A. Pliaterio Vilniaus gubernijos etnolingvistinei statistikai – 100 metų

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXX (1993) PERIFERICAL LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DIARCHEMS Petras GAUCAS A. PLIATERIO ETNOLINGUISTICAL STATISTICS OF THE VILNIUS GUBERNIJA —100 YEARS OF THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE EAST OF LITHUANIA. The questionnaire data of the 1890 survey of the Vilnius Governorate barons’ leader, the Count Adam Pliater, which was summarized and published in the press by a person named Anonymous (an interesting case — the author of the article did not want to publish his name)! are very important for the ethnolinguistic studies of the sudéties. The Polish linguist Jan Rozwadowski made a map of the distribution of Lithuanian language in Vilnius Governorate based on these data." Later, based on both the aforementioned and other data from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, J. Rozwadowskis made a map of the entire area of Lithuanian language use, marking in places also areas of mixed speakers3. Anonymous’ data are valuable in that they are quite detailed — they are declared separate villages. Thus, it is possible to compare them in statistical and territorial aspects with other sources: data of earlier and later researchers, recovered Lithuanian press information, etc. ir However, the data of purely Slavic villages or village councils provided by Anonymous were aggregated according to these administrative units. : A. Pliateris iš of the villages virai¢iy collected data on each village (the cities he did not study) under a program that included questions about the nationality of the ir inhabitants home language. Because in the answers the ir nationality language often did not match (e.g., nationality Lithuanian, — home language o Belarusian Polish, etc.), — Anonymous ar chose language ir as a criterion of ethnicity of people. Iš the said article also shows that A. In Pliater's data there was knowledge that in individual villages ar even the entire village spoke two or three languages. Anonymous chose one iš jų language that he thought was jo dominant. There are cases when A. In Pliater's data, knowledge of the language of the o inhabitants, ir sometimes of individual settlements, is omitted. In the first case, Anonymous uses additional sources of information to determine the language, in the second case it limits itself | Anonymous. Area of Lithuanian language w gub. Wilefiskiej // Anthropological and archaeological i ethnographic materials. Kraków, 1898. S. 3-72. | Rozwadowski J. Lithuanian language map of the w gubernia Wilefiskiej // Materyaty i work of the language commission of the Academy of Skills w Kraków, Kraków, Poland 1904. T. 1. , Rozwadowski J. Map of Lithuanian language || Poland i Lithuania historical w relationship. WarszawaLublin-L6dz-Krakėw, note how many 1914, 14 settlements are missing. It should be noted that in the article of Anonymous himself, writing the names of localities, as well as indicating the number of inhabitants, especially in the tables, there are inaccuracies, probably proofreading errors. In our opinion, Anonymous, choosing one language under the conditions of language change and not adding any references to the use of other languages, acted incorrectly because he did not provide knowledge about the spread of bilingualism among the population, i.e. he did not use all the information collected by A. Pliateris. Furthermore, the choice of the dominant language could have been influenced by subjectivity. The ir dominant language of bilingual trilingual populations Anonymous collected in various ways. Comparijo ng data su with other sources (Recovery of a. Lithuanian press information from the beginning of the 20th century, post-war linguistic research data, etc.), it turns out that most of the Lithuanian-Belarusian, especially ir Lithuanian-Polish bilinguals, he attributed to Belarusian or Polish speakers. ir Because to in many villages, especially those closer to Vilnius city or Belarusian ethnic territory periby (i.e. where the