Antano Salio nuopelnai lituanistikai

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS, XXXIV (1994) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DIARCHEMS AND THEIR STUDIES Zigmas One of the greatest Lithuanian linguists of the interwar period, Antanas Salys, was born in 1902 in Reketė, Salantų vls. His parents were farmers. He studied at Salantų elementary school and Telšių gymnasium, which he finished before entering Kaunas University. There he studied Lithuanian and comparative Indo-European linguistics. He worked with K. Būga and was the editor-in-chief of his dictionary. He listened to lectures by K. Buga, J. Jablonski, A. Senn, F. Brender. In 1925, after the death of Bugas, he went to Leipzig to continue his studies with P. Skardžius. He chose Baltistics, a secondary specialty in Slavistics and comparative Indo-European linguistics. The doctorate was defended be — ir 1929 m. After completing foreign studies, 1930—1939 m. Salys worked as a lecturer Kaunas Vytautas The Great University. He organized a phonetic laboratory. 1940—1944 m. was University of Vilnius. ir Taught Lithuanian dialectology, phonetics, lexicology, nomenclature (onomastics), introduction to Baltic linguistics, Lithuanian language, comparative grammar of Indo-European languages, introduction to linguistics and some ir other disciplines. It was Terminology, Spelling reforms, Surnames ir Member of the Local Names Commission. One iš Member of the editor's board of "Gimtoji kalba". He wrote a lot "Educational work", "Lithuania", "National school", "Lithuanian aide", "New In " "Romance", ir "In the Word of the Nation", "In the ir Language", "In the Native Language" and other periodicals. After the establishment of the Institute of Lithuanian Studies, 1939—1941 m. was Head of the Lithuanian Language Departmeo nt, 1941—1944. Academies of Sciences Director of the Lithuanian Language Institute. The end of the war 1944 m. withdrew į West. Iki 1946 m. 100 mg/ day Greifswald ir University of Tübingen. 1947 m. moved į USA. Prof. With the help of A. Senno, he settled at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he worked initially as an associate iš professor, ir o 1956 m. ordinary professor. He studied Baltic ir Slavistics. Jo his pupil was the famous American Baltist W.R. Schmalstiegas (Šmolstygas). He was involved in the linguistic life of the country, was a member of various į commission societies, collaborated in the linguistic press, editor of the linguistics section of the Lithuanian ir encyclopedia published in emigration. = Mirė 1972 m. Philadelphia. Salys's main contribution was to Lithuanian dialectology. To work in that area jį called K.Buga. He was particularly interested in the native dialect of the Lithuanians. Pedestrian traveled a large part of its area, collected data ir iš other The borders of the districts are clearly marked. The questionnaire method of data collection was used. 1935 m. hektografu buvo released jo lectures (by "Lietuvių kalbos dialektai" (Lithuanian dialects). This is the most complete and ir complete description of our dialects. The 8 second updated edition appeared 1946 m. Tübingen, a o completely new version —Lietuvių enciklopedijos XV tomas (1968 m.). A. Salys has drawn up a map of Lithuanian dialects, which is attached to the lecture summary and article "Archivum Philologicum" volume IV. In classifying dialects, A. Salys essentially followed K.Jaunius. It is a high-altitude (medium altitude) mountain. The Western Aukštaitija dialect (Aukštaitijos vakariečiai) was divided into 3 dialects according to the pronunciation of o, ė in the unpronounced endings: Southern (Aukštaitijos, where o, ė are kept intact), Middle (Veliūnai, where u, 1 are translated) and Northern (Žemiečiai, where a, e are pronounced). The Eastern Highlanders (Ukštaitijos rytiečiai) according to an type of compounds and nasal vowels ą, ¢ transformation were divided into pantininkus (firm-started whole, firm-ends narrowed to the elaipsnis)*, pontininkus o, (all narrowed)? ir pointed (narrowed down to u, i 100 mg/ day) The latter in the area further separated the rotinians a (the o; stirred skeleton forced the dadinians of this area, i.e. kupiškėnus), panininkus (later called watchmen, who instead o still have the long a) ir greens (still balanced in the a unsquatted position). Iš In the Young Years už The borders of the former eastern Kaunas governorate Area of Lithuania The islands formed a separate highland — council called Dzūkai. The Žemaičių area, as previous ir dialectologists, divided according to the common language uo, comments dūnininkus i), ie dounininkus į (4, (ou, et) donininkus ir ė). (6, According to previously known Afrikats comments still č, dž distinguished pajūrio žemaičiai (Pajūrio people, who have no dž in alternate syllables) žemaičių dzūkai (instead of