Deapeliatyviniai asmenų pavadinimai pagal kilimo, buvimo bei gyvenamąją vietą

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, XXXII (1993) BALTŲ ONOMASTIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI MILDA NORKAITIENĖ PERSONAL DESIGNATIONS DERIVED FROM COMMON NOUNS ACCORDING TO ORIGIN, PRESENCE, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE We call personal designations based on origin, presence, and place of residence appellatives-derived when they are formed not from proper nouns but from common nouns denoting a place of residence or non-residence, adjectives with spatial meaning, and adverbs of place and space, e.g.: daubiškis: daubą, girininkas: girią, kaimietis: kaimas, šėtonietis: šėton, toliūtis: toli; tolis, užupis: už- +upė, vandenis: vanduo. Such derivatives refer not only to people, but also to various personified mythological beings (e.g., giryškštis “forest spirit, wood-dweller,” medeinė “goddess of the forests,” namininkas “house spirit,” pragaris “devil”), winds (pietąšis, rytis, šiaurūnėlis, vakaris), or wolves (laukinis, laukininkas), snakes (pãlaũžė), and toads (pamatinė) are named euphemistically. This group of derivatives would also include desubstantival locative epithets1, which denote a characteristic of something derived from its location (e.g., kiškis m i š-k i s, paukšteliai r a k š t ū n ė l i a i, žirgelis l a n k i n i n k a s). The formation of lexical-semantic word groups is partly related to word formation, its categories, and types. Desubstantival locative epithets and designations for people (personified beings) based on origin, presence, and place of residence, by their very nature, have relatively transparent motivation and share a general derivational meaning: “something associated with the place denoted by the base word.” Moreover, the same word-formation processes and formatives are manifested in the formation of both groups. The article’s main aim is to discuss the characteristic derivational features and specific nature of appellative-derived personal designations based on origin, presence, and place of residence, since up to now they have been surveyed in somewhat greater detail only in “The Lithuanian Language ¹ Epithets, most often used in folklore works, characterize a figure according to various features: appearance (ąžuolas š i m t a l a p i s, žirgas š i r v i n y k a s), the action performed (berželis s u y t r u o n ė l i s, paukštužėliai č i u l b u ž ė l i a i), or place of presence (vėžys p a k e r y s)—the latter will also be discussed here—or some other feature. 114 grammar”2. The collected material (about 700 examples) shows3 that the aforementioned names are most often formed by derivation and less often by composition. We will examine them below in this order. Suffix derivatives First of all, attention should be drawn to the varying productivity of the suffixes. The most productive suffix is -inis, -ė (used to form both noun-based and adjective-based names for people): 83 examples (170 occurrences), or 24.63% of all derivatives: Anapusinis, -ė LKŽ I 129 (rš): the other side. Anašalinis, -ė LKŽ I 130: the other country. But then here, that fellow from the far end arranged a wedding feast, having invited the people from around BsP III 205. The people from around know everything LKŽ I 246 (J.Jabl). The people from around have already threshed their grain, while we still haven’t brought everything in LKŽ I 246 (Srv). The people from around gathered LKŽ I 246 (Ds): surroundings. Here the church people go LKŽ I 700 (Pln). The church people take so long to return LKŽ I 701 (Skr). She is very church-going LKŽ I 701 (Tvr). Are they church people? LKŽ I 701 (Gs): church. You can’t compare with the people who have a cow shed; theirs grow well even without work LKŽ II 142 (Krok): cow shed, cow sheds. If it weren’t for the people with cottages, we wouldn’t have harvested the rye so quickly Slv: cottage “house, little hut”. A well-known local diver LKŽ II 115 (rš): here, hereabouts. The people of means know a little and speak Lithuanian LKŽ II 221 (Rš). That’s a substantial holding—so much land—and he gets all high and mighty LKŽ II 221 (Rdm): property “farm, homestead”. My children are still little, only of kindergarten age LKŽ II 306 (Jrb): kindergarten “a preschool institution for children”. The garden people are always buried in cabbages LKŽ II 308 (Rdm): garden “property, homestead”. The Šepučiai from the hollow, from the hill LKŽ II 310 (Pgr): hollow; hill. Where the fine clothes are—those of the manor folk; where the bright little faces are—those of the idlers LKŽ II 938 (Plš): manor. The girls from the far end came to pull flax LKŽ III 68 (Pg). The one from the far end, Švežda—God give him heaven—would tell him to sow it himself M.Katk. Jonas from the far end had also come LKŽ III 68 (Alv). Those from the far end really pester you in autumn, once the grain has been winnowed, until they get out onto the highway LKŽ III 68 (Dbk): end “the beginning or end of a village; a field at the far end”. Forest people live there LKŽ III 342 (Gs). Forest people aren’t afraid of snakes; they know how to manage LKŽ III 342 (Ss). How long 2 See Lietuvių kalbos gramatika. V., 1965. T.1. P. 411—414. 3 Material for the article was collected from ”Lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (hereafter LKŽ). V., 1956—1986. T. 1—14 and its card index; from V.Vitkauskas’s ”Šiaurės rytų dunininkų šnektų žodynas” (V., 1976), J.Petrauskas and A.Vidugiris’s ”Lazūnų tarmės žodynas” (V., 1985), G.Naktinienė, A.Paulauskienė, and V.Vitkauskas’s ”Druskininkų tarmės žodynas” (V., 1988); from various texts and on the basis of a special questionnaire. Abbreviations are as in ”Lietuvių kalbos žodynas”. 115 The forest people do not return home LKŽ III 342 (Skr). They came, they said, at night; the forest people carried the sheep out of the barn Pžrl. Isn’t he afraid to drive alone through the forest, in case a forest bandit attacks him? LKŽ III 342 (Srj). Gervė himself looked very much like a forest spirit, a forest man rs. The forest demon (devil) came—don’t be afraid LKŽ VIII 990 (Šv). There are snakes: the hemp snake, the speckled one, the black one, the forest snake, the autumn snake, the copper snake LKŽ III 367 (Plv): forest. It is easier to come to an agreement with the village people than with the townspeople LKŽ V 56 (Alk). Don’t expect a townsman to cheat a villager LKŽ V 56 (Srv). The village women did not associate with the manor women LKŽ V 56 (Gs). Village people live well LKŽ V 56 (Gs): village. Hill god. Hill goddess K I 210. This year the hay defeated even the hill people LKŽ V 148 (Skr). Hill-dweller Poželė LKK IV 177. Here all the peasants got land from the manor as hill people LKŽ VI 48 (Skr): hill. Does Banaitis live by the cemetery? LKŽ V 234 (Pc): cemetery. When I went to a wedding as a best man, I took a yard-dweller as my best man LKŽ V 753 (Dv). Even though he’s a yard-dweller, don’t sort him into a different group LKŽ V 753 (Dv). If a girl from the same village is the bride, then one must walk home together LKŽ V 753 (Dv). I’ll meet a friend from the same yard LKŽ V 753 (Arm). Where are you stealing a yard-dweller? DrskŽ: yard. We ourselves were the ones from the edge (of the village) DrskŽ: edge “end”. They tore up the floor—looking for root-dwellers LKŽ VI 699 (Krtn). The root snake sheds its skin, or the mature snake LKŽ VI 699 (IM 1864,7). Root