 = 28.4% of the 95 respondents), vakuumas (25 =26.3% of 95), and diapazonas (21 =22.1% of 95), for example: He characterized me this way: both selfish and petty and domineering—he gave me a full diagnosis, as it were. We were such good friends, and now our relationship is a complete vacuum. A physics teacher and organizer of literary evenings—that is the range I understand. Informants who had not completed secondary education (mostly from the manufacturing sector) were more inclined to use these terms in figurative senses for humorous effect (33.37%; 18.2% use them in literal senses, and 13.65% in figurative senses). Informants with higher education were more inclined to use the terms in question in literal senses (36.47%; figurative senses—31.75%; use in figurative senses to give the sentences a humorous tone—10.43%). Informants in mass communications (55.58%; figurative senses—33.33%; for humorous purposes—16.7%) and education (23.63%; figurative senses—14.6%; for humorous purposes—16.67%) were more inclined to use them in literal senses. The “Questionnaire” also included another entirely analogous question concerning the use of the international terms anatomija, arterija, barometras, ink(r)ustavimas, potencialas in figurative senses. The research data show that informants who had completed higher (48.28%; 19.44% do not use them in figurative senses), secondary (45.96%; 27.6% do not use them in figurative senses), and specialized secondary education (44.12%; 40.16% do not use them in figurative senses) were more inclined to use the terms listed above in figurative senses. This was most common among workers in the agricultural sector. In this case, the words most often used in figurative senses are potencialas (used by 53 of the 95 respondents—55.8%), barometras (50 of 95—52.6%), and anatomija (45 of 95—47.4%), for example: The intellectual potential of society is constantly growing. The production barometer is demand. A very complex anatomy of ethical and social worldview problems. A trend is beginning to emerge: informants who are more inclined to use international words are also more inclined to determinologize international terms. It was important for the compilers of the “Questionnaire” to know which meaning the informants under study were more inclined to use for the international word ateljė: “a clothing-sewing workshop” or “a high-end clothing-sewing workshop.” The responses show that the more frequent meaning was “a clothing-sewing workshop”—61 (64.2%) of the 95 respondents—while the meaning “a high-end clothing-sewing workshop” was given by 20 (21.1%). Only workers in the manufacturing sector were more inclined to use ateljė to mean “a high-end clothing-sewing workshop” (45%); “a clothing-sewing workshop”—8.2%). In the present period of scientific and technological revolution, the growth of international vocabulary is particularly characteristic of the languages of developed countries. It has been noted that the attention paid to international terminology by workers in science, technology, and culture increases every year. This is driven by the need to exchange international information; on the other hand, the 125 the establishment of dominance in today’s world. In addressing many scientific problems internationally and as direct scientific contacts take place across various fields, the usual means of overcoming the language barrier—learning and using languages (while the volume of translation in our time increases by 15–20% every year)—cannot adequately meet the needs of international communication. This must be taken into account when regulating the terminology of every national language: in evaluating one term or another, it is essential to consider not only the system of one’s own language but also the international context of the language of science (Антонюк, 1985, 9). The material examined shows that people with different levels of education and in various professions use international words quite frequently, although they should not be used without a compelling need. It also reveals that the use of international words is often unjustified. Many of them occur where Lithuanian words alone would suffice. Indeed, the data from the “Questionnaires” also confirm that international words are used too often in spoken language. In our view, both in scholarly literature and in spoken language, one should not overuse difficult-to-understand international words, especially when they do not have the meaning of a term. One must consciously avoid unnecessary or inaccurate international words, or those used with a meaning that is not their own. The excessive use of international words impedes communication between people, as well as language and thought. And we, as K. Gaivenis rightly observes (1987, 19), “often still clothe thought in foreign garments. Some scholar even says that when you say or write something in another language, you can neither add nor take anything away.” As we have seen, the analysis of the questionnaire responses also aptly supports this idea. It shows that what is lacking is not our own words or our own terms, but respect for the native language. The most complex thoughts can be expressed in Lithuanian words, and the most significant problems formulated. International words, as the questionnaire responses also show, are generally justified in spoken language only when we have no Lithuanian equivalent or when the meanings of the international and Lithuanian words do not entirely coincide. The use of international words is also justified when their Lithuanian synonyms have a different emotional-expressive or functional-stylistic connotation. Moreover, if a Lithuanian word is not a term but an international word performs that function, it is better to use the latter. The analysis of the questionnaire data, through specific examples, demonstrates the not always justified encroachment of certain widely used international words and terms into the spoken language of our intellectuals. LITERATŪRA Gaivenis K. Pasakyti logiškai ir lietuviškai // Kalbos kultūra. 1987. Sąs. 5. P. 19–21. Skardžius P. Lietuviški tarptautinių žodžių atitikmenys. Čikaga, 1973. Акуленко В. В. Вопросы интернационализации словарного состава языка. Харьков, 1975. Антонюк Л. А. Лингвистическое упорядочение Белорусской научной терминологии и проблемы интернационализации терминологической лексики // Mokslo kalbos kultūros ir terminologijos problemos / Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai. V., 1985. T. 24. P. 5–10. 126 В. РУДАЙТЕНЕ ОБ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИИ НЕКОТОРЫХ ИНОСТРАННЫХ И ЛИТОВСКИХ СЛОВ В ЛИТОВСКОМ РАЗГОВОРНОМ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОМ ЯЗЫКЕ Резюме При выполнении темы „Типология двуязычия и многоязычия в СССР“ в 1987 г. была организована экспедиция, во время которой и согласно „Анкете исследования лексики“ собирались социологические и языковые данные. Выявилось реальное употребление некоторых (зачастую и не употребляемых в пределах нормы) лексических вариантов. В настоящей статье использован материал анкетирования, проведенного автором в городах Варена и Друскининкай. Согласно упомянутой анкете, автор провела опрос 95 информантов – представителей следующих социальных сфер: общественно-политической, просвещения, массовой коммуникации, культуры, производства, здравоохранения, сельского хозяйства. Социальным объектом исследования были взяты потребители современного литовского литературного языка. У всех родной язык – литовский. Современный литовский язык „заражен“ иноязычными словами. Отсюда и проблема употребления иностранных слов. Согласно анкете, была предпринята попытка установить, каково реальное употребление иностранных слов, из каких социальных сфер и с каким образованием информанты чаще склонны к употреблению иностранных слов. На основании данных нашего анкетного материала можем сделать вывод, что чаще склонны к употреблению иностранных слов информанты со средним специальным и средним образованием. Кроме того, довольно велик процент информантов с высшим образованием, расположенных к употреблению иностранных слов. К употреблению иностранных слов чаще склонны представители сфер производства, сельского хозяйства и просвещения. Материалы исследования позволяют сделать и другой вывод: кто чаще употребляет иностранные слова, тот делает больше семантических ошибок, связанных с их употреблением. По данным опроса, наиболее часто ошибочное употребление иностранных слов у работников со средним специальным и высшим образованием из сфер сельского хозяйства и производства. Большинство употребляемых в литовском языке иностранных слов являются терминами. Наряду с распространением терминов в литературном языке укореняется и их употребление в переносном значении. На основе анкетных данных установлена и такая тенденция: информанты, которые чаще склонны употреблять иностранные слова, чаще детерминологизируют иностранные термины. Данные нашей анкеты показывают, что иностранные слова довольно часто употребляются людьми с различным образованием без особой необходимости.