Slinkties kelio reikšmės bei jų raiška

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE CENTER QUESTIONS XXXIII (1995) GRAMMATICS IR LEXICOLOGY ELENA VALIULYTĖ SLINKTIES KELIO MEANS EIB JŲ Introduc1. tory Notes 1.1. Spaces The word forms and constructions denoting (place) relationships have the following general meanings: 1) ar (lives in the city, grows by the road, plows the soil of the už river), 2) the shift of the starting point (returniš ed home, fell off the table), 3) scroll endpoint (goed į orchards, climbed to the clouds) ir 4) scroll path (goes on the highway, drives through the forest, crawls along the wall). The forms of the location meaning form a semantic opposition to the constructions of the starting and ending point path ir (taken together) according to jų the static/dynamic nature of the spatial relations expressed (for details see Kilius 1980 : 34 tt. ; I'JIA 1985: 462). 1.2. Scroll path (hereinafter — simply path) is expressed: by special means of expression, 1) by non-special means of expression: 2) regularly, irregularly 2 b) (in certain contexts). The path resolution measures are shown 1 in a table. 1.3. Road-meaning forms of verbs as — means of ir expressing location, — differ in their ir orientation, e.g. goes through the forest (road inside the object —internal meaning) drives along the river, through the forest ir (the way of the object — by the wayside meaning). See. 2 Table 1. v. On the other hand, the road constructions differ in the signs of ir slippage: some indicate a constant jų path, others a transit path. — (see section 4.4). Kilius 1980 : 38). We will use Lithuanian terms all — (solid) path ir intermediate path. 2. Domestic relevance 2.0 The constructions of the path within the object (landmark) have two meanings: one of them marks the path through the entire object — its surface, e.g.: swims over the lake, — climbs a post, the other marks the path through the object, e.g.: went out through the door, nail slipped through the board. These values can be graphically represented as follows: [=], [| 1] ir [++], [4]. The position of the landmark itself (relative to the ground surface) in both cases can be ir horizontal, ir vertical, 143 1 table There are no specific examples of the phrase in the text. 1. goes through the woods climbs the rope 2. runs through the pipe EIU Por reson floats over the river 3. pers išlindo through the wall 4. proj eina pro trobą prog 5. i§éjo through the door raina per 6. roof k. T. . about/around went around about a 8. tree by/along goes along the river across goes 9. dirvg/dirvg along s. diagonally over/overum flies 10. over the city 11. higher flies a. clouds Occasionally some other forms of local expression can also mark the path — prepositional constructions, e.g.: passed in front of a mirror, ran behind, passed under a bridge "patilte". Such structures can be called situational forms of road expression. They are not regular (see 3.5). Note. A separate semantic unit is considered to be the construction of the preposition po with a suffix, used with repetitive transitive verbs, e.g.: vaikšto po mežą. More about this zr. aut. 1981: 21 tt. 2.1. Path through the object 2.1.0. The most common use of the term is to refer to a forest or forested area, such as a forest or forested area. By the way, the preposition per has another way meaning, e.g.: išlindo nagas per planką "kiaurai ientą" (see 2.2.2.1). More specific road meanings have the prepositions cross, along, diagonally, e.g.: goes across (along, diagonally) the square/square. (By the way, these prepositions, without any difference in meaning, are used with two vowels: adjective and genitive.) On the other hand, the longitudinal, transverse, diagonal constructions of prepositions form a private opposition to the prepositional through ir construction for the noun (cropped) tu according to the direction of the scroll in relation to the dimensions (width, 144 length, diagonal) of the location (landmark). The marked opposition member is the first construction, e.g.: goes across (along, diagonally) the courtyard —pār dārzu/kiemū. 2 table Indicative road values and their resolution Interior Pashalys continuously through on one side from all sides ag | arm finn aig anfink over, over along ( (on) across through over/above along flies others priel. diagonally (see 3.5) The conjunctive and the construction of the preposition over have the same orientational meaning —denoting the path of movement inside the object (its opposition —the path outside the object, near the object). However, these forms differ in certain nuances of meaning: innaginiko more emphasizes the rigidity of the landmark (place), and the intersection of the preposition through the construction place with the sliding line. — J. Kilius (1980:43) also pointed out the differences in the meaning of the fluidity of the above-mentioned constructions: the adjective denotes a constant path, while the construction of the preposition per is unmarked in this respect: it indicates both a transitive path, a constant path, and a path in general. Each of these forms has its own specific scope of use. This will be highlighted in the first place. 2.1.1. 2.1.1.0. The indefinite noun is usually a specific noun denoting a long narrow object or stretch, i.e. having a linear meaning (a noun of the opposite meaning denotes an area or point, e.g. a meadow, a tree). These nouns can be divided into two groups: 2.1.1.1. Nouns that denote linear objects by their lexical meaning. (a) road, highway, path, highway; sidewalk, sidewalk; Railway, rails: Hay transport is going along the Pamiškės road. PukAL 46. It is heard from afar, as the wheels on the highway, horses blinking. MškŽG44. Rogues flew down the highway. GliauPR 370. A path that... meandered along the edge of the valley, and there was a girl. Birds 283. Go ahead, so the car won't get stuck. Ktk. He was flying like a deer. Zob3V. I took the train. Ms. From school home eid a v au railroad bégies (bk). (b) street, sidewalk, platform; tunnel, corridor: Students meanwhile already € j o the streets of the campus. Bill I 75. And the sidewalks are full of water. On a warm summer night 216. ė j ome a narrow sidewalk. ŠkėmBD 50. He's walking on the empty platform. ŠkėmBD 7. In front of the town the train runs e145 liu (bk). Garšva runs through the underground corridor to Ijom. through 7 c) ŠkėmBD ezia, vaga, vézos, pylimas: Ir aš I'm 4 climbing a mountain, ir br e ndu summering e ži a. PukAL 171. Aliuk would take the book... ir He was running after the artojg. ZobSV 180. pv ; d) ditch, river, canal, strait: Discard Ace nu b ėg a water iš soils. Ktk. The river carries souls (bk). N emunu yrési boats ir ships knechti. VienR IV 84. Ships sail on the Klaipeda canal (bk). ; a e) Stairs, ladders: Fina out the old count, lets lai pt the axis of rotation. Myk-PutR I 209. He's climbing the stairs. ŠkėmBD 7. Cow learned to climb t! Zvr. : f) Other items: Climbs a nimble sailor s t iebais. Apple. Pupa has va grown. Ir thinks: somebodta y's puppy's going to the sky. SZ 212. Curved pine trees by the sea. Sacks slide through trunk, sand, sacks are broken by waves. ŠkėmBD 80. Climb on the roof with drain pipes (bk). [He] could boldly try to cross one floorboard along. KatilMAR 50. Such noun constructions with the su prefix over have usually the meaningmę "cross", e.g.: goes across the road, runs over the river, climbs over the ladder (bedside). ls if the context does not allow a dual perception of the situation, both of the above mentioned constructions are possible for acceleration of some linear ir nouns. For example, the road along Zymi nouns lieptas, bridge innagininkas construction preposition ir over su (more common). We're going in July, he's o running with his su boots ir straight. Alif Lam Mim. As I walked over the bridge, I heard the bellowing of cows. PukAL 13. I'm afraid to walk through the fire in such a dark night. The liar lied, drove over the bridge, wheels stumbled, the liar collapsed —keberiokšt (tts). 2.1.1.2. The prefix subjunctives, denoting a flat place, limited on one side (see LKG 1965:425). E in a groom continues paupiu. SZ 270. Everyone looked back and saw several crusaders coming in the woods. VienR IV 103. Sheep are raised in herd. BaltNV 39. That afternoon I was walking along the seaside alone. BD 94. The shark long led the edge of the rope on the spearman's footsteps. VienR IV 28. The noun path conjunct of this form is completely synonymous with the constructions of prepositions along/by with nouns, from which the corresponding prepositional subordinates are made, e.g.: pamiškė —goes to the forest, miškas —goes along the forest. For more on the latter constructions see. 3.1. 2.1.1.3. In other nouns with a specific meaning, the path verb may often alternate with the prepositional per construction. It is not difficult to find examples of parallel use with the same noun. Į Night hungry, į night cold e in i half-covered la u k u. MykPutRI354. — [Andrius] swung over the field like a single-haired. 146 14; One day I walk through the woods, I hear — the trees are drying up. Ktk. "There's a carriage of a walker going through the forest. 406; Sužvengė, subildo žirgelis toli: bernuzis atjoja giria... MairRR I 90. — J oja they go through the forest, — look on the road a golden badges. SŽ 247. The clouds slowly sweep away the fallen d an gum. 277 and 278. —A sunshine to walk through the sky. Vilnius; He walked in his parents’ yard with firm and joyful steps. RūtP 12. —Yur walked through the yard, bowing his head. CvR V 121; Snow gu slowly crawls through the sleighs. PukAL 23. —The albino glided through the snow easily and quickly. BubnZDZ 13; While walking in the church, Tadas met Baublis. GliauPR 347. —Nu éjo per Katedros ai k št ¢ (bk); A long shaver two rolled a large tear. BaltRn 91. "There are two bitter remaining tears rolling down his wrinkled face. BilR I 57; A few transparent tears fell from the girl's cheeks at one pocket. "What, teardrop, is your tongue rolling down your cheek like a pearl?" MairRR I 129. He is old, his legs are dragging on the floor. 98 pp.. He watches as a blue fly creeps over the wall. BD 66. And I walked down the sand(/through the sand) home. BD 96. We sail on Lake of Four Cantons (/through the lake). BD 90. The boat is lining up in the waves at 0 m (/over the crest). PukAL 48. And now, as he flew from the town station to Marmaly, he was thinking about it. BilR I 77. The use of the prefix over in the construction is broader, and the inaginnik is stylistically motivated. He is more attentive to spoken language and fiction. 2.1.1.4. Common plural nouns, denoting a smooth area (not a single place!) At first I walk through the fields. 223 pp.. The riders walked through forests and slopes for a long time. VienR IV 91. You're walking through the swamps, through the swamps. BD 46. I flew in the mountains, spent the night in a burrow, built a nest in a bush. They are covered with thick, oval-shaped hairs on the sides of the wings. Kitil MAR, 99. When the plural of a noun denotes separate, often distant places, the path is indicated by the preposition over the construction or the preposition after the construction (with repetitive-scroll verbs), cf. : A poor man walked through the villages begging for alms. —A tired man walked around the villages, begging for alms. These constructions have the meaning "from one place to another". For more details, see aut. 1981:25 et al. 2.1.1.5. There are two possible ways of denoting the position of the objects in relation to each other, e.g. : In the narrow pit, where the fragrant grass is prepared, every day the steps are atragūs (Myk-PutR I 320). In such cases, one noun can be replaced by a noun-dependent noun, e.g. mina parugių taku. The accompanying compounds differ from each other not only in syntactic structure: the first is formed by parallel connection (both elements are connected to the verb literally), and the latter — gradually, but also in the nature of the information, the accents of the situation described. Parallel connection compounds equally emphasize both nouns 147 said places, gradually o connecting compounds having a hierarchical structure, one place is actualized, said directly by the verb-related noun subjunctive. su 2.1.2. Over the su back 2.1.2.1. The prefix through, like the noun, indicates the ir path of movement through the object. However, the use of these forms coincides only iš partially. Each of these forms has its own specific scope of use and semantic connectivity. 2.1.2.2. Prepositional per constructions formed by su linear nouns (e.g., road, river, ditch, ir etc.), has a meaning "cross" in the ir housekeeper irreplaceable. I see a beast running across the road. Ktk. I didn't stop, I didn't know who was screaming, I just walked across the street in black. Myk-PutR I 294. Not yet installed Kulvys in the middle, sees: floats through Nemunas į The shore of Merkinė moose broad-eyed. KrévP These 34. constructions can be replaced by prepositional transverse constructions, e.g.: ide cez cestu / cez cestu (road), crossing a river (see section 4.4). 