Germanizmai XVII a. Mažosios Lietuvos vakarų aukštaičių tarmėje (remiantis „Lexicon Lithuanicum“)

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXX (1993) PERIFERICAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONAIRES Nijolė CEPIENE GERMANISMS IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS TALK OF LESS LITHUANIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY (BASED ON "LEXICON LITHUANICUM- ") The handwritten German-Lithuanian dictionary "Lexicon Lithuanicum" is the first lexicographical work of the Lesser Lithuania of the middle of the 17th century, the Lithuanian part of which is based on the words of the south-western highland speakers. Of the 7,200 Lithuanian words in the dictionary, about 210 are lexical Germanisms (without the phonetic and graphic variants of the same word). Of these, about 175 are pure Germanisms and 35 are hybrids, i.e., words that contain in their roots adjectives or roots of other languages?. Germanisms make up about 396% of the entire Lithuanian vocabulary. This does not include borrowed words from Slavic languages. It is difficult to determine the paths of some words into the Lithuanian language, because it is not clear whether they were borrowed directly from German or came through Slavic languages, e.g.: anizei (= anise), lampa (= lamp), pancierus (= armor), spunta "pin". Most of the Germanisms in the dictionary consist of nouns much less verbs there are a few adjectives and a particle (~185), (~20), be (yes, it is). All Germanisms adapted to Lithuanian language gr. touching systems. The article discusses the semantics of German borrowings, their origin and use in ir the current Lithuanian language, su The German loanwords in the dictionaries published in Lithuania Minor. I. NUMBERS3 1. Names of household ir items and tools dishes, kitchen utensils (46): a) e.g.: boss (13), "static" « Ms. vok. FaB "t. p." Crow "pitcher" « Ms. vok. circle, circle "indas", I'll read "maza statinaité" « Ms. vok. legel "t. p.", mezer "grinder" « Ms. vok. mėser "t. Mr., Mrs. "bakery" < Ms. vok. Mr. Mr. "t. p.", tynė "vonia" « Ms. vok. tin "big bath"; 1 For more informašį tion about the dictionary, see. Drotvin V. "Lexicon Lithuanicum" — manuscript XVII a. German-Lithuanian Dictionary // Lexicon Lithuanicum. V., 1987. P. 6-23. Hybrid vedic derivatives ir already formed in (~50), Lithuanian soil are not counted here. kame Thematic groups are presented in order of number of Germanisms The number in parentheses. ; jų b) work, craft tools (12), e.g.: 37 bindokas "carpenter's axe", cf. Pr. vok. bindaxt "t. p.", borai "carriers" « Pr. vok. bor "t. p.", busokas "long stick with iron hook" « Pr. vok. boshaken "e.g.", spatas "digger" « vok. Spaten "t. p.", zogas "pjūklas" < Pr. vok. zoge "t. p.", kneipis "batsiuvio peilis" « Pr. vok. Knife "t. p." ; (c) carriages, harrows, packers and parts thereof (11), e.g., "carriage indicator" « Pr. disel "t. p.", leiterės "vežimo gardés" « Pr. vok. leiter "t. p.", bad "akétvirbaliai" « Pr. vok. Nagel, pl. "vinis", rungas "in the wheels crossbars is placed a peg" « Pr. vok. rung, runge"t p.", šėnai "ratlankis" < Pr. vok. schéne, schėn "t. p.", š()pykis "stipinas" « Pr. vok. schpike "t. p." ; d) names of other objects (10), e.g. dekis "covering (for horses)" « Pr. dęk "e.g.", liktis "candle" « Pr. vok. licht "t. p.", spinta « Pr. vok. spind, zaks "bag" « vok. Sack. 2. Names of persons (30): a) performing some work or action (27), e.g.: broodje "aludaris « v.v.z. brūwer "t. p.", butkerė "kubilius" « Pr. vok. butker "t.p. "Hunter- 's Guide to Hunting". Hunter "t.p. "The "Spider-- Man: Far From Home"". potabel "t.p. ", hat "scribe", cf. v.v.a. "S.P.A.R.- T.E.R.S.", "S.P.A.R.- T.E.R.S." Schneider "t.p. "%; b) according to social status (2): group "people" « Pr. bdr "t.p. "Duke of York". Herzog "t.p. " ; c) by other features (1): jumprova "panel" « Pr. vok. iunfraw "t.p. ". 