Mokslo kalbos užuomazgos „Keleivyje“

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXIX (1991) ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENTIFIC LANGUAGE IN “KELEIVIS” 1.1. The industrial revolution that began in Europe in the 1830s affected Lithuania Minor only slightly. This agrarian region developed by what was known as the Prussian model. The development of social, political, and economic life was greatly accelerated by the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Germany of 1848–1849. In Lithuania Minor, it took the form of workers’ and peasants’ uprisings and the activism of democratic sectors of the urban population. Democratic clubs were established, and a free press spread. It was precisely at this time that the first secular Lithuanian periodicals appeared (Kaunas, 1987, 55). Kaip nurodo A. B. Klaipėdiškis (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 69—70), pirmasis Prūsijos lietuvių mėnesinis laikraštis pradėjo eiti 1832 m. sausio mėn. Tilžėje, o nuo liepos mėn. Karaliaučiuje. Šio laikraščio („Nusidavimai apie evangelijos prasiplatinimą tarp žydų ir pagonių“) redaktorius ir leidėjas buvo Fr. Kelch’as. Antrasis Prūsijos lietuvių laikraštis buvo savaitinis ir ėjo nuo 1849 m. balandžio mėn. ketvirtadieniais Klaipėdoje. Tai „Lietuvininkų prietelis, arba Klaipėdos ceitungos“. Šio laikraščio redaktorius buvo kunigas Zippel’is, o leidėjas spaustuvininkas F. W. Horch’as. Tais pačiais metais liepos 2 d. pradėjo eiti trečiadieniais Karaliaučiuje oficiozinis laikraštis „Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs“. Šio savaitinio laikraščio redaktorius ir leidėjas buvo Fr. Kuršaitis. „Keleivio“ sumanytoju buvo generolas von Plehve. Jis, prisibijodamas, kad 1848—1849 m. siautusios Vokietijos buržuazinės demokratinės revoliucijos dvasia neužkrėstų ir lietuvių, liepė Fr. Kuršaičiui valdžiai ištikimą laikraštį leisti. Valdžia duodavo „Keleiviui“ kasmet 450 markių pašalpos. „Keleivį“ Fr. Kuršaitis leido ir redagavo iki 1880 m. vasario mėn. pabaigos (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 70), po to jį perdavė redaguoti mokytojui A. Einoriui iš Klaipėdos. A. Einoris named “Keleivis” “Naujasis keleivis” and began publishing it weekly in Tilsit on April 1, 1880. As A. B. Klaipėdiškis notes (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 75), the contents of this newspaper were the same as those of Fr. Kuršaitis’s former “Keleivis,” only somewhat more national in character. “Naujasis keleivis” was published until November 18, 1883. For a time, it had a supplement, “Gaspadorystės laiskas.” In 1883, “Naujasis keleivis” was renamed “Tilžės keleivis”; afterwards A. Einoris revived the old “Keleivis,” which was published weekly in Ragnit and later in Klaipėda under its old title, “Keleivis broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs” (Klaipėdiškis, 1914, 76). In Fr. Kuršaitis’s “Keleivis,” Sunday sermons occupied the main place, followed by political news. Matters of interest to the public were published 80 in sections such as “Laws,” “Instructions,” “Beware!,” “The Latest News,” “Various Brief News,” “Various News,” and so on. “Keleivis” also published popular science articles on astronomy, botany, physics, geography, history, medicine, meteorology, technology, veterinary science, zoology, and other fields. Here are some of them: “The Needle Gun” (104, 150)1, “On Our Railway” (55, 139), “About the Moving Air in Coal Mines” (57, 163), “About the Giant Serpent” (26, 193), “About the Luminary of Our Earth” (referring to the moon, 261, 182–184), “About Grasshoppers” (149, 194–195), “The Electromagnetic Long-Distance Speaking Device, or Telegraph” (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51), “Livestock Mortality” (68, 11), “Cattle Plague” (5, 153; 77, 79), “Storks” (81, 111–112), “Steam Machines or Dampfmaschinen” (15, 94–95; 16, 98–99; 20, 118–119), “From Paganism” (39, 139), “How Can Potato Disease Be Overcome?” (32, 72), “Who Invented Gunpowder?” (205, 11), “Lichen” (215, 189–190), “Cholera” (42, 159; 56, 160; 144, 146), “Comets” (92, 59), “Avalanche” (71, 47), “A Little About Armenian [??]” (93, 66; 94, 70), “The New Railway” (53, 112), “Weather” (45, 191), “Air Bullet” (102, 128), “Cannons” (discussing caterpillars, 67, 116), “Destroyers of Cannons” (84, 127), “Peacock” (106, 179), “Against the Leech That Appears on Young Crops” (102, 128), “Against the Rabid Dog’s Moth” (54, 131), “Against the Worms, or Cannons, That Devour Cabbages” (36, 111), “Against Potato Disease” (31, 75; 33, 75), “Romania” (230, 181), “Solar Eclipse” (20, 120), “The Sun Will Be Eclipsed” (18, 112), “Ant” (21, 146–148), “A New Method of Firing Bricks” (142, 139), “Telephone or Voice-Carrier” (239, 100–101; 240, 107–108), “Long-Distance Speaking Device” (9, 