Lietuvių kalbos nomina agentis istoriniai ryšiai su deminutyvais

PROBLEMS OF LITHUANIAN LEXIC AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTIONS OF LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS, XXIX (1991) SAULIUS AMBRAZAS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE NOMINA AGENTIS HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH DEMINUTIVES Names of possessors of a verb attribute (nomina agentis, hereinafter — NAg) are one of the oldest categories of action. However, of the Indo-European NAg forms, only the ending -as seems to have survived in Lithuanian. All other affixes with which NAg is made in Lithuanian (and there are more than 190 of them) originated in the Baltic languages. Most of them have evolved from the forms *-lo-, *-no-, *.t0-, *-ro-, *-uo-, *-iodaikta in verb adjectives. Other suffixes are borrowed from the following categories of construction: verb abstracts, tools, names of noun possessors, and deminutives. In this article we will review NAg with suffixes of deminutive origin. NAg and deminutives are close not only in form, but also in meaning; a considerable number of NAg, especially those made from state verbs, have a derogatory connotation, typical of deminutives (see the abundant NAg with the suffix -ėlis: išpakėlis, suskrėtėlis, susnūdėlis, etc.). In modern Lithuanian, the suffix -ikas (as well as the suffix -ėjas) is used to make names of persons from primary verbs (Urbutis, 1965, 320—321). This type of Vedic is most characteristic of the western Highland dialect, while in the eastern Highlands it is slightly rarer (LKA III Map No. 114). From the dictionary of K. Sirvydas it is clear that this was the case 17th century: here we find only one derivative logic of this type (kundel, szezekacz) SD? 57; SD* 141. In the western Highland dialect of Lesser Lithuania, NAg with the suffix -ikas was very common. In the remaining part of J. Brodovskis’s German—- Lithuanian dictionary, there are only slightly less derivatives of this type than the -ei NAg suffix (in this case their ratio is 22: 29). In the Lithuanian-German dictionary of F. Kuršaitis, the -ikas NAg suffix even far outweighs the -ėjas derivatives (their ratio is 167:133). The productivity of NAg with the suffix -ikas in the western Highland dialect of Lesser Lithuania is shown by abundant rare vedics. Only known from the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis: bružikas (wer scheuert)?, cypikas, kaukikas (der Heuler), klykikas, knaisikas, kvėpikas (der Haucher), /ikikas (wer zurücklaBt), plėkikas (wer zūchtigt, prūgelt), virtikas (wer fillt). 1 German and other language equivalents are provided only for those Lithuanian derivatives, the meaning of which is not clear from their composition. Also, for space saving reasons, the pages of F. Kuršaitis and some other dictionaries, which are easily found by headings (F. Kuršaitis usually places the derivatives of the suffixes -tojas, -ėjas and -ikas at the corresponding verbs), are not mentioned. 4 52 suffixes -age I can't capture it yet A. A Dictionary of Cures. Most made jų non-prepositional primary iš verbs: avys (der Attractor of the FuBbekleidung), berica, cirpica, gynica (der (cattle) Treiber), gnybikas, gobikas, gremždikas, griejikas, grumzdikas, gujikas (der Jiger, or Treiber), kimšikas, oksigas, kleipikas, knarkikas, koSikas, kreikikas, krypStikas, maukikas, merkikas (wer einweicht), mieZikas, mojikas, movikas, pliekikas, rékikas, riekikas, siekikas, smeigikas, sosikas (wer quilt), quilt, quilting (who spreads, spreads), Slamstikas, Sleikikas, Sliejikas, trenkikas, trieSkikas (who squeezes the squeezes), Zengikas, Zergikas, Zérikas, Zindikas, #velgikas. Du such derivatives made iš toSdéliniy verbs: apvilkikas, atkirtis ir 3 derivatives — iš mixed type verbs: bildikas, blazgikas, čiulbikas. Small In Lithuanian writings occurs NAg ir su suffixes -time of paradigmatic variants -iki, -e. 4 this type of derivatives we find F. English-Polish dictionary: kulikis (der Drescher) (but Kin — LKŽ VI 831), paganikis, -ė (running boys or Laufmūdchen) (but C I 952; N 256), pagunikis ‘t. p.’ *, cutter (who cuts) (t. p./R I 106; N 303; RD 142; BR 1 Sam. 7, 12), plg. dar lopikis (Alt flicker) C I 77, Lupik (Robber) C II 268; (Schindler) N 378. It is not known, ar iš adjective skubūs, ar iš derivative of the verb skubėti skubikis "who works in a hurry" B 387; Kal. One NAg with su prefix -when we find M. Daukšos Postiléje — siuvikis (tailor) 1423, 37844, 5824. In Latvian, there is only one other NAg with su the appropriate suffix. -ikis (appareniš tly, older -ikas), e.g. minikis "is me" (plg. lie. mynic), leafy ‘Jopytojas’ (plg. lie. lopikas, lopikis, see Endzelins, 1951, 358). Direct equivalent in Lithuanian NAg with su prefix -age (resp. -ikis) has in Prussian: mynix (GROANS) E 511 (plg. lie. mynikas), schuwikis (Schuhwert) E 496 (plg. seamstress, seamstress). Based on the abstract of the verb widekausnan (Gezeiignis) reconstructed I 53; NAg *vidikas „he who sees, witness“: pr. widdai (sighs) III 113%. V. Mažiulis (1974, 215-217) considers that NAg (not deminutive) may be pr. ir genix (Screaming) E 742 (plg. lie. gene). Considering that the most recent Baltic languages NAg suffix *-tdio-, *-ei- (for more on them see Ambrazas, 1989) in Prussian monuments has only Vedic: arioys du (Ackermann) E 236 ir wines (Servant) E 191, can be assumed that NAg with su prefix *-ip in the Polish language was less common ne than in the western highland dialect of the Lithuanian language. Baltic languages NAg with su prefix *-iko-relatives are found in Slavic languages. Su Appendix -5c6 (<*-iko-) made about Praslavic 20 NAg (Wojtyla-Swierzowska, 1974, 82—87). Some iš jų has exact counterparts in the Baltic languages. Especially old is lie. seamstress, which ne corresponds only to pr. schuwiki, but a ir derivative in all Slavic languages *sbvbco*, plg. But I'm lying. mynikas, la. minikis, pr. mynix sl. ir *monoco, lie. badikas ir sl. *bodbcs, lie. eater sl. ir *édoco, read. Paganic ir sl. *gonbcs*". For the work Zr. Būga, 1959, 277; Skardžius, 1943, 131; Otrebski, 1965, 277. Endzelins, 1943, 49, 273; Baby. 1981, 70. Brugmann, 1906, 490; Būga, 1958, 275; Trautmann, 1923, 86; Endzelynas, 1957, 88 ir others, Trautmann, 1923, 185; Wojtyla-Swierzowska., 1974, 82, 83, 84—85, 88; Maprsrmmos, 1973, “0 a © to 30. Some Slavic languages have NAg ir su Appendix -5c6 (< *-ikio-, see Stawski, 1974, 102), corresponding to lie. -ikis, plg. lie. paganikis ir ukr. nozonuu, serb.-chorv. nozonuh (Maprsmos, 1973, 31). Adverbs *-iko- (resp. Use of *-ikio-) NAg praviti is a common innovation of the ir Baltic Slavic languages. However, iš the exact origin of the name is not yet ši clarified. Sen. in Hindi, Greek, Latin and some other ir Indo-European languages suffix su *-noun adjectives, e.g. ind. s. varsikah "Initiate", gr. izzuxoc “horse”, lat. patricus ‘father’ ir t. t. K. Brugmann (1906, 488—490) ir some later researchers" claimed that the Baltic and Slavic ir languages NAg (also the names of the ir owners of the noun) suffix su *-ikoyra composed adjectives. Accepting this assumption, one should assume that they made the noun in the very distant past, because neither in the Baltic nor, apparently, in