Apie priesagų vedinių vartojimą lietuvių kalboje

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) LANGUAGES STANDARDIZATIONS QUESTIONS LIFE RUDAITIENĖ ABOUT OATHS HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION LITHUANIAN The material used in this article was collected 1987—1989 by the author in the year The “Lexicography research questionnaire”, which was also compiled by the author. Iš the use of some lexical variants, both normative and non-normative. Used in writing. ir tų The questionnaire raises the following key issues: 1) Use of international words (which Lithuanian — word ar international, when the jų meanings coincide, — informants tend to use most often); use of 2) Lithuanian ir international words in figurative meanings; variety of word 3) meanings the same word can have — different meanings, for example, bearing to some informants only — — “sleeping position”, o for others — thread of "a certain supporting part of parts of machinery" ; — ‘thin twisted yarn’, ‘surgical thread’, ‘tech. the term “threaded thread” ir etc. ; use of 4) phraseologisms (which phraseologisms are used more often, ir which informants tend to use them more often); compound 5) words of various ir abbreviations Consumptio6) n; use of ir derivatives of prepositional suffixes. It was investigated what is the real language of individual fields, people of different education. Informants working in the fields of science, production, culture, medicine, domestic services, education, agriculture, communications and transport were interviewed. The questionnaire contained several variants of po words, the informants ar had to choose one ir of them. iš It was requested: “Underline tą the word or ar word combination you use.” It turned out that informants often tend to use various barbarisms, hybrids, translations; also often mistakenly use enriched words, various abbreviations, derivatives of prepositional suffixes. ir Šį once we were interested in the language of people working in science. The 98 researchers were interviewed. These are philologists, lawyers, economists, technical, agricultural, natural sciences, planning accounting ir specialists working in the institutes of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Klaipeda Maritime Museum Aquarium, Šiauliai Pedagogical ir Institute, Šiauliai University of Applied Sciences. In the Nuklon designers' office (designers, engineers, usually working on scientific work). All graduates of higher education, iš jų many with scientific degrees ar names. Lithuanian is the mother tongue of all. Thus, the surveyed users of the current common Lithuanian language, whose average age — 37 year. He was ir interested in the use of vedic adverbs. It was attempted jų to find out which are more often used, what are the more pronounced trends in the use of these derivatives. The language ir is considered to be a standardized language. Thus, the derivatives of prepositions 11th 163 presented in the questionnaire were selected taking into account the consistency of individual prepositions and the most typical errors related to the formation and use of some derivatives of prepositions. One of the most productive and flexible ways of word formation in common Lithuanian language is prepositional word formation. Unlike the prefix, the suffix goes after the main stem before the ending to which it is associated, because "in Lithuanian the suffix relatively rarely, only in unchanged words, can go alone as the formant of the action, cf. kit-aip, vien-ur*l. This practice is very productive now in forming new nouns and adjectives. In the Lithuanian language, the nouns are more commonly used in the form of derivatives than in the form of ordinary words. Most of these derivatives are Vedic, and only a small number are compound nouns. The most common are the derivatives of adverbs — they are several times more than the derivatives of all the other adverbs." In common Lithuanian, the prepositional construction of nouns that follow person names is very productive. One of them is the names of actors and possessors of verb properties (named agent). These are nouns, which with prefixes or endings are made from verbs and denote the performers of