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LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS, XXXII (1993) BALTIC ONOMASTICS INVESTIGATIONS ALEKSANDRAS VANAGAS OUR URBAN NAME At present, we could count about cities, towns and towns in Lithuania. 300 These are unequal settlementpo s. Some are jų a few hundred — years old, others are only a few — dozen. Some were jų more important in the past, others now. — Some names jų are old, very interesting, be often very difficult to explain, others have simple, unquestionable, obvious — etymologies. Here is discussed about 60 oikonimų. Of course, it would be pointless to seek clearer jų selection criteria. First, too few of the names of cities are examined, and secondly, this article is only part of a larger work, so the principles of selection will be discussed on another occasion. It can only be emphasized that for the examination were chosen not only clear, but also more problematic, complex etymology and place names. Alytus (4). One of the oldest cities in Lithuania. In a document from 1387 it is mentioned as a town (3; 1)*, and in 1466 as a village "Y Ozaumcexroii eorocmu" —(8: 83). It received Magdeburg rights in 1581. There have been various opinions about the origin of the town's name. For example, J. Otrebskis believed that Alytis was formed from the bulsa air root lyt-. However, this is a clear mistake. There is no doubt that the root is ial-, and -yt-—a common Lithuanian suffix. It is unclear whether the name of the city originated from the same word or from a hydronym. River or lake name * Alytus is not available now. However, through Alytus into the Nemunas flows a stream, named Alyjtupis. Most likely it was a later name formed from the noble construction * Alytus river or similar. And the original, older version of the name of the stream, apparently, was * Alytus. Thus, the name of the city Alylus probably originated from the name of the river * Alytus. In other words, the name of the river became the name of the city without any change. This is particularly true of the name of the locality in the Lithuanian language: Dysna up. : Dysna k., Dūkštas ež. : Dūkštas mstl., Jiesia up. : Jiesid k., Jūodupė up. : Jūodupė k., Neva up. : Nova k., Obelija ei. : Obelija k., Raudonė up. : Raudéné mstl., Rūsnė up. : Rūsnė mst., Rimietisez. : Rimietis k., Sveiitezeris ež. : Šveritežeris mstl., yipine up. : Upyna mstl., Venta up. —Venta mstl., Vištytis ez. : Vištytis mstl. ir kt ; The opinion that the earlier ir gender of the river city name was ne Alytus, o Alytaus apskritis (10 : 181), meanwhile cannot be fully confirmed. The truth, stories * In this case, the source authors are ir listed in the following order: in parentheses, the first Arabic digit denotes the serial number of the author's source in the literature ar list, the Roman digit the volume number, the second — Arabic digit the page. — 176 in sources Alytus is written Olita, Oruma etc., ir so it is not impossible that *Alyta į Alytus cooked later (similar to city name Vilnius has changed į Vilnius). But on the other hand, it could have been (of course, in this case) on the ir contrary, it's just that the placenames su are pronounced in the ending -us Pietų Especially common in Lithuania are: The Cozy Hedgehog. Aukštdvarys, Krisušiai up. Alovė, Aukštdvariai, Butrimonys, Udrija, Niedūs ežeras. Kapčiamiestis, Skirziūs, ež. Leipalingis, Skrobliai up. "Merkinė, Švenčionys". 2000, The Holy Grail. Aukštdvarys, Onuškis, Teiris ež. Veisiejai, Vardziai up. 100 m up. Series ir etc. Antšlieptė (1). In One XVI a. inventory, of which a copy was made between 1580 ir 1620 m., mentioned area 3aanmoasenyn (57 : 1, 10). Ją K. Jablonskis (ibid., later 1), other ir authors (6 : I 601), "overturned" į Uzantalipen. The village is named after 1675 m. (6 : I 601; 4:1). * Name Composed iš The prefix anta-, characteristic of the Siaurryéiy dialects, ir 3aknies liept-. There are more such prepositional place ir names known, but most often they are prepositional antecedents iš of hydronyms: Anta-gavė k. Ignalinos r. : Gavys ež., Anta-lengtis k. Molėtų r. : Length of the river, m k. Rokiškio r. : Kriauna up., Anta-lamėstė k. Utenos r. : Lake Laméstas, Antū-liedė k. Švenčionys r. : Lake Liedis, Antū-zavė k. Zarasų r. — iš * Anta-zalvė : Lake Zalvė, Zalvies ežeras ir t.t. (9 : 243). There are iš fewer common Vedic words, but they do occur. One jų — The Lower r. Avon Valley. village name Anta-tiléias: prefix to the general ir word bridge. Apparently, the settlement Anta-tiléi were built on the bridge. A complete analogy su Anda-bridges would be Jan-July: early July. ir Ir in this case, the village, apparently, was built by the fireplace. This is absolutely plausible, because Antaliepyra tė near Šventoji, paupy, where he probably once was commanded. ir It's all right, that was before Antalieptė, according to grandparents, had another name — Lieptinė (6 : 1601). This is again quite plausible, because the reality of such a name is supported by other similar placenames, e.g. Liepliné beeva Degučių vls. Trinkuškių k.; pieva Alytus vls. Likiskiy k.; Liéptinis meeva Alytus vls. Kabelių k. Ariogala (1). One of the oldest settlements In Lithuania, known probably from 1253 m. — Get him. Sources primarily mini Ariogala land, in o Vytautas' time was Ariogala Duarte. 1781 m. town got Magdeburg rights (6: II 412—413; 55 : 43). It is a compound place name, su made by a connective o vowel ariš ir -All right. There are more names of such settlements: ir Baisdgala, Daukšidgala, Dievégala, Eiridgala, Gerdžidgala, Gimbėgala, Saudėgala, Tendžidgala, Vytégala. Jų second sand -gala kildinamas iš liet. end "end, area, edge." Interestingly, a similar interpretation is given already in 1873 m. 100 mg G. Volovičiaus "Revision of guns..." and other books of acts " Abécélinéje in the arrow": "Oiipazasa 6e38 8cAxa20 COMNENUS, npoucrodums OME cAedywwuT JMumoscxo—Jlamuiuickuzs ca0682: opacs, apa, ape, 3mo NANUMSE — enewnee, omrpumoe Mecmo (noasna, nose), Java, garbeapoxs; oms u 2a44C3, 26ACE — KONeYys, OKONENHOCMB, xpail, yzoas. Omcwoda bauncaiiuee snavenue HeaderAb Mmoxcems bump — Output: Oaunnidl Koneys, a 63 6oaee WUPOXOMS SHANENUU — XONEYs xaxoz20 Aubo umenus, woewil npuceaoxs Uu m. No. (93 : 71). So The original meaning of aridgala could have been someone's edge, end, 177 edge, etc. ar It is not clear whose, because the origin of the first sando raises various doubts. It is possible that it may be related to — the Lie group. su éras, because this connection is contradicted by phonetics (aror-; lat. : ars, see Attainment. ka éras). Be therefore, the source records are not — uniform in place oroccurs air-. Tissa, the Western tradition from the first writings of the diphthong, appears to be unfamiliar: Eregalle 1253 m., Ergalle 1257 m. (55 : 43), Erogel 1294 m. (28 : I “ 158),Erogel 1306 m. (also, Erogeiam 173), 1322 m. (also known as 186), Arogel) 1322 m. (also, Erogiln 287), 1336 ?m. (the same, 537), Eroglen (ten pat, Eragelen 600), 1367 m. (28 : II 89), Eragelen 1370 m. (ten pat, Eragelen 97), 1370 m. (in bed, Aragel 98), 1377 m. (the same, 167), Eroglen 1248 -m. (the same, 513), Eroglen 1352 m. (the same, 516), Eroglen 1355 m. (the same, 521), Eroglen 1364 m. (the same, 541), Eroglen 1364 m. (the same, 549), Eroglen 1366 m. (the same, 557), Eroglen 1367 m. (the same, 559), Eroglen 1370 m. (the same, 569), Eroglen 1372 m. (ibid., 571), Eroglenses m. (ibid., 579), 1375 Eroglen 1378 m. (ibid., 588), Erogeln 1395 m. (ibid., 676), Erogeln 1394 m. (ibid., 680), Erogeln 1384 m. (ibid., 685), Grogil, Erogel 1377 m. (28: III 106), Erogiln 1405 m. (ibid., 276), etc. However, eastern sources, also probably from the earliest writings, most often use the gender with a diphthong at the beginning of the word: Oiipaxane, Oiipaxase (although Opaxaae is written quite closely) 1466 (8: 75), Boaocms Otiiparxzona 1528 (87: 6), e Otipaxzoae 1572 (65: I 16), om mueyncmea oupaxzoacxozo 1572 (57: 208), eosocmu oupaxzoacxoti 1589 (ibid., 289), wlosczi eyragolskiej 1590 (ibid., 300), oupaxzoacxodr 1593 (ibid., 345), oupaxzoacxodr 1599 (ibid., 507), e Oiipazoascxoll eoaocmu, Oiipazoavcxuil deopeys, 38 Otipazxoav, Otipazoavcxull xocmeas, y Bopaxzoae, Oidpaxzoavexozo, Oilipaxzoavcxas, Olipaxzoan, muegns Elipaxzoavcxud, do Qiipaxzoawn, 38 Oiipaxzoarf, xy Olipaxzoavcxomy, Eiipaxzoavexas, wlosez Eyragolska (35: 208—210). As we can see, in documents written in Slavic languages, genders with the diphthong ai-(ei-) were used throughout the 16th century. A similar situation is found in the "Lietuvos metrika": Atipaxzoaa, Atipaxzoay 1580 m. (94: 209), Raygolg 1550 m. (ibid., 436), Aupsxzoaa, Aupaxzoay 17th century (ibid., 256), Aupaxzoav, Aupaxzoay 17th century (ibid., 371). Plg. dar: "ciwunowei... eiragolskiej” 1610 m. (70: 58), Diipazosa 1685 m., 1738 m., 1767 m., 1795 m. (21), Ejrogalas parakwijes 1848 m. (89: I 280). In Polish, only the gender Ejragola (13: II 498; 54: I 65) and in Russian Oiipazoaa (93: 71) were later adopted. It is difficult to say when the gender Aridgala was finally established in Lithuanian language — in 1848 M. Valančius, as we have seen, still writes Ejrogalas. The official 1925 list of settlement names already provides the gender Ariogalas mst. (33:86). Since then, it has been spreading globally. The name Aridgalla is written in historical sources with a double variation: e: air a: ai, e: ei at the beginning of the word. Regarding the fluctuations of e: a, one can agree with K. Būga (2: I 134) that the former gender was probably sw e. The early Western writing tradition, Polish Ejragola, tends to change the word's beginning e to a. The Cyrillic writing with oil reflects perhaps a later pronunciation, jeu with a at the beginning. Similar cases can be found in 'and:more, plg. Oiffmapmuuxu (35: 210) —probably from *Eitartik-; suffixes -derivative of the compound personal name * Fi-tartas. Or again: 178 Otizoadann greta Eifzoaedanu (95 : 260) — apparently, iš * Figaudonys ar pan. These would be suffixes -onys derivative of iš compound noun * Fi-gaudas. Current name of the village Eiridgala (Kaisiadorr. ys Žaslių ap.) 1567 m. recorded 2 Otipaxzoitaw (87 : 649). The relationship between the diphthong eiand the monophthong ais much su more e, difficult to explain. As we have seen, the Western be scriptures exceptions to the XIII middle a. uses sex only with earba a-, eastern o (write mostly Cyrillic) — almost be exceptionally only diphthong ai-, occasionally ei-: * Eriogala, Aridgala : * Eiriogala, Airidgala (the gender of the — living language see. 2 : III 333). Variant * Eiricgala coincides su with the one already mentioned Kaišiadorys r. village name, undoubtedly authentic — Feiriégala. Therefore, theoretically, the name Aridgala previous sex * Eiriogala is quite possible. And yet, which sexes — su er-, araor eir-, airare previous, su real? — K. Buga on categoricalto ly states: ” Aupaxzoaa is a creature of Old Lithuanian sex by a Russian writer iš Arjagala. The name of Arjugala was very difficult to pronounce for the Russians j po r; because of the e agreement made the pronunciation easier pen fe z i s, t.y. lyties arjaperdirbir.as į air’a”... (2 : I 134). According to this author, "That some Lithuanians today pronounce Aridgalas instead of Airidgala, this is the fault of our parish clergy (Jūpazona- ), which recently ir stopped speaking Polish” (2 : III 333). Such an interpretation would seem to be acceptable. It is worth noting that Germans have noticed that the diphthong of the Baltic languages et (and ai) respectfully respected, e.g. na Zeymen Now 1385 m. (28: II 693) — Abroad, Eykschissken 1384 m. (also, 698) — now Eišiškės, Weyze 1253 m. (also, 136) — now Veisiejai. This is particularly evident in the German iš writing of Prussian place names: Eister-flis up. < * Eistr-; Deyme up. — Demi, Neyden up. < * Neid-, plg. let. Reed hedgehog. ir Mr. (96 : 128—129). To believe that the German chroniclers information about Ariogala could have been derived iš from a Lithuanian dialect in which the diphthong ei-, ai turns into a monophthong. Ariogalā ei-, ai remains unchanged. Therefore, the gender of today's living language Aridgala can be considered authentic, only later changed by law iš * Eriogala. What is the root *er- (now or-), unclear. It is possible that it may have come from a ji person's surname, plg. iš current surname Arius in ir particular Aris. Dad Aridgala or * Eriogala would be " The end * of Arius, the edge of Erius." Interestingly, about Kaišiadorr. ys village name Eiridgala, there is a story that once lived a prince Eirys, o current The end of the jo field. In other words, Eiridgal would ir be of personal noun origin. Aridgalos ir Eiridgala sands ar- (er-) ir eirasmenovný origin confirmed by other similarly ir formed enriched place names su -gal-, e.g. Dauksiégala — iš Daukša, Daūkšas, Daukšijs; Gerdžidgala — iš Gerdzius; Vytégala — iš Vitas et ir al. (for details see Ramygala). Baisogala (1). Place known from 16th century, when Sigismund Augustas 1539 m. Baisogala parish assigned land (6 : II 432). Historical records, although slightly ir varied, but generally confirm the gender of the living language Baisdgala: Botfcaxzoaa 1561—65 m. (2 : 1 251), Boticaxzoatt, Betficazoan, FEoilcaxzoavcxozo, Boiicazoavcxas eorocmo», Boiicazoascxull xocmea (35 : 26), w Boisagole, w Beysagole 1572—1573 m. (57 179 205—206), Bojsagola 1618 m. (21) ir Mr. True, J. Sprogio is presented as Boascazoaa, umenue 1582 