2.1.3). ian Only prefix over constructions used to denote a path "over the top" (with the verbs fly, (over) jump, (over) climb, (over) step, (over) throw, etc. ). Running out Marcelle saw a string of ir cranes on the goats, s k r e n d a nacross the lake. BorBM149. He opened the door. SimonP; 103. ji [People] sho kined through smoking, blazing s ij as. CvR V 205. 2.1.2.4. The different lexical compositions of the preposition over, combined with the verbs of the relative preposition to the preposition, are synonymous with one ending. You will cross the river, and my man with two horses will wait for you. 136. The boy slipped over the fence, limping, and began to run down the valley. CvR 1289. He can still, probably, can cross the border. VenclGD 468. Fire jumped over the ditch. Killer MAR 369. He tried to cross the threshold, but failed. I, pp. 85. George stroked his hand over the large map. SayND 19. I swam nine rivers, and this tenth I dived. RD37. After crossing the fence, Anskis goes on a patrol. Simon. Vaišvilka, wearing a black coat over his armor, crossed the bridge with unsteady legs, swinging in excitement. 150th Anniversary. Strokes his hand over his face, smiles ir — nė trace. BubnŽDŽ 17. We gretinamos forms, i.e. preposition through the construction ir of the suffix, differs in certain nuances of need. The prefix over construction more emphasizes the scroll itself (the preposition through its semantics has a scroll seam), ir the final, as an object verb, o emphasizes the overcoming place of the scroll. | 2.1.2.5. Only the preposition through construction is used to indicate a clear intermediate path, — tą shows context. Iš Vilniaus į Zarasus ride through Utena. Out. Kai aš 148 came home through Kuomiškes, I saw the ją outgoing girelle iš floating in a ir green sherpa. 143. $i once they did not drive on the Žemaičių highway through Silenus, but on the road, through the Nemunas. VenclGD 64. But when he returned home via Germany from a cheerful and carefree Paris, he realized that something was wrong in the world. VenclGD 112. The intermediate path is marked only by proper nouns, but by general nouns, e.g. : ne ir Through the village, squeaking in iron shackles, the last night owl of the night. VienIMA 23. I used to go to school through mi škeliu (part of the road, and miškeliu would mean "all the way"). Ktk. By the way, proper nouns can also mean "all the way", but only with the prefix over (the way noun such nouns are not used), e.g. : When driving through Utena, it got dark, but not * when driving through Utena. 2.1.2.6. To indicate a path inside an object with the prefix over, specific nouns of broad meaning are usually used, e.g. : A man travels through the world. Brady. The autumn has broken through the homeland with the wind. 325 pp.. I walk through a spring-like land, and my heart is full of brightness. 223 pp.. And she leads the children to land over the marshes, and promises to come back whenever she wants. 422 pp.. 2.1.2. The prefix per (not conjunctive!) is used with the plural of nouns denoting objects that are at a certain distance from each other (the opposition of these is the plural of nouns denoting solid places, see 2.1.1.4). For the third autumn in a row she traveled through the neighborhoodto us. CvRg II 35. Go through the house — you might ask who sells the cow. Ktk. Once upon a time, the coin passed through people's fingers. GliauPR 92. A glass [of champagne] passed through his hands. RimkKK 335. These structures mark the entire path, divided into sections. This type of construction is made not only with nouns denoting places or objects, but also with nouns denoting persons or events (processes). [The teacher] went through the parents, asking them to let the children study. RimkKK 138. You can't get a man through the fence. VenclPU 332. Every day he would go through the task force. BubnZDZ 11.; These are synonymous compounds with double prepositional constructions, e.g. ėjo iš kaimo į kaimą/iš vieno kaimo į kitą (for more see author 1981: 27). 2.1.3. Constructions with transverse, longitudinal, diagonal 2.1.3.1. The prepositions transverse, longitudinal, diagonal are used without any difference in meaning with the genitive and the dative (see LKG 1971:637 etc.). With scroll verbs, these constructions denote the scroll path inside an object (landmark). By the way, when used with the verbs of placement or position change, they have the meaning of the end point of the movement, e.g.: ležal cez posteľ/posteľ (see ležal do postele). 2.1.3.2. The mentioned prepositional road constructions form a private opposition to the prepositional through construction with respect to the dimensions of the orientation point according to the direction of movement (unmark149 ed member — the latter construction). [Veronica] crossed the soil, went out into the meadow and looked around. VienAS 33. Along the field rows ėj o. Grz. He walked diagonally across the field. M.Sc. Aš I can jump Dubysos pe rto swim. Krtv. Go into the woods. VKS. | Accelerair tor skates b across the beer MaSAMB 21. If the bunny crosses the road, it will be — happiness. Vlkv. Run along the meadow. Ukm. Crossed along the lake. Ms. 49 By changing these constructions, the construction su of the preposition through the suffix loses some information, e.g.: ide cez (longitudinal, diagonal) meadow/- ir meadow goes through meadow (in any direction with respect to the lawn dimensions). ) 2.1.3.3. A prefix along the construction, usually in dialects, can mark a path along the side ir of the object. In this case, they are synonymous with prepositional constructions along/by the finalis and/or su prepositional nouns, e.g., go along the river/by (along) the river. 2.1.3.4. The same words transverse, longitudinal, diagonal / dents are used together prepositional construction su through performs the function ir of an adverb, e.g. : Once a man abroad strayed from the path ir across the la uwho had to jump through the fence. Jrk 127. You'll find it by going through the rows ir diagonally. Ds. These adverbs do not form a su preposition through samplaika: this is shown by the ability to go through the jų prepositional construction, po i.e. postpositionally, plg. runs through the soil (a)and runs through the soil transversely (b). The prepositional use of the aforementiosu ned adverbs with the suffix could iš have resulted in constructions (a) skipping the prefix over without losing ir information, cf. crosses [through] the soil. 2.1.4. 