actions. Some of the most constructive adjectives of this group are -tojas, -a and -ėjas, -a. Others are names of possessors of noun properties (nomina attributiva), i.e. such nouns that with prefixes or endings are made from adjectives, nouns or other words close to nouns and denotes a person by some characteristic feature. One of the most constructive of these Vedic suffixes is -ininkas, -ė, and from the international ones —-istas, -ė. In the common Lithuanian language, the productive and prepositional construction of nouns, which denote persons according to their profession, specialty, occupation. They are made with prefixes or endings from nouns, especially often denoting a person's business and work object. The last suffix of these vedas is -nieks, -ē; New derivatives of this kind are usually all formed with the suffix -ininkas, -ė, and their necessity is also determined by extralinguistic factors: the emergence of new professions, specialties, occupations. The Lithuanian language also has a growing number of nouns denoting persons according to their origin and belonging. They are usually formed with prefixes from other general or actual nouns. In the common Lithuanian language, the derivatives of these prepositions are often used synonymously with the derivatives of other prepositions or nouns of another construction. We will discuss survey data on the use of adverbial derivatives. The questionnaire contained the sentence: The guy works in the port (unloader, loader, loader), where one had to choose one of the options indicated in parentheses. It turns out that the most popular of them —loader: out of 95 respondents, 56 (57.1 94) indicated it, loader —32 (32.7 94). In this case, the unloader chose the inappropriate option 7(7.1%) 1 Urbutis V. Theory of word formation. V., 1978. P. 214. * Also his, Noun Formation || Grammar of Lithuanian Language, V., 1965. T. 1, P. 252. 164 informants: 5 technical and 2 legal science specialists. The wizard unloader in Lithuanian language is justified only when it is necessary to indicate the direction of work. For example, if the same workers perform loading work in an organization, they can be called loaders (see pakrovéjas—iskrovéjas). In contemporary Lithuanian, the names of persons vary according to profession, specialty, occupation. ar su -the owner, -ė ir international -ist, -e. It was interesting to know whether the derivatives of the suffix -istas or -ininkas are used more often. The questionnaire presents the following variants: motorcyclist- —motorcyclist, crane operator—crane operator, tractor operator—tractor operator. It turns out that the -ininkas derivatives are more popular: 44.73 9, our respondents, the -istas derivatives — 26.37 94. Therefore, there is a tendency to avoid the international suffix -ist in Vedic. Of the given derivatives with suffix -ininkas most often referred to craneman — it was marked by 74 (75.5%) of 97 respondents, and from the suffix -isfas derivatives —footballer: respondents chose tractor, which was marked by jį 36(36,7 94) iš 98 ir 33(33,7 %) of 98 respondents. It is also interesting to note that the derivatives of the suffix -istas presented in the questionnaire are more often chosen by specialists in agriculture (22.37 94; -ininkas —7.38 95), economics (15.6%; -ininkas —8.9%), law (14.08 94; -ininkas —11.4 94). Adverbs -ininkas, -ė vediniai are quite common in Lithuanian, both written and ir spoken. They tend to override the derivatives of other adverbs. Thus, our informants also prefer prose—prose from the variants presented in the questionnaire — 67 (68.4 9%) of the 98 respondents chose it, and prose — 31 (31.6°,). The largest number of prose writers who chose the lexical variant are philologists*: out of 20, they indicated it 9(29%), and 11(16.4%) —prose writers. Adverbs -ininkas, the -ė abundance and popularity of ir derivatives in Lithuanian is influenced by the fact that these derivatives ir can be formed by words of various morphological structures, usually nouns. iš The number of their compound ir iš nouns with a substantive is increasing -tyra with the names of ir branches of science, e.g.: dirvotyra— dirvotyrininkas, -ė, kraštotyra—kraštotyrininkas, -ė, menotyra—menotyrininkas, -ė, mokslotyra—mokslotyrininkas, -ė, tautotyra—tautotyrininkas, -ė. Dėmuo -theory can be connected to the international ir Word, e.g.: patent theory, theatre theory. Iš These compound words also form nouns with the suffix -ininkas, -ė: patentotyrininkas, -ė, teatrotyrininkas, -ė. Adjectives of action -nik, nouns -ė usually go with the names of scientists. Alongside purely ir international names of scientific disciplines, especially often having the compound démenij -logija (-log- +-ija), e.g. cultural studies, literary studies, patent studies, theatre studies. Nouns with démenj -logas, -é, goes with the names of scientists, e.g.: kultiirologas, -ė, literatūrologas, -ė, patentologas, -ė, teatrologas, -ė. Less - Logic. -logas, can be -ė joined to a Lithuanian noun, for ir example, dainologija, dainologas, -é. Thus, in Lithuanian, the adverbs are often used synonymously -nik, nouns, -ė made of compounds, having a iš substantive -tyra, nouns, ir having * Most of our interviewed philologists are Russian language specialists. 165 It was interesting to know which of these nouns are preferred by our informants. From the questionnaire, theater researcher—theatrologist, patent researcher—patent researcher, our informants tend to use nouns with the démen -/ogas more often: 77.5 94%, and -ininkas — 16.35 9%. Of the 93 respondents, 79 (83.6%) chose the lead reathrologus, 14 (14.3 945) the theatre researcher, and of the 88 respondents, 70 (71.4%) marked the patentologist, 18 (18.4 96) the patent researcher. The highest percentage (50 94; -logas —18,8 94) of those who chose the -ininkas suffix are technical science specialists. More and more branches of science are emerging and will continue to emerge in the future. We will also need new names for these branches of science and scientists. These types of neoplasms (especially those with nodules) -logija, -logas, -ė) have long been used in some languages. They have also been introduced into the Lithuanian language through language contacts. Hybrids with the suffix -orius (giedorius, pasakorius) are quite firmly established, and the -auninkas derivative cestuninkas (= traveler, passenger) is used somewhat less often. Because many of them have a specific meaning and are not easily replaced, especially popular fairy tale:out of 97 respondents chose it 54 (54.1 9); narrator —43(43,9°,). 48 (49.9%) indicated the name Giedorius. The hybrid was indicated in 29 (29.6%) of the respondents. 96 There are also hybrids with the suffix -adze. Of the 94 respondents, 13 (13.3%) chose the unfortunate derivative of the above-mentioned preposition, neverdoer. This is 7 out of 23 technicians, 2 out of 15 economists, 2 out of 16 lawyers, 1 of 28 philologists, 1 of 10 naturalists. In the present common Lithuanian language the suffixes -ietis, -ė are quite often used. Both in dialects and in common Lithuanian language with suffixes -ietis, -ė names of persons are formed from the names of the cities, towns, villages where they lived or resided, e.g.: birštonietis, -ė DLKZ 81, sasnavietis, -¢ LKG 1 411, vilkaviškietis, -ė DLKZ 939, Vilnius, -¢ DLKZ 940. The suffixes -iskis, -¢, -énas, -é are also used for the same purpose, e.g.: kuršėniškis, -ė LKZ VI 972, mažeikiškis, -¢ DLKZ 389, molétiskis, -¢ DLKZ 407, skuodiskis, -¢ DLKZ 716, šilališkis, -¢ DLKZ 812, vilniskis, -¢ DLKZ 940, kupiskénas DLKZ 345, rockisken DLKZ 671, vabalninken LKG I 412. In the common Lithuanian language, almost all vedic nouns, denoting persons according to their origin and place of residence, are made with the suffix -ietis, -ė.. In the “Grammar of the Lithuanian language- ”*, in addition to this meaning, there are two more cases of making vedic nouns with the suffix -ietis, -ė. With this suffix, the names of persons are formed: 1) from the real names of continents, states, countries, e.g.: amerikietis, -ė DLKŽ 13, europietis, -ė DLKŽ 152, suvalkietis, -ė DLKŽ 794; 2) from common local names, e.g.: kaimietis, -ė DLKŽ 274, local, -ė DLKŽ 399, coastal, -ė DLKŽ 485, foreigner, -ė DLKŽ 899. The Lithuanian Grammar also mentions such nouns with the suffix -ietis, -ė, which do not denote a person’s connection with a place, but rather his belonging (his ideology, 4 Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, V., 1965. T. 1. P. 411, 166 activity..