earliest began the most advanced process ir of language change), Lithuanian-speakingAnonymous did not indicate at all (Riešės, Rudaminos, Mickūnų, Bistrytės, Kiemeliškių, Lentupio, Trakai, Graužiškių, Vijos, etc.), ir or a little tenurodė (e.g., Maišiagalos, Nemenčinės, Varnionių, Šalčininkų, Tarpupio, Kamojų, ir etc.). It should be noted that between Anonymously marked Belarusian places, Lithuanian-speaking people were still survived even po World War II (e.g., in some areas of current Šalčininkai, Varena and ir other districts). There ir are opposite cases. Antai In Aukštadvaris parish, where Polish had already begun to spread at that time, almost all the inhabitants were classified as Lithuanian-speaking. Often all the inhabitants of one o village, ir often all the parish Assign anonymous to the same language. There are few mixed villages. Such villages are more in the depths of the Lithuanian ethnic territory, where su together with Lithuanian-- ir speaking Polish-speaking (Paberzės, Giedraičiai, Širvintos, Žasliai, Butrimoniir ai etc. Valsčiuose). This shows that the author of the article tried to choose Polish-speaking people more carefully, paid them more attention. Among the Lithuanian-Belarusian ethno-linguistic border counties, a certain exception is Paberžės valdsčius — there in almost all villages (even in the smallest) indicate both Lithuanian and Polish speaking. ir So Anonymous statistics (including the ir subsequent J. The maps of Rozwadowski have to be considered approximate. Ir same J. Rozwadowski has indicated that "In Lithuania ir In Belarus, the confusion of ethnic, political, religious, linguistic concepts and ethnic self-consciousness is often so great that, even with the best intentions and competence, it is difficult to ir su ja cope with. For the to Intelligence, political, ar ecclesiastical any other official statistics are not entirely true," How There were bilinguals in Vilnius governorate (speaking Lithuanian ir Belarusian 4 Rozwadowski J. Map of the Lithuanian language area J Poland i Lithuania w dicjowym relationship. Warszawa-Lublin-L6dž-Krakėw, 1914. S. 338. 4 Shh 15 or Lithuanian Polish) population, which ir Anonymous attributed to speaking Belarusian (Polish) language, iš partly helping us to determine XX a. the data collected in the parishes of Lithuanian priests about the use of Lithuanian language. Such a five Vilnius Governorate (without Belarusian Vileikos ir "The 2000s: The Years of Data-Driven Computing". 1910 Lithuanian priests in those five districts (calculated be Vilnius city) found Lithuanian- -speaking almost thousands 100 of people more than Anonymou0 s, the Lithuanian-speaking part among the Catholic population of Lithuanians was approximately 10 points higher compared to su According to anonymous data (respectively — 46 ir 36 96). The time gap between the years of data collection is — 20 considerable, so part of to the difference is due to the increase in population. On the other hand, it should be remembered that during those decades du there was a very rapid change of languages in that area. It can be assumed that 1890 m. Lithuanian speakers should have been more than they were jų 1910 m. Thus, it is plausible that in the descriptive time in five In Vilnius Governorate counties among almost thousands 100 of Lithuanian-speaking people (or almost) 30 96) were bilingual (more precisely, Lithuanians who were on the verge of denationalization), which They are mostly Polish or Belarusian-speaking. The total number of bilingual Lithuanians must have been even higher, as some of them were also classified as Lithuanian- -speaking. In some parts of the article there are hints that the majority of the inhabitants of one or another village (e.g., Tarpupio), who speak Belarusian, were indicated as Lithuanian nationality in A. Pliaterio questionnaires. Thus, after changing their language at the end of the 19th century, the inhabitants of the Vilnius region still considered themselves Lithuanians (or so the censusmen considered them). This is an important fact. Thus, the change of language at that time had