1) The path of the scroll through the object is marked by the noun and the preposition over construction. These forms are in opposition to the prepositional constructions according to/along and pro with the suffix, which denote a path alongside the object, e.g.: goes through the forest/through the forest — goes through the forest/along the forest. 2) The use of the prefix over in the construction and in the noun coincides in part. However, each of these forms has its own specific scope of use. 3) Subjunctive nouns of linear meaning, e.g. goes down the road, down the street. The same nouns with the prefix over have a different way meaning — "cross". 4) With the prefix overwrittenwords are used over the construction. In addition, it is synonymous with the adjective, e.g. crossed the yard/yard, jumped over the ditch/ditch. 5) Only the prepositional construction over is used to indicate an intermediate path: when it is clear from the context that the crossing place is left as one point of the path, e.g. : Iš Vilniaus į We drive through Utena Molet. 6) When indicating the whole path, i.e. when the approach to the place and the distance from it are not emphasized, the preposition is used through the construction. and įnagininkas can be used for acceleration, synonymously, e.g.: goes through the yard, drives through the forest. In this case, the anchor is stylistically marked. 7) Prefix through construction ir subjunctive (taken together) forms a private opposition to the transverse, longitudinal, diagonal constructions of prepositions, denoting the direction of movement with respect to the 150 dimensions of the landmark. 2.2. Path through the object 2.2.0. The way through the object is expressed by the constructions pro (is gone su through the door) and per (the bullet went out through the wall), as well as with transverse, * 4long, diagonally / dents, through (the jaws are going through the jaws). The object-through-- path constructions are in opposition to other path constructions according to the direction of the movement in relation to the landmark: they indicate the movement to the s t a tmen ai landmark by passing through it, e.g.: the bullet passed through the wall, went out through the gate (the gate is perceived as a vertical plane). Other path constructions indicate the path of the scroll to the parallel landmark, e.g.: crosses the square (path parallel to the surface of the object), goes along the square (path parallel to the side of the object), goes around the square (path parallel to all sides of the object). The meaning of the path through an object is heterogeneous: the preposition pro with constructions denotes a path usually through an empty limited space, e.g. goes through a door, flies through a hole, and the preposition through constructions — a path through a solid object, e.g. fell through the palm, soaked through the work. The usage of pro and per differs primarily according to the meaning of the nouns, partly according to the verbs. 2.2.1. Pro with rear 2.2.1.1. Prepositional pro constructions, denoting the path of passage through an object as an obstacle, may have the evaluative terms "heavily" or "easily" (cf. CBIIO 1972:131). This can be seen from the verbs governing the constructions and the adverbs or particles attached to them, e.g.: 1) the carriage passed through the gate with difficulty, 2) the carriage passed through the gate easily; 3) carriage barely slipped through the gate, 4) * carriage easily slipped through the gate; 5) the carriage slipped easily through the gate, 6) * the carriage slipped hard through the gate. Neutral verbs with respect to the above-mentioned semis may have both modifiers (see e.g. 1,2) and denoting verbs may have only one modifier (see e.g. 3,5). 2.2.1.2. The verbs with which the prepositional pro constructions are used can be divided into several semantic groups (see author 1963:52). a) Neutral conjugation verbs: go, run, drive, carry, chase, etc. b) Verbs denoting sliding with obstacles, i.e. having the semis "difficult": stumbling, sweeping, pressing, pressing, crushing, penetrating, etc. c) Verbs denoting vision or actions or states related to vision: see, look, observe, look; shining, shining, shining, shining, shining, shining, shining d) Verbs denoting hearing or auditory actions: išgirsti, klausytis, kalbėti, skambėti, etc. 2.2.1.3. Prepositional pro constructions are distinguished by the lexical meaning of their noun, e.g.: lima replace prepositional according to/along constructions with the corresponding non-prepositional nouns in reverse, if the syntactic environment does not prevent it, e.g.: išėjo paupiu/pagal upę, pamiske/pagal mišką, slėpia sieną/pagal sieną, skraido žemiau/pagal žemę. Fina through the garden "through the country", 151 su ir : However, these forms cannot be interchanged if they have a certificate, e.g.: miško traukė grioviaksiaiišmintu paupiu Iš (KatilMAR 285) ir Yesterday p aMaybe a sodovore. On the other hand, a prepositional construction cannot be replaced by a noun if its noun is not a iš prepositional verb, e.g. : Here come the little birds according to my first flower. Ra 3.1.3. Prepositions by/ along used with non-linear ir su nouns, indicating certain areas (e.g. forest, garden, rye "rye field", lake) ar otherwise larger objects (e.g., buildings). Go get the rye. LKK IX 162. A wolf passed by the orchard. Mrc. We walked through the fields along a large pool with three birch trees on the shore. 87. I look—it goes along the manor. Lp. I'm riding along the river, the gardens are blossoming. KTV. And such constructions can be replaced by the prepositional noun of the object (if such a noun exists and if the syntactic environment does not prevent it), e.g. : Aliuk carefully slipped in the lake. ZobSV 78. (See also: A careless animal slipped along the edge of the bed. ZobSV 55). The fields have always attracted him, and walking around the park is a daily necessity. ZobŠV 15. On the other hand, such prepositional constructions according to/along can be used for acceleration with prepositional constructions pro, e.g.: 1) važiavome pro ežerą/pagal ežerą, 2) ėjo pro sodą/pagal sodą, 3) ėjo pro stulpą/* palei stulpą. The proximative compounds differ in certain nuances of meaning given to them by the prepositions: the preposition along emphasizes the proximity of the path of movement to the landmark (place) and at the same time the rigidity of the landmark: the preposition itself has "linearity" set ir ją can convey to a neighbouring word (place noun), if the meaning of this does not contradict it. Let's say, nouns su that denote things as dots (see section 4.4). 