- .) to a collective or group of people, e.g.: ansamblietis, -ė, giminietis, -ė, gvardietis, -ė, pasaulietis, -ė, tautietis, -ė. There are more such examples, e.g.: armietis, -ė LKZ I 309, tėvynietis, -¢ DLKZ 848. In the Lithuanian grammar, the dual vedic forms of the suffixes -ietis, -ė are considered to be normative: some of them denote persons according to their origin and place of residence, others — according to their belonging to a collective. In common Lithuanian, nouns made with the suffix -ietis, -ė from the name of the workplace, the name of the work collective are increasing. The suffix -ietis, -ė is now very common, it has a tendency to become the most universal in forming names of persons both according to their origin and place of residence, and according to their belonging to a collective. The worst thing is that the derivatives of this suffix are used even obsessively, expelling the derivatives of other suffixes. There is a lot written about it." This is confirmed by our questionnaire data: 65.31 9%, our respondents tend to use the derivatives of the suffixes -ietis, -ė, and 30.43 9, prefer derivatives of other suffixes. As we have already mentioned, in the Lithuanian language the suffixes -iškis, -ė, -ėnas -é have been used for long time to form names of persons according to their origin and place of residence. Of the presented variants vilnietis —vilniškis, 91 (92.9 9%) of the 98 respondents indicated the used variant: vilnietį, 5 (5.1%) —vilniškį and 2 (2 94) —indicated both variants. Of the variants, kurišėniškis—kuršėnietis appears to be also more common: 50(51 94) of the 97 respondents said they used it, kurišėniškis was chosen by 45(45.9%), and 2(2 94) indicated both variants. Also from the other variants presented preference is given to suffixes -ietis, -ė for the vedic forms: out of 97 respondents 64 (65.3 4) chose the name Mažeikiai, 31 (31.6 4) —Mažeikiai, 2 (2 9,) indicated using both; of 95 respondents 53(54,1 9) indicated Skuodas, 41(41,8%) — Skuodas, 1(1 9,5) —both. Although local residents are also more often used to saying kupiškėnas, rokiškėnas, our informants are more inclined to say kupiškietis: 67 (68.4%) of the 97 respondents marked it, kupiškėnas — 29 (29.6 9%) and 1 (1 94) chose both variants. Even of the variants australas—australietis 62(63,3 9,) of 98 respondents said they used the latter, 35(35,7 94) —australas and 1(1 9,) —both. From the variants presented in the questionnaire, railwayman—railwayman T3(74.5 9%) of 97 chooses railwayman, and 23(23.3 94) —railwayman (1 informant indicates both), although when indicating by specialty, profession, occupation the suffixes -ininkas, -ė derivatives should be used. Judging from the questionnaire data, the derivatives of the suffix -ietis are more often chosen by technical (-ietis —30,11 95), other suffixes —11,98 94) science specialists, and derivatives of other suffixes are more often used by philologists (-ietis —21,21 94, other suffixes —11,98 94). — 26,64 9%). The proliferation of nouns ending in -ietis, -ė has negative consequences. These nouns are now abundantly made from any industrial, artistic collective, organ5 Ibid. P. 412, ¢ See Paulauskienė A., Tarvydaité D. Grammar norms and current use. K., 1986. P. 44—46; Simonaitytė V. Priesagos -ietis, -ė nouns in the language of Soviet years writings || Language culture. 1979. Sas. 36. P. 38—44; Venckutė R. Old and new troubles //Our language. 1980. No. 4. P, 15-17 and others. 167 the name of the company. Their production and use, a possible object, is encouraged by other languages, * especially Russian. For example, many new nouns with the suffix -ietis, -ė are formed from companies and other symbolic names: baltijojeis, -ė (Baltijos shipyard) T 1985 3, ekranietis, -ė (Ekrano factory) T 1987 100, elektronietis, -ė (Elektron production association) VN 1988 76, jiesietis, -ė (Jiesios experimental fine ceramics factory) T 1989 99, mastietis, -ė (Masčio knitwear factory) T 1989 12, vairietis, -ė (Vairo bicycle factory) T 1989 13; from symbolic names of sports societies and collectives: dinamietis, -ė (Dinamo sports society) T 1985 