snake (snake) LKŽ VI 699 (Kls): bushes. They had both been in the camp—and found a camp woman LKŽ VII 11 (Str): camp. There isn’t a single girl from the town—every one is from the countryside LKŽ VII 182 (Ad). When the village divided its land, country people appeared LKŽ VII 182 (Lnkv). We were country people in Gedūry, having moved there Pš. Have the people who worked in the fields already returned? LKŽ VII 182 (Grš). A wolf from the countryside tore my foal to pieces last night LKŽ VII 182 (J). Don’t leave horses out in the field—a wild wolf may kill the foal LKŽ VII 182 (Užp). A wolf from the countryside, a dog—the belly growls LKŽ V 427 (J). The nights are long—a wolf may turn up LKŽ VII 182 (Dbk): field. One (snake) is speckled, the other hazel-colored LKŽ VII 213 (Dv): stick “hazel”. Lobinis, -ė LKŽ VII 637 (Drsk). Lóbinis Paukštė, kálninis Paukštė Dglš: lóbas; kálnas. Sea bandit LKŽ VII 859 (R 324): sea. They were forest people LKŽ VII 988 (Lz). Forest being (guardian spirit, god of forest animals) LKŽ VII 987 (rš): forest, tree, trees “forest, woodland”. Village people always live worse than townspeople LKŽ VIII 155 (Gs). Townspeople LKŽ VIII 155 (Grv): town. People from beyond the forest call us (the people of Vidsodžiai) forest folk LKŽ VIII 290 (Užv). The forest people would all crowd into the very place where they slept Švnč. [Lapinas] tells of forest spirits, living in bogs and wandering through forests, who bewitch people V.Krėv. Forest people, red-bearded Grdm. Don’t cry, or the forest man will come and take you away LKŽ VIII 290 (Ldk): forest. They live beside the moldtuobinė Gečėnes, Ciparius 116 Nmš: mólduobė. When a person dies, the people of the household grieve terribly LKŽ VIII 533 (Pls). I often quarrel with the people at home LKŽ VIII 533 (Ck). My brother who lives at home is not yet married, only the younger one lives in town LKŽ VIII 533 (Trgn). Not the people of the household; people come in from the village and won’t let the young people sit at the table (at the wedding) DrskŽ. That daughter stayed at home (to live with her parents), while the other went to live with her husband LKŽ VIII 533 (Brb). Here are the grandchildren who live at home Mrs. The parents who lived at home left most of it to them Srj. He is a true homebody LKŽ VIII 533 (Tvr). A bride who is not from the household (who comes from elsewhere) LKŽ VIII 533 (dz.). Oh, brother, brother, my little brother, why did you shoot the dove, the little bird that lived at home? LKŽ VIII 533 (LTR(Ds). They recognized that this was his (the horse’s) own stable LKŽ VIII 533 (LTR(Tvr). When evening comes, the children are in a real fix: they keep imagining that the house spirit has grabbed them by the leg as soon as they stretch them out from the bench V.Krev. She is a talkative woman, but we are such stay-at-home people LKŽ VIII 895 (Ms): house, houses, home, homes. My little ones, my doves, well-fed, you from the marsh, you from the edge, away, away, homeward! (song) LKŽ IX 197 (Dgls): marsh edge; outskirts. There were two Mantvilai there: one from the edge of the forest, the other from the lakeside LKŽ IX 66 (Gs): forest edge, forest clearing; lakeshore, lakeside. In winter the forest-edge dweller would sometimes graze the cows in the forest LKŽ IX 85 (Ad). Those from the forest edge are just woodcutters here LKŽ IX 85 (Ig). These forest-edge people graze their animals in the forest LKŽ IX 85 (Kps): forest edge, forest clearing. Pranskus from the hill and the foot of the hill LKŽ IX 147 (Šts): hill; foot of a hill, hillside. A child who appeared in a corner, a girl DrskŽ: corner, corners. When I pass the first person by the roadside, I’ll stop in to get a drink LKŽ IX 165 (Žvr): roadside. Pakurinis, -ė LKŽ IX 218 (Skdv): pakūra. Only the people who live in the open fields had no lamps for lighting LKŽ IX 243 (Rdm): open field. Most frogs live under foundations LKŽ IX 285 (Lbv): foundations. Not one person from the edge of the forest remained—they all moved to the settlement Er. People from the edge of the forest more often go mushrooming LKŽ IX 302 (Rd). People from the edge of the forest will have more hay LKŽ IX 302 (Er). The potatoes of the forest-edge people are almost all dug up, gray with ash LKŽ IX 302 (Všn). People from the edge of the forest do not want to stay overnight LKŽ IX 302 (Lkv). A loose woman from the edge of the forest, as Jonė called her, was named Teklė J.Avyž: forest edge. Paplentìnė Šiutrikienė is already a widow LKŽ IX 372 (Gs). The first war ran along the highway; those living beside it suffered LKŽ IX 372 (Grd): roadside. Paprūdinis Kuizinas LKŽ IX 382 (Db): riverbank. Go over to the people by the marsh, and they’ll tell you about devils LKŽ IX 396 (Al): marsh. Parishioner, -ė M: parish. He was a border policeman Sdb: border. That worldly person goes about the world LKŽ IX 456 (Ldyn). I was such a worldly person, so I talk about everything LKŽ IX 456 (Vlkv): world. The people living by the border were driven off (their farms) LKŽ IX 467 (Gs): border. A bridge-side person is all that will come of this child LKŽ IX 619 (Trgn): bridge side. The riverside people more 117 hayloft LKŽ IX 652 (Žal). They moved all the riverside people to the settlement Er. The riverside residents at least get their fill of fish LKŽ IX 652 (Šn): paupys. The Ambrazaičiai who live by the roadside LKŽ IX 693 (Jrb): pavieškelė. Black as a hell-dweller (devil) LKŽ IX 752 (Krok): peklą. I’ll go and visit the neighbor who lives beyond the fields LKŽ IX 838 (Prng): perlaukė; perlaukiai. We’ll go visiting in the late afternoon to the people who live in the little cottages LKŽ IX 1090 (Svd). The old woman goes about with her daughter-in-law, her grandson’s wife LKŽ IX 1094 (Str). This man is one of our household LKŽ IX 1094 (Kb): pirkia, pirkėlė. That is how things were in the world, when the beings from underground (devils) still had dealings with people LKŽ X 480 (TDr VI 182): požemis. Now the water is clean; there are no infernal ones (devils) LKŽ X 500 (Skr): pragaras. She is raising foster children LKŽ X 635 (VšR): prieglauda. Provincial residents NdŽ: provincija. The bog-dweller will lure you into the bushes LKŽ XI 61 (Švn). The man heard them and went off like a bog-dweller DrskŽ: raistas. Now even the district people have arrived LKŽ XI 97 (Mrp): rajonas. A neighbor from across the border LKŽ XI 852 (K I 64): rubežius. It just occurred to him that at midday a rye-field spirit walks through the fields, and a shudder ran through him LKŽ XI 888 (Mš). A rye-field witch LKK XII 140 (Grv): rugiai. An islander LKŽ XII 80 (Aps). The islander’s son-in-law has arrived LKŽ XII 80 (Aps). Juozas from the island is a terrible pincher LKŽ III 447 (Švn). A boy from the island—a town-bred calf LKŽ XII 80 (Ml). She (the teacher) is as industrious as a village girl all year round—she works at everything: digging and dancing with our boys LKŽ XII 353 (Lz): salą; selà “an area of land surrounded on all sides by water; a homestead, village”. The border guards [Cossacks] had their belts with pouches strapped on LKŽ XII 526 (Dr). I had a load of hay under my arm; I couldn’t get away from the border guards (border guards) Plng: siena. It is far to the people who live in the cellar LKŽ XII 1000 (Vrn): sklėpas. They did so, hoping to receive help from the threshold and other house spirits, who were said to live in the corners LKŽ XII 1211 (M.Valanč): šlenkštis. But