m. (35 : 27). Maybe it's the ta same Bnisdgala. But the use of living language in ir most of the historical documents does not suggest that the Baisdgala can be iš * It's a ar ballot." Writing Boa4:cazoaa, if it's really the name of the town itself, it's to probably a existencialism. Baisėgala — compound place name, su made by a connecting o vowel baisiš ir -All right. The second line is more — clearly marked. su Gull "end, edge" (for more see Ramygala). The first verse of baisebaisei makes sense that some other ta similarly composed placenames have more often a personal first verse: Dauksidgala . : Daukšė, Daūkšas, Daukšijs; Gerdžidgala : Gerdžius; Vylégala : Vytas ir and so on. ( for more details, see Ramygala). However, the root fearfulpersonnages, at least the current names, is unknown, so the root fearful can be derived from the adjective fearful. iš So the original meaning of Baisgala would be 'horror, place of horror, land, borders'. This assumption would be confirmed by the analogy of Ramygala —this place name in the beginning, apparently, meant "quiet end, quiet place" or something like that. There are more cases where the first syllable of compound place names with -gala comes from common words, e.g. Lieknagala: slim, Žąsūgala: goose ("goose's tail"), Zvejétgala: fish eating, etc. ; 3 (3rd ed.). The name was first mentioned quite late — only in the middle of the 15th century, but the area was probably inhabited for a long time. It is believed that the Bataki are located in the place of the former Aukaimis. The order was repeatedly attacked and destroyed, and in 1305 it was completely destroyed by the Aukaimes. It is believed that the present-- day village could have been established there. In 1528, Batakiai was already a village centre and a town (1: IV 5-71). / In the sources the gender of the name varies: Botoky (1526 map of Žemaitija), Betoki (1613 map of LDK), Pottagon (1669 map of Prussia by K.Lange), naan Bomoxs (1855 — plan of Batakiai town), Bomoxu (1865 plan of Batakiai) and others (1: IV 7—24). However, despite some fluctuations in spelling, the gender of the name Batakiai is most likely original, authentic, real. The origin of the name is clear — it is formed from the personal noun, current surname, Būtakis plural. The name of the village is very similar to the name of Lithuania. typical —cf. Butrimai k.: Butrimas last name, Algirdai k.: Algirdas personal name, Bagdėnai k.: Bagdonas last name. This explanation of the origin is supported by the fact that there was probably an owner of the area (perhaps also of the manor) named Botockis. That name Butch would be a glorified sex liet. iš Batakis or similar. (1: IV). | Čėkiškė The name of Čekiškė was first mentioned relatively (1). late — 1600 m. However, the settlement probably existed much earlier. Based on 1687 m. In the inventory record of Vilkijos municipality, in which an 6 empty village of the Vlachs is called Piktakiemi or Čekiške, researchers assume that Čekiškė arose on the site of the former Piktakiemi village. The village is named in Czech as it 1542 m. began to be called here former manor (former name was Čekamampiai etc.) jo ar I got it. That manor settled į southeast from Pike. 180 takiemiuuž m, stream (1 : IV 29). It is interesting that There is still another village in Lithuania Piktakiemis — Kaišiadorių r. Kietaviškių ap. There are many place names with the root éekin Lithuania: Čėkiškės k. Vilnius r., Čėkiškis k. Pasvalio r., Čekai k. Akmenės r., Čekdičiai k. Kelmės r., Cekéliai k. Trakai r., Cekénys !.. Anykščių r., Cėkiškė meadow "Debeikių apylinkė, Čekiškės miškas Eišiškių apylinkėje". ir kt All of them are probably derived from the iš personal names Ček, Čekis, Čekija, Cekditis, Cekélis, Čekėnis. Ir the name of the town Čėkiškė is also probably of personal name origin —from Čėkas, Čėkis or Check. The name šį of the ethnic group is iš not accurate. In other words, the linguistic analysis of the place name Čėkiškė does not show that the .Čěkiškė would have received its name from the supposeją dly founding Czechs. Another thing, there are iš ko personal names Čėkas, Cekys, Čekčitis etc. ir It may be suspected that in one other case, personal names with the root čekmay have come from the ethnonym čěkas. iš There are more iš surnames derived from non-Baltic ir ethnonyms in Lithuania, for example: lėnkas ir Lėnkas, Tatar ir Totorius, vékietis, germany ir German, Germany ir etc. It is emphasized that the names of places of su residence, suffix -is composed of personal iš noun (surnames- ), in Lithuania there are hundreds: Antūniškė k. Ignalinos r. : Antanas, Arvidiškė k. Mažeikių r. : Arvydas, Beinoriské k. in Šiauliai r. : Beinoris, Buivydiškė k. Šilalės r. : Buivydas, Daūbariškė k. Ignalinos r. : Daūbars, ir etc. Darsūniškis (1). Šis Kaišiadorr. ys town is — one of the oldest settlements In Lithuania, commemorated from End of a. XIV (6 : I 487). The records of historical sources differ from the present ones: Dirsunen 1372 m. (28 : II 572), Dirsungen 1375 m. (ten pat, Dirsungen 574), 1375 m. (ten pat, Dyrsungen 576). 1377 m. (the same, 589), Dirsunen 1381 m. (the same, 600), Dirsingen 1379 m. (ibid., Dirsūne 601), 1384 m. (also, Dirsune 688), 1374 m. (28 : III 95), Dirsunenhusen, Dirsunenhus 1381 m. (also, 115). | Thai The tradition of the Order of the Cross. Different are the inscriptions in Slavic languages (in another ba language, the name of the town is written in Slavic languages): į in Dorsunyski 1473 m. (67 : 326), xs Zlopcynuwxams, do Zlopcynwux 1542 m. or ; 23), dopcynuuicxozo 1582 m. (ten pat, dopcynwcxozo 225), ten pat, 227), 1582 m. Jopcynuwcxuu, Mecmeuxo Jopcynuwacxoe, Borocm Zlopcynuwascxax 1586 m. (ten pat, dopcynuwcxoe, 275—276), dopscynumscxoe, dopcynuwiscxoe 1586 m. (ibid., Zlopcymuwmixu 277-278) m., m., 1582 Hopcynuwicxas 1791 depacasa 1585 m., 1775 m., 1738 m., Žlopcynuwmcxoe cmapocmeo 1786 m. ( 98 : 253), Darsuniscensis 1794 m., Dorsuniszki m. Hopcywuwxu 1760 1873 m., 1874 m. (21) et al. There are two distinct differences: a) Western scripts use the gender without the suffix -išk-, and Eastern scripts with this suffix; b) western scripts usually * dirsūn-, and eastern — * darsūn-. How did these differences arise? The writing with the suffix -iški and without it, apparently, reflects the evolution of this placename. In the chronicles of the Crusader Order, the name of a man, a baron from Vilnius, appears first, not of a town: Dirzsune in 1365 (28: II 551), Dirsumen in 1366 (ibid., 557), filius Dirsunen in 1371 (ibid., 570). And only in 1372 appears "terram Dirsunen" —"Dirsūno land" (ibid., 572): this is undoubtedly the present Darsūniškis. The origin of the place name 181 * The name of ar the person is not mentioned. So, it seems, there really was a man's name * Dirson. Jo the name of a place which is later referred to as: ir "terram Dirsunen’ ir in particular Dirsunenhusen, Dirsunenhus < * Dirsunen House (Voice. House, gut. House "house, house, palace") — "Dirsūna dārzs, mājas". So, a personal name * Dirsūnas became the name of the place * Dirsūnai ar pan. The adverbs -izKrucydzi Order chronicles gender did not receive perhaps because at the time, as we have seen, still owner ir * Dirsūnas was alive, so the possessive or local suffix did not get stuck to the name of the place. Ji appears a little later, after the situation has settled: Dorsuniski 1473 m. But the su suffix -turns out to be ir another root: instead of — dirsdars-. Šį the relationship is very difficult to explain in any way, because the lawful dirsvirti could not. So the ir question arises, which of these roots is the original, the true, and which is the later, altered one. It is impossible to answer exactly. Only a couple of arguments can be given for the root argument. Firstly, the chronicles of the Crusader Order written at the time of the creation of the place name perhaps more accurately reflect the pronunciation of that time, even though both the baron's name and the place name derived from it have that. the very root dirs-. Secondly, the data of the current Lithuanian nomenclature more confirm the root dirs-. As mentioned, the placename * Dirsūnai is clearly personal: current surnames are known only with the root dirs-: Dirsė, Dirsa, Dirsditis. The following are some of the most commonly used names (or adjectives) with the root dirsy: Dirsūpievis pv. Utena; Dirsbalė pv., bala Pakruojis; Ms. Ms. Kamajai; Dirsė field Seredžius; Dirsinė bala Liudvinavas and others. There are also names of residential places with dirs-: Dirsiai k. Šakių r.; Dirsiai Vainatrakio k. dalis Pakuonio vls. ; Dirstai k. Pašvitinio vls. ; Dirsiai k.. buv. In the morning, the crew arrives. The origin of the name is unknown. / Dievéniskes (1). It is assumed that in the present Dieveniškės or near them in the early 14th century was the manor of the famous Lithuanian feudal lord Gedgaudas. Perhaps the settlement of Dieveniškiai was first mentioned in 1385 under the name "Mingailos kaimo". It is believed that Mykolas Mingaila, son of Gedgaudas, came from Dieveniškiai (1: VI 5). In 1561–1565 "acts Dieveniškės is called the royal village. The town was first mentioned in 1582 (6-7). In historical sources the name is written quite similarly: Dzevyenyszky in 1471, Dziewienifiki in 1613 (LDK map), Jseeenuwxu in 1864—1865, 1873, 1874, etc. (21). Therefore, the sex of Dieveniškės, which is now used by the local population and officially legalized, can be considered completely authentic. The name is probably of personal noun origin — adverbs —iškės derivative from the personal name (surname) * Dievenis. It is not a common name, but it is quite commonly used. It is worth noting that the name Dzievėnis was recorded from the Šalčininkai area in the 1930s. This is undoubtedly a dialectal gender (dzūkybė) from *Dievenis. Therefore, the existence of the corresponding personal name is unquestionable. In addition to tg, there are more surnames and placenames with the root diev-: surnames —Dievditis, Diévinas, Dievūlis; place names —Dievaičiai k. Šakių r., Dievéniai k. Kelmės r., Dievéniskés k. Vilniaus r. Names of places of residence, with suffix -iškės derived from personal names:;, 182 especially popular in Lithuania: Abromiškės k. : Abromas, Adomiškės 3 villages : Adamas, Aleksandriškės 4 villages : Aleksandrs, Antūniškės 5 villages : Antanas, Bagdoniškės villages 5 : Bagdonas, Būivydiškės k. : The villages of Būivydas, 2 Daūbariškės : Daūbaras, Jokūbiškės 3 villages : Jacob, ir etc. | Garliava (4). The village began to develop Early XIX a. manor J. Godlevski land near the newly built highway. For some time called Godlevu (5: 1): Godlewo in 1918, Iod4ee0 in 1902 (21). But quite early begins to appear the option ir Garliava : Todaeeo— Whoa, dep. — Gorliava nova 1901 m. (102 : 186), Godlewo (Garleva) 1912 m. (21), Garleva 1904 m. (32 : II 27). "Lithuanian inhabited places" by gender Garliava 1925 m. (33 : 65), ji subsequently became universally established. Previous Gender of Garliava Godlevo has similar verbs as Polish Godlewo A dozen — village names in ir different parts of Poland (61 : 299). It is the name of a Polish village. — left. godlo "heraldry, emblem", lenk. last name Godio, Godla. Gender Godlevo (Lithuanian pronunci- * ation, apparently, Godleva) turned Garliava For phonetic reasons, the latter gender is — simply easier to pronounce in Lithuanian. Gelgaudiškis (1). At the end of the present XV a. Gelgaudiškis place Skirsnemunės Manor, until The end of a. the 16th century is called Gedigaudiškis. Name Gelgaudiškis first mentioned bene 1599 m. (60 : 618). ' These are suffixes - clear derivative of a iš compound noun. But it is not clear iš what kind, i.e. unknown in what way Gedigaudiškis became Gelgaudiškis. There are two possible interpretations. First — previous sex Gedigaudiškis, written in Slavic, apparently, * Gedigoldiški etc., was ar simply processed į Gelgaudiškis : * Gedigold > *Gedgoldski now. > Polish Gielgudyszki — liet. Gelgaudiškis. This development may have been contribuir ta ted by the fact that about 18th a. century, po Oziemblovskii, ruled Gelgaudiškis Gelgudas (60 : 619). The surname Gelgudas is probably a given gender iš * - You're a fool. This suggests that the name Gelgaudas may have been known in these regions earlier. ir Plg., 1595 m. inventory, written probably in Milžavėnai manor in Viduklės vls., message: fluoaou Kzeaxzydoeou (57 : 386) — "Janovoi Gelgudovoi". O Slavic genders The skeleton was found by a local su sculptor. Yet, despite certain arguments possible už The transformation of Gedigaudiski į The doubt remains. The most important thing is that In Lithuania there are ir more names of places of residence derived from a personal iš name Shame and ar so on. : Sēdgaudiškė k. Tauragės r. Skaudvilės ap., Gedgaudiškė k. Raseinių r. Pagojukų ap., Gedgaiūdžiai k. Kretingos r. Room size approx. As we can see, they remained as they were, their stem gedgaud did not change to gelgaud-. You could guess, Gedigaudiškis ar ir There are no different du names for the first person of the name. iš — iš Gedigud, the second — iš Gelgaudas ar It's a joke. Compound personal name Gedigaudas (with a connective vowel has i) not survived in modern language. But known over a hundred families in the surname Shame (34 : I 639). History documenty data shows that asmenvardas Gedigold was certainly: Giedigold m., Gedigoldi m., 1434 Gedigoldowicz m., Kzedux1433 1434 183 204»d008uws3 1450 m. (2 : I 226). Thus, the iš personal name Gedigaudas may have originated as a place name * Gedig. Later, as the settlement went hand in iš hand į (60 : 617—622), especially when this location su somehow connects Gelgudai (Gelgaudai), a new placename Gelgaudiškis is formed from the same suffix — - clear lead iš Gelgaudas, Gelgaudas. The reason for this is not clear, as there are no older — records. O later are quite the same. For example, 1665 m. Inventory of the manor: Gielgudiskiey, w... Gielgudyshkach (57 : 234), do Gielgudyszek (also, 235), w Gielgudyshkach (also, 240); 1666 m. Inventory of the ro Gelgaudiškio church: Gielgudyskiey (also, 253), w Gielgudyshkach (also, 255); 1668 m. Inventory of Gelgaudiškio Manor: Gielgudyski (also, 269), w Gielgudyshkach (ibid., leazyduwxu 271); m., m., m., 1666 1699 m. (98: 1667 189) etc. 1682 Jiéznas (2). 