4, kibirkštietis, -ė (Kibirkšties basketball team) T 1987 70, žalgirietis, -ė (Žalgirio basketball team) T 1989 200; from symbolic names of newspapers and publishing houses: tiesietis, -ė (Tiesa newspaper) T 1990 254, mokslietis, -ė (Mokslas® publishing house) rs. ; from the symbolic names of art and other collectives: sakalietis +-ė, (men’s choir „Sakalas- “) LR 1990 10, versmietis, -ė (club „Versmė- “) T 1987 40, žinijietis, -é („Žinijos“ society) MG 1986 4 19 and others. In the Russian language, the nouns with the suffix -ey are made from symbolic names, which are most often translated into Lithuanian by derivatives of the suffix -ietis, -ė, e.g.: ounamosey (dyrOojibuas xomanma "Jlunamo") IT 1978 53 —dinamietis, cnapmakoeey (dyrOojibuas xomanga "Crraprak") BM 1976 257 —spartakietis, mopnedosey (KoMaHma mo Xokker "Topnejo") —torpedietis, mocuasmosey („Mocdbunem®“) BM 1975 156 —mosfilmietis. Such values encourage the formation of similar nouns from symbolic names used in Lithuanian. A certain number of such nouns are casual (ocasional) and, having entered the written language, have a journalistic slang shade. It is also not necessary to replace the derivatives of other suffixes with the derivatives of this suffix. This is how the names of newspapers were previously made. nouns with the suffix -nik, e.g. aušrininkas, belpininkas. In Lithuanian there are more and more similar derivatives, which are made with the suffix -ietis, -ė from the names of people who are given to a company, school or other collective. These derivatives of the prefixes -ietis, -ė describe the belonging of a person to a collective, which is named after a famous person, e.g.: čiurlionietis, -ė (M. K. Čiurlionis Secondary School of Art) LM 1989 13, janonietis, -ė (J. Janonis Paper Factory) T 1986 10. This is a new, unusual language phenomenon. The worst thing is that common Lithuanian language uses suffixes -ietis, -ė nouns, composed of the names of various collectives and organizations. Some of them are very cumbersome, for example, made from derived nouns: Jeidyklietis, -ė „leidyklos darbuotojas“ LM 1987 9, švietimietis, -ė „Švietimo darbuotojas“ T 1989 12; from compound nouns: bendrabutis, -ė (pl.), literatūrmenietis, -ė LM 1989 10, which is made from a jargon literary noun; from two words: novaakmenietis, -¢ (inhabitant of Naujoji Akmene) T 1989 200, naujavilnietis, -ė (inhabitant of Naujoji Vilnia) VN 1990 242 and others. According to the Lithuanian language norm, there is no need to use the nouns of this prefix instead of the derivatives of other prefixes. For example, when designating persons according to their origin and place of residence, do not forget the prefixes -iškis, -ė and -ėnas, -ė. When designating persons according to their membership in a collective, the prefix -ininkas, -ė is better than the prefix -ietis, -ė. 168 Pr T In Lithuanian, there are very constructive adverbial nouns denoting machines, mechanisms, devices, devices or parts thereof. They are usually referred to as tool names (nomina instrumenti). They are considered "those nouns that with prepositions or endings are made from verbs (usually transitive) and denote an object (a nail, a rack, a device or some other means) intended to perform the action said by the main word". The name of the tool is mostly made up of suffixes -tuvas, -iklis. In terms of terminology, the functions of these suffixes are usually differentiated: the names of larger technical devices, various machine devices are usually made with the suffix -fuvas, and the names of smaller technical devices, machines, mechanisms - with the suffix -iklis, less often -eklis. However, sometimes in technical terminology the prefixes -fuvas and -iklis derivatives are used in parallel to denote the same concept. The questionnaire was important to find out which suffixes —-tuvas or -iklis — the informants tend to use (when their meanings coincide). The questionnaire included variants of both suffixes, e.g. : I bought for the garden (sprayer, sprayer). Of the options in parentheses, 91(92.9 9%) of 97 respondents choose sprayer, 0 6(6.3 9%) — sprayer. Other options were also presented in the same way: trap and catcher —out of 80 respondents, 62 (63.3 9%) indicated