38–39), “Trichinae” (135, 74), “Train Traffic on Our New Railway” (116, 106), “Turks” (51, 49), “Spider” (95, 6), “Serpents” (25, 190–191), “Earthquakes in America” (151, 18), etc. Thus, “Keleivis” was chosen for several reasons. First, it was one of the first Lithuanian newspapers, whose appearance may be regarded as the beginning of all other Lithuanian periodicals, both in Lithuania Minor and in Lithuania. Second, its editor, Fr. Kuršaitis, was well versed in the Lithuanian language; consequently, the purity and correctness of “Keleivis” set its language apart from that of other publications of the time. Third, “Keleivis” probably published the largest number of popular science articles, in which one can find the early elements of a scientific language. 1.2. Scientific inquiry is generally based on theoretical and experimental methods. These methods partly determine the distinctive character of scientific language, which is expressed in the precise formulation of statements and hypotheses, their substantiation and argumentation, and the systematic, logical, and objective presentation, consideration, and proof of a particular problem. Thus, scientific language is characterized by certain features: abstractness, clarity, logicality, modality, precision, brevity, and so on, which are determined by the following factors. First, terminology. This includes words used in scientific language in their usual sense, semantically transformed words from general language (i.e., terminologized words or word combinations), and specialized words or word combinations (i.e., terms). Terms are generally unambiguous, stylistically neutral, and systematic. Second, nomination, which in scientific… 1 See the list of sources. The first number indicates the year and issue of “Keleivis,” the second—the page. 6. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29 t. 81 In language, it is expressed by a word or a combination of words. Third, stereotypes of the word order in constructions and sentences (e.g., verbal and adjectival noun phrases, passive constructions, impersonal sentences, etc.) (Pikčilingis, 1971, 314–323; Labutis, 1973, 3–12; Денисов, 1970, 52–90; Митрофанова, 1976, 27–55), units bearing various modal nuances—from possibility and necessity to problematicality and unreality (Gaivenis, 1986, 98). This article discusses the beginnings of elements of scientific language in the physics popularization articles published in „Keleivis“ in 1848–1880. In those articles, readers are introduced to arguably the most important physics discoveries of the late 18th and early 19th centuries (electromagnetic induction, the law of conservation of energy, magnetic phenomena, etc.), as well as new concepts and new instruments and devices, such as the steam engine, telephone, telegraph, thermometer, and others. As the connection between physics and technology grew stronger, physics at the time became, as it were, the theoretical foundation of technology. Consequently, the physics popularization articles in „Keleivis“ contain many terms that can be assigned to both physics and technical terminology. 2.1. The terminology of the physics popularization articles in „Keleivis“ is highly varied in origin. Most are Lithuanian words used as terms, for example: alkūnė (16, 98), anglinis, -ė (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), anglys (13, 64; 57, 163; 75, 68; 148, 192; 184, 20), apskritumas (10, 43; 19, 115; 202, 185), ašis (16, 98), bėgis (130, 52), garas (15, 94; 27, 200; 29, 12; 45, 192; 64, 52; 90, 184; 159, 132; 182, 206; 194, 161; 195, 194; 217, 32; 232, 27; 242, 142; 246, 177), gintaras (157, 98), greitumas (10, 43; 138, 120; 201, 130), kibirkštis (10, 42–43), oras (2, 24; 45, 191; 162, 188; 177, 190), saulė (153, 63), spindulys (34, 96), srovė (10, 43; 12, 50; 55, 140), šiluma (10, 42; 142, 139; 241, 130), trinkis (100, 59; 168, 28; 191, 94; 201, 145; 223, 133), trintis (10, 43; 16, 98), tviskėjimas (139, 128), žaibas (80, 107; 159, 132; 239, 102), etc. The physics popularization articles in „Keleivis“ also contain quite a few borrowed-word terms, for example: baterija (12, 50), elektriškas, -a (10, 42), jodas (75, 68), komet(a)s (92, 59), kompasas (11, 47), magnetas (10, 42; 11, 46), magnetiškas, -a (12, 50), minuta (113, 80), minutas (151, 181), puška (104, 150), syla (12, 50; 158, 103), sylė (12, 50; 257, 125), telefon(a)s (239, 100–101; 240, 107), telegraf(a)s (100, 59; 173, 158; 228, 203; 229, 213), telegrafinis, -ė (137, 112), etc. Some of these terms were borrowed from German, Slavic, and other languages (e.g.: dampšėpis (130, 53; 253, 105; 254, 109), cf. German Dampfschiff, lokomotyve (236, 68), cf. French locomotive, natrum (134, 66), cf. Arabic natrum, pustas (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 136, 88; 232, 28), cf. German