1492 m. mentioned Jiezno manor ir village, 1581 m. — campus (4: II). | The previous entries are quite similar: Esdwa 221516 m. (99 : 374), 3 Esna 1567 m. (87: 470), Esno 1748 m., Esnencxas eosocms 1873 m., Esno 1874 (21). | The village is located on the northern shore of Lake Jiezno, near the stream Jieznelés. In addition, there were also meadows called Jiéznis or Jiézné. Thus, the names of four objects are known: the noble name of the lake Jiézno jezero, the name of the stream Jiezněle, the name of the river, meadows Jiěznis or Jičzně and the name of the town Jiézna. It is true that there are more local names with jieznaround, but they are all secondary — derived from the name of a river, lake or city. Therefore, it would be necessary to clarify the relationship between the four mentioned names. Since hydronyms are usually older than names of places of residence, it is possible to assume that the name of the town Jiėzna originated from the name of a river or lake, but not vice versa. The noble name of the lake Jidzno lake is the first component of Jiézno and mies-. the name of the calf Jiéznas (more precisely — their noun verbs) are the same. Therefore, the name of the town will probably come from the name of the lake, but not from the current name of its gender, but from the previous name * Jieznas. In other words, from the unchanged name of the lake * Jieznas came the name of the settlement Jiėznas. This is the usual way of making oikonimų in Lithuanian language. Later, as the settlement grew, the name of the lake became noble — Lake Jiézno. The name of the river Jiezněle and the name of the raisto, the name of the pond Jiéznis, Jiézné will have been formed somewhat later, but also, apparently, from the name of the lake * Jieznas. The fact that the hydronym * Jieznas is earlier than the oikonym Jiéznas is shown by the etymology of the name. In the opinion of K. Buga, the name Jiéznas is jothvingic (2: III 610). The root of the word is *iez-< *iez-prefixed z, which corresponds to Lit. ž: *iez-. The river is named after the town of IéZesta (Joniškėlis). Therefore, the root of the name Jieznas is more hydronymous (49: 135). Therefore, the origin of the town name Jiéznas from the name of the lake * Jieznas is quite possible. j Kaišiadorys (3). The town »founded in the second half of the 19th century, when in 1862 the construction of the Vilnius-Kaunas railway was started. Temporary houses for workers were built near the Riomeri manor at the village of Juodkoniai. The railway station grew in the fields of the village of Niodkoniai. The Russians called the village Eitkonimis and so on. This name was confused with Eitkūnų geležinkelio: stations 184 Mecmeu'uxa Kpoxunoscxozo 1585 m., mecmeuxy 8 Kporunoecxoms 1585 m. (21), Krokinow 1613 m. (LDK map), Krakinava 1854 m. Kpaxunoeo 1892 m., Kpaxunoes 1895 m., Kpaxunoso 1915 m. (21). There seems to ir have been a minority su gender bias. -él-: nomo a Kpoxunoseavcxoms 1585 m. e noan Kpoxunoeeaazs 1586 m. (also): *cracker-, *crokinav - Yeah. - ar Yeah. Which of the following options = su *cracking-* ar *krokinis — older, primary, historical document data does not give a clearer answer, because, as we have seen, the spelling of the town name varies greatly. However, there would be some ground to believe that the primary sex was su *krak-, o gender of historical documents su *kroky is a regular expression of the short vowel of the eye language in a Slavic languages (Russian, Polish) vowel 0. He didn't apologize. su a (mostly of iš later times) this — is, apparently, a graphic reflection of Lithuanian' pronunciation. The documenty records of history leave no doubt that the older sex was crekenbut ne *cracking-* Thus, it can be said that the original gender of the town name was * Cracking. As we have seen, the ja scriptures used even XX a. at the beginning of the treatment. However, there is no doubt that XX a. at the beginning the locals already knew the sex Krekenava; - 6s like — this ją 1904 m. mini Vaižgantas (32 : XI 12). "Lietuvos apgyveiitos vietos" 1925 m. also provides sex krekenava (33 : 157). So how to interpret the original version * Cracking. Undoubtedly, the trunk is *crackino g-, -avd — priessaga. Most likely it is a suffix of Slavic origin, su There are many names of residential areas in Lithuania. The most jy — common suffixes -ava (or -avas) Vedic personal iš names: Adomava : Adomašs, Avitanava : Antūnas, Algirdava : Algirdas, Mantvydava : Mašsitvydair t.t. Therefore, it is quite possible ir that the name of the town * Krainava may be a suffix '-ava' of a su personal name iš * Krainis ar pan. — plg. current Lithuanian surnames Krake, Krakis, Krakijs, kildinamas iš liet. Crack "Black-headed, red-headed; karosas" (34 : I 1063). Previous gender of the village name * Krakinava changed į the current * Krekenavd probably due to the formerly very popular general word krėkenas, krėkenys, krėkenos analogy of "only milk from a calving ar calving cow". Krūonis (1). It is believed; when In the LDK times Kruonis was already a manor, where the king Kazimieras 1472 m. built a chapel. Location marked 1613 m. Lietuvos It was — widely known at the time. ji The town grew XIX a. (3% II; 4 : II). f Historian M. Balinskis Kruoni was considered a particularly old settlement, but, in my jo opinion, in the old sources mentioned another The name of Nemunas Chronus being the same Crown of (6: I 484). | Iš Truth, Identify Sources There is su no foundation in the name of the town of Chronus. If between jy ir if there is any connection, it would only be indirect. As is known; town located by the river, named Crown. There is no nė doubt that the town is named after the river. So, first there was a river, a o town, of course; found later. | As for the Kryon's Identification su Chronus, there's a lot of uncertainty here. One, Kruonė too small a river to be confused by ancient authors jį su No one. Be to, ešama‘smoking; showing that Chronus could have ir been another 191. river. For example, in the chronicle of the Crusader Order "De Borussiae antiquitatibus” states: "It is Chronus fluvius, who today Pergulus dicitur" (28 : IV 287) — "Below is the river Chronus, who now Is it called a prigium? (After — this East Prussia River, confluent į Baltic). Thus, identify Chronus su In Kryon, meanwhile, there is no better foundation. Names of places of residence are very iš characteristic of the water-named Lithuanian language. In this particular case, we see a certain discrepancy — the name of the river Krūonė is feminine, and the name of the town Kruonis is masculine. "However, this should not be a reason to doubt the water name origin of the town name, because there are more cases when the name of the place of residence differs from the corresponding water name, among other things, in its form: Aleja up. : Alėjai k. Raseinių r., Jūodupė up. : A little bit. Vilkaviškio r., Vūsankas ež. : Vasaknos k. Zarasų r. and others Lazdijai (2). In 1532, Lazdijai was already a lord's manor and a seniority (6: III 476). The town was founded by Sigismund August in 1560, and Sigismund Vasa granted Magdeburg rights in 1597 (3: III). The origin of the name is unclear, but it is probably derived from the name of a river that flows through Lazdijai. The name of the river has been subject to controversy. The official, authentic, familiar and lively name of the river is Raiš-upis (it flows into Lake Rimietis). It is not clear whether the name of the city was derived from it. But here it is possible, albeit with doubts, such a story. The name of the river Raiš-upis may be from the former gender * Reiš-upis, because in this dialect the reid due to the consonant r hardening turns into rai (e.g., reikia —in raikia). The root *reismay also be a later, somewhat transliterated, form of *reis-. This root *reis would be the basis for considering it jotvingic and associating it with the Prussian word * reisis or *raisas "nut" (17: I 261). *reisis or * reisas has not survived, but it is found in the compound noun buccareisis (* buka-reisis) "bucknut, beech nut" (18: II 262). As is known, in southern Lithuania there are more Jotvingian place names, the key of origin of which lies in the Prussian language: Gdiliekas ež. "Series - Pg. Mr. Gaylis "white"; Cherry up. Kalvarija - plg. Mr. cherry "black"; Linde up. Lazdijai - plg. pr. lindan "valley, slope"; Stabingis ež. Seine-et-- Marne. pr. statue "stone" and others. Therefore, there is a fairly solid basis for interpreting the expression of the root in this way. In the beginning, the name of the river could have been a compound —* Reis River, * Reis River, etc. Over time, as it often happens, the compound name grew into one word: *Reisupis, later changed to *Raisupis, which, somewhat litified, acquired the current name Raišupis. E.g. *reisis or *reisas has the same root as lit. rteš-utas, which is prolytės iš *reish-out. O nuts, as we know, grow on hazelnuts. So we come ir to the conclusion, i.e. we can tie the root *travel- (*rais-, raiš-) su city name Lazdijai šeknimį lazd;. The most important thing here is that the name of the river Raish-up has options Lazda ir Lazdija. These variants are known only from writings, but iš their authenticity is confirmed by the city name Lazdijai. So, some kind of a jovial word da *reisis ar * flight Lithuanian was translated — so close *Reisupis appeared Lazda bei Lazdija. O iš varianto Lazdija daugisk: itas kilo miesto ir 192 pavadinimas Lazdijai. The plural of rivers and lakes in Lithuanian is used quite iš often for names of residential places: Anykštė up. : Anykščiai mst., Salantas up. : Salantai mst., Veisieji ežeras : Veisiejai mstl. ir t.t. If this is true, then we have iš one of the most ir interesting and unique cases of interference of the Jotvingian Lithuanian ir languages, more precisely, the — evaluative Lithuanian of the Jotvingian language. — iš į Such translation is only possible in a bilingual situation. Thus, the assimilation of the Jotvingis will have taken place peacefully, calmly, with intensive communication, often teaching both — Lithuanian ir Jotvingis — languages. Otherwise, semantic translation would be impossible. Lentvaris (1). 1596 m. Lentvario (Lentvariškių) manor is mentioned. The settlement began to grow 1861—1862 m. after the construction of the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway (4 : II). The current name of Lefitvaris appears to be a later, evolved longer, iš consonant gender. Initially, the name was probably a derivative of the prefix -plg. Jlumoeapuwxu, Litowaryszki 1639 m. (110 : 268—269), od farm Lentworyszek 1758 m. (21). Vilnius Place Names Researcher J. Jurkštas emphasizes that In XVII-XVIII a. documents the gender suffix prevails su -out-: Jlenmeapuwuxu, Janmeapuwxu, Jlumosapuiuixu, Jumasopuwxu, Litwaryszki, Littowaryszki, Littaworyszki (107 : 30), Laniwaryszki 1744 m. (111 : 86). On the other hand, it is ir clear that XVIII already a. occurred the other sex — su Slavic suffix - this: Lantworowo 1784 m. (108). Later, ši the sex takes effect: JJandeopoeo 1874 m., Jlanudeopoeo 1895 m., Jlandeoposo 1905 m., Lentvarova 1908 m. (21). The official gender of the Polish language was Landwardw. So for some time name variants su - outir su -ov-, apparently, competed. There is no doubt that the present gender of the Lithuanian language Late-release is a late-release release. iš Mr. ar Landwaréw. When it is found that the previous genders of the name were su suffixes -isk-, we have to find out which stem is the most likely, because, as we have seen, ir *lentvor-, ir *litovar-. It seems that the older is su *litovarar pan. (107 : 30). This will be a personal noun, tų related to su The anthroponym of the Chrebtavičiai family, known XV from a.: eradhtxa ayyxuil Huxugop... nodcxapbuil naw Heawxo Jlumasop Bozdanoeus Xpe6moausa 1487 m.; namecmnuxs Ymenacxiii, nans Jlumaeops Xpe6smoeuss 1487 m.; other notations: Jumaeop, Jumasops, aumaeops, Jlumaeopy, Jlumaeapoes all — iš XV a. end of (109 : I 549), Jumoeaps 1507 m. (99 : 555), name Jumasopose 1507 m. (99 : 565), nano Jlumaeopoearw about 1514 m. (99 : 843), nano JTumasoposyw 1516 m. (99 : 868), nany Jlumaeopy 1516 m. (99 : 869), nana Jumasaposee, naws JIumaeops 1516 m. (99 : 820), nans Jumasops about 1516 m. (99 : 874). So it was in the name of man *Litovaras ar pan. As we see, the placename * Lithographerir 's name * The trunk of the lithophagus is exactly the same: *litovar-. Therefore, it is safe to say that the placename * Litovariškės are suffixes -is the iš derivative of a personal name * Litovar. Gender Jlenmeapuwxu, Jlaumeapuwmixu ir pan. are most likely contaminative iš Mr. ar