3. Names of buildings and their parts and building materials a) (25): trobesii and their parts (14), e.g.: kelnorė "kelder" « eng. Keller "t.p. "Spider-- Man: Far From Home". schune "t.p. "Stefan "Stefan- "". Stall "t.p. ", stuba "troba" « Pr. vok. stuba, stub, stobe, stow "stove, room", kakalys "stove" < Pr. vok. stove, kayel "t.p. "Spider-- Man: Far From Home". shovel, shovel "t.p. " ; (b) building materials and components (11), e.g.: beam "log, beam" «< v.v.Z. bar "t.p. "Königsleiten" (in German). Kalk "t.p. "Kylis "wedge" "Pr. vok. kil "t.p. ", suffered "hook" « v.v.z. hang "t.p. ", slats "sheets for roofing" « v.v.z. shingles "t.p. ". 4. Names of units (10): (a) monetary units (5), e.g. penigai "money- "« v.v.Z. pennig "t.p. "Triple Crown of the Three Kingdoms" (PDF). dripelker "money", dollars « v.Z. doler "taler (antique coin)"; 4 A number of names of persons (actors) with the suffix -ininkas aaaryta already from Germanisms used in Lithuanian language, e.g.: dielininkas "lentų pjovéjas” « lie. dielé "board", windininkas "turner" «lie, vindas "device for turning", styrininkas "driver" «lie. stfras "vairas". With the words penigas, pinigas and brangus the dictionary presents eight enriched nouns, 38 b) metric (4): /hybrid/actinian "an eighth of something" « Ms. vok. Achtel "an eighth" is a + lie. Appendix -einis, 7hibr./ bertainis, berteinis "quarter, quarter", cf. german. Vierchen "German Order coin of the 2nd half of the 14th century", Vierdung "fourth part of the mark", hub "measure of land area" « Ms. vok. hube "t.p. ", murgas "earth measurement «< unit" v.v.z. tomorrow "as much land as a man plows with horses in one morning" (KI 487); c) time units (1): stundas "hour" « Pr. vok. moment "t.p. ". 5. Names of plants and their fruits (14), e.g.: buks « Pr. buk, kerveliai "spice plant" « Pr. vok. kerwel "t.p. "About us". "Medical and Pharmaceutical Plants". "About us". meiran, meiron "t.p. "400m Men's Doubles". volleyball- .com. négelke "t.p. "Viktoria". Wicke, tobacco « vok. Tobacco. 6. Names of garments and their parts (9), e.g.: dimžakas (orig. dimg3akas) "pocket- ", cf. Pr. vok. Diebssack "t.p. ", kedelis "švarkas" < Pr. vok. kédel "t.p. ", muče "hat" « v.v.a. mutze, miitze "e.g. "Vestido" (in Spanish). Vest "t.p. 3rd ed., pp. 133. (in French) "La cité de l'acier". shorst, šęršt "e.g. ", /hibr./pabuteris "lining" « vok. Lining "t.p. " + lie. prefix pa-. 7. Names of dishes and drinks (7), e.g.: kėžas (orig. kejas) "sūris" « v.v.ž. bag "t.p. ", kringelis "riestainis" « vok. Kringel "t.p. "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" "Sweet Potato Soup" kulschél "t.p. ". 8. Animal names (7), e.g.: bull « Pr. vok. boll, bull 'jautis", elefantas "dramblys" < vok. Elephant "t.p. ", left " lion?" (Orig. In Hindi, "deer" is translated as lie. lowe), plg. v.v.g. lowe "lions", stairs "einis (bird)" vok. « Stairs "t.p. ", karusas "karosas" « v.v.z. karusse "t.p. ", stinta « vok. Stint. 9. Religious terms (5), e.g.: apt (orig. apts) "Catholic Church of the United States". « Abbot "t.p. ", canter "protestant church organist" «< Ms. vok. Canter "organist, singer", psalter "psalm book" in German. < Psalter "t.p. ". 10. Names of abstract concepts? (5), e.g.: biskis "a little bit" « Ms. vok. beige "t.p. ", quotation marks "mark" « Ms. vok. zēyen "t.p. ". 11. Terms of public life e.g. galgės (5), "kartuvės" « Ms. vok. galge "t.p. ", a "collateral" « Ms. vok. pant. "t.p. "Half-Life: Always On". « Post "t.p. ", plg. v.v.g. post "messenger (knight)", turmas "prison" « Ms. vok. tOrm "t.p. ". to make an example of German construction, e.g. ragpenigai "horn fee", cf. vok. Horngeld t.p. ", in excess of "charge už transportation)", cf. vok. Passenger fares "t.p. " ir kt ią The dictionary contains a number of hybrid derivatives, formed already in Lithuanian su language by prefixes -imas, -ystėand others, e.g.: priesthood “lie. Priest, interpre- « ter lies. value, slipping lie. « isliuositi. 