the trap, 17 (17.3 94) — the catcher, and 1 (1°,) chose both options; supplier and feeder —42 (42.9 9) out of 70 choose the supplier, 28 (28.6%), the supplier. Also, among the options of the pick and pick-up, the pick-up is preferred: it was marked by 64 (65.3 9%) of the 81 respondents, and the pick-up — by 17 (17.3 2%). Thus, as many as 66.1 9% of respondents indicate derivatives of the suffix -tuvas, and 17.33 945 — derivatives of the suffix -iklis. The popularity of the suffix -fuvas in the current common Lithuanian language has also been influenced by the fact that this suffix outperforms all other suffixes of this meaning in its action. In addition, the nouns with the suffix -fuvas are usually terms, and in terminology only the names of tools are made with this suffix. This is essentially the same as the literary and popular tendency of the construction of this suffix. On the other hand, in the popular language, the derivatives of this adverb are usually called only various jnagiai's. In Lithuanian spoken language (often also in written form) the creation of names of various tools with the suffixes -éjas, -tojas has become more active, e.g.: skleidėjas, smulkintojas (pašarų), Priežasčių -éjas, -tojas derivatives are also used to name various chemical substances, e.g.: tirpiklis, minkštiklis, tirpiklis. This phenomenon is also influenced by Slavic languages, especially Russian, where the same suffix is used for both persons and tools, for example, eedumeap and eodonumamenv, numamenb. In the Lithuanian language, the Vedic meanings of the adverbs -éjas, -tojas and -iklis, -tuvas have been distinguished since ancient times. The first are named persons, actors, and the second - tools, devices, materials with which the action is performed. So the Russian words pacnpocmpanumenb, KopmMOu3mMe/buume. Ab, pacmeopumenb, MA2zuumeno into Lithuanian * Urbutis V. The construction of nouns //Grammar of Lithuanian language. V., 1965. T. 1. P. 381. 8 Keinys S. The creation of Lithuanian terms in the past //Lithuanian terminology: issues of Lithuanian linguistics. V., 1975. T. 16. P. 20. 169 spreader, feed grinder, solvent, diluent, plasticiser must be translated. As we have already mentioned, Vedic words with clear prefixes that denote actors are often used in a different sense. It is said and written stain remover instead of cleaner, lifter instead of lift, lifter, etc. This is also clear from our questionnaire data. Of the presented variants cleaner, sampler, remover (of stains) most of the informants (even 68 (69.4 9%) of 97 respondents) chose the non-normative remover, which with the suffix -ėjas is used even to name the materials with which the action is performed. Only 24 (24.5 94) respondents reported using the lead cleaner, which is the norm, while the émicle was used by — 33,1 94). Of the respondents, the most frequently referred to as the “guide” were: technical sciences specialists — 19 out of 23, agriculture — 10 out of 14, economics — 11 out of 15. To our surprise, 11 out of 20 philologists chose this book (though, as we mentioned, most of the philologists interviewed are Russian language specialists- ). Comparatively much fewer respondents chose a non-normative diluent than a standard diluent: 24 (24.5 9%) of 95 respondents indicated that they used it, and 61 (61.9 9%) indicated that they used a standard diluent. Of the respondents, the technical sciences specialists seem to be the most fond of this uncodified version of the lexicon: 12 of the 23 respondents chose it. The -ėjas, -tojas derivatives of the adverbs we are examining sometimes also have a prefix, which is not very characteristic of Lithuanian. A fairly common in Lithuanian language and unsuccessful construct accelerator. The questionnaire showed that 64 (65.3 9%) of the 90 respondents were inclined to use it, and the standard variant accelerator — 26 (26.5%). The language acceleration program was the most preferred by specialists in agricultural sciences (10 out of 12 respondents) and technical sciences (16 out of 19 respondents). Also, the majority of informants chose a non-normative lifter — even 65 (66.3 9, out of 86 respondents (instead of the standard variant presented in the questionnaire, the