the Slavic languages adjectives are suffixes of nouns. iš su *-icons are not made. Therefota re, the assumption does not seem plausible. Probably a suffix *-ikoį The decrease in population is due to the decrease in iš population density. Now in Lithuanian deminutives suffix su -iks are extremely rare. J. Gerullis ir Ch. Stangas (1933, 25) provided du the following derivatives iš Small Lithuanian fishermen's dialects: puodikas „puodukas“, staldikas ‘small stables’. Iš The following may also be listed elsewhere: berniks ‘pusbernis’ Vik (LKŽ I? 769), brother, brother (Bruders Son) Lex 401; B 295; N 346; [K] (‘pusbernis’ V. Kudir. — LKZ'P 1070), kingfisher (Nebelkdnig) B 944; (Zaunkdnig) R I 54; N 179; K II 367, starling (Rehbock) N 502; [K], servant (Slurry) DP 160s, Zandikas ‘zandelis’ N 538, plg. even further derivatives bernikutas "little boy", parSikutas "piggy" Zt (Vidugiris, 1969, 151). Once upon a time su deminutive suffix -time was more prevalent. This is primarily demonstrated by its paradigmatic variant -ikė, with su which the diminutives are still ir regularly made in the Žemaičių dialect in the adjacent ir western Highland dialects (LKA III He's on the ground. No. 116). In the Zietelos dialect, another pronoun is used for this purpose - good option -yka (Vidugiris, 1969, 149-150). In the western dialects of Latvian, diminutives are sometimes used as su prepositions. ga -ikis (Rūke-Dravina, 1959, 300—305). Even clearer ir relatively abundant equivalents of Lithuanian diminutives su suffix -age (resp. -ykas) has in Prussian: pl. n. Brachycephalus (Brother) III 89; (: brote ‘Brud[er]’ E 173), acc. s.g. gannikan (Frewlein) IIT 105,, (: genno ‘Wip, t. y. Weib" E 187), acc. s.g. madlican (Little prayer) III 79,, (: handle "Prayer" III 47,,), malnijkix (Kindlein) III 1134 (: malnyk ‘Child’ III stūndix 11555), (Stumbled) III 56, (plg. vok. Hour), acc. s.g. vijrikan (Menlein) III 1055, (: wires Man III 87,). Deminutive meaning probably once had ir You derived: dellijks (Article) III acc. 39,4, s.g. dellikans (Stick) III 654 (plg. lie. something that has retained its ir meaning in old writings in some dialects ‘part’ LKZ II? 243), grandico (Pain) E 632 6 Hirt, 1927, 284; Skardžius, 1943, 130; Wojtyta-Šwierzowska, 1974, 89; Vaillant, 1974, 301; Casuenko, 1974, 181 ir Others. 6 (plg. lie. grandis), instix (Dume, t. y. Thumbs) E 114 (plg. lie. intestine. inches, la. kidney "thumb") ir possibly menig (Monde) E 8, which V. The little (1981, 288) one restores i *meniks ir time deminutive, made by the iš old ide. word *month-, cf. lie. moonshine Moon Prn; Gs; Ktč (LKŽ VII 20) : month. The corresponding suffix in Slavic languages -5»k2 (resp. -5c6) is one of the most iš important means of making deminutives." V. Ivanovas su suffix *-ikosieja toch. - She is. (< *-kik-, plg. sl. -Ciks), in B dialect widely used deminutyvy in writing (VMBanos, Vedic 1958). suffix su *-iko-|-ikū- (< i+ *-ko-[-ka-], having a deminutive ar meaning close to them, are still indoiranény®, Greek* in other Indo-European ir languages (Ewald, cf. 1924), lie. intestine. Sheep ‘avelė’ sl. ir *sheep, s. ind. avikah, avika "Sheep", maybe ir kimr. forever ‘female deer’; sl. *virgin ir s. ind. devika- "goddess", Gaelic anthroponym Divico, sl. *myshoka ir s. ind. mūsikah, mūsikū "fly". So the su suffix *-ikonofrom old only adjectives were made, but ne deminutives. In general, all deminutive ir formants in Indo-European languages (*-ko-, *-lo-, *-no-, *-jo-) coincide with adjective formants. *.10-, su Therefore, there were probably times when the same formant was used for deminutives, adjectives to make ir ir (plg. Doroszewski, 1928, 239). Fading of the suffix *-ikodeminutivny function white (as in Slavic ir languages) su'ja is used to make names of noun-like properties: nouns, e.g.: lie. a) iš Cacatua ‘pussy’ Sb. (: kaūkaras "hill, hilltop; the summit of a mountain; the neck; pakaušis’ LKŽ V 420), Black-tailed shark "child with a big head" Shmn kaūkoris (: "heap, heap" Klvr — LKŽ V 424), intermediate "the middle of the barn between the ends, laying place to pass" Pl; Sint; Brs (: spacing, see Skardžius, 1943, 127, la. namikis gardener (: for the house ‘house’), pr. preisix (Enemy) III 79,, (cf. lit. enemy and opponent); b) iš adjectives, e.g. lie. nowak (: (nowak, nowatny) SD* 226 (t. p. K.; What? ‘naujakurys’ J; Klk; Vkš — LKŽ VIII 587 : Naja), red-headed ,raudonikis® (: red), priest (: §veiitas), mrs. acc. pl. swintickens (Heyligen) III 1334_, (: swints „heilig“ III 39,,), la. melnikis,juodis (horse)’ black (: ‘black’) (Endzelynas, 1957, 89). The suffix -inykas (which in some western dialects of the Lithuanian language has taken the form -ininkas, see LKA III Map No. 115), which arose from the suffix *-ikoprijungus to the adjective suffix *-ino-, shows that there must have been a considerable number of names of persons with such vardaZzodinés characteristics in the Baltic languages. The suffix -ynakas has clear equivalents in Prussian and Slavic languages!l. Since with the suffix *-iko-NAg were already made in the proto-Baltic language, it is difficult to determine whether this suffix entered the NAg making paradigm simply from the diminutives ka7 Vondrak 1924, 620 etc. ; Doroszewski, 1928; Bomxkosu4, 1984, 206—245. 8 Edgerton, 1911; Wackernagel, Debrunner 1954, 311—318; I'epuenGepr, 1972, 247. ® Chantraine, 1933, 385-386; 1966; Risch, 1937, 149-150. 10 CPS III 116; Mayrhofer 1956, 59; 1963, 668; Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 313; Stawski 1974, 95; DCCA V 19-20. 11 eskien, 1891, 520—521; Vondrak, 1924, 630 pp. ; Endzelins, 1943, 49-50; Endzelynas, 1957, 90; Skardžius, 1943, 140; Vaillant, 1974, 306—310; Stawski, 1974, 90—91 and others. tegorias (as its relatives — the suffix -(i)ukas, -okas), or through the category of names of the possessors of noun characteristics (as the mentioned suffix -inykas, with which now in dialects not only names of the possessors of noun characteristics, but also NAg)??. After discussing the *-ikoraid of the suffix, we see that in Slavic languages its older state is recorded: a) in Slavic languages and now often with suffix *-deminutives; b) in Slavic languages there are considerably more and different noun derivatives made with this suffix; c) NAg with *-ik in the Slavic languages (unlike in the Baltic languages) are relatively few and almost all of them are made in the Slavic language. Apparently, NAg with the suffix *-ik began to be used in the western Baltic dialects, from where this innovation spread to the Slavic languages. The prefix -eika (respectively -eikas, -eikis) is an apophonic variant of the prefix -ikas (respectively -ikis), cf. jauneika Lnkv; O (LKŽ V 306) and groom, jodeikis Kltn; It is also known as the "Bloody Soup Cooked with Acid" Dglš (ibid., pp. 399, 401). agnicb: agnscb (Būga, 1959, 99)!3, This suffix in the Baltic languages is used mainly for proper names (personal names, place names, water names, e.g. Gedeikas, -a, Noreikas, -a, etc.)