39 12. Names of metals, other materials (4), e.g.: zinc "tin" « engl. Tin "t.p. ", piks "resina, smala" « Pr. vok. pick, pek "t.p. ", šmeras "tepalas (ratų)" « Pr. vok. schmėr "e.g. ". 13. The name of the guns (3), e.g.: pistu(o)lė (orig. pištulu dgs. kilm.) "pistoletas" « vok. Gun "t.p. ". 14. The name of the natural bodies and phenomena (3), e.g.: storm "wind" «< vk. Sturm "t.p. ". 15. Names of body organs (and their products) and diseases (3): blēki "diverticulum, intestine" « Pr. vok. flak "t.p. "Screenshots". pg. Pr. vok. Slam "t.p. ", v.v.Z. slim "t.p. "Brandt, Syphilis". cf. v.v.z. brant "fever, gangrene, plant disease". 16. Musical instruments names (2): harpa "harfa" « v.v. With harp "t.p. "Triple-A Triumph". triplea.com. trumpets "t.p. ", plg. v.v.a. Trumet. 17. Maritime terms (2): anchor(s), cf. Enker "tp.: ir Zégnis (orig. 3egnis) "burė", plg. vok. Sail "t.p. ", v.v.Z. segene "large network". 18. Relationship terms (1): brother-in-law "brother-in-law" « Pr. vok. švdyer "t.p. ", plg. v.v.Z. swager "t.p. ". 19. "Danmark" (in Danish). danmark.dk. "T.p. ". I. VERBS Verbs of German origin are prepositional. Iš 20 7 All verbs are hybrids, formed with Lithuanian suffixes -(i)uoti, -(i)oti, -auti, -yti. The following semantic groups can be distinguished: 1. Active action words e.g.: atpoint (16), (orig. 100 mg/ 250 mg "atkišti (static)" « Ms. vok. spread "insertion", p.g. v.v.g. spunden "with a cork to plug (the barrel)", to pave (orig. brucuses) "foundation" « Ms. vok. brucken "t.p. ", zoguoti (orig. 30g) "cut" « Ms. vok. z0ėge "t.p. ", panduti "take, confiscate" « i.e. panden "t.p. "7 The 7 dictionary contains noun root borrowings, e.g.: hebelioti "planing" lie, « hébelis "oblius", planing "put a lining" lie. « pabuteris 'pamusalas'. 40 2. Abstrakty action words (3): giliuoti "to have value" « Pr. vok. yellow "t.p. ". 3. Words denoting a state (1): translate "disrupt", cf. vernarren "deceive, mock." III. The dictionary contains four adjectives borrowed from the German language, which denote characteristics: a) external (1): Czech "revenge, mottled", cf. German scheckig "t.p. " ; (b) internal (3); e.g.: vertasS « vok. value "t.p. ", liuosas "laisvas" « vok. los 1" „0 tp. " In the dictionary there is one affirmative particle ja, je "yes" « vok. and "t.p. ". "Lexicon Lithuanicum"germanizmy comparison with borrowings from other dictionaries Germanisms from the "Lexicon Lithuanicum" can be found in other dictionaries of Lithuania Minor from the 17th to the 19th centuries, as well as in its literary monuments. Only the spelling, phonetic and morphological variants of some words differ. The number of German borrowings in Lesser Lithuania dictionaries depends on their volume, purpose, etc. In dictionaries with more spoken words, there are more Germanisms. These include works by F. Pretorijaus, J. Brodovskis, P. Ruigis, Ch. The dictionary of Mielcka, F. Nesselmann and F. Kuršaitis. The first printed dictionary by F.W. Haack, a small volume, contains few Germanisms. F.W. Haack, as is known, relied on the vocabulary of the Bible, the New Testament and the Psalms, without adding words from the spoken language. There are more German borrowings in other dictionaries of this region. For illustration, we present Germanisms of one thematic group of "Lexicon Lithuanicum", which are also found in other East Prussian dictionaries (see. Table 1). | Since in the middle of the 17th century the Lithuanian language of Lithuania Minor contained a considerable layer of German borrowings, it is possible to assume that they were used here earlier. Origin. Most of the Germanisms in the Lithuanian language of Lithuania Minor came from East Prussian German dialects. 0 It is already previously presented with the carriage, harrows, pains and their parts, various tools and household items The 8th is a 10-pointed arrow, not a 10-pointed. 