Post, syla (12, 50; 158, 103), sylė (12, 50; 257, 125), cf. Russian сила, šėpis (8, 28; 17, 104; 19, 116; 20, 118; 30, 32; 61, 28; 65, 56; 66, 94; 74, 64; 254, 109), cf. German Schiff, etc.); others are of Latin or Greek origin (e.g.: elektrystė (10, 42; 12, 50), elektriškai (10, 42), elektriškas, -a (10, 42–43), cf. Greek ēlektron, elektromagnetiškas, -a (65, 56), cf. Greek ēlektron + magnētis, komet(a)s (92, 59), cf. Greek komētēs, magnetystė (11, 46), cf. Greek magnētis, minuta (113, 80), minutas (151, 181), cf. Latin minutus, petrolia(e) (146, 184; 160, 172; 223, 134), cf. Latin petrol(eum), etc.). The latter make up the majority of borrowed terms in the articles mentioned. Apparently, the abundance of terms of Greek or Latin origin in periodicals of that time was due to several factors. First, a long- 82 standing strong interest in ancient culture and classical languages had been evident. Second, Latin had long held the status of an international language of science in Western Europe and other countries (Keinys, 1980, 85). The physics popularization articles also contain quite a few calque terms, translated on the model of other languages: orpušė (174, 168), cf. German Luftballon, geležinis kelias (6, 168), geležies kel(ia)s (164, 198; 166, 8), geležinysis kelias (1, 88), gelžkelis (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), gelžkelýs (52, 104), cf. Russian железная дорога, German Eisenbahn, French chemin de fer, tolkalbys (239, 100; 240, 107), cf. Greek tėlė+phōnē, tolrašis (9, 38; 10, 42; 12, 50; 65, 56; 192, 116; 231, 13), cf. Greek tėlė+graphō, tolžiūris (96, 40), cf. German Fernrohr, etc. Apparently, their emergence was due in part to the fact that a great many calques were generally translated from other languages in the 19th century. At that time, as the development of capitalist relations accelerated, agriculture, industry, and trade grew, class differentiation increased, and cultural and political life generally became more active, quite a number of new objects, phenomena, and concepts emerged with which our people had not previously been familiar, and for which they therefore had no corresponding names (Palionis, 1959, 21). Consequently, it was no longer possible to rely solely on the vocabulary of the vernacular to name such a multitude of concepts. The physics popularization articles in „Keleivis“ also contain some hybrid borrowings, for example: garšėpis (16, 98; 69, 24), gromatnešis (188, 64), pustvežimis (99, 56; 132; 108), turfpelkė (140, 132), etc. Thus, in terms of origin, the physics terminology of the period comprises the following strata: native Lithuanian words used as terms, borrowings, calques, and hybrid borrowings. Of the 245 terms discussed, 71% are Lithuanian words, 21% borrowings, 5% calques, and 3% hybrid borrowings. Thus, at its initial stage of formation, physics terminology relied on Lithuanian lexicon. This was undoubtedly due to several factors. First, the policy adopted by Fr. Kuršaitis, editor of „Keleivis“, which he states in one issue of „Keleivis“: „I very much avoid and guard against making up new words in Lithuanian itself, but sometimes necessity dictates that I cannot do without them, especially when it is necessary to speak about new and recent things that have not been known among Lithuanians until now and therefore have not had any Lithuanian names, such as the railway, the steamship, and the like. What am I to do when I have to speak about such things? Not wishing to clutter our language with German words, I have to coin new words when speaking about new things, but no one can show that such a word, coined by me, is not a purely Lithuanian word and formed according to the pure Lithuanian manner...“ But sometimes I also happen to use a word that is very familiar to me, one that, as a child living among Lithuanians, I heard many times from the mouths of Lithuanians“ (Kuršaitis, 1864, 174). This position of Fr. Kuršaitis was also noted by J. Palionis, who, discussing the Prussian branches of the literary language, points out that „in „Keleivis“, published by someone well versed in the Lithuanian language, there are fewer borrowings; moreover, living vernacular words or expressions and non-formulaic popular syntactic constructions are often used“ (Palionis, 1979, 152). On the other hand, in almost all publications of mid-19th-century Lithuania Minor, the earlier tendency to purify the literary language was still alive, and the influence of 18th-century Lithuanian grammars 6* 83 ir žodynų norminamąjį įtaką (Palionis, 1979, 152). Todėl visai natūralu, kad ne tik lietuvių fizikos, bet ir technikos terminijos užuomazgos rėmėsi lietuviška leksika. Pavyzdžiui, L. Gastila ir A. Žitkutė, aptardami lietuvių technikos terminijos pradmenis, nurodo, kad iš 169 metų