Landward. ir * Litva. Linkuva (3%). Early XVI a. Linkuva — already a manor, 1584 m. — town (4 : II). The name is first mentioned bene 1371 m. Wartberge- 's "Livonian Chronicle" 193 — Linkowe (28 : 99). Si chronicle about Linkuva writes a couple more times: Linkowe 1372 m. (this pat, Linkowe 101), 1377 m. (the same, Later 115). found genders of the town name are similar: xy JJunxoey, deopa Jluūnxoscxoz2o 1565 m. (57 : 160), Mods Jlunxososms 1594 m. (also, Jfunxoecxiti 361), goaveapxs XVI a. (35 : 169), Linkawa, Linkawos 1848 m. (8¢ : I 119), Liūkava 1904 m. (32 : XI 13). Sie entries (especially The first name of the village was a little different than the name of the village. , Ji known ne only by iš writings, but is preserved to this day in the living language. When to have sex Linkuva has taken over, it's still hard to say. As we have seen, 1904 m. Vaižgantas still wrote It's a limp. The pre-war official list of place names "Lithuanian inhabited places" already provides gender Linkuva (33 : 306). Since to then, it has become universally accepted in common language. Be town name Linkuva is also known as the village name Linkuva (Kauno r. Užliedžių ap.). His previous gender was also Linkuva —"Lietuvos apgyventos vietos" also wrote: Linkavos dv., Linkavos k. (ibid., 71). In addition, Trakai aps. Kruonio vls. before the war there was a small village Linkuva. A part of the village of Smalkiškiai in Biržai district has the name Linkavai (or Linkavai). The stem linkav occurs in hydronyms: Linkava up. Krekenava, Nevėžio kair. int. ; Linkava up. Raseiniai, Lenkelių k. Place name Linkava (and similar) is with suffix -ava formed from lit. linkis, liūkis "dauba, slėnis; slight interference of the water area with the land, bay; lankstas, vingis", linkit ar pan. "Ludvinavas (2)". In the forest of Punia hunters used to stop and overnight in a place called Trobos. Later, a village was established here, which was made a town by the nobleman Ludwig Konstantin Patz (died in 1730). The Magdeburg rights were granted in 719 (60: 564–565). Researchers agree that the town was named after the great Ludwig Patz (60: 564; 6: III 202). This would be a derivative of the Slavic prefix -avas from the personal name Luūdvikas (like Aleksandravas, Endriejūvas, Jakūbūvas, etc.). However, it is unclear why we have the gender Luudvinavas and not *Ludvikavas. In fact, B. Kviklys believes that the original variant of the name was *Ludvikavas, from which later developed Luudvinavas. But this is a rather difficult to substantiate statement, because, for example, the name of the village of Telšiai district, Liudvikūvas, was such and remained such to this day. Or again: E. Walter and other sources mention Marijampolė pavieto Balbieriškio vis. the village name Jliodeuxoeo in 1901 and together the town name Jlodeumoas (21). The names of these two places are not identical. Therefore, to believe that * Liudvikavas somehow became Luudvinawi, there is no clearer basis. Besides, according to our records, the entries su k (* "Ludwigsbar urg" (in German). unknown. It remains to be assumed that, when creating the name of the town, Ludwik — Pacas acted in his own way, simply composed such a name as he wanted, as he liked, i.e. model name plus suffix -ave taken advantage of "creatively." O, e.g., 1744 m. The list of parishes of Alvito deanery includes: Ludwinow (111 : 185). Maišiagala (1). Very old settlement, mentioned XIII a. Since the area has been important in many ways since ancient times, its name is mentioned quite often in historical sources, e.g. : Mitczegale 1254 m. (28 : II 137), Nitczegale 1254 m. (the beginning n of the word here is in place m — see. 106 : 36), Meyszegale 1364 m. (28: III 595), Meisegale 1365 m. (also, II 86), Masgallen 1366 194 m. (also, Maisegal 553), 1385 m. (ten pat, Meysegaln 693), 1385 m. (in bed, Meysegallen 694), 1385 m. (also), Meisegal 1385 m. (the same, 696), off Maysegayl 1385 m. (the same, 694), Meisegaln 1385 m. (ten pat, Meyschegallen 695), 1387 m. (the same, Meisegalle 633), 1390 m. (ten pat, Misegallen 639), 1390 m. (also, Maysigal 642), 1390 m. (ibid., III 162), Meisschengallen 1390 m. (also, II 641) y Moitiuorxzone 1442 m. (8 : 120), Y Moitwoxzoae 1442 m. (also, 121), y Moitiuroxzore XV a. (also, 186), es Moinuaxzouzre 1486 m. (also, 240), es Moituoxzoae 1487—1489 m. (also, 266), es Moiwoxzoae 1490 m. (also, 314), Y Moitwaxzoacxoil @oaocmu 1475 m. (also, 57), y Moihwoxzore 1442 m. (also, 120), cs xopsuoms Moiiuoxzosscxuzs XV a. (also, 184), 38 Kopuoms Moltwoxzoacxurs 1487—1489 m. (also, 251), do Moinuoxzoan about 1514 m. (99 : 183), 3 Moitwaxzoan about XVI a. century (62 : 674), do Moinuaxzoam 1564 m. (also, 762), do Motuaxzoan 1564 m. (also, 766), 3 Moiiwaxzoas about 1564 m. (this pat, dambrowy 783), moyszagolskie moyszagolskich 1554 m. (57 : 80), od lands 1554 m. (also, 63) ir t.t. Gender finally established in the Polish language Mayszagola, rus. Meinuazoaa. Records of history documents, although somewhat ir varying, but generally the current official gender Mdiagonal reflects fairly accurately (especially Chronicles of the Order Maisegale, Maisegal ir pan. ). Therefore, for the official name of these days There is no doubt about it. No matter that the living jį language ir knows in our time (approx. "Gelvonus" (in ir Lithuanian). Name Mdisiagala is a compound, connective su vowel-made root mixa iš ir -gal-: plg. but Eiriūgala, Lieknagala, Néciagala, Tarnagala, Zvanagala (for similar place names due to sando ir -for more information see Ramygala). The origin of the first sando is unclear. It is possible to suspect a jį personal name origin. True, first name (current surname) * Bags and ar so on. unknown. However, Eastern In Lithuania (Sixth ed.). in our time recorded name Maišėlis (34 : II 134). It can be minor suffixes -el lead iš * Bags and ar so on. The original meaning of the surname Mdisiagala in this case would be "*End of bag, edge" ar etc. There are many analogies: Daukšidgala — "Daukšio galas", Nėciagala — "Nėcio ar Nėciaus galas”, Stavarygala — "Stavaro galas" ir etc. Marijampolė (1). It is a relatively new city. It is believed that by In the a. XVIth century, the forests in the place į of the present city, which the colonists moved only XVI a. Colonization may have been accelerated by the Russian invasion į Lietuvą 1655 m. The Russians were seeking refuge in the forests of Sūduva. Those refugees at the river Šešupe established Pašešupio (ar Pašešupių) village, first mentioned 1667 m. "Kaunas pavieto mokesčių sąraše". 1717 m. netokaili mo settled Kvietiškio manor, at; which soon began to grow into a town. Pašešupys belonged to Kvietiškis manor, whose owner was the initiator ir of the town's establishment. Municipality of Marijampolė J. Basanavičius Square is almost in the place where it was The village of Pašešupis, belonged to The Old Man. The name of the village is not known, ir but it was named after the old town. This name was first mentioned 1736 m. From to time to time The name of the iš document disappears. After the creation of Starapol', another town began to grow nearby. 1750 m. Prienai mayor Countess Butleriene arranged iš the Marian monaste195 ry priest in ir Starapole between Šešupe ir He built a monastery and a church on the Jevonie river. There began to form the monks marions, whose name Marijampolė (First mentioned in 1300). 1756 1792 m. Stanislovas August gave Mariampole was granted city rights ir and allowed to have a heraldic seal. su So slowly it begins to take hold The city of Marijampolė, completely displaced The name of Stara Polana. So Marijampolė has two settlements — Starapolės ir Marijampolė — compound (6 : III 149—151; 3 : II). Iš the story of ir the city's growth becomes clearer ir jo the origin of the — name is more artificial, book name, composed of the iš name of the monks' order marijērai ir -Pole. * Marijampolė is difficult to pronounce in Lithuanian, so it became į Maricopa. Names of places of residence whose second digit is -pole, or -polis, several dozen are known in Lithuania. Jų heterogeneous origin. But there is no doubt that the second sand jų of the part -pole, -polis may be derived from the Greek noun polis iš "city, castle". These are place names, artificially created by manors, palivarki or other owners, imitating antiquity. In Europe, it has long been fashionable to create placenames using ancient examples. The name of the city, Marijumpole, is perhaps an echo of this tradition — it would mean "marion polis", i.e. "marion city". The second sand -polė associated with the Greek polis ending -ė does not hinder, because there is no clearer connection between the place names with -polė, -polis endings -ė, -is and the origin of these sands. For example, the second syllable -polis of the placenames Bagnapolis, Koncepėlis, Krasnopolis, Pūstūpolis is probably derived not from the Greek polis "city", but from the Slavic languages — Polish. pole, rus., brus. noae "field". The semantics of such place names shows that this is exactly the case — their first syllables bagn-, konc-, krasn-, pūstyra come from common words — Lithuanian Slavisms, e.g. bagna "dirt", pusias "empty", or simply from corresponding Slavic words (Polish bagno, Russian, brus. bazna; Polish koniec, Russian xončų; brus. rkpacnbt, Russian xpacnbtiū; brus. shungu, Russian nycmotl). Thus, say, Bagnapolis is "a sticky, wet field", Pustapolis is "an empty field" or the like. In general, it can be said that in those cases where the first part of a place name with -poła, -polis can be considered to have originated from a common word, almost without exception the second part -poła, -polis are to be considered Slavisms (Polish pole, brus., Russian noze). Conversely, when the first syllable of such place names is from a real word (usually a personal noun), their second syllable -polė, -polis can usually be associated with the Greek polis. In this case, there is no clearer connection between the endings -ė, -is and the origin. For example, Andpolé and Andpolis: their ending is different, but the first syllable is probably derived from the personal name Anna. Or again: Jandpolé and Janapolis —from Jonas. Knowing this, it seems more plausible to derive the second part of the name of Marijampole from the Greek polis: "Marion's city". However, there is one "but". As mentioned, the name of the village Pašešupis was voluntarily changed to Starapolė (on the whim of the Prienai mayor). The name of the village is Slavicized in the two forms: "staroje pole" — "old field". Thus, when the name Starapolé was changed to Marijampolė, the second syllable of the older name -polė could be mechanically transplanted into the new name Marijampolė. Although it is still more likely that the marions themselves or their patrons deliberately new, name 196 rather treated as "The City of Marions" o ne "Marion Field". Merkinė (2). One of the oldest settlements in Lithuania. First mentioned in the year when the 1377 Crusaders sacked Merkinė castle (6 : I 430). We find the brand 1551 m. List of cities in Lithuania. Sigismund August of Bohemia 1556 m. It was granted Magdeburg rights. From XVI a. minimas Merkinės manor village ir (3 : II). Old mentions of the name in historical documents are quite similar: Marken 1377 m. (28 : II 584), Markenpil 1377 m. (also, this inscription 587; clearly shows that at the a. end of XIV In Merkinė there was already a castle), Merken 1393 m. (ten pat, Merkin 653), 1384 m. (ten pat, Marken 689), 1384 m. (ten pat, Merkin 690), 1384 m. (ten pat, Marken 691), 1385 m. (also, 696, 697, 698), Marke 1387 m. (ten pat, Merkinpille 699), 1391 m. (28 : III 176), Merkin 1395 m. (also, 191, 264), Merkyn 1394 m. (also, "The 627). origin of the name is clear — this adverbs -iné derivatiiš ve of river name Marks. There are more names of places of residence in Lithuanian with this form: ir They don't go up. : Nemenčinė mstl., Dūbrupis up. : Dabrupiné k. Tauragė r., Kiemsrūtas up. : Kiemsrulinė k. Panevėžio r. (41 : 202). Molėtai (1). The name of Molėtai first mentioned 1387 m. Jogaila's writings te To the Bishop of Vilnius Aukštaičiai ir On the occasion of the establishment of the Diocese of Vilnius: ir "...we give an eternal irrevocable gift to this ir church to its bishop, whoever will be, our Tauragė Castle and su the area adjacent to it ir Labanoro ir "Villages- ". So at the a. end of XIV Molėtai was still a village. 