9 This group has hybrids: groupy,erzykiczny. ir 0 Based on the following works: Fresh beer H. Prussian Wėorterbuch. Berlin, 1882-1883. Bd. 1-2; Alminauskis K. Die Germanisms of the Lithuanian. K., [1935]. 41 pavadinimai.ll Many Middle German Samogitian (v.v.z.)!12 (based on the works iš of K. Schiller, A. Lübben!3 and J. Seweyr14) is derived from words of East Prussian German dialects. Among them: būras « v.v.z. bdr, fighter "hunter" « v.v.z. jeger "t.p. ", karusas "karosas" «< v.v.z. karusse "t.p. ", rise "wedge" « v.v.Z. kil "t.p. ", circle "riestainis" « v.v.z. kringel "t.p. ", mira "scented sayings «< v.v.z. myrrh "t.p. ", pandyti "take, confiscate" « v.v.z. panden "t.p. ", pané "keptuvė « v.v.ž. Mr., Mr. "t.p. ", pantas "užstatas" < v.v.Z. pant "t.p. ", pitch "tar, narrow" « v.v.z. pick "t.p. ", row "drain for draining water from the roof" « v.v.z. rinde "t.p. ", slats "for roofing of wood chips" « v.v.Z. skindele "t.p. ", skūnė "klonas, daržinė" « v.v.ž. schune "t.p. ", pushed "< v.v.Z. spind, spunta "pin" < v.v.Z. spunt "t.p. ", stinta « v.v.Z. stint, tynė "bath" « v.v.Z. tine "kubilas", trapas "einis (birdis)" « v.v.z. trappe Usage. Not all Germanisms used in the dialects and literature of Lesser Lithuania have survived in the present Lithuanian language. Some of them have become established, others are borrowed and used as synonyms (or as lexical duplicates) for the corresponding Lithuanian words of the same meaning. They are mainly used in the dialects of older people bordering the former East Prussia. Some of them are no longer used in those nearby Lithuanian dialects. Of the 210 German borrowings in the Lexicon Lithuanicum, only about 40 (~19%) are used in the common language. These are: boss, bull, anchor, priest, mason, (hebr.) pashir, spade, money, knight, closet, stinta, storm, tobacco, worth, etc. Germanisms are used more in our dialects, especially in the western Altay and Zemgale. These are mainly carriages, wagons and their parts (e.g.: leiterės "carriage guards", rungas "wheel crossbar", šenai "wheel rack", špykis "stipinas"- ), work tools (e.g.: busokas "long cart with iron hook", šiūpelė "shovel", trogai "stretcher"), household items (e.g.: dekis "blanket", kurbas "wicker", legeré "small building"), buildings and their parts (e.g.: skūnė "garžinė", staldas "vartas", stuba "house"). "troba", cocks "furnace"- ), building materials (e.g.: boards "to cover the roof", columns "pillar, pillar"). Since it is important for the history of the language and its culture not only what words it receives from other languages, but also what it loses, the already disappeared from the Lithuanian language or disappearing German borrowings are also mentioned. These are: bekerė "baker", bruvelė "brewer", butkerė "cooker", dišerė "carpenter", hat "scribe", šneiderius "seamstress", akteinis, -ainis (Hebrew) "eighth", bertainis (Hebrew) "quarter, quarter", hubas "land area measure- ", nightmare "unit of measurement of the earth", tripleks "money of three scissors- ", stundas "hour", etc. 11 See examples given by thematic groups. 12 see. Mitzka W. Basic history of northeastern German languages. Halle / Saale, 13 1937. Schiller K., Liibben A. Dictionary of Middle Low German. Bremen, 1875. Bd. 1-6. 14 gop wers J. Spalis —kulturhistorische = Studies mainly on the German influence in Latvian. Berlin, 1953. 