the sandy-soil folk don’t plow, while we do? LKŽ XII 153 (Trgn): smėlis. The field boundary was permanent, but the homestead residents used to argue LKŽ XIII 274 (Vl). You may grow up here, but you’ll never grow up like the homestead folk LKŽ XIII 274 (Gs). You can’t compare yourself with a homesteader—his crops are all as solid as a wall LKŽ XIII 274 (Br): sodyba. A garden-village person LKŽ XIII 277 (Dr): sodà “village, settlement”. A neighbor from the village has arrived LKŽ XIII 277 (Jrb): sodas. A female outsider appeared here, nicknamed Teisybė (pen name) LKŽ XIV 330 (Brt): svetimžemė. An outsider won’t explain as much as one of our own LKŽ XIV 451 (Vv): šalis. Snake-woman, spring-woman, go into the grove, go into the wood, do not harm the white doves LKŽ XIV 486 (LMD(Ml): šaltinis. A northerner LKŽ XIV 723 (K II 94): šiaurė. Forest or pinewood devils are called “pinewood men”—“basil-wood and beechwood folk” LKŽ XIV 788 (BsMt I 26(Brt). It often happened that more than one pinewood-dweller ran short of bread in spring LKŽ XIV 788 (V. Krev). She looks like a woman of the pinewoods, one of those who gather mushrooms and berries—they are very nimble, moving like bees Dg. They 118 a man who has just come out, a forest-dweller Dg: pine forest, pine forests. Side-dweller, -er Pmn: side “edge, side”. A person from Ūlyčia recovers without a doctor, without helpers Dgš: Ūlyčia. In the forests we see all sorts of spirits—nymphs, forest spirits, wood-dwellers, river spirits—usually at night in the moonlight, among the plants and flowing waters: river. The people from across the river have not yet cut the rye Ig. For that bridge is there for the people from across the river to cross Pnm: the far bank. [The priest] saw a man threshing grain out on the Žuižė lake and constantly shouting: “It’s time, but there’s no man.” [...] The water spirit, having stopped the aforementioned calling, said to the priest: “You did wrong” BsV 372. The water spirit heard, took pity on the man, and brought him a golden axe out of the river BsV 373: water, a. sg. vánden-į. Jankauskis, a local man Žlb. There’ll be thieves among the locals; no need to buy DrskŽ: place. From the semantic point of view, derivatives with the suffixes -inis, -ė are ambiguous. As the examples show, they can denote a person (or persons): 1) living or remaining permanently in the same place, living alongside or together with someone on a permanent basis, or temporarily settled in the place denoted by the base word or near it; 2) originating, having come, moved, arrived, returned, or emerged from the place denoted by the base word; having lived or been in, or (been) obtained or found in, that place or near it; 3) often visiting (or liking to visit) or hiding in the place denoted by the base word or near it, or going or having gone there; participating alongside others in an event taking place there. It should also be added that, in addition to the aforementioned shades of meaning, some derivatives with a pejorative connotation were also found: Apluokiniai (wretched) guests LKŽ I 248 (KlvŽ). Apluokiniai (immature, ungrown boys) are already making advances toward the girls LKŽ I 248 (Ggr): apluokas “an enclosure near a house for grazing livestock; a threshing barn, a fenced pen”. Well, a feast is a feast: wherever you go, they’re all lying about, all dead drunk, only the ones who’ve eaten their fill at the wattle fences are still staggering around PP 17: žiogr-iai. The suffix -inis, -ė often helps form derivatives with the suffixes -ėitis, -ė (7 examples, 18 occurrences, 2.08% of all examples) and -(i)ukas, -ė (8 examples, 10 occurrences, 2.37% of all examples), when direct combination of the base stem and suffix is impossible for morphophonological reasons and because of evident semantic ambiguity (cf. krūminaitis, laukinaitis and krūmėtis, laukūtis; miškinukas, šiaudinukas and *miškukas, šiaudukas), e.g.: The young men from the surrounding area came here, and a man married LKŽ I 246 (LzP): aplinką “surrounding area”. Girnaitis, -ė J, girnaitis, -ė Š, RŽ, Kv. If a forest-dweller were to get lost in the woods, whatever would happen LKŽ III 341 (Ll). The forest people become townsfolk LKŽ III 341 (Vaižg). All forest people are little boys LKŽ VII 232 (Vdk). We’ve lived together for a hundred years, because we are forest people from: giria. Children born in the bushes (conceived in the bushes, out of wedlock) LKŽ VI 699 (Kal): krūmai. People of the fields live in the fields, and forest people live in the forests LKŽ VII 181 (J). People of the fields are always lamenting among the trees LKŽ VII 181 (Krtv). He is a field-dweller 119 live, while we are closer to the forests LKŽ VII 180–181 (Gr). L a u k i n a i - č i a i don’t have bast for bast shoes, so they carry them for the little ones LKŽ VI 759 (Vl): field, fields. Those m i š k i n a i č i a i used to boil tar from birch bark LKŽ VIII 289 (Pp). The m i š k i n a i č i a i have no shortage of trees LKŽ VIII 281 (Krtv). Grudžiai—Laukiniekčiai, Šakyniškiai—are m i š k i n a i č i a i LKŽ VII 181 (Skn): forest. Š a l i n a i t i s, someone from elsewhere LKŽ XIV 447 (J). Run to one of the š a l i n a i č i a i and invite more people LKŽ XIV 447 (Rs): šalìs “locality, region; side.” With the suffix -áitis, -ė only one derivative was encountered: Whoever lives on a hill is a k a l v a i t i s LKŽ VI 164 (J). K a l v a i t i s BŽ 100, RŽ: hill. There are likewise few derivatives with the suffix -(i)ūkas, -ė: I was the son of a d v a - r u k a, you know; I’ve seen all sorts of things Vlkv: manor. Perhaps they took them to the p r i e - g l a u d u k a i here, since everyone is dressed in similar clothes LKŽ X 635 (Jrb): shelter. A somewhat greater number of derivatives are formed using the suffixes -ėnis, -ė, -ėlis, -ė: You know, her Petras is a d i l g i n i ū k a s (illegitimate) LKŽ II 550 (Krk): nettles, nettle patch. Just fall in with the g i r i n i ū k a i and you’ll learn to curse and swear LKŽ VII 854 (Lks). And little Cerkelė, a short-lived one, spoke the truth; the little cooper g i r i n u k a s was sprawled behind the stove (d.) Lp: forest. K a r k l i n i ū k a s (a child found in a willow grove) took a stick and went looking for smadkas (ps.): willows, willow thicket. M i š k i n u k a s realized that his grandfather, looking for him, had gone around half the forest. From: forest. This child is a s h i a u d i n ū - k a s (illegitimate) Alvt: straw. Ž e m e l i u k a s M. The Samogitians, having cut off a little piece each, threw them into the house corners for the ž e m e l i u k ė s, or sods—that is, the large ones that cover the ground S.Dauk: earth. These derivatives are primarily characterized by a diminutive meaning and most often designate children. However, as was also noted in the “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language,” such formations can already be viewed not only as diminutives expressing youth, but also as derivatives of an entirely different type, with meanings of origin and belonging⁴. A large number of deverbal personal names—73, with 133 instances of use, about 21.66% of all examples—are formed with one of the most productive suffixes, -(in)inkas, -ė, and its variants -nykas, -ė, -(en)inkas (-enyklas), -ė: A n ó š a l i n y k a i will be harvesting rye soon LKŽ I 151 (Lš). A n ó š a l n y k a i already had this year’s potatoes at the market LKŽ I 151 (Srj). Father didn’t like that the young fellow was an a n ó š a l n y k a s Mrs: that side. Á p r u b i n i n - k a s, -ė LKŽ I 256 (Slnt): âprubas, âpruba “a farmer’s land within one area.” The land of the A u k š t i n i n k a i K II 98: highland “mountain.” I want to go to church today. — Well, what a b a ž n y č i n i n k a s! LKŽ I 700 (Kv). The b a ž n y č i n i n k a i are already coming back LKŽ I 700 (Kpl). You, b a ž n y č i n y k a s, ⁴ Grammar of the Lithuanian Language. V., 1965, Vol. I, p. 266. 