3 e.g.) this preposition loses the "linearity" semis, therefore it is su not ir characterized by them. O preposition pro indicates an object to be bypassed, left behind (place) without emphasizing the proximity of the scroll path to it. 3.1.4. Su nouns denoting small objects, only the preposition pro is used, very rarely the preposition podľa, e.g. : ir — But one wicked student dropped a nut on my head, į which blew right under me BalčGK 92. This use environment for the prepositions according to/along is peripheral. For su examples of preposition pro see. 3.2. | 3.1.5. Prepositions along are used in the plural of su nouns denoting scattered objects in a row, e.g. : ar 3 It was hard to watch as the woman béginéjo already p a g al Gon of adjacent va rank us CvRy II 399. O when it rises, it ein a p a158 maybe all of our beds, whose pillows crunch, whose blankets are repaired. BaltPV II 322. Trouble goes past the house, ne past the trees (tts). Such constructions can be replaced by double prepositional constructions, e.g.: bėgiojo from one car to another, eina nuo vienos lovos į kitą (see author 1981: 27). 8.1.6. Prepositional along/by constructions, formed by the nouns earth, water used in the verbs fly, fly su has a meaning ir su "arti", e.g. : They usually fly low near the water. IvanPP 191. They only sew, they only sew on the ground. CiurlS; 48. I'm going to cross the dobilg along ¢, the roof. DvD 96. The same applies to the prepositional near construction or the prepositional noun complement, e.g. : At noon, the birds left their nests and iš began to ir fly very close to the ground. ZobSV 45. The crows were even more enraged to roam the ground. ZobŠV 46. 3.1.7. The prepositions along are lexical 1) synonyms: the meaning of the ir place is completely the same, e.g. goes along the river, jų walks along the house; The most typical context of use of these prepositions are nouns of linear meaning, e.g.: river, ditch, fence, wall, lake, etc. 2) (the prefix pro is not used with these nouns); 3) these prepositions also go with nouns denoting certain areas or larger objects, e.g.: eina pagal mišką, sodą, aikštę (with these the preposition pro is used, but with a slightly different meaning, see ir 3.1.3); 4) prepositions by/ along occasionally used ir "not in its own" environment: with nouns denoting objects as points (their opposites are objects as lines or areas), e.g.: ran along the pole, whistled along the ear (the preposition pro is typical in this position); 5) constructions of prepositions along/by can be complete synonyms for the prepositional noun, e.g. goes along the river/stream, along the wall/border, along the fence/fence, drives along the forest/forest. 3.2. Pro with rear end 3.2.1. The meaning of the prefix pro is generalized by the adverbial construction pro stranu (its noun has the meaning "side", which is DZ; it is replaced by the first one, p. 803). The real content of this construction, i.e. the object to be avoided, emerges from the context, e.g. : Irnet looked not at me, but somewhere else (through me). BaltPV I 28. And Joseph passed by, not speaking at all to the beloved guest. LzP II 18. Here are the ships coming in front of us: the steamer quickly gets up to them. As if reluctantly the foreheads of souls slowly turn from the steamboat to the middle of the river, and the boats, carried by water, slide past (through the steamboat). Vol.133. Now the inhabitants not only did not flee from it (the mountain) as from disease and plague, but when they passed by it (the mountain), they bowed their heads with respect and love. BilR I 149.! 3.2.2. The use of the prefix pro to indicate a path is broader and more diverse than that of the prefixes pagal/ palei. 159 3.2.2.1. The constructions of this prefix are connected ne only with clear su scroll verbs, but with: sonorous, e.g. : ir a) P r o tavo ga Ilveley still bees d u z g 1 a, o my young man's still — shooting. Plv. Pro Mouse Image j o long echelons. BaltRn 88; b) vision (and so on), e.g. : Through the garden ma t y ti wide fields, meadows ir further trees. ZemR III 178. Pull the pipes ir away ži ūri through garden shades, through barns. KrėvAP 86. In the lexical environment (a) the preposition pro is possible because the prepositional construction has a shift semantics (pro used for road marking not used for location). ir O visual verbs themselves have vague scroll sems: žiūrėti "to look where", to see 'perceive by looking'. Suburbs by/along the structure are undifferentiated in terms of direction/location. Therefore, the jų distinctive meaning depends on the verb. Let's say, the given verbs su (a, these b) prefix constructions have space (not the road!) meaning, e.g.: bees buzzing along the head, along the garden meadow can be seen. 3.2.2.2. The preposition pro is used in the context of the prepositions that are related to it, e.g.: prošel přes zahradu, proběhl, prošel přes dům, prošel přes město. Differedu nt cases. a) Verbs that make iš intransitive scroll verbs (e.g., to pass, to run, to swim, to slide), forms a compound prepositional pro su construction, which can alternate with one suffix (or suffix —if the verb has a negative ne-). After passing through July, you feel the smell of the countryside and feel at home. Myk-PutS I 23. Why did you go through the gates without stopping? Lnkl. When the bee passed by the tree, it twisted a twig of the tree (tts). When I pass by Mari jamp ole, if I find a free hour, I often visit the cemetery to see the grave of my beloved writer. 370. Rapol rode and passed through the yard, chasing the horse down the field road. BaltPV II 351. A s ū p u o kles is installed between the two fir trees. RadzPV I 23. He drove to the gardens, passed the hill. ZobSV 77. The sun is setting after we have crossed Seredžių. PukAL 46. No one walking, riding, or driving—no one passing by, walking, or riding through his high d v akad had not entered, enjoyed his riches, or stayed overnight. r ų, Crew. The suffix differs from the prepositional pro construction in certain nuances of meaning: in the first case, the object being left, bypassed, is more emphasized (place) (passed in July), o prepositional construction — to of object bypassing (passed through July). b) Only the prepositional pro construction is joined by the prepositional rationale, made: ; 1) iš transitive verbs (e.g.: pass, carry, pass through, pass through; pass through, pass through): Riccia went through the cold shower — ne and ir everyone got wet. SruogR V 79. A white coffin made of planks iš was brought past me. Bill I 212. I'm in the dark and I'm in the smoke. 