42 According to their use, Germanisms can be divided into three groups: 1) widely used in common language; 2) rarely used, common only in certain dialects; known only by 3) writing monumeiš nts. From all that has been said, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In the 17th century (or perhaps earlier) a considerable number of German borrowings have entered the southwestern dialects of Lithuanian. These debts in conversation remained and XVIIIXX a. 2.The largest part of German borrowings consists of nouns denoting household items, household objects and tools, persons, professions, positions, occupations, buildings and parts thereof, building materials. The least number of German-- origin terms for kinship, body parts, bodies of nature and names of phenomena are found in colloquial German. Almost all German borrowings into Lithuanian come from the Prussian German dialects and have prominent elements of the Middle German Samogitian language. 4. Most of the borrowed words are not used in common Lithuanian language. Especially many names of persons, professions, positions, occupations and monetary units and measures disappeared. In Southwestern Lithuanian dialects, such German borrowings are still used today. These are mainly the names of the carriage and its parts, packed, work, craft tools, dishes. SO30LIS 30IS 321s ©3aIs _1eAOjsed 18301 set ‘gurz1ep, sedns _Sew-in ‘svureu SISPUWBUIAAGZ “ego, egnis +1+|+1+|+ ‘SP1IPA1, SEPIeIS +1+1+1+1+1+1+ +++ +++] +1+|+1+1+1+1+ ‘9UrzIep, 2unys +1+1+1+1+ +1+1+1+1+ +1+1+1+1+ +1+1+1+1+ ‘H4duop IN30}S SOIPIAYS, IRI[DPUDS “+ ‘85g9)pa3nu 0301S United Nations IniuapuraA SI[OAO], BPULI + ++ ++ ++ Sew (1quy) o1nise +++ + +++ |+ +1+1+1+ +1+1+1+ senu + + + + -$ajauuzn ‘sep npueuiqexzn orqex JI soudjuel hunp SOYSIAOUIS, SLU] “+ + + + + ‘egeyures ourzojos, SLISWIY + + sAsn., a10Uujay 4 + + + BUIGEYISZN Juerepzn SLNp ‘Ouny zn ‘sAiqey seit slopes hunp, 93uay + “+ + + —‘Seisrojd,, SIA) ‘SAJA + + + 4 + + SIUSOIY., SAe5pe3i SIPDXLID SI[P9JJUD _sipjipneds souaxjuel hanp, sLi235A1p 3ZniĄg 9Zniq 9znIq ry SILI +++ ++ 9219 _epDjAIep snow, sezniq 2PP 2PP RP. + __BJud[ e1ojs, Rfarp + + + + + + + + +++ ‘sixth “elis, spjjeq X N ZN A gd H 0 X37 rewuipeaed hijep hi 19q heiseg [aud] asonukpoz sofisnig hify rewrurpeaed hipep hi 19q hyaiseg 44 Literatūra Alminauskis K. The Germanisms of Lithuanian. Part 1: The German borrowings in Lithuanian. K., [1935]. Brodowskij J. Lexicon Germanico- -Lithvanicvm et LithvanicoGermanicvm (Rankrastinis vokietiylietuviy kalby Zodynas, two volumes, c. 1740 Current Lithuanian language dictionary. V., 1972. Frischbier H. Prussian dictionary. Ostund Westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Reihenfolge. Berlin, 1882. Bd. 1-2. Haack F.W. Vocabvlarivm Litthvanico-Germanicvm et GermanicoLitthv. Halle, 1730. 7 Kluge F. Etymological Dictionary of the German Language. Berlin, 1957. Krause's (so-called) dictionary. (The 18th-century manuscript German-Lithuanian dictionary of the former Karaliaučius archive). The manuscript of the dictionary is preserved in the Lithuanian Institute of Literature and Folklore. Kurschat 1874. ; F. German-Lithuanian dictionary. Halle Bd. 1, 1870. Bd. 2, Kurschat F. Lithuanian-German dictionary. Halle, 1883, Lexicon Lithuanicum in usum eorum conscriptum®. (German-- Lithuanian dictionary, manuscript of the former Karaliaučius archive, 17th century). It is now stored in the Lithuanian MA Library. Lexicon Lithuanicum, prepared by V.Drotvinas. V., 1987. Atlas of the Lithuanian language. T. 1, V., 1977. Dictionary of the English Language. V., 1956-1986. T. 1-14. ; Mielcke Ch. G. Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian dictionary. Königsberg, 1800. Mitzka W. Grundziige Nordostdeutscher Sprachgschichis Halle 1937. /Saale, Nesselmann G.H.F., 2005, 100 pages, 10,00 € Dictionary 1851. of the Lithuanian language. Kénigsberg, Pretorius F. Clavis Germanico-Lithvana. (German-Lithuanian dictionary, two-volume manuscript of the former Karaliaučius archive, about 1672-1675). Now stored The Library MA of Lithuania. Ruhig P. Lithuanian-- German and German-Lithuanian Lexicon. Konigsberg, 1747. Schiller K., Lūbben A. Dictionary of Middle Low German. Bremen, Bd. 1875-1881. 1-6. Sehwers J. Linguistic and — cultural-historical investigations primarily over the German Influence im Latvian. Berlin, 1953. 45