technologijos ir mašinų gamybos terminų, užfiksuotų XVIII a. Rytų Prūsijos leidiniuose, lietuvių k. kilmės žodžių yra 73%, slavizmų 9%, germanizmų 12%, neaiškios kilmės žodžių 2%, pusiau skolinių 4% (Gastila, Kruopas, Žitkutė, 1969, 34–36; Gastila, Žitkutė, 1969, 20–21). Be abejo, dėl kalbos gryninimo tendencijos „Keleivio“ fizikos populiarinimo straipsniuose atsirado ir tokie terminai, kaip antai: gintarystė (Daiktas, apie kurį mes dabar kalbam ir dabar dar vokiškai Electricität (t. y. Elektrizität. – A. K.) vadinamas. Pagal tikrą lietuviškąją kalbą mes tą todėl galėtumim gintaryste vadinti…; 10, 42), tolkalbys (Telefons arba tolkalbys yra, kaip jau žinote, ta pernai išrasta priprava, kurią pasinaudodami mes ir su daug mylių atstu esančiais susikalbėti galime; 239, 100), tolrašiš (O tuomi jie yra tolrašių išsimisliję, kurie vokiškai pagal graikiškąją kalbą telegrafai, tai pagal mūsų kalbą kaip sakyta „tolraščiai“ arba „rašėjai iš tolo“ vadinami; 9, 38), tolžiuris (Šaujantieji su tolžiuriais (Fernrohr) veizdėti turėję; 96, 40) ir pan. Šie pavyzdžiai rodo, kad terminijos purizmo tendencija buvo pastebima XIX a. antrojoje pusėje ir ypač ryškiai iškilo aikštėn XX a. pr. kraštotyrininko A. Vireliūno raštuose (Palionis, 1979, 268, 280). Most of the terms analyzed from the perspective of their origin are included in the academic dictionary (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) or recorded in its card index. However, some of them cannot be found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language or its card index, for example: elektrystė (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51), elektriškai (10, 42), elektromagnetiškas, -a (65, 56), galvaniškas, -a (10, 43), gariškas, -a (15, 94), gar-maliūnas (11, 46; 23, 168), gelžkel-tiltis (114, 99), gelžvežimis (98, 52; 186, 34; 249, 20), gintarystė (10, 42), magnetystė (11, 46), magnetspilgė (11, 46), voltaiškas, -a (10, 43), etc. 2.2. Most terms in the physics popularization articles in “Keleivis” are formed with the suffixes -imas/-ymas, -inis, -ė, -iškas, -a, -umas, for example: [of the sun] aptėmimas (18, 112; 20, 120), [of lightning] iššaudymas (140, 132), iššėmimo įtaisymas (112, 72), [through the body] grįovimas (122, 7; 162, 188), šildymas (133, 64), telegrafiera-vimas (181, 204), [of lightning] tviskėjimas (139, 128); adatine [gun] (104, 150), akmeni-nės [coal] (13, 64; 57, 163; 148, 192; 184, 20), anglinis [steam] (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), garinė [locomotive] (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60), garinis [railway carriage] (98, 52), [locomotive] (156, 88; 172, 68), [vehicle] (16, 98–99; 20, 118–119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), puslinė [bullet] (213, 168), telegrafine [wire] (137, 112; 144, 147), [rope] (152, 39; 161, 180; 180, 204), tolra šinė [wire] (137, 112; 144, 147), [rope] (152, 39; 161, 180), vielinis [balloon] (229, 213), žaibinis [balloon] (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 136, 88; 232, 28); elektriška [spark] (10, 42), elektriškoji [current] (10, 43; 12, 50), elektriškasis [friction] (10, 42–43), elektromag-netiškas [telescope] (65, 56), galvaniškoji [battery], [coil], [column] (12, 50), (10, 43), (12, 50), galvaniškasis [pole] (12, 50), gariškasis [vehicle] (15, 94), magnetiško-ji [force] (12, 50), magnetiškasis [telescope] (10, 42), voltaiškasis [pole] (10, 43); aps-kritumas (10, 43; 19, 115; 202, 185), gilumas (202, 185), greitumas (10, 43; 138, 120; 201, 130), platumas (167, 16), tolumas (175, 169; 226, 166), etc. 84 Somewhat fewer (sometimes only one) terms formed with other suffixes are given, for example: with the suffix -ybė: šviesybė (10, 42; 13, 64); with the suffix -ynė: padarynė (15, 94–95; 16, 98–99; 20, 118–119); with the suffix -ininkas, -ė: žvaigždininkas (252, 89); with the suffix -ystė: elektrystė (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51), gintarystė (10, 42), magnetystė (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51); with the suffix -ulys: spindulys (34, 96); with the suffix -uma: šiluma (10, 42; 241, 130), šilima (142, 139); with the suffix -ūnas: [steam] malūnas (82, 120; 183, 18; 224, 142); with the suffix -tojis, -ė: lydėtojis (261, 182–184). Very few suffixal derivatives are found in the physics popularization articles, for example: [of electricity] apibėgis (12, 50), [of the sun] bėgis (130, 52), [of thunder] šūvis (109, 28); and there are no prefixal derivatives at all. In addition to derivatives, the physics popularization articles in “Keleivis” also contain quite a few compounds, which can be divided as follows: 1) compounds with a noun as the second constituent (gar-malūnas (11, 46; 23, 168), gar-vežimis (16, 98–99; 38, 128; 62, 40), gelžkelis (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), gelžkellys (52, 104), gelžkel-tiltis (114, 99), gelžkelvežimis (186, 34), orkul kė (16, 99; 36, 112; 120, 196), orpuslė (174, 168), šiauršviesė (154, 68; 198, 51), etc.); 2) compounds with a verb as the second constituent (gromatnešis (188, 64), tolk albys (239, 100; 240, 107), tolrašis (9, 38; 10, 42; 12, 50; 63, 56; 192, 116; 231, 13), tolžiūris (96, 40), etc.). Most of the terms mentioned above, especially those formed by suffixal and inflectional derivation, can be divided into particular word-formation categories: action names (derivatives with the suffixes -imas/-ymas), names of properties (derivatives with the suffixes -ybė, -ystė², -uma, -umas), names of the result of an action (derivatives with the suffix -ulys and the endings -as, -is), names of agents and of bearers of verbal properties (derivatives with the suffixes -tojis, -ė), names of bearers of nominal properties (derivatives with the suffixes -ininkas, -ė), and names of tools, machines, devices, or means in general (most compounds). Such word-formation categories are generally used to characterize the categories of the terms themselves as well. In this case, one can distinguish categories of actions, properties, phenomena, objects, and professions, which are related to certain aspects of term nomination. 2.3. Assessing affixes, affixoids, standard constituents of compounds, and other elements of term formation in general; variation in nomination; the emergence of secondary nomination (Даниленко, 1986, 12–13); and other similar issues related to nomination are possible when almost the entire terminology of the relevant scientific field has been assembled. In this case, when physics terminology was only beginning to form, one can speak only of the initial stages of nomination of physics (often also technical) terms. One such issue is the variation in the names of concepts presented in the physics popularization articles in “Keleivis.” These varying names can be grouped as follows: 1) when a concept is designated by a multiword and a one-word name, for example: petrolija or akmens aliejus (146, 184), elektrystės apibėgis or takas (12, 50–51), elektriš- ² Derivatives with the suffixes -ybė and -ystė can be assigned to the category of property names in this case only formally, since derivatives with these suffixes designate names of a phenomenon or even the result of an action (šviesybė (10, 42; 13, 64) – light, magnetystė (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51) – magnetism, elektrystė (10, 42) – electricity). 85 when an electric telescope or telegraph (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51), telegraph or wire messenger (228, 203), telegraph or wired messenger (229, 213), lightning messenger or telegraph (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 232, 28), steam contraption or steam machine (15, 94–95; 16, 98–99; 20, 118–119), iron rails (53, 112; 148, 191), iron rails (233, 31) and iron rails (233, 31), iron road (6, 168), iron road (1, 88), iron way (164, 198; 166, 8) and iron road (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), iron road (52, 104), silk balloon or air balloon (119, 188); 2) when a concept is designated by a compound, descriptive, and one-word name, for example: steam ship (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60), steam ship (156, 88; 172, 68), steam ship (8, 28), steam-powered ship (66, 94) and steamship (130, 53; 253, 105; 254, 109), steamship (16, 98–99; 69, 24), steam-powered mill (20, 118; 243, 146) and steam mill (23, 168), steam carriage (15, 94), steam carriage (16, 98–99; 20, 118–119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), steam carriage (16, 98–99), steam-powered carriage (16, 98–99; 62, 40) and steam locomotive (16, 98–99; 38, 128), railway carriage (186, 34), railway locomotive (98, 52; 235, 57; 249, 20; 257, 126), train (34, 96; 44, 172; 49, 40; 55, 139; 85, 143; 116, 106; 124, 16; 125, 24; 154, 68; 213, 168; 227, 179; 235, 57). The latter two names also form other compound equivalents for the same concept: steam locomotive (98, 52), locomotive train (235, 57; 257, 126), carriage train (34, 96; 44, 172; 124, 16; 125, 24; 154, 68; 213, 168; 227, 179) (for more detail, see Klimavičius, 1974, 16–30). Thus, variation in naming manifests itself in two ways. First, when a concept is named differently in various articles, for example: iron rails (53, 112; 148, 191), iron rails (233, 31), iron rails (233, 31), steam ship (20, 118; 74, 64; 135, 76; 163, 195; 199, 60), steam ship (156, 88; 172, 68), steam ship (8, 28), steam-powered ship (66, 94), steamship (130, 53; 253, 105; 254, 109), steamship (16, 98–99), northern light (203, 214), northern light (154, 68; 198, 51), and so on. Second, when a twofold name for a concept is given in one