120 what did you hear in church? LKŽ I 700 (Bsg). My little churchgoer is coming home LKŽ I 700 (Bsg). The churchgoers are coming back too LKŽ I 701 (Grg). We would have lunch, but not all the churchgoers have returned yet LKŽ I 701 (Š). The churchgoers are already coming home K. The churchgoers drank all the barley beer LKŽ I 701 (Grž): church. The boothkeepers arrived in the evening LKŽ I 1121 (Ėr): booth. The hut-dwellers lived in those thatched huts LKŽ I 1123 (J): hut. The butelninkai have only a small plot of land for a garden and a small dwelling to live in LKŽ I 1213 (Skr): butėlis. Being a būtininkas, don’t hold your head too high LKŽ I 1222 (Up). Take, poor man, a būtininkė daughter as your wife LKŽ I 1222 (rš): būtas. Whoever has a house with a garden but no field is a gardener LKŽ II 307 (J). There used to be daržinykai here too, but they all went to the settlement Kbr. A gardener lived here; he had four of everything: Lž: garden. He is a dabininkas—he has an entire duba LKŽ II 782 (Šd): duba “a separate farmstead, homestead.” He dresses himself up in all sorts of little gardens LKŽ II 937 (Gs): dvarelįs. Ežerininkas, -ė Rž. Ežerininkas, -ė LKŽ II 1169 (K, Š): lake, lakes. At that time people came to the town in carts, the gardininkai LKŽ III 122 (Bs): gardas “town.” Gatvininkas, -ė LKŽ III 157 (Vaižg): street. In the late afternoon some girininkas drove up and brought a full wagon of brooms LKŽ III 341 (Žvr). Our old folks, the girininkai, kept swarms of bees LKŽ III 341 (A 1884, 234). The girininkai at least live warmly; their firewood is right nearby LKŽ III 341 (Slv). The girininkai’s livestock suffer greatly from horseflies in summer LKŽ III 341 (Ss). I sent the girininkai into the forest to cut wood LKŽ III 341 (J). [Žemaitė] remembered the 1863 uprising well; she herself worked, carrying news and food to the girininkai (rebels hiding in the forest) LKŽ III 341 (Vaižg). That girininkas thrashed the whole crowd like a hailstorm BsP III 14 (Nm). I married into that land of the girinykai LKŽ III 345 (Snt): forest. A good gyvatninkas, where there is good living LKŽ III 368 (J): gyvatà “dwelling place, homestead, farm.” Grytėlininkas, -ė LKŽ III 621: grytelė. Gruntinykas, -ė M: gruntas “clayey soil.” Every neighbor had sheep DrskŽ. For wealthy farmer-neighbors it was a prosperous time, but for us, young lads, a time of great hardship LKŽ V 56 (Krkn): káimas. Kalniniinkas, -ė LKŽ V 148. Kalniniinkas, -ė K I 490: mountain. Kalvininkas, -ė LKŽ V 166: hill. The fairgoers will surely stop by along the road LKŽ IX 163 (Jnšk): fair. Even if not all the kiemininkai saw everything, they all heard about it (Bs V 120). That will be my share and the kieminyko’s [acres] DrskŽ: yard. When the kopininkas throws his mitten onto the ice and it stays there, then he goes too LKŽ VI 348 (Kin). The coastal folk and kopininkai pile their fish into heaps and haul them away to sell Prk, N: dunes. Isn’t it the table-edge folk who bang against the edges of the table? LKŽ VI 444 (Sab): edge “corner.” Krūmininkas, -ė LKŽ VI 699 (J). The voices of the feathered krūmininkai passed so sweetly through people’s hearts Mit I 72: bushes. It’s cold; the kūrotinykai, huddled together, drag themselves from corner to corner. 121 DrskŽ: resort. Kūtinininkas, -ė LKŽ VI 1005 (Bru): kūtė “small hut”. Langinininkas [window-dweller] person—that is closer to the goose, and just wandered along the windows, hoping to overhear something LKŽ VII 124 (Kls): langas. They were lankininkai, they lived in the meadows, while we lived in the village LKŽ VII 129 (Pgg). The big groups of lankininkai—that is, people who have drained [the land] LKŽ VII 129 (Ktc). My little horse is a lankininkas, while I myself am a young mergininkas LTR (Pgg): lanką. Laukeninkas, -ė LKŽ VII 179 (Mit V 47, 119). Whoever lives without a forest is called a laukininkas LKŽ VII 181 (J). For us, living near the forest, firewood is easy to come by, but for the laukinykai, who have to travel five or six miles to the forest, it is a problem LKŽ VII 181 (Šn). They did not worry about firewood, since state forests surrounded them. These people are not laukinykai Upn. When the laukinykas (wolf) turned, it killed as many as five sheep LKŽ VII 181 (Arm): laūkas. She walks along the shore, looks—and a ship is sailing; she waved her kerchief, and the sailors came over and took her (folktale) LKŽ VII 859 (Brt): marios. The laukininkai have no mushrooms, the medininkai no bread LKŽ VII 181 (Vlk): mędžas “forest”. Miestelninkas, vilify us LKŽ VIII 155 (KlvD 277): miestelis. Miestininkas, -ė LKŽ VIII 155 (K T 128): miestas. Nowadays the miškininkai live better: they dress more nicely and eat more heartily LKŽ VIII 290 (Eiš). There are no miškinykai (forest-dwellers) yet DrskŽ: miškas. And a great many mugininkai arrived, setting up rows of stalls outside the town LKŽ VIII 382 (rš): mugė. Whoever lives in his own home is a naminininkas LKŽ VIII 532 (J). What do I care about naminykės—I’d be better off getting set up LKŽ VIII 532 (Tgn). The naminykė girl is always waiting for naminykų matchmakers LKŽ VIII 532 (Prng). The naminykė married a grytelnýkas LKŽ VIII 532 (Tsk). You can find everything out from the naminykė and learn all about it DrskŽ. I am from somewhere else, but he is a naminykas here LKŽ VIII 532 (Dv). What will happen when we all go out to reap? Whom shall we leave behind as the naminykas? LKŽ VIII 532 (Arm). Oh, brother, brother, my dear little brother, why did you shoot the golden oriole, the naminininkė little bird? LKŽ VIII 532 (JD 85). And that naminykas sparrow does not carry its nest up the chimney LTR (Kp). If the aitvaras (house spirit) is to bring grain to another person, one must fill the granary and bless it LKŽ VIII 532 (Rgv): namai. All the families of the pajūrininkai were dried out by those hot spells on the white sand LKŽ IX 136 (Dr). The pajūrininkai used to herd goats in the dunes—such was the great hardship people endured during the wars LKŽ IX 136 (Plng): pajūris. Oh, he is a fine pakampinykas; you can never get away from him LKŽ IX 149 (Rod): pakampės. Father was a pakėmnykas (he liked visiting the neighbors), and the child is no different LKŽ IX 171 (Sdb). He is a true pakėmnykis; you will never find him at home LKŽ IX 171 (Klov): pakėmýs “village surroundings”; along the homesteads. Such a pakrūmnykas lives near the edge of the forest LKŽ IX 206 (Ėr). Even if you get lost, you will always find some pakrūmnykas to ask the way LKŽ IX 206 (Ėr): pakrūmė. Parubėžininkas, -ė LKŽ IX 436 (N, K): parubežys. So you’re a nobleman to be shutting up the barn, you robbers, patiltininkai! LKŽ IX 619 (rš): patiltė. Paupininkas (-įnykas M), -ė LKŽ IX 652 (Ndz): paupys. Pėlkininkai used to barter turnips for 122 grain LKŽ IX 771 (Dov): pėlkė. Voniškų pievininkai are ours too LKŽ IX 936 (Plk): pieva. Pilinykas, -ė LKŽ IX 985 (M): pilis. I remember him and the surname of that pirkteninkas