160 Ktk; 2) from vocal verbs (e.g.: praūžti, pradundėti, prašvilpti, prašnypšti): Lėktuvaspraūžė pro miestą (bk). The train was already driving past the lake. Ktk. The bullet went through his head (bk). In the first case, the prepositional construction cannot be replaced by a suffix because of the verb's syntactic valence: the suffix position is occupied by another noun, e.g.: pustil loptu cez košík. In the second case, the meaning of the verb does not allow this: for vocal verbs, the meaning of the conjugation is secondary and requires a local construction to emphasize it. In addition, the adjective is not said with figurative or figurative verbs that have the prefix pra-, e.g.: fox prabindzino pro barn (not *svirną), neighbor pradilbino pro our house, horse passed (prasvilpė, praskrido, pranėrė) through the castle, slipped through the windows. On the other hand, the irreplaceability of a construction can also be determined by its own lexical composition. For example, the prepositional pro construction with personal pronouns is not changed by the suffix, e.g. : A bunch of people passed by me (bk). He doesn't pass by us without saying something. A lot of cars are passing by us. Ktk. Also, nouns denoting persons are usually said with the prefix pro, less often —galinik, e.g. : Now Severiuta... more and more often happened to pass by the grasshopper. He would pass the guests, and, standing at the throne, he would grab the strange box. DressVT 40. 3.2.3. The prefix pro forms constructions with various nouns of specific meaning, indicators and places, and objects, except for linear nouns, which are typical of the context of use of prefixes by/along (see 3.1). When we were driving past the lake, my father showed my mother where the wolf had cut the colt. 157. He passed through a wide market square. CvRI101. As they passed the hut, they heard the greatest scream. Klm. I've driven the cat through the ploughs. CvRI94. The soldiers turned and went straight through the apple trees into the open fields. Page 106. One is afraid to go through the sauna in the evening. Page 69. I bend through the support. PukAL 30. The mother turns her head through the stump. BaltPV I 15. Then so cut the splitter into the titan, that a pinch of sparks i spark through nm ag @. Myk-PutS I 70. Again clearly saw it through the backs of the sheep. CvRį V12. 3.2.4. For compounds with prepositional pro constructions, there are variant (near) prepositional verb compounds with a suffix, e.g. : If you walk around the manor, you will avoid many troubles (etc.). Like it or not, but we have to overcome the obstacle. Dkk. Six of us managed to jump into the boat and we happily passed the rock. Balch. 3.2.5. In summary, it can be said that 1) prepositional pro constructions, unlike according to/along constructions, only have the meaning of a path (and cannot indicate a location); prepositional pro constructions 161 2) are used only in clear scroll, but ne su ir su visual, auditory and other verbs ir with conjugation semas; the typical environment for 3) the use of prepositional pro constructions is the prepositional verbs of the related preposition. Su derivatives made of iš intransitive acceleration verbs, construction ši used for acceleration with one ending su (without prefix), e.g.: passed (pro) well, passed (pro) the manor. Su other verbs such change is not possible (see section 4.4). 3.2.2.2. (b) Bridal 4) preposition pro constructions consist of various nouns of specific meaning, except linear (they are typical of the environment of use of prepositions by/along); prepositional pro constructions ; 5) can alternate with/along constructions when they are made up of su broader concepts of place (not points in space) nouns, e.g. goes through the lake/ along the lake/ by the lake. 3.3. These structures su denote a path 3.3.1. that surrounds the object on all sides, on this basis they form the iš opposite of other ir constructions of the meaning of the side of the road landmark, cf. went around the lake, passed ir through the lake forest), (į flew over the lake. On/around the end of the structure su indicates non-contact ir (with landmark), contact ir path (e.g., wrapping a thread around a finger). By the way, in the latter case, we have several ir endpoints together. 3.3.2. The non-contact path is expressed by compounds in su the scroll verbs (a) which may have the prefix ir ap(i)- (b). a)There is a large bend when driving around the lake. Ktk. Together with the Earth and you travel around the sun. MašMP 11. The vagabond, still flying around, had looked in. MašAMB 225. He chased the mocker around the house three times. SajND b) 38. Tetervinas tied the newlyweds' hands with a fairy ribbon, a p vedė apie akmenij VienLP 41. With your health, you can't even go around the Nmn Apilékeée a plan k lake when it's windy. Sweat. 3.3.3. The contact path and the end point are indicated by the prepositional about/around constructions in the verbs winioti, sukti, riesti, rišti. a) When the flax gets wet, you wrap it around your finger: the straw breaks, the flax is dry — enough. Antr. He spent a long time talking about the roasted moustache of the sm ilių pipe. These structures are synonymous with the prefix on the structure. Surado [uncle] began to ir wrap the rope on the pir št o. MikelLE 43. My lady, my young lady, have you ar grown the an t sticks to wrap the handles? Pg. Turns the weft on the shaft (sh) b) Su Prepositional ap(i)verbs are more common in prepositional about/around constructions, but possible on the genitive. The doctor wrapped his sleeves around ir his runners. su VienAS 147. Hardly squeezes reins ir wraps around the hand. Basan. You've turned around the horns, ir crown. Suck. 162 Bern wrapped the wolf's tail around his arm. J.S. The napkin is wrapped around the bottle neck (r). c) Su prepositional adverbs in the construction of the preposition on. Ordered to take a tų bunch of his hair uZwrapped ir on the index finger of his left hand. Snack. Wrap someone around your neck — don't go naked. Jrb. You put all those yarns on the spindles and spin: first into the yarn, then into the yarn. Antr. 3.3.4. Analog compounds are also formed with the conjugative intransitive verbs vyniotis, vytis, riestis, suktis (see 3.3.3). a) The grass wraps around the neck. SECTION 194. The blade (blade) is tightly wrapped around the bitter rind. K II 163. The winglets (hamsters) are wrapped around the spikes (sh). b) The whip was wrapped around the neck. Rimk. They say that in the pastures where there are cows, the cows wrap themselves around the cow’s leg and suckle. Sil. What are you doing here like a snake on a trunk? Pp. A horseshoe rope twisted twice around the waist (rs). You see — golden snakes wrapped around the chairs. Rk. To prevent plants from wrapping around the collector shaft, a protective tube (see picture) is loosely attached to it. Then the former diver went down to the bottom of the lake to look at the bell, found it, but only on his heart was the yellows covered. Basan. It's gonna fall on your neck. Shut up. c) They used to say that you can't go through the grass to pick nuts, the snake on the grass will twist. Dt. 3.3.5. The verbs in question also form more complex word combinations, e.g. : In the forests grows a monkey with its long coarse stem wraps around trees (r.). One of the greatest of them [elephants] wrapped his snake around the li em e nj of the tree where I was hiding. BalėTVN 65. Šarūnas put his hands around his brother- 's neck. AvyžĮSK 140. 