1492 m. Prince Alexander approved šį the donation. Moletai belonged to the bishops of Vilnius until XVIII a. (6 : II 42). Before the war, it was the centre of Valais. The origin of the name is not entirely clear. Theoretically, it could have been formed from the plural of iš the personal noun, but clearer personal noun * Molėtas ar pan. unknown. Current name Moleta (known iš Dusetų ir Obelių apylinkių) is probably a dialect iš Melete. Dad The origin of the name is iš difficult to determine. Perhaps more plausible name Molėtai associatsu ed with the general word molėtas, molėta "clay, clay", i.e. "loamy field, loamy land" etc. ar Be of this, the common word moled still can mean ir "clay colored, brownish." Thus, the original tų meaning of the iš placenames formed by the word molétas, -a, could ne only be "moling", but ir "clay color." "Molėt-kalnis laukas Leliūnai, Molėtai laukas, raistas Joniškis (Molėtų r.)" (in Lithuanian). such assumption confirms: Molchi-mountain would be "clay clay ar colored mountain- ", Molėtai o simply — "clay fields" etc. ar ; Nemenčinė (2). The old settlement is mentioned probably from 1338 m. (4 : II). First of all, — about the sex itself. In the past, there were entries su -ines, e.g. S. Gimžausko: "How gi strange Nemenčinas, that mother tongue defender” (6 : I 182), Nemenčinė 1908 m. "Hope" (21). Therefore, it is worthwhile to look at historical documents: Nyemenczyna 1486 m. (67 : 407), Nemyenchina 1501 m. (ten pat, Hemenvunscxoe 617), eorocmu, Hemenswune y 1460 m. (8 : 20), y Here we go, y here we go, y he197. Mensuunsckxoēf eomocmu (ten pat, Hemenuuncxoe 23), sosocmu 1495 m. (the bed, deopa 611), Hemenuuncxozo 1514 m. (99 : 117), Hemenwuncxoe eoaocmu 1516 m. (ibid., 407). Many times the name mini 1554 m. Nemenčinės ir Linkmenų vls. inventory: do Niemgczyna (57 : 37), do Niemenczyna (also, 38), z Niemenczyna (also, 40), od Niemericzyny (also, 52), do Niemenczyny (also, 54), od Niemgczyny (also, 79), od Niemenczyna, - od Niemęczyna (also, 80), od Niemgczyna (ibid., Other 83). notes: Bs Hemenunne 1523 m. (82: 150), 3 Here we go. 1567 m. (87 : 449, 547), 3 From Here 1567 m. (also, Hemenuuncxas 561), 1566 m. (62 : 882), Hemensunos 1567 m. (87 : 503), Hemenuuns 1678 m. (98 : 491), of name - Niemeczynski's 1629 m. (70 : 110), Court Jencmieniszek, alias Niemienczyna 1629 m. (ibid., 329), Niemenczynensis 1744 m. (111: 40), Niemeczyn 1744 m. (ibid., 174), upes m-xo Hemenwuna 1822 m. (65: III 59), Hemenvune 1829 m. (ten pat, Hemenvuna 359), 1874 m. (113 : 4), HeMensuuno 1874 (ibid., 49), Hemenvwuns 1892 (83: 92), Hemenvuns 1904, Hemenvuns 1905 (21), etc. As we can see, there has been competition between the two sexes —with a soft and a hard ending — since ancient times. Even in the same document — 1554 Nemenčinės vls. in the inventory —the name is written differently: z Niemenczyna —od Niemerczyny, do Niemgczyna —do Niemenczyny. In Polish, the gender Niemenczyn (13: II 534), in Russian — Hemensuno. The standard Lithuanian language is clear — Nemenčinė. There is no basis for doubting its authenticity. As we have seen, it has been respected by historical documents since ancient times, as it was known and recognized by the living language. This gender, albeit indirectly, is supported by the origin and construction of the name: Nemenčinė is a derivative of the suffix -inė from the river name Nemenčiė (see Merkinė). J Nida (2). The central settlement of the city of Neringa was established relatively late in its present location. Old man! Nida was about 2 km south of the present, closer to the Baltic Sea. In 1529 the town received Magdeburg rights. In 1675, after Old Nida was flooded by sand, its inhabitants began to move northward, and in 1732 "settled in present-- day Nida (4: III). Nearby were the villages of Skruzdynės and Purvynės. Thus Nida was formed from three small villages — Nida, Skruzdynė and Purvynė (6: IV 680). The origins of the name are subject to controversy. In the descriptions of the crusaders' winter journeys, Noyken is mentioned twice in 1386 (28: II 668, 670). The authors of the publication believe that this place must have been in the Curonian Spit, near Rasytė: "Der Ort... kann Wohl nur in der Gegend von Rossiten auf der Kurischen Nehrung gelegen haben" (ibid., 668). It's probably Nida. The prefix k in Noyken may be replaced by d *Noyden. R. Pietschas states that in the descriptions of the Crusader Order roads Nida was named noyden (50: 26), Noyden (ibid., 27) in 1437. The same is true for the 6000 series (6001-6006- ). However, no source specifies the exact source, so this statement could not be verified — "Scriptores Rerum Prussicarum” register Noyden pan. ar no. We do not find it in the works of other researchers, e.g. in I. Steponaviéniés dictionary (106). So the gender of Noyden remains hypothetical. The name Nida has been mentioned by researchers on several occasions. Perhaps the first to explain the placename in detail K. Booga. He was connected jį su by the name of the river of Prussia, 198 In 1343 it is written Nyda, in 1420 — Neyde (German: Neide-Fluss Kr. The name of the river is pronounced Nida in Polish. In the opinion of K. Buga, Polk. Nida is from prisy *Neida. This would not only be supported by the 1420 record in Neyde and in German. Neide-Fluss, but also the name of the Semba river Neyden in 1439, the village name Neydowe in 1332 (German Needau), Niediri-See < who? * Reed hedgehog (now in Latin: Niedin-¢z- ¢rs). K. Būga also compared the names of these places with the Celtic Nida (Voice. Nidda Maino int.), Nida (Voice. Nied-Saar int.) ir thought it possible to raise them iš skr. no data "flow, stream" (2 : III 241). J. Otrebski Name of Poland Nida shusiejo su liet. watermarks Reeds, Niédulis, Nieda and, as ir K. Booga, took them iš nėdati (43 : 148). «The most ir comprehensive European hydronyms Nida pan. ir recently examined J. Udolphas. He gave a whole string of river names in nid-, neid-, among raminédamas su jų ir Place name of Lithuania Nida (Voice. Nidden). Jų origin this author interpreted — similarly linked su them sen. ind. no data < *not taken "flow, stream" (44 : 181—186). J. Udolphas The names of European npi and other local names were nid-, neidmapped. su Iš map to see a clear pattern: names su *not common in eastern Europe, o su northwest. — The only exception — is lit. Nida (same). This fact alone makes it doubtful that the ar present sex Nida is the primary, the oldest, As we have seen (although in this some authors, among jų W. Schmidt doubts the — (69 : 29), descriptions of the Crusades At the a. end of XIV there is a diphthong in the root: Noyken, Noyden? It can therefore be assumed that the (- diphthong aiar -ei-) the vowel appeared 1 later. It is not easy to prove this, but historical records show a iš tendency to find monophthong instead of a diphthong. For example, the same The Prussian land river name, Polish pronunciation Nida (order 1344 m. recorded) Nyda) clearly had a diphthong in the root — Hey, hey, hey, hey. 1420 In Polish, the vowel in the i gender is a regular monophthong instead of pr. ei (lit. (ii) (2 : III 241). Or a Prussian place name Nedem, Neydem 1389 m., Neydams Neydems 1430 m. (Voice. "Neydims", derived from iš the Prussian personal name Neydim ar pan., 1374 m. recorded Nydem (47 : 108). Thus, it can be suspected that the name of these days Nida root nidyra later, derived from diphthoiš ng -airbrush -no. The facts of the Neringa dialect support this idea. Preila — speaks Prėle (50 : 40—41), Peleikis — says Pelėkis This monophthongati35). on is typical of common words: veide taria véde, ir greite taria grėte, reize taria rėze — — — (51 : 259). The ending of ir the name is in doubt -a. The earlier records would suggest that it is -a later; iš -e. V. Kalvaitis At the end a. of the 19th iš century, in the register of place names compiled by the living language wrote: Nide, kilmin. Nidės (Voice. Nidden) (45 : 47). The locals (kurshians) now use sex ir Nide (46 : 157). Most likely Nide is iš * Nida, i.e. iš * Nidji. This assumption is beautifully supported by The Prehistory. Current gender Préila is new — iš of the local population still 1960 m. had to write the gender Préilé, t.y. Ladies. Plg. but: "Eina į Preiliūs"; "The Horn of Prey". A known ir Latvian variant of this name: Bay of Preili — Kurkapas šu — Maja un Diža Bay of Preili (68 : 52). F. According to Hinzés, Kuressaare . people are currently using sex Préle (46 : 157), which can be iš * Preilé (i.e. iš *Preiliai). There seem to have ir been other variants of this name — Miss, Miss (69 : 30). That is, the limb a ir spelling (Préila) is a new, unauthentic 199. if. There is no doubt that The full equivalent of Preili is City name of Latvia Preili (Lithuanian would be * Prey). Liet. Préila (from (Lat.) ir Placenames of Preili probably of personal name origin — Last name ir recorded in Latvia in our time Preilis (52 : 485). Ji undoubtedly Latvian, related to su lat. Miss "uninvited guest" or miss "crossed strands in a certain way to du strengthen the fabric." Thus we arrive at the conclusion that The former dialect gender of Nida was * Naidch ar * Neida, i.e. * Naids or * You're treacherous. By the way, the plural form, at least in part, supported iš and, for example, 1854 m. Writing "Hope" Nidy parish (21). * Naids and ar so on. would be a personal place name, primarily related to a su Prussian personal name Noyde, continue — su Prussian place name Nayde's laurel 1305 m. (47 : 104), lat. Naidina pv., Naidini k. (40 : 3nd ed. 467), Naidai k. Širvintų r., Naidynė k. Šakių r., Naidūnai Šalčininkų k. r., Naidinė forest Gruzdžių vls. etc. | 6 The origin of the root is not entirely clear, but this, as ir ir Préilos In the case of Preili, the most likely connection is with the Latin naids, naidus "discord, hostility, hatred", naiduotiės "to be angry, to quarrel, to live in discord". "Stealth: The Unexpected, the Unexpected". In this way, it would be clear that the exception with nid-(Nida) in Eastern Europe, as stated by J. Udolph, is in fact only pronoun, because the place name Nida is not a hydronym and not of hydronymic, but of personal noun origin. "Onuškis (1)". An old village. In 1505 a church was built there, in 1511 the manor of Onuškis was mentioned, in 1554 the town was allowed to be built (4: III). The name is of uncertain origin. It is assumed that the local name Ywanendorf mentioned in the descriptions of the crusaders’ roads is the same as Onuškis (6: I 473—474). But there is a certain ambiguity here, because next to it is mentioned another locality —Hannusdorf: "von Wirska bis czu Ywanendorfe ist iij mile... von.Ywanendorfe bis czu Mantegirdendorfe ist ij mile, do vluest dy Salse... von Mantigirden dorffe bis czu Hannosdorfe ij mile; von Hannusdorfe bis czu Mynegelia dorfe ist ij mile" ("from Verseka to Ywanendorfe there is one mile... from Ywanendorfe to Mantegirdendorfe there is one mile where the Salcia flows... from Mantigirden village to Hannusdorfe there is one mile, from Hannusdorfe to Mynegelia village there is one mile"). The described road goes from Merkinė through Perloja, the mentioned villages to Šalčininkai ("do nympt Salseniken eyn ende"). In other words, you are travelling in a north-east direction. Therefore, it is unclear why, targeting Šalčininkai, a considerable bend to the north was made. If so, some other places, such as Dusmenys, Leiptinai, and just behind you —Onuškis, must have been mentioned a mile away. Therefore, it is doubtful whether those "Ivan and Hanus villages" are really the present Onuškis. They may have been simply larger farms, the kyrias later disappeared or were named differently. The same will happen with "the villages of Mantigird and Minigailas" —there are no such villages in Lithuania. However, if it turns out that Onuškis can still be linked to one of the mentioned villages, it is not with Ywanendorf, but rather with Hannusdc.f, because i.e. from those times when Lithuanians still did not have names. Thus, considering Rasčiniai to be of personal noun origin, we should agree; that in those 200 days there was already a Lithuanian name * Raseinis. Ši the assumption is also highly 2) questionable; perhaps it is more plausible to consider Rasčinius derived from npés name. However, the name of the river is now not * Raseinis or similar, but Rasčika, Raseikė, Reseika, Rūs-upis. The name of the ir city is derived from the same o river, but the suffix (second — syllable) differs. This is why it is quite courageous to derive the city's name from the above. river name in any variant would be difficult. But it is not impossible. In this case, we should agree that there was another variant of the river name — * Raseinis, * Raseinė ar pan. Until there is clearer evidence of the existence of such a variant, the The origin of the Rasčiniai will be only a supposition, a hypothesis. But of all the versions of the origin of this placename, it is probably the most plausible. | Semeliškės (2). Year A village in Lithuania. It is believed that about 1276—1283 m. Grand Duke Traidenis settled in Semeliškės the Prussians and Lithuanians fleeing from ir the Crusaders. 1375 m. mentioned Semeliškių village. Location marked 1529—1567 m. List of unprivileged cities in the LDK (4 : III). Name su suffix -is composed of a personal iš name. Only ne absolutely clear iš what, because the current sex This differs from historical records. The name of the town varies considerably in the documents. The most important options are: *same : Sami people 1385 m. (28 : II 700); "simel-, *simol-, *similpan. ar : Symliken 1375 m.(28 : II 579); Symelischken 1385 m. (28 : II 707); Symyliskin 1384 m. (28 : II 697); Symolisken 1377 m. (28 : II 589), Symoliskin 1385 m. (28 : II 696); "sumil- : 3 cyMuaumox m., 1577 cymuasucxozo m., 1577 cymunucarijo 1577 m. (55 : 219-220), Sumily m., 1784 Sumilischky m., m., 1784 Cymuauwxu 1798 m.