LKŽ IX 1097 (S I 339): pirktėlė. Pirtininkas, -ė LKŽ X 33 (NdŽ): pirtis. Pragārnininkas, -ė LKŽ X 500 (SD 247): pragaras. Rotūžninkas, -ė LKŽ XI 843 (Šts): rotūžė. Rubežininkas, -ė LKŽ XI 852 (MŽ, N, K). Rubežininkas is a neighbor K I 430. The rubežinykai catch them and bring them in LKŽ XI 852 (Eiš). He was a famous rubežninkas; that is, he carried Prussian goods across the border LKŽ XI 853 (TS 1901,2–3): rubežius. They keep talking about the sea..., as though they were marininkai or salininkai LKŽ XII 80 (LT II 540 (Bs). Salinykas, -ė M: island. Those sėdybininkai... will not drive us from our land, if only we have enough wisdom LKŽ XII 288 (TS 1902,12b): sėdyba. In olden times, skynimininkai and the inhabitants of the paniškės would hide their possessions so from the bear, the glutton LKŽ XII 900 (sp). That land was wrested from the forest by the ancestors of the skynimininkai LKŽ XII 900 (rs): skynimas. We, the smėlinykai, harness our horses and go racing LKŽ XIII 153 (Sug): sand. The smiltininkai all lived by the sea (from the sea) LKŽ XIII 185 (Klp): sand, sandy area. There are lots of thieving sėdynykai nowadays LKŽ XIII 276 (Ėr): garden. The gardeners have already planted the potatoes LKŽ XIII 276 (Ažr). For us, the sodžinūkai, it is better when it rains LKŽ XIII 287 (Srj): sodą, sodžius. The svečtininkai return home from the feast after gorging themselves LKŽ XIV 331 (Ggr): guests. Whoever lives by the side is a šalininkas LKŽ XIV 450 (J): side. He took the last mail parcel for the northern travelers LKŽ XIV 723 (Vr): north. Šilininkas, one who lives in the pinewoods LKŽ XIV 788 (J.Jabl (Ilg): pinewood, pinewoods. Šiūrininkas, -ė LKŽ XIV 950 (A 1884,221): šiūrė. The housewife watched carefully to make sure that no wide-footed person was seated at the door, by the threshold, where trobelininkai and other ažkarnilžiai are seated J. Balt: little hut. Turgininkas, -ė M. And [Blundžius] will tell everything not the way everyone speaks, but with jokes and peppery sayings that make the turgininkai clutch their bellies J. Balt: market. Ūlyčinŷkas, -ė M: ūlyčia. Ūpininkas, -ė RŽ: river. Užmarininkas, -ė rs: beyond the sea. Užupininkas, -ė KŽ: beyond the river. [Abu] family among the other one-homestead dwellers J. Balt: single homestead. How did you know that I am a vietininkė Rmč: place. Are you the child of a žemininkas? J.Pauks: earth. In terms of meaning, derivatives with the suffix -(in)ininkas, -ė do not differ at all from derivatives with the suffix -inis, -ė, except that the former are more often used to form appellations of persons derived from appellatives in the third semantic subgroup (see p. 9), whose meaning is closely connected with appellations of persons according to their place of work (the derivational category of nomina professionalia; cf. paštininkas, -ė “postal worker,” vaistininkas, -ė “pharmacy employee”). Among common nouns denoting a place, 35 personal appellations (65 instances of use) with the suffix -iškis, -ė were found. They make up 10.38% of all derivatives. 123 People from Anōgalia have already mown the hay LKŽ I 150 (Grg). Anuogališkis, a neighbor, i.e. from the far end of the village LKŽ I 180 (J): that end. Biržiškis, -ė LKŽ I 851 (Vaižg): biržė ‘a small birch grove, birch copse’. As he was being carried away, he cried out among the dead, showed the dwellers in heaven where he would go after him LKŽ II 257 (A. Baran): heavens. Daubiškis, -ė LKŽ II 310 (N, K): daubà. Didmiestiškis, -ė LKŽ II 484 (K I 568): big city. All the manor folk, fine and humble people, had been invited to the feast BsP III 22. Soon all the manor folk and townsfolk carried out John’s order BsP III 50: manor. The one who stands at the end is the gališkis LKŽ III 70 (J). The people from the end of the village LKŽ III 70 (Vkš): galas ‘the beginning or end of a village’. The one who came from the forest is the giriškis LKŽ III 342 (J): forest. The village folk plant tobacco LKŽ V 57 (Vl). Look, even the village women are already following that fashion LKŽ V 57 (Skr). Lauksargys, one of the villagers, was appointed to watch over the fields BM 233. He summoned all the villagers to the gathering LKŽ V 57 (Kltn). The skill of making scythes had been held in honor among the villagers since ancient times M.Katk. The villagers’ guests each take a cart M.Katk. The village people are true pagans—they overwhelmed me with their heavy talk JD 778: village. A man from the hills came, that is, one who lives on a hill LKŽ (J). Kalniškis, -ė K I 209: hill. They invited the people from the homestead, whoever they wanted Rsn. Some warriors carried the spoils to the ships, while others were already plundering the stunned people of the homestead rs: homestead. Laukiškis, -ė LKŽ VII 183 (K): field. The children from Mėdsėdžiai beat the village children! LKŽ VII 991 (Kal): Mėdsėdžiai. The townsfolk immediately surrounded the housekeeper, who had driven into town LKŽ VIII 155 (Šts): small town. One townsman had also come LKŽ VIII 155 (Šil). The landowners and townspeople LKŽ VIII 155 (Grg). They don’t let the men go to market alone: the townspeople will fleece them, and we’ll sell everything for next to nothing LKŽ VI 957 (Šts). Nora tries to draw those townspeople into the village End: town. All the household members sat down at the table and began singing folk songs LKŽ I 768 (Vvr). The guests went their separate ways, and the household members sat down to eat LKŽ XII 931 (Šts). That girl isn’t one of the household, she came as a guest LKŽ VIII 896 (Klm). This Sunday I’ll stay at home, and next (coming) Sunday you will LKŽ VIII 896 (Šlnt). I’m afraid of nothing; I can be one of the household LKŽ VIII 896 (Nt). A farmer had three wolves living at home LKŽ VIII 896 (Lpl): home, house. The people from the seaside try to make use of the sea’s customary riches LKŽ IX 136 (J.Jabl). A man from the seaside K I 723: seashore. Pakalniškis, -ė LKŽ IX 147 (R, K): slope. Pakapiškis, -ė LKŽ IX 152 (rš): cemetery-side, cemetery slope. The children from Pakrosnis stared open-mouthed LKŽ IX 205 (Žem): pakrósnis. A man from the lagoon shore LKŽ IX 283 (K I 723). ‘Let him be from the very division, so long as he isn’t from among the lagoon folk,’ thought Gretė I. Simon: lagoon shore. The people of Pāmedė and Patirškė are called that because the town of Tirkšliai has a large forest LKŽ IX 290 (Šts): pamedė ‘woodland edge’. Pamiestāliškis, -ė LKŽ IX 297 (Šts). Pamiesteliškis, -ė LKŽ IX 297 (rš): outskirts, edge of a small town. 124 The Šermai strip potatoes from the people of Papušynys LKŽ IX 390 (Mžk): papušynys. The church could tell much about the joys and sufferings of the people who have lived and live here, its parishioners LKŽ IX 404 (I. Simon): parish. Six kilometers beyond Tauragė—they call them borderland people LKŽ IX 436 (Pgr): borderland. Every kind of path must kneel: those of heaven, earth, and hell LKŽ X 501 (A.Baran): heavens; earth; hell. The courtiers immediately surrounded the duke on all sides LKŽ XI 954 (rš). Don’t speak like that; speak as a courtier does LKŽ XI 954 (SkrT): court. Sališkis, a person from an island LKŽ XII 81 (K I 666). The islander is a very hardworking farmhand: he often plows furrows—the little barns are full (d.) LKŽ XII 81 (Tvr): island, ‘an area of land surrounded on all sides by water; a village, settlement’. The people of one island fought a war with the people of another corner LKŽ XII 80 (Kel 1863, 