3.4. Structures with above, above, through 3.4.1 The constructions of the prepositions nad (nadum, naduj), wyższy, przez denote the path of movement above the object (without touching it) in the combinations with certain movement verbs — flying, flying what was released into the air, pamėtėto. Each of the above mentioned prepositions has its own peculiarities of use. 3.4.2. The above adverb is used to describe a path: (a) in relation to the surface of the earth or objects on it, e.g. : The plane flew over the South Pole. LaurVS T. An old raven flew over bare, empty fields. CvR VII 67. Flocks of wild ducks were flying over the forest without stopping. VienR IV 20. The plane flew over the city (bk). Spock and I went over the house. CvR; I 187; b) in relation to objects above the ground (air), e.g. : The plane flew over the clouds. The fighter was flying over the squadron. The crow dived over a flock of birds; 163 c) humans, e.g. : The arrow ga above the lion's head (bk). A hedgehog was flying over their heads. RimkKK 167. ka 3.4.3. The preposition above is close in its meaning to the above. They differ in certain shades of meaning: the first shows the arrangement of objects in one vertical, the latter in adjacent o verticals. — Graphically, the difference šį can be represented as follows: D (above), DO (above). In some cases, when speaking — about objects in space that have risen from the ar ground, the preposition above is used to — indicate the path of movement, e.g. : ir The plane flew above the clouds (through the clouds ką would mean another). Arrow whistled above the roof (maybe above the roof, o maybe ir next to it). But this prefix is not used when speaking about the flight path in relation to the surface of the earth, e.g. : The bird flew over the fields / through the fields (o not: above the fields). 3.4.4. Su flying, flying in the air verbs use a special way prefix over, which in the ir context has "way over the object" meansme ir can be synonymous with the preposition above, e.g. : Flying swan or p (through) e a gerbil. Up. There's no need ko to fly over the lake to find water. Lnkv. If a bird cucks over a house, the house will burn. Auk. Kulkelés le k like bees over mangjg head. KlpD 30. However, in certain cases, in these verbs the preposition ir su over the construction can denote "a way inside a thing" to ir alternate su with a servant, cf. : Bird flying through the forest (bk). Through green forests in May I ėI've caught a pike in the marshes. Kps. — O aš I'd become a mottled duck, I'd fly a green bird JV 865. On the other hand, the compound fliega per mišką can mean "above the forest", e.g.: aeroplanas skraido per mišką, paukštis skraido per mišką. 3.4.5. Su kartotinės slinkties veiksmažodžiais skrajoti, skraidyti sakoma paprastai prielinksnio virš konstrukcija. Above the flowers, like living flowers, s kr a j oj a multicolored lilies. 34th Sgt. Above them (the balls) the peasants sing and shout joyfully. 154. [The female lured] him to fly over the green forests. CvR VII 74. [Bat] quietly snoozingn or dé over the potato plot and vegetable garden. MikelKLL 26. 3.4.6. The path of the movement over the object is also indicated by the preposition over in the construction combinations with the verbs of (over) jumping, (over) climbing, (over) crossing, for example: jumped over the ditch, stepped over the threshold, climbed over the fence. If the verb has the prefix per-, then the prepositional construction per can alternate with one ending (without preposition), e.g.: preletel cez balú/balu, preliezol cez plot/ plot (for more on such compounds see. 2.1.2.4.). 3.4.7. 1) In summary, the path of the linear scroll over the object is expressed by: a) (top, above) construction; construction b) of the preposition above (rarely); prefix e) through construction; These d) constructions are used in certain cases for acceleration, e.g.: flies over the city/through the city, flies over the clouds/above the clouds, the arrow passed 164 over the head/above the head/through the head; 2) Nonlinear (repetitive) scroll path is usually expressed by the preposition above construction, e.g.: butterflies fly over flowers, over the garden; 3) Su jumping, climbing verbs used preposition over construction one ending ar (if the verb is prepositional), e.g. jumped over the ditch, but jumped over the ditch/ditch. 3.5. Other constructions In certain contexts, the path can be marked by the construction of the ir location prepositions (cf. Kilius 1980:41—42). against in — favour of: The speaker passed in front of the podium (bk). Images of the unrepeatable past passed before my eyes (bk). Someone quickly ran behind him (bk). between: He slipped between the trunks, the o branches scratching his face. ZobSV 132. He walked along the trail between the snowy mountains like a cone bridge between the marshes and swamps. GliauPR 226. near, nearby: At noon, the birds left their nests and iš began to ir fly very close to the ground. ZobŠV 45. Someone passed by my uncle (bk). po/apacia: The car passed under the bridge/patil (bk). The passenger passed under the street light (bk). Diver swimming underwater (bk). He ran down the branches where the rain was not so heavy. ZobSV 68. As can be seen from the examples, by atypical means, the path is usually expressed with prepositional displacement verbs. 4. Conclusion 4.1 The path of the movement is expressed: 1) by special means of expression —innagininku, prepositional constructions per and pro (go through the forest/through the forest, drive through the lake, went out through the gate, went out through the wall), 2) by non-special means: a) regularly —prepositions about/around, under/along structures (bypassed the garden, drove along the river) and (b) occasionally, by other local structures (see 3.5). 