not yet changed their Lithuanian ethnic self-consciousness. Later they considered themselves "righteous" (i.e. locals). At the beginning of the 20th century, and especially in the years of Polish occupation, under the increasing influence of Polish priests and authorities, they became Belarusian-speaking Poles. In the data of A. Pliateris, Belarusian language is clearly predominant among the Slavic languages, and Polish speakers are very few. It should be noted that a similar ratio of Belarusians and Poles was recorded in the 1897 census. According to anonymous data, the Lithuanian language prevailed in the north-west of Vilnius county — in the villages of Gelvonai, Musninkai, Širvintos, Giedraičiai and Joniškis, located along the Kaunas governorate; in five villages — Maišiagalos, Paberžės, Nemenčinės, Šalčininkų and Varniūnų — there were much fewer Lithuanian speakers (see table 1). According to the data of later researchers, the last five villages, as well as in part the village of Bystryčiai, were more or less bilingual. The ethnolinguistic affiliation of the bilingual inhabitants of these villages has been determined by Anonymous in different ways. Most of the inhabitants of Maišiagala were Belarusian-speaking. By the way, at the end of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century, as the conclusions of later researches show, in this village, partly also S Gintautas J. Vilnius gubern. lietuviai J "Švyturys": Yearbook-- almanach 1912 V., 1910. P, 199, 16 In the villages of Riešės valsčius, where Belarusian (the "common" language) is spoken (mostly in bilingual villages), Polish is also spreading among the young people. Only the northern part of Barskūnai, Zabelinė and the western part of Geisiškiai are listed as Lithuanian-speaking. According to later studies, Lithuanian prevailed in this part of the parish, and in its south (about Sudervė) it was only spoken locally. In the whole Maišiagala village, according to Anonim, Lithuanian-speaking (of course, reduced data) made up 28% of the total population. In Paberžės parish, where Polish language spread in the second half of the 19th century without the intermediary of "common" language, both Lithuanian and Polish speaking Anonim is mentioned in almost all villages. Only as we go northward (i.e. as we move away from Vilnius) the number of Lithuanian speakers increases. In the whole parish — 44% of the Lithuanian-speaking population. The inhabitants of the southern part of Nemenčinė parish (where Polish was also spoken among Lithuanian peasants) (Pakryžės parish, as well as the southern part of Nemenčinė and Puodžiūnai parishes) were classified as Polish-speaking (logic — the process of language change began from the south, i.e. from Vilnius), the middle part (in the north of the mentioned Nemenčinė and Puodžiūnai parishes) — Lithuanian-speaking, and the northern part (in Troškūnai parish) — where Polish was just beginning to appear — also Polish-speaking. The villages of Šalčininkai, Bystryčiai and Varniūnai, where Lithuanian was still partly spoken alongside Belarusian (especially by the older generation, but no longer in all villages), Anonymous and Rozwadowski assigned mainly to Belarusian-speaking people. As Lithuanian-speaking Anonymous marked only the western part of Šalčininkai parish, located į west of The Vilnius—Lyda railway line borders the ir Lithuanian su areas of the northern part of Lyda district (Karalinas parish), as well as the eastern part of Varnioniai parish, located in the lower reaches of the Ašmena river (Gervėčiai, Galčiūnai and Rimdžiūnai parishes). The Bistrycia villages, like all the other villages, he completely assigned to the only Belarusian-speaking. ir Iš The data provided by Anonymous show that the process of polonization had already begun in those villages where the Lithuanian language still prevailed: in the central part of Širvintų parish, about Širvintos itself (the inhabitants of Širvintų and Paširvinčio parishes are assigned by Anonymous to the Polish-speaking), in the southern part of Giedraičių parish (the villages of Akmenos, Martyniškių, Dubingių