*?. Common words with the suffix -eika have been made very little. Of these, there are several NAg. Among them, the most widespread derivative is muščika (muščika LKZ VIII 446). Others are quite rare, e.g.: audeika "weaver" B 865; N 14; LTR (Grl) (LKŽ I2 456), čiupčika "grabbing" Vkš (II? 164), kabeika "who hangs on to all" Brt (V 12), lindeika "landūnas, įsibrovėlis" On (Skardžius, 1943, 159), pagirčika "pagyrūnas" Grv (LKŽ IX 84), pluveika "who walks, paikuolis" ZI (Skardžius, 1943, 160). Some of the above-mentioned vedas have a shade of expressiveness characteristic of diminutives. The adverbs -(i)ukas, -(i)ūkas derivatives The suffix -(i)ukas arose from the formant *-koprisijungus to the stem u, cf. lie. man: people, sl. *synsks "son": *syns "son", *sladvks (cf. lit. sweet), s. ind. tanukah "thin, fine": tanus "thin; flat; small; poor, weak, small” (Brugmann, 1906, 491; Ewald, 1924, 26—27). The old diminutives of the suffix -ikas in Lithuanian should be searched with a light, and with the suffix -(i)ukas they are made quite regularly in almost all dialects of Lithuanian (especially in Southern Highlands, see LKA III Map No. 116). For example, in Old Russian some NAg with suffixes -pup-, -a (including Praslavic ones) were associated in adjective form not only with verbs, but also with nouns, e.g. 2O0H6y5: 20HB, ėduya: ėd6 (Bapbot, 1969, 82). It's a lie. lopikas may have long been associated not only with /6pyti, but also with /dpas, bėgikas — ne only run, su but ir su running ir t. t. 18 Here we can also recall that the Lithuanian suffix -inykas (<-inas-+-- ikas) corresponds in Latvian to the suffix -(i)nieks (< -inas-+-eikas), which contains the suffix -eikas (Endzelins, 1951, 361—365; Vaillant, 1974, 310; Stawski, 1974, 91). 14 Būga, 1958, 140—142; Trautmann, 1925, 171 et al. ; Endzelins, 1943, 49; 1951, 301; Skardžius, 1943, 159—160; Vanagas, 1970, 107—110. 8 the suffix -(i)ukas is significantly less than with -ikas and most of them have retained a minor connotation, e.g.: atžindūkas "child, weaned from the breast and after some time breastfed again" Uzp; Srv (LKZ I? 454), badžiūkas "burdock- 's mouthpiece, kibis" Vik (I? 553), burzdūkas "anxious, much moving child" Ut (I? 1206), drebūkas "who trembled" Nč (II? 674), grabštūkas "the thief" Rm; Srv; Mrj; Er; Pn (III 495), kiščūkas "bad guy" Ob (V 880), klausiūkas "one who likes to listen from the side" Aln (VI 9), laižūkas "a puncher, an intriguer" Nč (VII 80), mitūkas "somewhat grown-up young animal" Ut (VIII 300), murmūkas "murmuring child" Ank (VIII 428), purkštūkas "one who sprays, one who gets angry quickly" Svnč; Rm (X 961), collector "elgeta" Kal (XI 649), complainant, complainant" Vlkv; Gravel; Alcohol; Jrb; Rs (XII 1131), snooper "who sleeps" Drsk; Azr (XIII 244), spirdūkas „kas spardosi“ Alk (XIII 420) and others (see also Skardžius, 1943, 136—137; Urbutis, 1965, 328). Another NAg with the suffix -ucis (relative Lithuanian -ukas) has been observed in Latvian, e.g.: rapucis "small, crawling child": rūpt "to crawl, to crawl" (Endzelins, 2002). The latter were especially common in Old Polish (Doroszewski, 1928, 28-31). Some of them are reconstructed for the Slavic language, for example: *godska "who makes unpleasant sounds", "who 1951, 360). plays a musical instrument": *gosti "to play", *sovēdsks "witness- ": *ssavēdēt "to testify" (Wojtyta- -Swierzowska, 1974, 70—79). The suffix -(i)ukas in Lithuanian dialects has a variant -(iJ)ūkas, with which another NAg is also made, e.g.: ėjūkas Plng (LKŽ II? 1113), klabūkai „mažos rogutės“ Lp; Lš; Kb; Shred; Svnč, klabuk "what a bad thing, animal" Vlkv:; Ig; Bgt; GZ; Rdm; Pns "shaft blade bending" Pls; Rod (V 940), hanger "who hangs" End (IX 157), cookie "who avoids public, hides" Tt; Kv; Užv; Up; Kltn; DūnŽ (LKŽ XII 1195—1196), transliteration “who translates the language” Kv; As; (Skardžius, 1943, 139). The suffix -(i)itkas came from the same formant *-ko-, connected to the long (or elongated) stem #'%, cf. p. *kamyks and *kamy ‘stone’, *(j)ezyks and pr. insuwis (Czunge) E 94 (< *en-ghū-)**, s. ind. madhūkah "bee": madhu "honey" (Brugmann, 1906, 498). The verb (or subsequently verb-related noun) suffix *-uk is also present in other related languages, e.g. sl. *voldyka "ruler": *volsti "to rule"! ", Latin cadūcus "falling": cado "fall", masculine stem nouns, in Indo-European languages were 15 Be # ir ū root nouns (mainly feminine). Jų mainly survived in Slavic, Indo-Iranian and Greek-spekų aking languages, e.g. sl. in-law, s. ind. swash ‘anyta’, sl. *Ijuby “love”, s. ind. ranis ‘body’, Gr. tdūc "direction, attitude" ir t. t. (Brugmann, 1906, 209—210; Specht, 1932, 217—221; Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 491 —498; Bepuiurein, 1974, 220—241 ir other). In the Baltic languages, # the long trunk has su « merged with the ir trunk paradigm has completely disappeared (Speckled woodpecker, 1935, 255—257; Kazlauskas, 1968, 218—220). a the presence of the trunk is now only shown by suffixes -ūkas, -ūtas (<ū-+*-to-), -ūstas (<ū+ *-sto-), -ūnas (<ū-+*-no-) ir pan. ** Brugmann, 1905— 1906, 382; Specht, 1935, 257; TonopoBs, 1980, 55—59; 3CCA VI 74— 75; IX 140. '7 Hydrogen *voldyka, possible object, made from the iš abstract of the extinct ū-kaminio verb *voldy (Brūckner, 1927, 626; Otrębski, 1962, 63—64; see otherwise. CPS I 327 su lit. ). Mandiicus ‘rajūnas’ : mando ‘ryju’, s. ind. jaipika- "unceasing murmuring (prayer)" jaiipyate : ‘murma’ (Osthoff, 1896, 38—39; Brugmann, 1906, 498; Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 498). Adverbs -(i)ocas derivatives Priesaga -(i)okas appeared iš formanto *-ko-, connected to the stem plg. a, lie. stirrup-t- : ailed deer, sl. *rybaks : *fish, ind. s. bhiksūkah "who begs for alms" : bhiksa „begging for alms“, lat. fugūx running : fugue ‘running’ (Brugmann, 1906, 498—501; Ewald, 1924, 21—22; Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 266— 267). Su with this suffix in some Lithuanian dialects (especially eastern ir southern Highlanders) quite often made diminutives, denoting medium-sized objects living beings'®. ar A certain shade of deminutive meaning was retained by most ir NAg with su prefix -(i)okas, paludyty from XVI a. J. In Bretkūno Bible we find a rare Vedic ryyokas "who eats a lot, rijun" Mt 11, 19 (t. p. J). J. Brodowski has included derivatives of this du type in his dictionary: now ir common NAg lure ‘deceiver’ 243, 846, ir only A pennock typical of the writings of Lesser Lithuania ‘auklėtinis’ 976 (t. p. R II 277; MZ II 371; N 284; [K]). In modern dialects, the whole group is used NAg with su prefix -(i)ock, e.g.: blubber "who yawns" Vik (LKZ I? 932), Butterfly "who is drawing" Sv (For 100 1105), ml) ‘as a troll’ Kv (II? 1113), drinker ‘good’ Mrk (III greek 261), "who barks, seeks, wants to grab" Lkv (III klaidėkas 507), "vagabond, vagabond" Brb (V 943), Mockingbird "who looks at all things" Zvr (VI 476), mosdkas "who likes to fight" Ds; Out; Sdk (VIII rift 453), "who tears, screams" Ut (X 247), sapaliokas "who speaks nothing" Vikv; Clvr; Alk (XII crop 141), year ‘seedling’ Onš (XII 317), skėtroėkas ‘plevėsa’ Dkš (Chapter XII 851), ‘strapaila’ HS; Alkr (XIII 936), pistons ‘rambus arklys’ Mrc; "clumsy, lazy man" Alv; Son; Lzd; Kps; Nmn; Lp; Al; Pns (XIII 1038), dream "lazy, lazy" Dkš (XIV. 269), "who mocks" Sdb; Lnkv (XIV 395). Su appropriate suffix -ax (resp. -'aks < *-(i)ako-) NAg is made in some Slavic languages, e.g. sl. *pros’aks “who asks, beggar”: *please, s. sl. teZaks „žemdirbys“: tęžati „work“, č. žebrak „elgeta“: Zebrati „elgetauti“. The paradigmatic variant of this suffix -ačb (< *-akio-) is even more common in Slavic languages — one of the main means of making NAg??. However, in Slavic languages with the suffix *-akodeminutives are made less frequently. Thus, this suffix in Slavic languages entered the NAg construction paradigm not from the category of deminutives (as in Lithuanian), but from names of persons with noun characteristics, which in Slavic languages are quite often made with the suffix *-ūko-. So the suffix *-ako-NAg Lithuanian? and Slavic languages are the result of parallel development. 18 Skardžius, 1943, 133–134; Urbutis, 1965, 279–280. Deminutives with the suffix -ūks are also found in some Latvian dialects (Endzelins, 1951, 360—361; Rūke-Dravina, 1959, 289—294). 19 Vondrak, 1927, 609–611; Wojtyla-- Swierzowska, 1974, 66–74; Vaillant, 1974, 321–324: 326–329; Stawski, 1974, 89–90, 102. 20 In Latvian and Prussian, NAg with this suffix is not found. 10 Adverbs -utis, -utas, -uta, -ūtas vedic In a large part of Lithuanian dialects (especially In the southwest of ir Lithuania, see South. LKA III. No. 118) quite often made diminutives?!. Deminutive origins are ir NAg with su prefix -utis, -ė. Jau XVI-- In the 17th a. century writings, the derivative truputis was common, usually having now a rare meaning ‘fragment’ (e. g. : pripile dwilika pintiniu a little bit VlnE 59; Collect those left a little adunt ne passed SP II 78;4) ir much less commonly — now common meaning "a small amount of someone" (e. g. : four times taken VInE 58,). In M. Daukša's Postilae we find a unique Vedic bititis (uporny) 53355, in S. B. Chi-| linski's explanations at the end of the New Testament added žydutė — (Grass) 414,. K. In Sirvydo dictionary is recorded quite rare NAg doubtful (GROANS) SD" 190 (t. p. Ch? Mt 14,31; C II 1107; Gsn; Aln, plg. the adjective doubtful, -ė “medium; volatile; fragile; suktas’ LKZ I? 6). J. In Brodsky's be dictionary, a little of the mentioned, we find 3 ir now common derivatives of this type: barškutis, skambutis 797, sukutis 821, in the dictionary of F. Kuršaitis — NAg tarškūtis, žibūtė ir retą vedinį treškutis (one Shatterer, Plipperer) K (t. p. C II 407; O 457; N 112; J; NdZ; LTA(Rks); Ds — LKZK). There are now several dozen dialects NAg with su prefix -utis, -ė, formed from non-adverbial verbs, e.g.: blaškūtis „who is wandering, windsweep“ Mrk (LKŽ I? 890), burkūtis „dove“ J; Brž (I? 1192), čiauškūtis "who whispers, whistles" Rs; VI; Ck; Nm (IIž 98), sucking "sucking" Gr; Wine; Kp (II? 148), davūtis "who gives" J; Vkš; Izv (II? 343), draskūtis "who quickly tears clothes; ‘akiplēša’ Brt; Alvt (II? 648), gaišūtis "destroyer" Sml (III 44), gaudūtis "such a toy, a swing" Pln (III 167), ieškūtis "seeker" Gs (IV 18), keikūtis "witch" Kps (V 489), klegūtis "barškutis"; who likes to laugh" Lnkv; Sd; Br; Warn; knebūtis "bending, bent" J; Skr (VI 212), krapštūtis „who works slowly“ Ig (VI 439), kvarkūtē „ant“ Skr (VI 1054), prašūtē „who begs“ PnmA (X 574), purškūtis „who gets angry quickly“ Alk; Vlkv: Skr (X 975), spindūtė „spingsulė“ Plv (XIII 412), sudžiūvūtis „sadžiūvėlis“ Jrb (XIV 47) and others (see also Skardžius, 1943, 362—364; Urbutis, 1965, 324). In some southern Highland dialects, deminutives are also made with the older paradigmatic variant of the suffix -utis, -ė -utas, -a (< u+ *-to-), e.g. langūtas- ,langutis- “, kiškūtas „kiškutis“, merguta „girl“ (LKA III Zemél. Nr. 118). A possible object, of deminutive origin is also very rare NAg with suffixes -utas: abejūtas „who constantly doubts“ Jz; Cairo; Kp; svn; Bsg (LKZ I? 6, cf. abejūtis- ), -uta: varguta "poor, poor man" GDK 14, 47, 159, vėkuta "meek" Antr (Skardžius, 1943, As the suffix -ukas has a variant -ūkas, so the suffix -utas —variant -ūtas, 362). with which one other NAg is made, e.g.: šikūtas "unfit man" Jnšk (cf. šikūtė "ass" Plng; Kltn; Tvr; Arm; TDr IV 301 (Rš), shikkutis "what is weak" 1977. pp. 147. 