106): archipelago. Slėniškis, -ė NdŽ: valley. Because of the villagers, the sugar won’t set LKŽ VIII 475 (Lš). Tupikis courted the village girls again, one by one, but homemade salt is not salty: they only made fun of his words and of him Žem. Many villagers gathered in the town LKŽ XIII 283 (Šauk). The village people were heard singing LKŽ XIII 287 (Brb): village, of the village. Stotiškis, -ė rš: station. We were people of the pine forest Pgg: pine forest. I have a show for the people from Prišmantai and Šieion, who stick their noses up, thinking we are better fishermen rš. There was always friction between the Šieion fishermen and us newcomers rš: Šieion. Neither adjectival forms nor those already lexicalized as nouns among the personal designations in -iškis, -ė differ semantically in any way from the formations with suffixes discussed above. Their tendency to become nouns is also noted in the Grammar of the Lithuanian Language5, but one cannot agree with the statement that formations in -iškis “have the meaning of a place of residence or, more generally, a location”6. It is true that the text goes on to say that they “indicate where someone (emphasis mine — M. N.) lives, or where someone comes from”7; this means that it acknowledges that the formations denote a person by reference to a place, rather than the place itself. There were 35 formations with the suffix -ietis, -ė (54 occurrences). This amounts to 10.38% of all formations. The people of Augalia go out to the fields earlier than anyone else LKŽ I 127 (Srv): that end. The people from the surrounding area used to come apple-picking LKŽ I 214 (Trgn): surrounding area. Everyone around here takes it; a lot of that fertilizer gets used up LKŽ I 245 (Svn). When there’s a wedding, the people from nearby come too Krč: surroundings ‘surrounding area’. Dvarietis, -ė LL 27: manor. The people of Amėgalė probably know better Ps: end ‘beginning, end of a village’. A forest-dweller came to a wealthy farmer, completely famished LKŽ III 341 (Blv): forest. A city dweller usually cannot imagine the life and work of a villager rš. All the villagers gathered 5 Lietuvių kalbos gramatika. V.,1965.T.1. P.574. 6Same place. 7Same place. 125 LKŽ V 55 (J). V i l l a g e r s, when beginning a task, all begin together, wishing to finish together M.Katk: village. Steppe-dwellers (inhabitants of the steppe) have darkly tanned complexions, broad chests, and dark eyes. H i g h l a n d e r s are taller and fairer rš. I had met a h i g h l a n d e r’s daughter-in-law — she was sorely distressed that her husband himself was a man Č: mountain. A y a r d-d w e l l e r is the happiest person LKŽ V 751 (Sem). What would a y a r d-d w e l l e r do in town? LKŽ V 751 (Vvs): yard ‘village, homestead’. The s h o r e-d w e l l e r s had greatly feared the Nemunas flood LKŽ VI 425 (rš): shore. He lived in the poor attic of one rural dweller from Kiemenai village LKŽ VIII 180 (rš). And the r u r a l d w e l l e r s also took [sugar] from the shops LKŽ VII 180 (Brž). C o u n t r y d w e l l e r s live in villages LKŽ VII 181 (Žg). The people of Gruzdžiai are c o u n t r y d w e l l e r s, those of Sakynė are forest dwellers LKŽ VII 181 (Skn): field. A melodious nature suited the slow temperament of a p l a i n s-d w e l l e r rš: plain, plains. There isn’t a single t o w n s w o m a n — they are all country girls LKŽ VIII 155 (Ad). One always needs t o w n s w o m e n, since the bread is bad LKŽ VIII 155 (Mž). The t o w n s w o m e n did not stand in the queue: they pushed in Mž. What would you talk about with those t o w n s p e o p l e — they’ll sing their own song anyway LKŽ VIII 155 (Srv): townlet. Those t o w n s w o m e n, apparently: why do they sprinkle flour on their noses? LKŽ VIII 831 (Šauk). In the aforesaid year 1862, matches appeared in shops, and t o w n s p e o p l e used them, but even they used them cautiously M.Katk: town. Every year, wolves took about 10 animals from the f o r e s t d w e l l e r s LKŽ VIII 290 (Sln): forest. When the h o m e d w e l l e r s sowed the crops, I learned too LKŽ VIII 531 (Šlčn): home. We, the i s o l a t e d d w e l l e r s, know nothing LKŽ VIII 959 (Grž): isolation. S e a s i d e r, -er LKŽ IX 136 (J): seaside. F o o t h i l l e r, -er NdŽ: foothill. Ask the n e a r-f i e l d d w e l l e r s to help LKŽ IX 243 (Sln): field edge. I would have grown up a maiden of the lagoon, a daughter-in-law of the l a g o o n-d w e l l e r s LKŽ IX 233 (NS 1184): lagoon shore. Which Radvila family did it fall to, the f o r e s t-e d g e d w e l l e r s? LKŽ IX 302 (Ar). You f o r e s t-e d g e d w o m e n, do you have nuts? LKŽ IX 302 (Trs): forest edge. B o r d e r l a n d e r, -er DŽ: borderland. The priest had no land; the p a r i s h i o n e r s would bring him [produce] Pn: parish. R i v e r s i d e r, -er NdŽ. You, r i v e r s i d e d w e l l e r s, sometimes you get too puffed up, stick your noses in, but do you have anything to back it up? rš: riverside. Many men from the f a r s i d e o f t h e f i e l d s and neighbors gathered LKŽ IX 838 (LTR(Lnkv). A guest is a f a r-s i d e-f i e l d e r, not from the same village LKŽ IX 838 (Skp): far field; far fields. I have such a little pipe that when you blow it, all sorts of high walls stand up, a castle with cannons and c a s t l e-d w e l l e r s (folk tale) LKŽ IX 983 (Brt): castle. S o u t h e r n e r, -er DŽ: south. The s u b u r b a n i t e had long since grown used to the noisy neighbor’s ways and knew it would be no different rš: suburb. The traveler was an e a s t e r n e r rš: east. We’re having extraordinary luck: even the son of the i s l a n d e r s’ bulldog doesn’t bark rš: island ‘a part of the land surrounded on all sides by water’. For l a n d-d w e l l e r s this was an interesting event LKŽ XII 226 (rš): mainland. The people of Maleišiai were v a l l e y-d w e l l e r s, where my homeland was LKŽ XII 1210 (Vaižg): valley. He didn’t go to the o u t s k i r t s-d w e l l e r, and perhaps didn’t take the one he wanted LKŽ XIII 274 (Brž). The v i l l a g e r s liked big Rapolas Vaižg. The village girls, they are rather quiet LKŽ XIII 274 (NS „, 126 367): village, homestead. Northerner, -er DŽ: north. Every taiga-dweller is a master of his own craft rš: taiga. Go to uncle, the man from across the river, and let him give you wood for the bridge Ad. When the people from across the river come, we’ll start the bacon Vj. The people from across the river, beyond the stream, have neither bread nor crust (song) Tvr: the other side of the river. Westerner, -er DŽ¹: west. The meanings of the first semantic subgroup (see p. 9) are especially characteristic of personal designations formed with the suffix -ietis, -ė, whereas derivatives with these suffixes have none of the meanings of the third subgroup. The same can be said of derivatives with the suffix -ėnas, which are not numerous: 18 examples (19 occurrences), 5.34% of all derivatives. The people of the town hardly ever keep cows in the actual town LKŽ III 121 (Bs): town. Forest-dweller, -er LKŽ III 335 (V.Kudir, K): forest. Few people learn to write in Samogitian at home, because there are few educated parents and villagers LKŽ VIII 332 (A 1884,86): village. Like an avalanche of eternal snow, the highlanders came rushing down from their mountains A.Vien: mountain. The inhabitants of that land (the Samogitians), country-dwellers and villagers, drink good mead