article using the conjunction “or,” for example: petroleum or stone oil (146, 184), half-lime or marl (225, 154), Voltaic column or Galvanic battery (10, 43), and so on. Some of these compound, descriptive, and one-word names are morphologically related to one another. They form morphological variants, which can be divided into two groups: 1) a compound or descriptive term and a one-word term formed by univerbation, for example: iron rails (53, 112; 148, 191), iron rails (233, 31) and iron rails (233, 31), iron road (6, 168), iron road (1, 88), iron way (164, 198; 166, 8) and iron road (14, 92; 34, 95; 43, 168; 69, 24; 88, 156; 127, 32; 226, 165; 229, 213), iron road (52, 104), steam carriage (16, 98–99; 20, 118–119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62), steam carriage (16, 98–99), steam-powered carriage (16, 98–99; 62, 40) and steam locomotive (16, 98–99; 38, 128), long-distance writer and telescope (9, 38); 2) a variant component of a compound term, represented by: a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė or a noun in the genitive case (coal vapour (27, 200; 29, 12; 194, 161) and coal-derived vapour (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), steam boiler (15, 94) and steam-powered boiler (221, 85)); b) an adjective with the suffixes -inis, -ė or -iškas, -a (steam carriage (16, 98–99; 20, 118–119; 29, 12; 131, 88; 153, 62) and steam-like carriage (15, 86 94)); c) a pronominal or simple adjective (electric spark (10, 42–43) and electric current (10, 43; 12, 50), electric friction (10, 42–43), military ship (17, 104; 19, 116; 30, 32; 61, 28) and military ship (65, 56)). Another portion of the aforementioned variant names are semantically related to one another. They are more or less synonyms, most often joined by the conjunction “or,” for example: electric circuit or path (12, 50–51), electromagnetic telescope or telegraph (10, 42–43; 11, 46–47; 12, 50–51), telegraph or wired messenger (229, 213), lightning messenger or telegraph (100, 59; 101, 72; 108, 8; 117, 132; 126, 27; 232, 28), steam contraption or steam machine (15, 94–95; 16, 98–99; 20, 118–119), telephone or voice-talker (239, 100–101; 240, 107–108), and so on. Thus, variation in naming gives rise to variant forms and synonymy. These features are inevitable in the initial stage of terminology formation. 2.4. The components of the aforementioned compound and descriptive terms are related to one another in certain ways. These relations are most often attributive. They are expressed by: a) an agreeing modifier (electric spark (10, 42), electric current (10, 43; 12, 50), electric friction (10, 43), electromagnetic telescope (65, 56), Galvanic coil (10, 43), Galvanic force (12, 50) magnetic force (12, 50), attractive force (158, 103), Voltaic column (10, 43), Voltaic battery (10, 43)); b) a non-agreeing modifier (electric circuit (12, 50), electric spark (10, 43), shot impact (191, 94), firing sound (89, 180; 99, 56), etc.). Thus, even then there was a need to distinguish specific and generic terms. Some such terms can even be organized into specific groups, for example: coal: stone coal (13, 64; 57, 163; 148, 192; 184, 20), black stone coal (75, 68), brown stone coal (75, 68); substances: bleaching substances (134, 67), non-accepting substances (10, 42), accepting substances (10, 42); vapours: stone vapours (45, 192), coal vapours (159, 132; 195, 194; 242, 142), combustible vapours (64, 52; 90, 184; 182, 206; 217, 32), combustible coal vapours (246, 177), wood vapours or peat vapours (45, 192); force: Galvanic force (12, 50), magnetic force (12, 50), attractive force (158, 103), and so on. Because of this need, grammatical hypernormalisms were sometimes even coined. For example, pronominal adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė (lightning messenger (136, 88), magnet's southern end (11, 46), magnet's northern end (11, 46), iron rails (53, 112; 148, 191), iron road (1, 88)), present active participles (floating bridge (215, 192; 220, 70; 228, 203)). Use of the suffix -iškas, -a is often extended beyond its proper scope (electric current (10, 43; 12, 50), steam-like carriage (15, 94), Voltaic column (10, 43) in place of electric current, steam carriage, Volta's column, Galvanic battery (10, 43), magnetic force (12, 50) in place of galvanic battery, magnetic force, and so on. Attempts were also often made to distinguish a type by adding a descriptive phrase, for example: steam ship clad in steel scales (255, 117), military steamship clad in steel scales (256, 121), scaled ship covered with iron scales (135, 76), and so on. On the other hand, German also exerted considerable influence on the emergence of such descriptive terms, for example: steam-powered mill for sawing boards (243, 146), steam-powered board-sawing