(21 1873 ); *sumel- : Cymesuwxu 1839 m., m., m., 1861—1865 Sumeliskés 1874 m., Sumeliskio 1908 1938 m. (21). “So the differences in the trunk are obvious. However, it would be reasonable to assume that the earliest trunk was sumil-. Jį rode primarily one of the oldest m.) (1385 recordings in Samisken. Secondly, the well-known historical ar figure Samil pan. — plg. Samile, Pomesanus ("Pamedénas Samilis") ( 28 : I 121, 464). As mentioned, in the late 13th a. century, Prussians and Western Lithuanians fleeing from the Crusaders were settled in the vicinity of Semeliškės. The third, perhaps most ir important, is Sources for the history of the Seminole tribes. Iš jų particularly important are 1577 m. List of land plots in Papleškiškė (57 : 219—222) ir 1597 m. Inventory of Samiliškių (Semeliškių) parish (also, the name of the 479—490). town/village is written several times here are all the entries found: m.: camuauusckozo — 1582 (p. 225), caMuzumcxne, camMunuucxozo, npu Camuaunuvras, camuruuscxuz, Camuaumuos, Camuauvwox (p. 227), Camtuauuosx (p. 229); 1597 m. : samiskiey (p. 479), somiliszskych (p. 484), Samilish (p. 485), Somiliszkiego (p. 486), Somiliszkiego (p. 487), somiliszskiey (p. 488), Somilish (p. 489), w Somiliszkach (p. 490). Iš jų clearly show that the original trunk v-riant was samil- (votes a ir o variation can be explained by the influence of Slavic languages). 207 Since these documents relate simply to su The name of the village jų and the village itself may be derived from the name of the village in the local dialect. jo Understandably, at that time on the ir lips of local people it could have varied, but the dominant sex was probably * Sametime. So the name of the town is a prefix -is derived from a iš Western Baltic personal name Samilis ar pan. This is particularly true for the Lithuanian language. : Gender * The Sami language has been distorted in many ways since ancient times —by the fault of scribes, by the influence of other ir languages, etc. When it finally came into force Semeiiškės, it is not easy to say now, because, as we have seen, in the first decades there XX a. was still diversity. Official 1925 m. The name of the village is derived from the name of the villager, "Semilov". After the war, the variation was not noticed. Thus, * Samiliškės —one of the oldest derivatives of the possessive pronoun -iškės (places of residence) In Lithuania. | "Skaudvila (2)". Historical information is late —the town is mentioned only since 1766 (4: IV), although it is undoubted that the settlement has existed before (1: II 5—6). : The name is probably of personal noun origin—this is clearly indicated by the stem skaud vil-. Personal names with this root have survived in the living language to our days — the present surnames Skaudvilas and Skaudvila (34: II 733). There are no doubts that there are names of residential places formed from these surnames. First of all — the name of the village Skaudvilai in Kelmės r. Similarly, the name of the village of Skaudviliai in the district of Kurtuvėnai in Šiauliai region is similar. It is a diagnosis of a severe (or chronic) inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In other words, the name of the village Skaudwliai is formed from the compound personal name * Skaudvilis plural. That such a personal name is really possible, at least in part, can be deduced from a document of the Batakiai parish of 1645 (preserved in the Lithuanian State Archives — F. 1671. Ap. 4. B. 321). It contains about 19 mentions of a personal name, which is spelled quite differently, but most importantly —sometimes with the Polish hard consonant!, sometimes with the soft one: Pana Mikolaja Skowdwila (1. 43), Pana Mikolaja Skowdwila (1. 43), Pana Uwojnia j Pana Skowdwila (1. 43), Pan Mikolaj Skowdwil (1. 44), Pana Skowdwila j Pana Uwojnia (1. 44), Skowdwila (1. 45), Pan Mikolaj Bartoszewicz Skowdwil (1. 45), Pan Mikolaj Skowdwil (1. 45), Pan Skowduwil (1. 45), Pan Skowdwil (1. 47); Mr. Nikolaj... Bartoszewicz Skowdwil (1. 45), Mr. Skowdwil (1. 46), Mr. Skowdwil (1. 47), Mr. Skowdwil (1. 47), Mr. Nikolaj Skowdwil (1. 48). The soft consonant I here is probably not accidental, because throughout the document (written by the same hand) the hardness of the consonant | is marked very consistently —this, among other things, is clearly visible from the hard one! in all cases the certificate name Mikolaj. Therefore, it can be suspected that the soft consonant I reflects the pronunciation of the local people —not Skaudvilas or so, but * Skaudvilis. This assumption is supported by the fact that the noun is written two times out of three as follows: Panom Mikolajem Skowdwilem (1. 43), Panom... Skowdwilem (1. 47). Once with Mr. Mikołaj.- ..Skowdwil (1. 44). The writing of Skowdwilem confirms that the sex of *Skaudwilem could indeed have been208 you. Especially beautifully shows this *Identification of Skaudvilis' wife: ...and your matron.... Mikolalevoy, Bartaszewiczov, Skowdvilevoy. (1. 45). If the ending of the masculine noun had been hard, the feminine gender would have been jo * Skowdwilowoj. That is, XVII a. Skaudvil in s ar the surrounding area personname * Skaudville could still be known.' Old compound personal names stems -as ir -is change is a common phenomenon in Lithuanian. More specifically asmenvardžiai kamiengaliu — su -it is like Vedic (adjective) iš variants su -as: Beinoras : Beinoris, Būivydas : Buivijdis, Daūkintas : Daukintis, Gintautas : Gintaūtis, Jdtautas : Jotaūtis ir et al. Name of the village Pain ends in the limb - Uh. So iš Skaudwlo he could not form (in which case the jo plural would be * Painkiller, as mentioned Name of r. the village (Scattered). It remains to be assumed that the name Pain to get li originated iš variant * Scatter multiples. Dialectically plural would be * Pain. The long ending of the dialectal -ė gender in the writings of that time was ma transmittedsimple (short) -e: Skawdwile 1850 m., Skaudwille 1854 m., Skaudwile 1862 m., Skawdwile 1862 m., Cxaedaune 1881 m. (21) ir kt In particular, on the official, written gender *Skaudvile influence ir in live language eventually prevailed variant end su -e: Pain. That this name could have been plural, at least in part, is confirmed by the entries Cxasdeuau m., iš m., 1915 m. (21) and others. 1892 1895 * Poor thing. (1). The place is mentioned from 14th a. century, 1513 m. — town (4: IV). The old records: in Staghelisken 1375 m. (28 : II 106), Stakelisken 1385 m. (also, 696), es Cmoxamuxrozs XV a. (8 : 194), y Cmoxauusxazrs 1486 m. (8 : 242), es Cmoxauwsxars 1487—1489 m. (8 : 267), es Cmoxaumxazs 1488m. (8 : 294), e Cmoxawwxazs 1490 m. (8 : 313), Cmoxanwiscxomy 1519 m. (99 : 1026), Parocho Stakliscensi 1593 m. (21), Stokliskie subjects 1597 m. (57 : 481), Stokliski 1665 m., Stoklisky 1816 m. (21) ir Mr. The origin of the name is unclear. It is believed to be derived iš from the common word staklės (6 : I 394). However, the ši version of the origin of the name raises doubts primarily in the ir sense that such — semantic generic words as the ta machine derived suffix iš su -is, appears, is not (124 : 94—96). Thus, the appeal The origin of the name is difficult to establish. Therefore, it would have to be assumed that this placename may su be a suffix -is composed of a personal iš name. One such name (surname) is recorded in our time ir — Staklėvičius (from (Album). But the jo trunk of this ir trunk is connected to let. su the machine would again raise doubts. Most likely Staklevičius is a shortened sex iš * Stakelevičius, o ši su Slavic suffix -evičius would be composed of the surname iš Stakėlė, Stakėlis ar and so on. (34 : II 794). So, Stakliškių connectisu on with current surname (very rare one family) Staklėvičius is also questionable. So what is the solution? "The answer is given by the very first mentions of the name The Crusader Chronicles: Staghelisken 1375 m., Stakelisken 1385 m. Iš jų shows that the earlier root of the place name was probably stakl-, *stakel-. ne o In this case, the original placename. * The form Stakeliškės could be considered a suffix assumption 209 -is derived from personal iš name, now surname, Stakélé, Stakélis etc. ar Ši would seem completely unusual, if we did not know that the surnames Stakėlė, Stakėlis are diminutive suffixes -elvediniai iš Stake, Stukas, Staky ar pan. In turn, these names are derived from iš Lietuvių. Stach, turn. Stach, brush. Cmaz, Russian. Cyanide, etc. These are derived from Stanislaus or Eustuchius (ibid., 790). Therefore, the origin of the city name from the personal name Stakėlė, Stakėlis or similar is assumed to be in the late 14th century. In Lithuania, there were not only the names Stanislovas or Eustūchijus, but also abbreviations of them —Stūchas, Stūkas or similar. Could this have been the case? They could, because there are more similar cases known. For example, the same descriptions of the Crusader routes mention villages. Hannusdorf and Ywanendorf (late 14th century). Hannusir Ywančia are variants of the name Jėnas: Hannus —more Polish, Ywan —East Slavic. These names have also become the names of villages (see Onuškis for more details). Therefore, it is quite possible that at the end of the 14th century in Lithuania there were names Stanislaus and Eustachius and their variants, abbreviations, etc. Thus, the origin of the Stakliškių personal name seems quite plausible. Sudargas (1). In the early 14th century there was a castle of Sudarga, a village founded in the early 16th century, burned by the Crusaders in 1317. Magdeburg rights were granted in 1792. (4 : IV). The locals now often pronounce the name Sudergas (6: III 305). This pronunciation does not seem to be new. It is true that the chronicles of the Crusader Order in 1317 write Sudargen hof (28: I 590), but, for example, the inventory of Jurbarkas village and Naujasis Valia (Virbalis) in 1561 mentions the name many times and writes only with suderg-: šiola Svdergow (57: 575), Siolo Svdergi (ibid., 576), siolv Svdergom (ibid., 577), przy.šiele Svdergi (ibid., 583, 586, 591, 592, 594, From this, of course, we should not conclude that the previous gender will have been with suderg-. This assumption is contradicted by later writings (e.g. 595, 597, 598, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 614, 615, 617, 619). Cydapzu 1901, Cydapzu 1902, Sudargi 1912 —21), and the gender of the personal name from which the town name derives, with sudarg-. ! Some scholars believe that the name of the village is derived from the name of the villager. In this case, we have one case where the historical person whose name the place is named after is also known — it is the nobleman Sudargas of Samogitia, who is mentioned in the chronicles of the Crusader Order: "Mansto et Sudargus et alii nobiles de Samethia" in 1308 (28: I 174), Sudargus in 1311 (ibid., 177), viri dicti Sudargi in 1317 (ibid., 183), der was ein sun Sudargen (Literary Chronicle of the Prussian Land by N. Jerochin —ibid., 560), Manste mit Sudargen (ibid., 572), Masie mit Sudargen (ibid., 579), Sudargen (ibid., 589, 590). The name of the town is derived from the person name *Sudargas singular. There are more such place names known (85). : Šakiai (4). It is believed that the village of Šakaičiai, first mentioned in the 1599 deed of division of br liy O.iemblovskiy, was formerly located in the place of the present village of Šakiai. In 1703, the village of Šakaičiai was mentioned in the visitation act of the bishop of Žemaitija, John Jerome Krišpina. In 1719 the name Šakiai was already mentioned. In 1776 Šakiai received Magdeburg rights (6: III 297; 3: III). The history of the place shows, and how the name Saki came about. In fact, the earlier gender of the city name was Šakaičiai (not preserved in the living language). 210 Suffix over time -sheep will be fallen, ir only the shackles remain. Despite the fact that such a development of the name seems quite plausible, it is still a very rare phenomenon in the formation of place names. Therefore, the mechanism of this peculiar change has to be explained. Here's the thing. 1 Specialist in the history of the formation of Lithuanian surnames V. Maciejauskienė observed an interesting, so far almost unexplored, phenomenon in the period of stabilisation of surnames — (XVIII-XIX a.) patronymics became surnames, the former patronymical suffixes were sometimes dropped. This phenomenon is particularly characteristic Suwalki. One such patronymic suffix is - Father. For example, the name of the Zanavyks region 1715 m. writes Urbantaitis, o 1775 m. — already Urbantas. Or: current Šakiai r. The k. Ramones 1731 ‘m. is written Stelmokaytis, and in 1821 — already Stelmok. There are many such examples from the current Šakiai alone. r. (19 : 115—116). Therefore, in the place of the present Šakiai, a person with the patronymic name Sakditis would have lived at one time. That such a name really was, shows the mentioned document, and the fact 1599 m. that in our time in the vicinity of Šakiai there ir was a surname Sakaitis. Kol pavardé The village su was named ir after the villager, whose name was Szabó. When the name of the people living in this village Schdifis dropped the patronymic suffix -aitis ir became į Šakys ar and so on, so the ir village was called Šakiais. In other words. both place names — Šakaičiai ir Šakiai are — derived from iš different variants of the gų same surname. First — iš Root, second — iš Say it. The latter name is ir popular in our time — ją have about 60 families. Therefore, Šakiai is a placename of personal noun origin, formed from the plural of the name iš Šakijs. This is particularly true for the Lithuanian language. Šeduva (3*). Referenced from XVI a., kai 1529 m. A church was built in the village. 