and some other parishes, as well as in the neighboring Paberžės parish, are indicated as mixed), ir somewhere in the northern part of Paberžės parish (the villages of Paberžės, Akmenos, Martyniškių, Dubingių and some other parishes, as well as in the neighboring Paberžės parish, are indicated as mixed). South-east of Joniškis. Lithuanian-- speaking inhabitants in Trakai county, according to Anonymous, lived in fourteen villages (out of 17); in two (Vievio and Tarpupio) formed a minority. There is no mention of the Lithuanians in Trakų valsčius. A. In addition, the number of speakers of the language is not known, and the number of speakers of the language is not known. Almost all of the inhabitants of the village are of Lithuanian nationality. However, Lithuanian, together with su 17 Belarusian (indicated as predominant) and partly Polish, is spoken only in the southern districts of Tarpupio, Turnėnai, Rūdninkai. Lithuanian- -speaking inhabitants are marked by Anonymus only in the western and southern part of Vievis parish, in the parishes of Abromiškiai, Jarmališkiai and partly Aleksandriškiai, but even there Lithuanian- -speaking villages are indicated as mixed, with Belarusian- -speaking inhabitants (as later sources show, in the late 19th century, the Lithuanian Belarusization west of Lake Vievis gradually turned to Benkinimas). However, in reality, Lithuanian was spoken in everyday life not only in the central, but also in the eastern part of this parish, and in places — even in the parish of Trakai. Judging by the report of Father S. Stakelė in 1905, in the area of Vievis, which Anonymous assigned to the Belarusian language area, most of the inhabitants still spoke Lithuanian at that time. Anonymus also assigned the eastern part of Semeliškės parish to the area of the Belarusian language — the parishes of Daugirdiškiai, Bagdononiai and the eastern part of the parish of Musteniai. In fact, the Belarusian language was just beginning to appear here at that time. In addition, the Belarusian language, which began to spread in the villages to the west of Daugirdiškiai and Bagdononiai, in turn began to be replaced by Polish. According to anonymous data, Polish has already been used in some villages in the western part of Trakai County. It was spoken not only by the inhabitants of manors and palivarki, but also by peasants in some places —in Butrimoniai, Žasliai villages, according to other sources, especially widely o — In the highlands. Although in his work Anonymous chose the Polish-speaking inhabitants very carefully, but almost all the inhabitants of the latter village he assigned to the Lithuanian-speaking. Iš 21 Almost purely Lithuanian were the north-northwestern villages of Švenčionys district: 9 Mielagėnai, ir Linkmenai, Daugėliškis, Zablatiškės, Kuktiškiai, Tverečius, Švenčionys (except for the sub-Belarusian Simaniškės village), Mikalavo (Michatow) ir Advertising. There were Lithuanian speakers In the northern part of Kamojo parish (seniority: Kowalewce ir Jarzew (Jūravas)). Be of, as shown by various XX a. sources, Lithuanian language mixed with Belarusian su was used further south and ir east of į the of the Lithuanian language area indicated by anonymous, especially about "Kamojis, Lentupį, Kliuščionis, Kiemeliškes". At that time, however, it was ji rapidly declining, giving way to Belarusian. On the other iš hand, other sources are known to On the outskirts of the Lithuanian language area indicated by anonymous, some inhabitants had already learned Belarusian, especially in the Lithuanian part of Kamojų parish, in the ir south-eastern parts of Adutiškio parish (In the Rakitiai municipality, located on the western bank of the Medila river, as well as In some parts of the eastern part of the village. As shown by the data of dialectological expeditions, at the end of XIX a. — XX a. į In the second half a. of the 19th century, Belarusian villages about Pabradė, Pavoverė, Karkažiška, Magūnai (the southwestern part of Švenčionys district), which Anonymous assigned to Belarusians, were already infiltrated by Polish. Lyda