mill. Mill German Mühle, sawmill German Sagemühle. Since in German the name for a sawmill is formed from the word for mill— 87 of the designation; therefore, in Lithuanian, the aforementioned names, created on the basis of German terminology, also emerged in place of “sawmill.” All these things show the very beginnings of the formation of physics (and technology) terminology, when not only the terms but often the concepts had not yet become established. For example, the terms elektrystė, gintarystė, elektrystės macis, elektriškasis trintis denoted electricity, its charge, current, and the effects of electricity in general. Here are a few examples. According to the true Lithuanian language, we could therefore call it gintaryste, but for now we will stick to the name that learned people gave this thing and call it Elektricität (i.e., Elektrizität — A. K.), or, better, according to our pronunciation, elektryste. Speaking about electricity, we will have many things to consider, including observing that not all things can equally have or receive electricity (10, 42). Some things, such as glass, amber, sulfur, cat’s skin, silks, resins, and so on, contain electricity (10, 42). For as soon as one now strikes the end of that ringing wire, the force of electricity travels along the wires and, by leaping to the neighboring telegraph, makes the bell there magnetic… (240, 118). …all those thousands of assembled people feel at once that electric friction (10, 43). 2.5. The analysis of the beginnings of the scientific language of “Keleivis” can be summarized in the following observations: 1) the most prominent element of scientific language is the creation of terminology; terms were coined sporadically and unsystematically, but were based on a firm foundation—Lithuanian vocabulary; 2) synonymy and morphological variation are the most characteristic features of terminological variation; these were often determined by the influence of other languages, especially German; 3) attempts were made to create not only terms but also their definitions, and to distinguish specific terms from generic terms. ŠALTINIAI Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs3. 1. 1849, Nr. 22. 2. 1850, Nr. 6. 3. 1850, Nr. 33. 4. 1850, Nr. 36. 5. 1850, Nr. 41. 6. 1850, Nr. 42. 7. 1850, Nr. 43. 8. 1851, Nr. 7. 9. 1851, Nr. 10. 10. 1851, Nr. 11. 11. 1851, Nr. 12. 12. 1851, Nr. 15. 13. 1851, Nr. 16. 14. 1851, Nr. 23. 15. 1851, Nr. 24. 16. 1851, Nr. 25. 17. 1851, Nr. 26. 18. 1851, Nr. 28. 19. 1851, Nr. 29. 20. 1851, Nr. 30. 21. 1851, Nr. 37. 22. 1851, Nr. 39. 23. 1851, Nr. 42. 24. 1851, Nr. 43. 25. 1851, Nr. 48. 26. 1851, Nr. 49. 27. 1851, Nr. 50. 28. 1852, Nr. 2. 29. 1852, Nr. 3. 30. 1852, Nr. 8. 31. 1852, Nr. 10. 32. 1852, Nr. 18. 33. 1852, Nr. 19. 34. 1852, Nr. 24. 35. 1852, Nr. 27. 36. 1852, Nr. 28. 37. 1852, Nr. 29. 38. 1852, Nr. 32. 39. 1852, Nr. 35. 40. 1852, Nr. 37. 41. 1852, Nr. 39. 42. 1852, Nr. 40. 43. 1852, Nr. 42. 44. 1852, Nr. 43. 45. 1852, Nr. 48. 46. 1852, Nr. 53. 47. 1853, Nr. 2. 48. 1853, Nr. 5. 49. 1853, Nr. 10. 50. 1853, Nr. 11. 51. 1853, Nr. 13. 52. 1853, Nr. 26. 53. 1853, Nr. 28. 54. 1853, Nr. 33. 55. 1853, Nr. 35. 56. 1853, Nr. 40. 57. 1853, Nr. 41. 58. 1853, Nr. 42. 59. 1853, Nr. 44. 60. 1854, Nr. 5. 3 Toliau laikraščio pavadinimas nekartojamas, pateikiami tik metai ir numeris. 88 61. 1854, Nr. 7. 62. 1854, Nr. 10. 63. 1854, Nr. 11. 64. 1854, Nr. 13. 65. 1854, Nr. 14. 66. 1854, Nr. 21. 67. 1854, Nr. 29. 68. 1856, Nr. 3. 69. 1856, Nr. 6. 70. 1856, Nr. 10. 71. 1856, Nr. 12. 72. 1856, Nr. 14. 73. 1856, Nr. 15. 74. 1856, Nr. 16. 75. 1856, Nr. 17. 76. 1856, Nr. 18. 77. 1856, Nr. 20. 78. 1856, Nr. 23. 79. 1856, Nr. 25. 80. 1856, Nr. 27. 81. 1856, Nr. 28. 82. 1856, Nr. 30. 83. 1856, Nr. 31. 84. 1856, Nr. 32. 85. 1856, Nr. 36. 86. 1856, Nr. 37. 87. 1856, Nr. 38. 88. 1856, Nr. 39. 89. 1856, Nr. 45. 90. 1856, Nr. 46. 91. 1856, Nr. 52. 92. 1857, Nr. 15. 93. 1857, Nr. 17. 94. 1857, Nr. 18. 95. 1859, Nr. 2. 96. 1859, Nr. 10. 97. 1859, Nr. 11. 98. 1859, Nr. 13. 99. 1859, Nr. 14. 100. 1859, Nr. 15. 101. 1859, Nr. 18. 102. 1859, Nr. 32. 103. 1859, Nr. 36. 104. 1859, Nr. 38. 105. 1859, Nr. 44. 106. 1859, Nr. 45. 107. 1859, Nr. 46. 108. 1860, Nr. 2. 109. 1860, Nr. 7. 110. 1860, Nr. 15. 111. 1860, Nr. 17. 112. 1860, Nr. 18. 113. 1860, Nr. 20. 114. 1860, Nr. 25. 115. 1860, Nr. 26. 116. 1860, Nr. 27. 117. 1860, Nr. 33. 118. 1860, Nr. 36. 119. 1860, Nr. 47. 120. 1860, Nr. 49. 121. 1862, Nr. 1. 122. 1862, Nr. 2. 123. 1862, Nr. 3. 124. 1862, Nr. 4. 125. 1862, Nr. 6. 126. 1862, Nr. 7. 127. 1862, Nr. 8. 128. 1862, Nr. 10. 129. 1862, Nr. 12. 130. 1862, Nr. 13. 131. 1864, Nr. 22. 132. 1864, Nr. 52. 133. 1865, Nr. 16. 134. 1865, Nr. 17. 135. 1865, Nr. 19. 136. 1865, Nr. 22. 137. 1865, Nr. 28. 138. 1865, Nr. 30. 139. 1865, Nr. 32. 140. 1865, Nr. 33. 141. 1865, Nr. 34. 