1542 m. Šeduva has already been named a city, 1654 m. received Magdeburg rights (4 : IV). The relatively late first mention would indicate ir that the settlement of this name is not very old. The origin of ne the name is unclear. The records of historical documents would allow us to assume that the gender Šeduva is later, arising iš * Šedava ar etc. Plg. : Szadziew m., 1542 borders of do szadowskiey m., oms of 1572 Mecmewxa Iladoaecxoso 1585 m. (21), Madoeckiir 1590 m. (35 : 328), [adoeo 1531 m. (the same), Szadoviensis 1646 m. (48 : 1284), under Szadowem 1713 m. (84 : 270), Szadowo (21), Szadow 1755 m. (48 : 1382), Illadoecxazo 1764 m. (21), szadowska 1775 m. (54 : II 118), Szadowa 1803 m. (65 : III 114—116), Szadow 1803 m. (the same, 117-122), Szadow 1816m., Szadow 1843 m., m., m., 1849 Madoso 1855 m., Ifladoes 1881 m., lladoeo 1895 1915 m. (21). So the earlier variant of the name apparently was *Always ar net *Sadava. Ji can hold suffixes -ava derived personal iš name, now surname, Sédas, Sédis, Sedjs (about 70 families), Šadas, Sadis, Šadijs ar etc. It would be a name of a similar place of work as Jonava : Jonas, Aleksandrava : Aleksdndras, Alizavd : Alias (Alogzas ) ir Sir. This operation 110delis is influenced by Slavic languages, suffix o -ave here is of Slavic origin. 211- In what way * Šedava (*Sadava ) pakito į Sheduvd? This happened because a large number of Lithuanian place names changed their suffixes su in a similar way. - Ava. But these place names of a different quality are old — Lithuanian (Baltic) derivatives with Lithuanian root, suffix ir ir -ava : Linkavd — Linkuva, Dotnavd — Doinuvd, Barteva — Bériuve, Vardava — Bloody ir Ct. So it's quite possible that į šį the flow of change entered a ir slightly different, hybrid; darybos “ place name * Šedava (*Sadava) —he, together with others, changed the suffix -ava'to - grapes. :; 2 (2nd ed.). It has been known since 1334, when Sefoulis was ravaged by sword-bearers. In 1398-1420 the village of Šešuoliai is mentioned, in 1478 - a manor, in 1539 - a village. 1567: Church and town founded (4: IV). The origin of the name is clear — it is formed from the plural of the river name Sesuold (Siesarties kair. int.). This is a common way of making names of residential places, e.g. Dust up. : Dūkšios mstl., Anykštė up. : Anykščiai mst., Viešintė. :up. : Viešintos mstl., Kemajė up. ; "Kamajai mstl., Žiežmarė up". : Žiežmariai mstl, Only the gender Šešučliai can be doubted, because from the present dialects the pronunciation Sasudlici mstl. and Šašuolė up is known. This gender has also been included in the official Lithuanian water names dictionary (38: 102). The name of the town is already written Šešučliai (66) in the next official list of place names. So which sex is older, primary- ?. The answer to this question is first and foremost found in the numerous historical sources: Sicculen 1334 (28: II 67), Sessolen 1375 (ibid., 105), Schechuli 1425 (67: 121), Schescholi 1449 (ibid., 217), Scheszule 1478 (ibid., 364), Scheschuly 1495 (ibid., 499), Szeszole 1539, 3 illemioA» 1567, Szeszole 1572, Wewoan 1567, Llemoanrcxo20 1567, lewonrscxozo 1618, Szeszuli 1652—1672, Szeszolensi 1726, Szeszole 1784, Szeszolki 1784, Szeszolki 1830, llewoau 1864—1865, Hewioau 1873, Ilewro'noxu 1874, Hewoau 1895, ewoau 1905 (21) and many others. The local documents —inventories from the 16th and 17th centuries—which give the name Sesuéliy are particularly important, as they can reflect the pronunciation of the people of the area more than any other. Among them —data from the inventory of 1554 (57): ziem szyszolskich, ziem szeszolskich, ziem szeszoltskich, y szeszolskiemi (p. 72), Szeszolskiego, y szeszolskich (p. 74), szeszolskiey, Szeszolskiego (p. 101), y szeszolskich (p. 105). Similarly, the name is written in 17th century documents, (70): Szeszol 1696 m. (p. 410), w Szeszolach 1696 m. (p. 410), Szeszolskiego 1698 m. (p. 424), w Szeszolach 1698 m. (p. 424). In the plans of the town, the name entries show almost the same: (Iewmraans 1850 (1: VII 43), Lemon» 1850 i) (ibid., 44), lllewsosu 1869 m. (ibid., 45) Uewro.rtr 1869 m. (ibid., 46) These historical documents allow us to conclude that the older, primary gender of the town (and river) name was with šeš-: Šešuolė, Sesusliai. Having stated this, it is necessary to find out when and why the gender with šašappeared in the present viei and Er) in the language of some of the surrounding people: Šašuolė, Šašučliai 71 : 167). | It is difficult to determine when the genders with shashfirst appeared in historical sources. The earliest record I know of is from 1507: e Ilamozezs 212 (2: 1229). And otherwise, as we have seen, the tradition of the scripts is clear —to use sex with šeš-. At least the name of the town, officially, it seems, was not used otherwise —"Lietuvos apgyventos vietos" gives the gender Šešuolių (33: 504), other official lists —also Šešuoliai (72: 168; 73 2508), Sesudliai (66: 302). For common language probably for the first time sex with Jai (Šašuola, Šašuokiiai, Sa- "šučliai) recommended 1948 m. "Lithuanian spelling dictionary" {74 : 422). "Later it was supported by A. Salys (13; II 253—254; 555), some other publications. But the official sex remained Sixties jo (66 : 302; 75:: 1 369; II : 418).. “ The dialectal gender of Šašučiai did not take hold, apparently because it is not used universally by all people as early as 1957. Researchers of the Šešuoliai dialect recorded the following * verb: "Važiavom Šešuolkų dvaran" (76). In addition, in these places, there are also, but rather sporadically, cases where the beginning of the word is changed into a žaat: šašiučs "six", šasi "331", šapelys "shepetys".(77: HI 104), šašičlika "sixteen" —this word was written in 1957 by E. Grinaveckienė from the neighbouring village of Ulyčėliai (76). All this suggests that the gender Sasuéliai may be relatively late, formed due to a possible shift to sha-, due to folk etymology (cf. lit. šūšas, šašuolius." kas nušašęs" etc.) ir and, finally, especially the gender of the writings da-, due to the su influence of — Slavic languages, since it has been observed that in documents written in Slavic languages the beginning of the word sheir in other place names is often translated to sha-: IIimuynu (Šešupė) 1559 m., Hawyns (Šešupė) 1873 my. (21), IIladoeo (Seduva) 16th century, Hlguyeuca (Sesuivis) 16th century (35: 328—330), Szaszuws (Šešuva) 1784, Hiauteywst (Seskiinai) 1905, Szaszkinie (Seskyné) 1939 (21) and others. 4 (4th ed.). It is believed that the city began to develop X16 liv i883. In KryZivodiy and Swordsmen’s chronicles, Šiauliai is mentioned after the famous Battle of Saules in 1236 — the name is spelled Saule, Saulia, Saulen. Undoubtedly it is. The name of Šiauliai, and the battle got the name of the Battle of the Sun later, already in our time, This is the variant of Siaulif name mentioned in the chronicles, only slightly litified. True, it was thought that the battle of Saulė was not near Šiauliai, but in Latvia; Prie Vecsaulés. But K. Būga irodé Saulés battle took place in Lithuania (2 2 III 263). That the chronicles mention the name Saqulia; Saulen and the present-day Šiauliai are the same name, as confirmed by sources: in a German document written in Latin in 1254 about the division of Žiemgala. between "(the archbishop of Riga and the order mentioned places Opiten and Saulen. It is clear that it is Upytė and Šiauliai. The Wartberg Chronicle states that the Order destroyed Dobitzen in Saulia Castle in 1358. There is no doubt that Saulia —is Šiauliai, and * Dobitzen —possibly Padubysis (6: 111 9—11; 4: IV). In 1522, Šiauliai was mentioned as the centre of a village, in 1524 as a town, in 1636 as a city (4; IV). The origin of the name is not entirely clear. However, it is probably a personal name of origin, formed from a personal name, now popular iš (through 160 families) plural of surname Šiauliai. This form of place names is typical of Lithuanian "yrvač language... id Ha 1 (1st ed.). 16 (3rd ed.). 1500 Švėkšna — the manor and town of the Zemgalių elder Kesgaila (4: IV). | ; The name of the town is undoubtedly of water name origin, It will be "formed from the current name of the stream Švėkšnalė (Ašva dešin. int.) former gender Švėkšna. 213 * That such sex is really possible, shows The name of the river in Vaiguva district is Švėkšna. (Knituojos int.). Be therefore, in historical documents first mentioned ne town, river o name: Sweisna, flys 1384 m. (1: II 26; 55 : 68). Plg. but 1880 m. entering: "accepts...Sweaks, Wilkupis” (21). The name of the village is derived from the iš name of the river. * Although the origin of the name is clear, its gender is doubtful. A few years after the first mention of the name of the river, in the same descriptions of the Crusaders' routes to Lithuania we find another gender of the name: von der Swetzen 1387 (55: 68): perhaps * Svėkšta or similar. A. Salys suggests that Švėkšna had a consonant gender, which is also recorded in later sources, e.g., in the 1526 map of Žemaitija: Swyeesny and Schwegsten (1: II 29), in J. Sprogis’s 16th-century dictionary of local names of Žemaitija: Heexwnwn and Hlaexuimeot, Ileexwune and [Heexwmu (35: 330). The parallel sex will survive for quite a long time - cf. do Schwekstenau in 1790 (21), but in the 18th and 19th centuries the current version clearly prevails: Szweksznianskiej in 1695, do Szwekszri in 1784, Szweksznianska in 1784, Szweksznis in 1843, in Szweksznie in 1843, Szweksznie in 1854, Szweksznie in 1855, IU eeximine in 1895, Il eexumu in 1892, Ieexumu in 1915 m. (21) ir kt "Festivals" (3). It is believed that already in the 12th century Švenčionys was the centre of the county. At the beginning of the 16th century they were Vytautas the Great’s manor, where Vytautas built a church in 1414. In 1486 Švenčionys is already called a town (37: 1V; : 4: Vi. x The origin of the name is unclear. There are two possible names. The first —name is a derivative of the adverb -onys from the name of the lake Šveritas. In addition, in the lake system Šventas —' Ilgys —Miškinis —Juodynas and others, there seems to have been a stream named Šventė. It is not clear what the name is and how it was used. ; The name of the village is derived from the local name of the river: the river is named after the village of Meridnys in the county of Pabradės. Švenčionių r.; Swell up. : Svyliėnys k. Adutiškio ap. Švenčionių r.; Loved the river and lake. : Mylidnys k. Švenčionių ap. and r.; Mézia, Mēžē up. : Mėžidnys k. Adutiškio ap. Švenčionių r. and others. Therefore, there is no doubt about the method of production. However, the villages listed are located on or near the rivers after which they are named. Lake Šveritas (the river Šventė) is several kilometres north of Švenčionys, so the connection between the lake (river) and the name of the city raises some doubts. But it is not impossible, if we accept that the first inhabitants of Švenčionys came from Švento ežeras (or Šventė river). Therefore, the arguments for the water-named origin of the city name are quite serious. On the other hand, the assumption that the name of the town Svenéiénys is of nominative origin cannot be ruled out in any way — it would have been formed from the plural of the personal name, now the surname, Svenéidnis. This is one of the most popular ways of forming residential names in the Lithuanian dialect (Butrimai k.: Butrimas, Antanai k.: Antūnas, Morkūnai k.: Morkūnas, etc.). However, the surname Svenéidnis, at least in our time, is not recorded in the Švenčionys area. It is quite rare — only five families: three from Kaišiadorys, one from Jieznas and one from Joniškis. So it is possible to suspect that the surname Švenčionis place of origin yia somewh214 doris — I'm sick. ere about!laifiaThese places have several lakes named Švenčiūs : Aukštdvaris, Onuškis, Vievis neighborhoods. Be to, near to There is a lake in the village named ŠSwveričius. It is commonly believed that the name of the village is derived from the name of the villager. li — -the derivative iš of the lake name Švefičius or Švenčiūs. In this case, the nominal origin of the city name Švenčidnys Atrodyty more plausible, Tauragė (3%). The first mention of the village was in the 13th 1507 century, when the church was built. Tauragė already selected O. On the sea 1539 m. map drawn by Magnus (3 : TV). Since tų then, the city's importance has steadily increased. The city is located on Sea river bend. The eastern edge of Tauragė runs another stream —Beržė, It should be emphasized that be There are four other places in the city of Tauragė, Lithuania with the name Tauragė: this is a meadow near Žarėnai (Telšių rai.), meadow near Gelvonų (Širvintų raj.), castle hill near Tryškių (Telšių raj.), single village in Kurklių neighborhood (Anykščių raj.). Name of all five places Tauragė is a compound, made up of, the words taūrasir rūgas: * Bull-rage. As is known, in ancient times, large horned bulls bred in Lithuanian forests, the importance ių of the beasts for Lithuanians must have been extremely high, because there are several dozen place names iš derived from the word bull in Lithuania alone: Taurakalnis, Taūrakalnis (mountains), Taurijė, Taurė (rivers), Taurinė, Taūriškė, Tauriūtė (meadows- ), Taureikus, Taurėlis (lake), Taurai, Taurdlaukis, Taurinė, Taurdčiai (villages) ir many others. Place Name * Taur-horne the second word rugas ne meant the horn of o the beast, corner, twist, bow. Thus, the original meaning of the placename Taur-ragė was "Taugarro g" or "bull corner" — apparently, so were called places where breeding, living, grazing etc. ar Bulls. So all five Lietuvos Tatrages — are places, corners, horns, where there were cups. Some for the name of the city Tauragė, this ji name could have come from Sea River Bend (rago), which might once have been called " Bull ragu" ar ” "Taurus- ". Iš This word combination will later be developed ir compound placename Tauragė. Telšiai (3). The Crusader Order Chronicle 1317 m. mentions Telšių (Talsa) Valley (6 : IV 28—29; 3 : IV). Place of residence mentioned 1398 m. XV a. mentioned Telšiai Manor, 1527 m. — village (4 : IV). Fibs Place name vandenvardiné kilmé undoubtedly = It is likely to accumulatrė iš e, flowing through the city, the name Tėlšė ar The plural of Telsé is (1597 m. written Tessa. Although it is possible that there was once a lake named * Tent and ar so on. — 1584 m. it is written Teavwu (mention J. Explosion). Lytį * The name of the river may ir indicate that it is a river. "Geographical Dictionary of..." (end of a. XIX) gives the following — Telszys (2 : III 242). As there have been — iš rivers ar iš lake name formed the name of the city It is also a — local water source. There are many names of residential iš places in ar Lithuania that are composed of the plural of the name of a river or lake: Jūžintas ež. : 2000, up. : 200 m up. : Širvintos, Kamaja up. : K Amai. 215 Utena (3%). The first news about Utena is iš In the time of Mindaugas — 1261 m. mentioned Utena (Outside). 