21 Deminutives with the suffix -utis have their counterparts in Latvian, Prussian (Endzelins, 1943, 52; 1951, 386, Rūke-Dravina, 1959, 243 —244) and, apparently, Slavic languages (Beli¢, 1901, 183; OrpemOckuii, 1968, 137; Maprsiuos, 1973, 43-44),; 11 Conclusions 1. NAg daryti The following deminutive verb suffixes are used in Lithuanian: -ikas (respectively -ikis), -eika, -(i)ukas (respectively -(i)ūkas), -(i)okas, -utis (respectively -utas, -uta, -ūtas). 2. From them, the suffix -ikas was the earliest to enter the NAg paradigm. This was already the case in the Proto-Baltic language. NAg with the suffix *-ik probably began to be used in western Balts. From there, this innovation spread to other Baltic dialects and to Slavic languages, which retained the older *-iko character of the suffix: with it many deminutives are still made in Slavic languages (in Baltic languages there are only relics of them), while NAg with the suffix *-ikoy are very few, almost all made in the Praslavic ir language. The possible object, suffix *-ikoi, entered the NAg construction paradigm not directly from the deminutives, but through the category of names of possessors of the Noun feature. Most NAg with other suffixes of deminutive origin have a minor or derogatory connotation and are significantly newer. NAg with the suffix -ukas is related to Latvian NAg with the suffix -ucis, and Lithuanian NAg with the suffixes -eika, -(i)okas, -utis has no equivalents in other Baltic languages. In fact, NAg are sometimes made with suffixes *-uko-(or *-itko-), *-(i)ako or in Slavic languages. However, these suffixes are probably included in the NAg construction paradigm in parallel | in the Baltic and Slavic languages. Abbreviations BR —Biblia, This is: Wissas Szwentas Rdsztas, Old and New Testament... Ha Teacher Lietuwoj’ Lietuwiszkay pérstatytas ... Karalduczuje, 1755. GDK —Giwatas Didiujū Karwaidū senowés surasze latyniszkay Kornelius Nepos. Iszgulde... I. Dewinakis... Petropilie, 1846. IF — Indo-European languages Research. Strasbourg etc. KZ —Journal of Comparative Linguistics in the Field of Indo-European Languages, begr. von Kuhn. Berlin etc. LKA III —Lithuanian Language Atlas /Ats. red. Morkūnas K. V., 1991. T. 3. LKK —Lithuanian Linguistics Issues. Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1968-1986. Vols. 1-14. ZfSI — Journal fūr Slavistics. Berlin. BDCPS1 —Pacmep M. DTUMOJIOTHYECKHH CJIioBaps PYCCKOTO s35IKa. M., 1986—1987. T. 1-4. ICCA —DTuMOJIOTrH4eCKHhi CJIOBApL CJIABSHCKHX SBbLIKOB. I'm sorry, I'm sorry. ¢onn / Pen. Tpy6a4esB O. H. M., Brin. 1974—1987. 1—14. Other abbreviations as in capital Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. LITTERACY Ambrazas S. Adverbs -tos ir -ee vedic development || Lietuvos TSR Scientific The Academy. Batch A, 1989. T. 2. P. 105—112. Belič A. Zur History of the Slavic Diminutivund Amplification suffixes // Archive for Slavic Philologie, 1901. vol. 23. S. 134—206. Briickner A. Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language. Krakėw, 1927. Brugmann K. Varia // If, Bd. 1905—1906. 18. S. 381—382. Brugmann K. Floor plan of the comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages. Strasbourg, 1906. Bd. 2. Vol. 1. Būga K. Selected Writings / Par. Zinkevičius Z. V., 1958—1963. T. 1—3, 12