142. 1865, Nr. 35. 143. 1865, Nr. 36. 144. 1865, Nr. 37. 145. 1865, Nr. 43. 146. 1865, Nr. 46. 147. 1865, Nr. 47. 148. 1865, Nr. 48. 149. 1865, Nr. 49. 150. 1865, Nr. 51. 151. 1869, Nr. 5. 152. 1869, Nr. 10. 153. 1869, Nr. 16. 154. 1869, Nr. 17. 155. 1869, Nr. 20. 156. 1869, Nr. 22. 157. 1869, Nr. 25. 158. 1869, Nr. 26. 159. 1869, Nr. 33. 160. 1869, Nr. 43. 161. 1869, Nr. 45. 162. 1869, Nr. 47. 163. 1869, Nr. 49. 164. 1869, Nr. 50. 165. 1869, Nr. 51. 166. 1870, Nr. 2. 167. 1870, Nr. 4. 168. 1870, Nr. 7. 169. 1870, Nr. 8. 170. 1870, Nr. 11. 171. 1870, Nr. 14. 172. 1870, Nr. 17. 173. 1870, Nr. 48. 174. 1870, Nr. 53. 175. 1870, Nr. 54. 176. 1870, Nr. 57. 177. 1870, Nr. 64. 178. 1870, Nr. 67. 179. 1870, Nr. 68. 180. 1870, Nr. 70. 181. 1870, Nr. 71. 182. 1870, Nr. 72. 183. 1871, Nr. 9. 184. 1871, Nr. 10. 185. 1871, Nr. 16. 186. 1871, Nr. 17. 187. 1871, Nr. 21. 188. 1871, Nr. 26. 189. 1871, Nr. 28. 190. 1871, Nr. 31. 191. 1871, Nr. 33. 192. 1871, Nr. 39. 193. 1871, Nr. 42. 194. 1871, Nr. 50. 195. 1871, Nr. 58. 196. 1871, Nr. 59. 197. 1872, Nr. 6. 198. 1872, Nr. 13. 199. 1872, Nr. 15. 200. 1872, Nr. 16. 201. 1872, Nr. 36. 202. 1872, Nr. 46. 203. 1872, Nr. 53. 204. 1873, Nr. 2. 205. 1873, Nr. 3. 206. 1873, Nr. 12. 207. 1873, Nr. 13. 208. 1873, Nr. 15. 209. 1873, Nr. 16. 210. 1873, Nr. 17. 211. 1873, Nr. 19. 212. 1873, Nr. 24. 213. 1873, Nr. 42. 214. 1873, Nr. 44. 215. 1873, Nr. 48. 216. 1876, Nr. 3. 217. 1876, Nr. 8. 218. 1876, Nr. 13. 219. 1876, Nr. 15. 89 220. 1876, Nr. 16. 221. 1876, Nr. 19. 222. 1876, Nr. 27. 223. 1876, Nr. 29. 224. 1876, Nr. 31. 225. 1876, Nr. 34. 226. 1876, Nr. 37. 227. 1876, Nr. 39. 228. 1876, Nr. 46. 229. 1876, Nr. 48. 230. 1877, Nr. 45. 231. 1878, Nr. 3. 232. 1878, Nr. 6. 233. 1878, Nr. 7. 234. 1878, Nr. 8. 235. 1878, Nr. 12. 236. 1878, Nr. 14. 237. 1878, Nr. 17. 238. 1878, Nr. 21. 239. 1878, Nr. 22. 240. 1878, Nr. 23. 241. 1878, Nr. 29. 242. 1878, Nr. 32. 243. 1878, Nr. 33. 244. 1878, Nr. 38. 245. 1878, Nr. 40. 246. 1878, Nr. 41. 247. 1879, Nr. 1. 248. 1879, Nr. 2. 249. 1879, Nr. 5. 250. 1879, Nr. 7. 251. 1879, Nr. 9. 252. 1879, Nr. 22. 253. 1879, Nr. 26. 254. 1879, Nr. 27. 255. 1879, Nr. 29. 256. 1879, Nr. 30. 257. 1879, Nr. 31. 258. 1879, Nr. 32. 259. 1879, Nr. 37. 260. 1879, Nr. 42. 261. 1879, Nr. 44. LITERATŪRA Gaivenis K. Nespecifinė modalumo raiška lietuvių mokslo kalboje. // Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos darbai. A serija. 1986. T. 4(97). P. 98–104. Gastila L., Kruopas J., Žitkutė A. Techninės literatūros ir terminijos pradininkas // Mokslas ir technika. 1969. Nr. 11. P. 34–36. Gastila L., Žitkutė A. Lietuviškosios techninės terminologijos pradmenys XVIII a. Rytų Prūsijoje // Mokslas ir technika. 1969. Nr. 4. P. 20–21. Kaunas D. Mažosios Lietuvos bibliotekos. V., 1987. Keinys S. Terminologijos abėcėlė. V., 1980. Klaipėdiškis A. B. Prūsų lietuvių laikraščiai // Draugija. 1914. T. 23. Nr. 89–90. P. 69–82. Klimavičius J. Nuo garvežio ir sunkvežimio iki elektrovozžio ir pienvežio // Kalbos kultūra. V., 1974. Sąs. 26. P. 16–30. Kuršaitis Fr. Atsiliepimai // Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešas. 1864. Nr. 44. P. 174. Labutis V. Apie mokslinį stilių // Kalbos kultūra. V., 1973. Sąs. 25. P. 3–12. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V., 1956–1986. T. 1–14. Palionis J. J. Jablonskio kalbiniai taisymai. – Kn.: J. Jablonskis. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1959. T. 2. P. 5–55. Palionis J. Lietuvių literatūrinės kalbos istorija. V., 1979. Pikčilingis J. Lietuvių kalbos stilistika. V., 1971. T. 1. Даниленко В. П. Актуальные направления лингвистического исследования русской терминологии // Современные проблемы русской терминологии. М., 1986. С. 5–24. Денисов П. Н. Еще о некоторых аспектах изучения языков науки // Проблемы языка науки и техники. Логические, лингвистические и историко-научные аспекты терминологии. М., 1970. С. 52–90. Митрофанова О. Д. Научный стиль речи: проблемы обучения. М., 1976. С. 27–55. A. KAULAKENE ЗАЧАТКИ ЯЗЫКА НАУКИ В ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКОМ ИЗДАНИИ „КЯЛЕЙВИС“ Резюме На основе физико-технических научно-популярных статей, опубликованных с 1849 по 1880 г. в „Кялейвисе“, первом литовском периодическом издании Восточной Пруссии, был проведен анализ зачатков языка науки. Зачатки языка литовской науки в данном издании проявились следующим образом. 90 Во-первых, наличием основного элемента языка науки, т. е. терминологии. Термины, как правило, создавались спорадически, не обладали систематичностью, однако основывались главным образом на литовской лексике. Во-вторых, наличием значительного варьирования терминов. Данное варьирование проявилось синонимичностью и морфологической вариантностью. В-третьих, ощущением попытки выделить как родовые, так и видовые термины и создать их дефиниции. 205