1416 m. built church, from XIV a. Utena became a municipality (6 : II 8—9; 4 : 4). The name of the city is of Indo-European origin. It is considerable Zeimas placenames with the root ufunarys: , Utenčitis ež, Utena, Utenėlės k., Uiendité or Up the stairs. Utena city, gets married iš Utenaičio ežeras, Utenos ežeras. Tauragnų ap. — iš jo su diminutive suffix, -ykštis made of the name of a smaller lake located there Utenykštis. Iš river name The village was named after the town of Utena. The name of the city Utena will probably have begun with the name of the river . do Utenūitė or Utenėlė previous version * Utena. Therefore, there was a river name * Utena. It became the name of the city without changing anything This is a popular way of making the names of residential places: Rusné up. : Rėsnė mst., Vilnia up. : Vilnia (former gender of Vilnius name), Dysna up. : Dysna k. etc. For the name of the river * One cooked in the name of the city Utenė, river ardas va transformed — got the maZybing suffix -ailé, -ėlė: Utendile, Utenėlė. This is also a common phenomenon in Lithuanian (see Ukmergė for more details). 2 (2nd ed.). In 1418, Valkininkai was mentioned as a manor and town, in 1503 as a village and in 1516 as a city. In 1571 it received Magdeburg rights (4: IV). The origin of the name is unclear. Firstly, there may be doubts about the beginning of the word valk-, because in Polish the gender without the consonant v: Olkieniki is now established. But it seems that this sex is secondary, subsequent. How it was formed has been proved quite convincingly by J. Otrebski. In his opinion, Lenk. Olkieniki, like some other place names of similar structure (e.g., Varėna — Polish: Orany), is derived by fictitious decomposition from the compound "w-Wolkienikach”, "w-Woranch- ”. Jy composition "w Wo-” could only be pronounced " Wo-”. Prefix w perceived as a prefix, genders; * W-olkienikach, * W-oranach were split into two components W Olkienikach, W Oranach, the latter of which (Olkienikach, “Oranach”) later prevailed as independent idioms (80: 118). —The earlier records also show that the root valk is real. It is believed that the settlement was first mentioned in 1387 in Jogaila's letter to Skirgailai: "Ha eunuxa mas eomrocmw". J. Jakubowski seems to be right to believe that this writing is a mistake of the editors of the text — the original should have been aoaxunuyxas e0A0cm(81: 25). Later, for a long time, genders with valkprevail: y Boavxumuxors 1450 m. (8: 58), Y Boaxunuxozs 1466 m. (ibid., 74), y Boaxenuxozs 1475 m. (ibid., 33), y Boaxunuxozs 1495 m. (ibid., 628), Wolkininki 1503 m. (1: II 57), Boaxunuxu 1516 m. (83: XXV; 27 appendix- ), Boa’ xunuxu 1541 m. (65: I 36), 2 Basxunuxas 1557 m. (62: 563), do Boaxumuxs 1563 m. (ibid., 710), 3 Boaxunuxs 1564 m. (ibid., 762), 2 Boaxunuxz 1566 m. (ibid., 826) y Baaxunuxazz 1597 m. (8: 6), etc. When the sexes with olkbegin to appear, it is not easy to determine exactly, but it is clear that it is quite late. It is certain that in the 18th century it was already used, cf. Olkieniki 1784 (21), Oasxenuxcxazo 1835 (1: TI 71), Oarxenuxu 1861—1865 (21) and so on. The name may have been derived from the root -a-. There are also other variants of the name, such as Valkingkai, Valkinijkas. As shown by the mentioned 1503 inscription Wolkininki, the suffix -ininkis apparently quite old. 216 mentioned 1253 m. It was called ji differently at that time; possibly Gardė ar Gardai — 1253 m. the document says Garde (2 : I 440; III 232). High Priest of Lithuania Vytautas Delicious su At the beginning of XV a. the season, he was given a starter spot. XV, XVI a. There was a bishop's ward in ir the castle. After building the church in Gardai, it was given to the Dominicans, ji 1637 m. who for ten years, i.e. po 1642 m., founded a monastery here (which operated even until 1889 ) ir pastydine (1639). 19 chapels, symbolising the way of the cross, i.e. calvarie (1 : II 90—91). The word calvarie is derived from the iš name of a hill In Jerusalem called Calvary. There were Catholic holy places, cross roads with cult buildings, chapels. su Later such calvaries grew up all over Europe, together with ir In Lithuania. From to time to time The name of the garden began to ir appear — other at the beginning Naujieji Jerusalem, later — Žemaičių Kalvarija. Sometimes Žemaičių Kalvarija even in official lists of place names was written Kalvarija; ma for example, in the German-publ1917—1918 m. ished list of Lithuanian place names (91). There is no doubt that domininkonams In the a. middle of XVII When Gardus was called the New Jerusalem and the Calvary of Žemaitija, the name of Gardus was alive in the memory of local people for a long time. This is seen ir iš XVII and a. later documents mentioning the name of the town. For example, a 1655 m. place called Calvary, o 1662 m. — but Gardais (1: II 91). M. "The Land of the Lost" (in Swedish). 1848 chapter about the Dominicans' establishment in Žemaičių Kalvarija is called "Dominican Kalwarijo”, but in the text already uses Gardus: "Žemajtiusi jezawitams su bernardinajs jau esąnt, nebuwa dar Dominikonų: Jurgis Tyszkiewicze wiskups, noriedams kad ir tu tarnu Gods not broken, 1637 m. pakwiete jus i Delicious. "Guarda, buwa taj soda, wiskupams prideranti.." (89 : II 111). In the 19th a. century, the name was still used. V. Vitkauskas states: "there is evidence that even now the ancient inhabitants remember šį the name (90 : 56). However, the name Žemaičių Kalvarija displaced the previous names, because the town became increasingly famous as a cult center. Į jį about 1650 m. a miraculous picture was brought from Rome, and from 1742 there were organized general pilgrimages, which attracted many people. It must be assumed that this helped to establish the new name of Kalvarija or Žemaičių Kalvarija. This name remained until 1964, when it was renamed Varduva, apparently for anti-religious reasons, i.e. after the river that flows through the town. However, the name Varduva did not take hold — recently the town was returned to its former (although not the earliest) name — Žemaičių Kalvarija. Li: its It is a two-word name. The second one has already been mentioned, and the first one (Žemaičių) was added later, so that Žemaičių Kalvarija would not be confused su In the city of r. Marijampolė! 'U Calvary. As for Gardų, it can be said that it is a repeating placename in Lithuania: Gardai forest Biržų vls., meadow Alantos vls., meadow Skapiškio vls., meadow Pandėlio vls. and others. 1999. pp. 10. "Garden of the Pasvalio vls., meadow of Liubavo vls., bushes of Zapyškio vls., woodland of Vabalninko vls." and others. There is no doubt that these people223. those names are derived from the generic word gaidas "a fence or field enclosed place for keeping livestock; herd, herd". The origin of the name of the village is doubtful, but it is believed that it is derived from the name of a river. At present, the river flowing into Varduva in front of the town is officially spelled Pūyardenis (it was later renamed Cedronas- ). Maybe there was a previous Pugardeni gender. *Steam or similar. Furthermore, as far north, according to A. Sali 3 km (55: 12), there was another stream named Garde, written in German in 1523 as Gardesche Beke (ibid.). The name of the village derives from this river. Now such a settlement no longer exists, but it has disappeared relatively recently — Gardės manor is mentioned in 1925 in "Lietuvos apgyventos vietos" (33: 148), and Gardės village — in 1959 in "Lietuvos administracinis-teritorinis suskirstymas" (73: 694). A. Salys believes that the name of the current village of Pūgardė (Mažeikių r., Sedos ap.) is derived from the name of the stream. Furthermore, a little further north, in the former Grūstė village (now Grūstė — village), J. Sprogis mentions the river I'opda, which flows through Gardų dvaras (about I'opdm) and through Seda (35: 82). Thus, the name of the stream * Gardas, * Gardė or similar in these places is quite possible, so the origin of the name Gardai seems quite plausible. ~~ 1000 years (2). In the written sources the place is mentioned since 1554. The town privilege was granted in 1713 (1: XI 110; 4: IV). The name of the river is derived from the local name for the river, Red River. The name of the village is derived from the name of the river, which flows through the village. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae af ae The village is now known by the name of "Zemgale" (Zemgale- ). B. Kviklys believes that the settlement is named after this stream (6: IV 374). This could indeed have been the case, because the village of Žemalė was built "on the green root", i.e. "after cutting down the forest by the Zemalés stream (Žemalupis) to the east of the manor house" (1: XI 110). Thus, the earlier original gender of the name of the stream will have been * Žemalė, and later, when this name was taken "called settlement, the name of the stream changed to Zemdlupis. There are many such or similar cases known. r: According to K. Būga, Zemdlé is a Curonian local name, related to lat. * Zemale (in German spelled Semallen) and other place names having the root lit. žem-, lat. zem-(2: III 244). It would be with the suffix -alė typical of the Zemgallen, apparently formed from the common word žėmė. In the Latvian part of Curonian Spit, the suffix -alė was also typical: Nuégale, Valgale, Vérgale (ibid.). 2 (2nd ed.). Židikai manor is mentioned in the first half of the 16th century, and in the late 16th and early 17th century it was a town. During the Wallachian reform, the village of Židici was founded, which grew rapidly (in 1595—1596 there were 19 families, and in 1597 there were 20 families). In 1646 there were 14 houses. The village became a town in the late 17th century. After his appearance, the first Jews disappeared (4: IV). The origin of the name raises various doubts. It is a relatively isolated, rare placename. He is also known as the "Ghost of the Vegetables" (Vegetables' Witch). In 1892, the official list of placenames of Tsarist Russia mentioned Utenos vls. Kuduwuxu (92: 344). That's probably all. It is difficult to draw more firm conclusions from this. However, perhaps the most plausible would be to believe that these place names are personal nouns, although other forms of the name are known: Židėnis, Židūlis, Židžiūnas. 224 meat. However, the personal noun (current name) * Židikas ar pan. su So next to the jų name * Židikas would be quite possible. 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Dictionary of local names of the Masuria region. Cz. 2: Nazwy fizjograficzne. Poznan, 1959. 134. ReitelaitisJ. The People and the Word. K., 1928. T.5. P. 248-307. 135. Sav uk yn as B. Origin of the pronoun Ukmerge/Vilk(a)merge // Our language. V., 1978. No. 4. P. 20-24. 136. Iloniuoe cobpanue pycckux neronuceit. T. 35: Jleronucnu Gesopyccko— maTosckue M., 1980. 137. Sad aus kas R. Is the name of Druskininkai mentioned? //The native land. 1991 08 08. | 138. NaktinieneG, PaulauskieneA,, VitkauskasV. Dictionary of Dictionaries. V., 1988. 139. Balaišis V. Der lit. River name Nemunas and the lit. namas //” House” (Some remarks on etymology) //Kalbotyra. V. 1987. T. 37 (3). P. 18-23. 140. Z w e c k A. Lithuania. Stuttgart, 1898. | 141. Mūlenbachs K. The Latvian language. Redigeeris, papildinajis, turpindjis J. En d zelins. Riga, 1923-1932. T. 1-4. UNSERE Summary At present, there are about 300 cities, towns, towns and villages in Lithuania. The settlements have different destinies. Thr age is different: some are hundreds of years old, others pay a few decades. Some were important in the past, others today. Some names are old, particularly interesting, often difficult to etymologise, the others are simple, undoubted, etymologically unambiguous. About 60 city names are analyzed here. It is self-evident, since the search for the selection criteria would be pointless. On the one hand, only a few names are analyzed here, on the other hand, this article represents only a part of the coarse work, therefore the criteria will be discussed another time. We can only emphasize this, since for the analysis not only names with clear etymology, but also those whose etymology and formation are complicated, are used. 229