county northwest, about — Eišiškes, Pabarės (Eišiškių 18 In the second half of the 19th century, the Belarusian language was widely spoken in the villages of Nocia and Kaniava, and many of the inhabitants were bilingual. The Slavicization of these neighbourhoods separated a large Lithuanian-speaking mass from the whole Lithuanian-speaking area. The Lithuanian mass at that time consisted of: Lyda district —Aleksandravo and Rodūnios parishes and the northern part of Žirmūnai parish (Gorodenka and partly Žirmūnai parishes- ); Ašmena district —Dieveniškiai parish and the northern half of Sedlisko parish (Armoniškiai and Pašeliai parishes and the northern part of Palipnica parish); Vilnius County —western part of Šalčininkai parish (Karalinas seniūnija). In this Lithuanian mass, Lithuanian was often not the only language – in some villages Belarusization had begun. A. Pliateris himself indicated this, describing the Pašeliai parish of the Sedlisko parish: "the young people speak Lithuanian, the youth — Belarusian". In this large area of Lithuanian language, at that time, Lithuanian was strongest in the east (around Dieveniškiai) and in the west (around Pelesai and Rodūniai). f According to periodical publications and other sources, to the south of the descriptive area of Lithuanian language, in the villages of Užubalis, Vosyliškiai, Žirmūnai, etc., there were still islands of Lithuanian language, usually bilingual. However, the Lithuanian language died out in them as well: they were preserved in the southern part of Lyda district around Ščiučina and Žoludka. Anonymous has no longer recorded the Lithuanianness of these places. In the Ašmena district, in addition to the mentioned Dieveniškiai and Sedlisko villages, further to the southeast there was still the Lithuanian island of Lazduny, nestled in the western edge of the Nalibokai forest, on the right side of the Beržuona lowland. According to anonymous information, it included parts of three 3,6 villages: Lūgamėnai (Lugomowicze; Lazūnai and Gudenioniai), Bokšto (Grabovo and Dervagiai) and Jūrotiškiai (Takoriškiai). There were about 1000 Lithuanian speakers here. people. In this county, in other places of the former Lithuanian peninsula — in the vicinity of Vija, Trobai, Lipniškiai, Geranainiai, Subatninkai, Graužiškiai — the Lithuanian language was already extinct at that time and Anonymous was no longer recorded. In addition, Anonymous indicated the prevalence of Lithuanian language in the northern part of Ašmena district, in the Ažubalio (Zabtocie) parish located around Salas, which is nestled near the Lithuanian Gervėčiai neighborhood (about Jokintonis). In Dysna district, Anonymous mentioned Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants only in Bogino village (Damošių parish), bordering the Apso district of Kaunas governorate, and in Vileikių district — in Viazynės village (Latygalos parish). Lithuanians who have not yet forgotten their ancestors’ language about Ikazna, Juodziai (Jody), Druja, even Dysna and others. Anonymous hasn't selected yet. A. Pliaterio data — 100 years. Since Anonymous provided them in many cases by individual villages, they can at least roughly be compared with the data of the most recent — 1989 — census. This comparison shows what changes have occurred in the most denationalized districts of South-East Lithuania in recent years. 19 99 (see section 4.4). 2 Table 1). In the present Švenčionys district (including be Švenčionys city) 1890 m. spoke Lithuanian almost 72 %, 0 1989 m. only all the inhabitants 474% registered as Lithuanians. Therefore, 25 Lithuanians have decreased by points. The same number of Lithuanians decreased in the Salcininkai district (from to 34 9,4 %). Vilnius district, where already In the late a. nineteenth century were widely used Slavic (Belarusian ir Polish) languages, Lithuanian increased (from to 11 20,8 96), because during po the last war many Lithuanians settled in the suburbs of Vilnius. In the district of Trakai 1890 m. Lithuanian-speaking were about as many as in Šalčininkai district ir about — 38 96 (be "Trakai City" (in Lithuanian). In recent years, 99 Lithuanians have increased to 57,6 % — significantly expanded the western part of the district, which in the interwar years į After the independence of Lithuania, a be large number of po Lithuanians moved to the towns of the district. According to anonymous sources, 1,000 people lived in the part of Vilnius Governorate that belonged to Belarus. 