4.2. The value of the scroll path is non-uniform. It breaks down into smaller units according to orientation features: 1) path inside the object (goes through the meadow, drives through the gate) and 2) path outside the object (goes along the river, ran past the house, went around the well). 4.3 The path inside the object according to the direction of movement is twofold: 1) path through the object (going through the yard/yard) and 2) path through (perpendicular) the object (going through the wall, looking through the window). Each of these meanings has two means of expression, which in their own way distribute the semantic field they "serve", intersecting in places. me | [+ 4.4. 1) Subjunctive nouns of linear meaning are used, as well as subjunctives of the prefix, e.g.: eina keliu, paupiu. 165 2) The prefix over is used to indicate an intermediate path, when the iš context makes it clear that the place is approaching or departing. ir tų „i 3) Substantives with non-linear meaning are marked with the accelerated preposition through the ti suffix, e.g. : su ar „drives through the forest, (tear) rolls down the cheek. By the way, the servant is stylistically marked. The more emphasized the tightness of the place, the prefix crossing o over it. — į gir 4) Linear nouns with the su prefix per have a different path meaning — "cross", e.g. crossing a road, swimming across a river. uk ika 4 5) Prefix. over constructions in compounds of su prepositional shift verbs can alternate with one ending su (without prefix), e.g. crossed the road/road, crossed the river/river, flew over Atlantic/ The Atlantic. 4.5. The Way Through (perpendicularly) object is expressed in two ways: preposition pro ir preposition per. Each of these prefixes has its own semantic conjunction, from which the — differences ko in the ir meaning of the constructions themselves depend. 1) Prefix pro used in nouns su denoting holes, spaces with such sems ar (in through the door, out through the fence, broke through the thicket), prepositional through— solid objects as tree-denoting o nouns su gą (the nail slipped through the board, the water soaked through the clothes). 2) However, both prepositions are said in place of each other, i.e. ir "not his" environment, e.g.: entered through the door, looks through the window, breaks through the sieve (rye) and hears through the wall, wind blows through the clothes. The use of these prefixes is considered peripheral in general language. 4.6. The path along the side of the object is marked by the prepositions along and through. 1) A typical environment for using prepositions along/by are nouns with a linear meaning, e.g. goes along the river, crawls along the wall. 2) When used with non-linear nouns, these prepositions can alternate with the preposition pro, e.g. jazdiť popri lesíku/pro lesíku. 3) The prepositional pro construction is used to indicate an intermediate path of movement, e.g.: do miasteczka eidavom po dworze. In this case, it is not changed by prepositions under/along constructions. 4.7. Prepositions about/around and above have a meaning outside the road with additional nuances, e.g.: važiavo aplink mišką and skrido virš miško. 4.8. Transverse, longitudinal and diagonal prefix structures mark the road continuously (goes across the ir meadow) through (the nail slipped across the palm). Abbreviations BaltNV — Baltušis J. On the unpaved road. V., 1971. bk _ _ — a common language. BubnZDZ — Bu bnys V. The Hungry Land. Po summer sky. Unsown rye blooming. V., 1977. JurkVT — Jurkus P. Ant Vilnelė bridge. Chicago, 1968. IL — Gliauda J. The Pearl Republic. Chicago, IL 1979... — Laurinčiukas A. The Copper Sun. V., 1972. MašMP — Mašiotas P. Science fiction. V., 1973. 166 MškŽG — Forest A. Greens May. V., 1977. RadzPV — Radzevičius B. Pre-emptive care. T. 1—2, V., RūtP 1985. —Rūta A. The Oath. Chicago, 1962. PozZNSV —Požėra J. Žuvys does not know his children. V., 1985. 1987. pp. 8. pp. 8. V., 1992. SajND —Saja K. On the never-ending door. V., 1983. SirGAI — Syrian Tour. Idyllic atlas. V., 1973. SV —Wounded wind. Lithuanian Folk Tales. 1985. s. 10. Lithuanian Folk Tales. K., 1985. Cold Bread - Cold Bread. V., 1972. SkemBD —Škėma A. White cloth. V., 1990. A.A.M.E. - A.A.M.E. from the North. V., 1989. ZobŠV —Zobarskas S. Through the cold and wind. V., 1989. Other abbreviations as in the academic trilogy "Lietuvių kalbos gramatika". LITERACY 1. Jablonskis J. Links and prepositions. —Collected writings. T.1, V., 1957, pp. 551-672. 2. GNDV —Paulauskienė A., Tarvydaitė D. Grammatical norms and current usage. K., 1986. 3. Kilius J. On the prepositions pro and per. —Our language. 1973, No. 4, p. 27—31. 4. Kilius J. On the systematicity of local values. —Our language. 1973, No. 5, pp. 35-40. 5. Kilius J. Structure of Orientational Meanings in Lithuanian Language (On the Meanings of Local Adverbs and Verbs). - It's a lie. T. 28(1), 1977, pp. 40-49. 6. Kilius J. Structure of the meaning of fluidity in Lithuanian language (On the meaning of local adverbs and conjugations). - It's a lie. T. 31(1), 1980, pp. 34-56. 7. LKG —Lithuanian Grammar. V. T.1, 1965; T.2, 1971; T.3, 1976. 8. Pupkis A. Fundamentals of Language Culture. V., 1980. 9. Rasimavičius A. On the use of local noun. —The culture of language. Nr. 2, 1962, p. 11-15. 10. Suk ys J. Use of verbs and prepositions. K., 1984. 11. Valiulytė E. From syntactic synonymy (final with about, around — adjective with on). —The culture of language. Nr. 24, 1972, p. 21-23. 12. Valiulytė E. The construction of the preposition po with the adjective and its synonyms. —The culture of language. Nr. 41, 1981, p. 21-40. 13. I'JIA —I'pamMMmaTHKA JiuTOBcKOTO a3EbIKA, B., 1985. 14. CBIIO —Bcesononosa MB, Bananumupckuft E.JO. Cnoco651 BLIpa>xkKEHHS NMPOCTPAHCTBEHHBIX OTHOLIeHHĖ B COBPEMEHHOM PYCCKOM S3BIKeE. Mocksa, MEANS OF 1982. THE FORTBEWEGUNGSWEG AND ITS EXPRESSION Summary There are several meanings of the fortbewehugewages:) the we becomes along the thing with the instrumental and with the preposition per with Akk. ausgedruckt (eina keliu "geht den Weg entlang” važiuoja per mišką/mišku "fahrt durch den Wald/den Wald entlang”, grįžo per Vokietiją iš Europos "kehrte durch Deutschland aus Europa wenn. J 2) der Weg durch den Ding wird mit der Praposition pro mit Akk. (when the noun denotes an opening, hollowing: išėjo pro duris "going through you Tūr”, žiūri pro grotas "seeing through the lattice”), with the preposition per with Akk. (when the noun denotes the whole thing: kulka išėjo per sieną" the bullet went out through the wall”, vanduo persigéré per drabužius 167