LKŽ V 56 (S.Dauk): field, fields; village. The youth of the nobles and townspeople fought with enthusiasm LKŽ VIII 155 (A.Janul): town. They did not want to see the townspeople even nearby LKŽ VIII 155 (Sg): townlet. At bedtime, he asks to stay with those same familiar people from the lakeside LKŽ IX 66 (rš): lakeshore. Those people from the forest’s edge really know the life of the forest well LKŽ IX 84 (SmIn): forest edge, forest fringe. Seaside-dweller, -er LKŽ IX 136 (BŽ 250, NdŽ): seaside. Foothill-dweller, -er LKŽ IX 147 (K): foothill. No, the people of the lagoon must also admit that Gretė had had indescribable luck I. Simon: lagoon shore. All the borderland people knew Lithuanian LKŽ IX 436 (Žgč): borderland. Having received no reply from the castle defenders, the Teutonic Knights piled brushwood by the castle walls and, when a favorable wind arose, set it alight MLTE I 585: castle. Those arriving and departing, the islanders—all are familiar faces LKŽ XII 76 (rš): island. You can recognize a village-dweller by their clothes at once Eiš. The villagers stayed and moved away Eiš : village. Person from across the river S.Dauk: the other side of the river. Not many derivatives with the suffixes -(i)ōnas, -ė and -(i)ōnis, -ė, -(i)onis, -ė are known. They too have meanings characteristic of the first semantic subgroup (see p. 9): I am no longer a villager at all, just a manor-dweller LKŽ II 938 (Vaižg). She spoke with the little manor folk, with the fine young manor men LKŽ II 939 (KlvD 290): manor. The little forest bird sings, the brother mourns his little sisters LKŽ III 346 (NS 1169): forest. Yard-dweller, -er : yard ‘village’. All the stone-field people blow into one trumpet LKŽ VI 831 (Slnt): stone field ‘a place with many stones, a stony tract’. Perhaps you know, since he is no townsman: he goes about looking LKŽ VIII 153 (Vgr): town. Which have the more unruly children: townspeople or parish-dwellers (villagers) LKŽ VIII 983 (Kltn): parish. The parishioners had gathered at the priest’s house LžŽ: parish. The people of heaven opened the gates of heaven for him LKŽ II 257 (Als): heaven. Petras, a forest-dweller or hermit LKŽ III 342 (S. Dauk): forest. Kiemio- 127 n’is—one who lives in a kiemas, not in a town LKŽ V 753 (J). So here is our kiemionis LKŽ V 753 (Vv). A kiemionė woman LKŽ V 753 (J). I stayed in the kiemas with a kiemionis LKŽ V 751 (J): kiemas ‘village, homestead’. Laukionis LKŽ VII 183 (S.Dauk): laukas ‘field’. When Kupiškis burned down, the townspeople moved out into the fields LKŽ VIII 153 (Kp). Townspeople’s treats are such weak little disease sacks DūnŽ. All the townspeople had fled to the islands LŽŽ. The townspeople set about sweeping the pavements Krs: miestas ‘town’. Pamarionis LKŽ IX 283 (G 101): pamarys ‘seashore’. Krizas’s name was not mentioned, but many parishioners whispered it P.Cvir: parapija ‘parish’. From some time onward, the inhabitants living in the settlement below the castle have been called pilionimis LKŽ IX 985 (S.Dauk). Some fool is shouting with Bleberis, while the pilionys merrily gorge themselves every day and the townspeople skip about in town without a care K. Donel: pilis ‘castle (its territory)’. Now all the villagers have started digging potatoes Vkš. I am a villager, you are a townsman Vkš: sodžius ‘village’; miestas ‘town’. There are 15 derivatives formed with the possessive suffixes -(i)onas, -ė and -(i)onis, -ė taken together (26 occurrences). This constitutes 4.45% of all derivatives. It is noteworthy that the origin of most of them, such as dvaronas, kūlijonas, miesčionas, miesčionis, parapijonas, could be explained as borrowing from Slavic languages: “the corresponding Slavic words had consonant stems; cf. Old Church Slavonic gen. pl. graždane ‘townspeople’, etc. [...] On the other hand, however, this is not necessary: some borrowings of this kind may also have acquired the possessive suffix -oni- on the model of Lithuanian derivatives, cf. kiemionž: kiemionas ‘village dweller’ Jž II 108, kiemonas (or kiemionas) ‘farmer’ Lex 25, etc.”⁸ The meanings of the first and second semantic subgroups are characteristic of derivatives with the suffixes -ykštis, -ė (6 derivatives, 9 occurrences, 1.78% of all derivatives) and -ūnas, -ė (4 derivatives, 4 occurrences, 1.18% of all derivatives): Čionykštis, -ė RŽ. All this is the work of local people LKŽ III 115 (Grš). Invite the local people LKŽ III 115 (Vv): čion ‘here’. Giry kštis LKŽ III 341 (BŽ 235): giria ‘forest’. The shepherd, wishing to calm his kiemykščiai, used to say: ‘Children, take care of yourselves among those little devils’ LKŽ V 751 (BsMt II 135): kiemas ‘homestead’. A person’s opponents are his namykščiai LKŽ VIII 532 (SP II 186): namai ‘home’. Teny kštis, -ė Š, RŽ. That is why the local people call the stony place ‘Devil’s Bridge’ Bs V 384: ten ‘there’. Žvaigždýkštis S.Dauk: žvaigždė ‘star’, žvaigždės ‘stars’. A person who is always at the manor will be a dvarūnas LKŽ II 940 (J): dvaras ‘manor’. Little daughters, namūnaitės, grow old, dear mother (d.) LKŽ VIII 537 (Grk): namai ‘home’. You little rascals, rakštūnėliai, why are you chirping so early in the morning? (d.) LKŽ XI 110 (Nč): rakštumynas ‘thicket’. Šiaurūnėlis RŽ: šiaurė ‘north’. There are only 5 derivatives with the suffix -ūtis (10 occurrences). This amounts to just 1.48% of all examples. 8 Skardžius P. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. V., 1943. P. 275. 128 Those nearby people keep telling tales Rd. When they heard the scream, all the artutiniai came running LKŽ I 322 (Rd). He went to the artutinius inhabitants LKŽ I 322 (Krk): artis ‘near’; arti ‘to be near’. We had stopped at that galutinis inhabitant’s place to let the animals graze LKŽ III 74 (Ėr). An inhabitant is called galutinis LKŽ III 76 (Mrc). The galutinis neighbor came LKŽ III 76 (J): galas ‘end’; galius ‘edge’. Lankūtis KK II 225: lanką ‘bow’. That little bird, the pažemutis, carried a tightly woven nest and will lay a hundred-grained egg (cucumber) LTsV 488 (Pn): pažemys ‘low ground’. Tolūtis Drsk: toluš ‘far’; toli ‘far away’. There are 12 (3.56%) isolated derivatives of rare formation, which are unremarkable in terms of meaning: -einė. The mind of a wild man invented night spirits, aitvarai, kaukai, and medėinės LKŽ VII 983 (J.Jabl): medė, medis ‘forest’. -eišis. Nameišis (someone who is always at home) LKG I 361: namai ‘home’. -ienas, -ienis, -ienius. Užupienas KŽ. Užupieniai Rtr: užupis ‘area beyond the river’. Karklienius LKŽ V 293: karklai ‘willows’, ‘willow thicket’. -yna. Many spirits were worshipped: Laima, Žemynėlė, miškinis LKŽ VIII 290 (rš): žemė ‘earth’. -inas, -a. The diver left the reeds, the deep diver went under; I shot a little dove, the little kieminas bird StnD 20: kiemas ‘homestead’. Mėdinas, -a RŽ: medė, medis ‘forest’. -ona. There was a goddess of the forests, Lazdona LKŽ VII 214 (prš): lazdą ‘hazel’. -ūkas. All kinds of little-leaf birds chirp and buzz LKŽ VII 157 (Skr): lapai ‘leaves’; ‘foliage’. -ūnis. He lived like a laukūnis LKŽ VII 189 (S.Dauk): laukas, laukai ‘field, fields’. -ūvis, -uvys. Pietuvis, pietuvys (south wind) rš: south. Prefixal derivatives Nine (2.67%) prefixal derivatives are semantically closest to the first subgroup of meanings (see p. 9): an-. Ankalnis LKŽ I 142 (J): an(t)- + mountain. pa-. Pagirnis (an evil spirit dwelling under millstones) LKŽ IX 87 (NdŽ): pa- + millstones. Vėžys pakerėys gaudo žuvis vandeny (d.) LKŽ IX 168 (Grk): pa- + kėras. When one does not want to utter the word for snake, one says pālaužė, gimbate LKŽ IX (Šts): pa- + laužas. per-. One lad from our street, and another perlaukis used to visit the same girl LKŽ IX 838 (Švnč). Soon the evening gatherings of perlaukiai were in full swing LKŽ IX 838 (Rgv): per-(par-) + field. už-, už-, užuo-. Užupiai KŽ. Užupiai K: už-, už- + river. Užuožeris rš: užuo- + lake. 129. Suffixed derivatives Suffixed derivatives are not numerous (14 were found, i.e. 4.15%), nor do they express any new shades of meaning. -as. What kind of devil is this (devil) today, that the cattle won’t drink! LKŽ I 587 (Trgn): bala. -ė. Vandėnė (a mythical water being, mermaid) LKG I 367: water, accusative singular vanden-į. -is. The devils know whether rye will grow here or not LKŽ I 596 (Ėr): bala. Laukis (wolf) LKŽ VII 183 (JJ): field. Kiškmiškį, who told you? (ps.) LKŽ VIII 291 (Mc): forest. Pietvįs blows LKŽ IX 935 (Als): south. Pragaris (devil) LKŽ X 501 (Rš): hell. Vakarīs Š: west. In autumn, people used to make an offering of a loaf of bread to the Water Spirits—they would throw it into the water rs: water, accusative singular vanden-į. -ys, -ė. The south wind will bring rain for the dry hayfield LKŽ IX 932 (J): south. The north wind blows, the south wind blows, the little east wind blows JV 290. And the north wind has promised to come frighten us again K.Donel. Kavonai (watermelons) grow in the fields; they eat them whole, šiaurius LKŽ XIV 722 (rš): north. -ius. In rainy years it is good for the kalniai to live LKŽ V 148 (Bgt): mountain. In former times, some kind of snakes, moss-dwellers and inhabitants of the forests, used to worship LKŽ XII 90 (MTt III 145 (Pl). When going into the forest, so as not to get lost, stand at the forest’s edge and say this: “Little Forest Spirit, little moss-dweller, I will not harm the groves, I will not tear down nests, I will not kill birds; do not block my way, do not lead me astray in the forest, do not prevent me from returning home” LKŽ XII 90 (TŽ IV 508): moss, mosses. -ūs. Galūs, -į LKŽ III 75 (J): end. Compound words Compound deappellative designations of persons by origin and place of residence are relatively uncommon, accounting for 3.56%. These are nouns whose second constituent is also a noun, while the first constituent is: 1) a noun, 2) an adjective, or 3) a pronoun. Lexically, compound designations of persons mean the same as derivatives: 1) She married a man from Galamai LKŽ II 53 (Ck). The southwesterly wind turned around LKŽ IX 935 (Kl). And the little east wind began to speak LTR (Mžk). Vidugiris rš; 2) A foreigner from abroad SD 32. You watch us little people as a foreigner shamelessly takes money from under their very feet LKŽ XIV 326 (V.Kudir). Foreign-born, -born KŽ. Foreigner a person from a foreign land LKŽ XIV 328 (SD6). She brought back some sort of foreigner LKŽ XIV 330 (BsP IV 181 (Brt); 3) Today there were people from the other side at our bathhouse too LKŽ I 127 (Ldk). People from the other side brought him meat LKŽ I 127 (Kkl). We gave it to those people from the other side LKŽ I 130 (Ldk). The woman brought it back from the other side LKŽ I 130 (Ldk). The cow of the man from beyond died LKŽ I 130 (Sv). What will they say 130 those from the far end, when we cut down the forest without their knowledge LKŽ I 180 (Ds). Here not for people from other villages the fences would groan, they would throw a stone LKŽ V 903 (rš). So that only the people from Šiltūogaliai could get along at the evening gathering, the people from Anūogaliaiwould not be invited Ds. There are no longer any good girls in Šiltūogaliai LKŽ XIV 924 (Ds). Conclusions 1. Analysis of derivational oppositions suggests that, in forming designations of persons by origin, location, and place of residence, there is a tendency to rely on a somewhat limited set of base words, both morphologically and lexically. Morphologically, these are nouns denoting various kinds of places (most often nomenclatural terms), adjectives with a spatial meaning (artūs, galūs, tolūs), and adverbs with a locative-spatial meaning (arti, čion, pakemiąs, perlaukiai, ššion, ten, toli). Lexically, these are a group of stems that can form derivatives with several derivational formatives, for example: gĩr-, kaim-, kaln-, kiem-, lauk-, mar-, med-, miest-, mišk-, nam-, sal-, sod-, šil-, up-. 2. The most productive suffixes are: -inis, -ė, -(in)inkas, -ė, -iškis, -ė, -ietis, -ė, -ėnas. The least productive suffixes are -aitis, -ė, -(i)ukas, -ė, -(i)onas, -ė, -(i)onis, -ė, -ykštis, -ėnas, -ė, -utis, -ė, -ienas, -ienis, -ienius and one or two others that are rarer. There are few prefixal derivatives, suffixless derivatives, or compound designations of persons. The abundance of derivatives with the suffix -inis, -ė is due to its versatility: 1) forming designations of persons with this suffix generally presents no morphonological difficulties (unlike derivatives with the suffixes -aitis, -ė, -utis, -ė and, in part, -ietis, -ė; the formation of derivatives with the suffix -ukas, -ė is especially often impeded by a morphonological knot); 2) derivatives with this suffix can express the meanings of all three semantic subgroups, which can be briefly described as a person’s a) being somewhere, b) originating from (or being from) somewhere, and c) moving somewhere. The abundance of derivatives with the second most productive suffix -(in)inkas, -ė may be due to the fact that it is used primarily to form derivatives in the third semantic subgroup. The third most productive suffix -iškis, -ė is used primarily to form derivatives in the second semantic subgroup, while -ietis, -ė is used for the first. Derivatives with the suffix -ėnas are notably less numerous: it is generally used to form only masculine designations of persons. 3. It should be noted that a considerable number of deappellative designations of persons by origin, location, and place of residence tend to pass into the class of proper names; cf.: a forest dweller, plural forest dwellers > forest dwellers > Miškiniai (P. Jonikas called place-names that developed from designations of persons based on characteristics of their place of residence—Girininkai, Lankininkai—“inhabitant names”9). Parallels with nicknames and surnames are easy to find, for example: Galinis, Lankutis, Pakalniškis, Tolutis, and so on. This feature of deappellative designations of persons shows the need for further research. 9 See J. o n i k a s P. Personal names and place-names // Lithuanian Encyclopedia. Vol. 15: Lithuania. V., 1990. P. 564—565. 131 APPELLATIVE NAMES OF PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE PLACE OF ORIGIN, LOCATION, AND RESIDENCE Abstract Appellative names for persons are formed according to place of origin, location, and residence by derivation, and less often by compounding nouns (terms of nomenclature), spatial adjectives, and locative and spatial adverbs. A group of stems serve as base words (gir-, kaim-, kaln-, kiem-, lauk-, mar-, med-, miest-, miš k-, nam-, sal-, sod-, sil-, up-), which tend to pass into the class of proper names. If we consider deappellative personal names according to place of origin, location, and residence as a lexico-semantic word-formation paradigm, we can characterize the range of their meanings as: 1) a person staying somewhere; 2) a person’s origin from somewhere; 3) a person’s movement to somewhere. 132