lifter — it was marked in their answers by 26 (26.5%) informants). One informant does not feel the difference between a lift and a lift, so he chooses both. In our language, the unsuccessful derivative autopakrovėjas is often used instead of the standard forklift truck. This can be seen from our questionnaire data: out of 93 respondents, 70 (71,494) chose a forklift truck, and 23 (23.5%) — a forklift truck. The formed autopakrovéjas is also very grumpy, with the Lithuanian prefix panext to the first international démens auto. In the written and spoken language, the word forklift is also used. Such derivatives are not present in the common Lithuanian language and in most cases should be used without a Lithuanian prefix. With the Lithuanian prefix, these nouns are justified only if they have a different meaning of the term without the prefix. Thus, the Lithuanian language norm requires that the derivatives of the adverbs -ėjas, -tojas denote persons, actors and not be used to name tools, devices, machines, materials with which the action is performed- ." They are particularly common in scientific and publicistic styles. Abstract names of nouns or characteristics, which with suffixes and endings are most often made adjectives, are used more rarely * For more information, see Keinys S. Min. veik. P, 24-27, 170 iš — iš nouns, o sometimes ir iš Others, inverted ZodZiy'®. The most recent noun abstract suffix is -um, the iš remaining still mentioned -ity and - A friend. Adverbs -um ir -ybė is most often used for adjective abstracts darytis, suffix o -ysté nouns — for abstracts. Some suffixes -ystė nouns are close to prepositions in their meaning - and -ity for nouns. The most characteristic difference between suffixes -um ir -the number of abstracts is that ‘adjectives -ity derivatives are particularly popular when the characteristic feature needs to be emphasized, intensified, in other words, when it is a very pronounced, strongly manifested characteristic". We tried to find out which derivatives of adverbs our informants are more likely to use. In the questionnaire were given the vedic: antrametism—anthrametism. Iš 92 of respondents 80 (81,6 9%) indicated the used variant antrametistė, antrametiškumo 12 (12,2 %) — as. Also listed words with prefixes su -ysthe ir -ybė: pilnametystė—pilnametybė, neturtysté—neturtybé. Of the 97 respondents, 91 (92,9 %), o adulthood — 6 (6,1 94); iš 72 informants 25 (25,5 %;) chose poverty, and 46 (46.9 9,) —poverty. Due to the influence of the Russian language, nouns with the prefix nu and suffix -imas, which are usually terms, e.g.: degazavimas —00e32a308anue, detokksminimas —o006e3epenicueanue, degreasing —o6e3oxupueanue, analgesinis —obesboausanue, dehidratavimas —o0b6e380xcusdnue, appear more and more frequently. The term has been widely used in literature, but has not been widely used in the literature in recent years. ir And our respondents prefer anaesthesia from the presented options anesthesia—anaesthesia—analgesia: out of 96 respondents, 53 (54.1%) chose it, anesthesia was indicated by 12 (12.2 9%) anaesthesia —19 (19.4%). It is interesting to note that Vedic analgesia was chosen by 11 of 20 philologists, 13 of 23 technical specialists, 10 of 15 economics specialists, 7 of 10 natural sciences specialists. The Lithuanian language also has a lot of adjectives. The development of science and technology, which required complex names, which are often marked by an adjective and a noun, also played a role in the activation of their production and consumption. In the present common Lithuanian language, the most common adjective prefixes are -inis, -¢, -iškas, -a, -ingas, -a. The productivity of the adjective construction of this suffix was also influenced by the fact that they can be made from nouns, adjectives, numerals, participants, adverbs, prepositional constructions, etc. " **., So suffix -inis, -ė can be added to basic words of different structure and meaning. 10 For further details, see Urbutis V. The construction of nouns //Lithuanian grammar. V., 1965. T. 1. P. 306—316. 11 Ibid. P. 308. 12 For further details, see Kniūkšta P. -inis adjectives: construction, meanings, grammatical synonyms. V., 1976. P. 7-55. : 171