25,8 Lithuanian speaking people (t. y. 3 times more than the current number of Lithuanians living in Belarus — 7.6 thousand. ): Varenavo district — 12.1 thousand (more than half of the population), Pastovių — 5.5 thousand, Vijos — 3.6 thousand. (Lazūnai neighbourhood), Astravo — 3,5 Thousands (Gervėčiai district), Smurgainiai — 0.6 thousand, Breslaujos — 0.5 thousand (in addition, many Lithuanian speakers were in the western part of this district, which at the time belonged to Kaunas gubernija), Vileikių — 23 people (Viazynės district). a The Belarusian- -Polish relationship changed even more in terms of ethnic self-consciousness. Almost all of the inhabitants of the areas where Belarusian ("common- ") language prevailed at the end of the 19th century now write in Polish. Even the "common" language has been considered a dialect of Polish — during the post-war censuses, Polish was recorded as the native language of Polish-speaking inhabitants of Lithuania. Belarusian is written almost exclusively by people who came from Belarus after World War II. And this is only a part of them: many of the newcomers, especially from Western (Catholic) Belarus, quickly change their nationality and often register as Poles during censuses. The statistical data of A. Pliateris-Anonymous are the first such detailed data describing the linguistic situation of the Lithuanian- -Belarusian border. Therefore, despite some of the shortcomings we have pointed out, they are very valuable both in terms of territorial and statistical aspects in the study of language change in the described region. 20 0 9g A) 6 ‘89 01 € IT 0 ‘001 % t 88€1 9 80711 Q91 0L¥E 69291 hruornureA' 11 = 18 G1 G ‘PL VL Gg 0 ‘001 % — ov 88 z6Th LTV 681 1948 hues or = G o“ = 9 C1 € ‘18 0 ‘001 % — 082001 mi L8L 8406 Gpzo opigruof'6 10£8 0c -_— 6 ‘tL Lvl 0 ‘001 % iL {8TL (E92 — LLLYO (P81 65.8 SQUIDUIWIIN'S - 0 ‘01 CC Lv Z ‘6¢€ 9 ‘t¥ 0 ‘001 % i s09 051 €£8 LLET Sp9Z 0909 S9Z.1992. I'/ - 8% v0 6 ‘€9 6 4 0 ‘8¢ 0 ‘001 % = (ergra race 8606S £8¢ L022 S88Z sopeZPeIsreją'9 == 19 61 J LST € 99 0 ‘001 % = a 9p9 661 = FEB 2008 £€0Z 50901 hpreaparyg == 8 “11 LY m €9 CL 0 ‘001 % ¢00S1 2009 = ė/846 /89T1 today =~ 6'l ži = v'0 ii G 9 0 ‘001 % = wl 8 i 74 6619 ras tojurusnją'ę v'0 G11 SZ as L 02 9 ‘¥9 0 ‘001 % 6S VISI £9€ 6LZ4Z 1678 9PIEL on the market ba VL €C option Gt 8 ‘G8 0 ‘001 24 = Z19 9/Z => P62 IZIZ £0£8 huo4Aja9)- Į 's row SNBIUJIA 8 Z 9 g r £ Z Į eqey eqrey eg[ey eqey eg[eyį eg[ey hlojuaa43 hpAz hsn1 hrsniejjeg ey hyuaj hrAngalj ASIA §] tPDSIPĄ sfjuegjey hl st 2[93U3I Į Mlojuox2 turruouy [e3ed) "u1 0681 sHepns Juiqe hpsrea hystangary hprysde 11 sofrursąan3 sneruTtĄ 21 —- el = == S199 820L in the morning Ap I = 90£4 8 ‘ST G9 8 ‘65 0 °00L % | = 0g 19S L661 66% 929% EELL hD{SIPWAG EL Lo 60 8 Vv te VT G ‘6l 0 ‘001 % ; LS 81€ GZ8¥ LS1 €£0€1 6999 OIASIA'ZI 10 oy 0°C 1% 8S 0 ‘G8 0 “001 % : 9 €LE £81 S82 8ES 0S8L SET6 on [| = G ‘Gl 8 T 0968 8 ‘29 0 ‘001 % - Z61T 092 lh cell 6956 SLLYL hiisez01 90 8 ‘LT TZ 1008 €£ ‘96 0 ‘001 % ią] 02Z L81 g LOT ZSPI L8ST huewzatz 6 00 001 —— ST G ‘88 0 ‘001 % 9 SY i. = 612 80LEL 80871 ouzal['g 0° LT LO = 90 0 ‘98 0 ‘001 % || ub €S = 9% 9099 8494 SOURILA'/ = 6 ‘Ll v0 pe = 2718 0 ‘001 % = 8881 8% == — 1798 09501 SUDIIDJA'9 70 78 I) = £'T z'88 0 ‘001 % ; 82 VIS rai) oi LL VLES S609 orLRAPEIDINY'G ze LS = L‘8 -— 9 ‘G8 0 ‘001 % - 90€ = ZA = 6197 62S oppgnuOį €011 9° LG Vv 01 SU 0 ‘001 % 9¢ 65€1 ZL G29 9971 LESS S61ZI hruowxrnng'ę = 8c ZzZz 8 ‘Cl 0 ‘Z8 0 ‘001 % = 161 IL or £69 ZL L10S są3uIrpaN'Z = 12 0°'c == ez 9 ‘8 0 ‘001 % = iL S6č — 0€Z 86/8 5666 S9A0[V I striysde hyerr 8 4 9 g p £ Z L €'0 49 i L Sh € II € ‘bt 0 ‘001 % es 29501 £2LL SPOIL 00241 PORES 896961 :OSIA S| rers[eA 9c LL 8£6 $2809 0ZS oa GI8pS DISIAPIS'81-ZĮ 22