č, ir č, dž 10(d)(d). c, Salys worked extensively in the field of historical dialectology. He attempted to explain the origin of dialectal characteristics, chronology. jų Significant jo article "A few notes on the history of dialects", printed 1933 m. "Archive Philologicum" IV tome. He studied the extralinguistic situation of the past. This is a dissertation on jo this topic (* Die Zemaitischen Mundarten”), published 1930 m. "The ir Word of the People" You take it. All tų questions are often impossible to separate from historical grammar, to which significant remarks and thoughts The islands are presented in many of his works. A noteworthy article about jo the callers su -ai, published in 1952 m. English in the Italian continuing publication "Studi Baltici" IX tome. Dialect research is closely related to su phonetics. Salys was a highly ir qualified specialist in this field and is considered the pioneer of modern Lithuanian phonetics. je He used his ir knowledge to practice: he laid the foundations for the pronunciation of the common language. Another area where Salys was very active, especially while living in emigration, in lexicology and lexicography. Previously worked for some time as Member of the Lithuanian language dictionary commission. From 1950 m. switched į on abroad permitted high "Lithuanian written language dictionary" (Wörterbuch der litauischen Schriftsprache). Card su A. Sennu prepared this dictionary (permitted from 1932 y) III—V tomus. They were greatly enriched by the vocabulary of the folk language, especially the Žemaičių, and arranged the pronunciation. Completed by 1968 m. '*“ Iš actually ne all these sounds ir ne throughout the area so pushed. Later he planned to prepare a historical dictionary of Lithuanian language. In 1969 he came to Lithuania for this purpose, collecting data from kartotekas and other sources. Zada started to compile a dictionary that would highlight the late 19th and early 20th century innovations, which linguists are already difficult to recognize, because they are included even in etymological dictionaries (e.g., E. Fraenkelio) as hereditary and thus mislead scholars. It is a pity that the sudden death prevented the preparation of this too. the necessary work. Salys has done a lot of research into real words. His significant studies on old Lithuanian personal names (e.g., Jogdila, Kęstūtis, Mdrgiris, Mindaugas, Žigimantas...- ), many nicknames (Jūckus, Jadvygė, Jokimas, Jakūbas, Juozapas, Jūrgis, Jūstas, Kūsparas, Kazimieras, Klėmensas, Kristijonas, Kristupas, Laurijnas, Marija, Onad...), surnames (Donelditis, Ivinskis, Juška...) and place names (Karalidučius, Kaiinas, Kéddiniai, Klaipėda, K+etinga, Marijampolė, Maskva, Vilnius, Nemunas...), published in encyclopedias and other publications. Many of these people contributed significantly to the development of Lithuania. After the liberation of Vilnius region, he led the establishment of authentic Lithuanian forms for place names and surnames, edited the corresponding dictionaries, which had already begun printing, but were hindered by war and occupation. A lot of effort has been made Klaipėda region ir To preserve the East Prussian old Lithuanian names, to reconstruct poorly documented place names. Everywhere he worked responsibly ir honestly, nowhere artificially changed ar Slavic German names into Lithuanian ones (unfortunately, they were later ruthlessly replaced by ir Russian Poles in East Prussia). 1956 m. The islands formed a nomenclature at Juozo Andrew's ready ir Map of Lithuania published by the USA. The historical research of toponymics naturally led to the studies of the past of the ancient Baltic tribes, started by K.Buga. On these issues Salys wrote in Lithuanian foreign ir encyclopedias, touched on them in many of his articles. " General language for practical matters Salys became interested while still studying At the gymnasium in Telšiai, as he later said, inspired by his Lithuanian language teacher Mato Untulio. Interest increased studies at the university, where he asked J. Jablonski's lectures. Later, life itself involved the jį work of į cultivating a common language. As a specialist, he took part in various commissions, in the activities of the Lithuanian Language Society, in the work of the editorial board of "Gimtoji kalba". He has written numerous articles on language education. Contributed to other ir ongoing works: sukirčiavo "Vargo mokyklos" I-II part, was one iš "Language Advisor" (1939 m.) editors, ir etc. Salys was detached, watching the development of the common language. He quickly reacted to į the corrections that appeared in practice. He did a lot to replace unfortunately broken words with more regular ones. He had a keen sense of language and was able to create good novels, composing them according to the ir model of the folk language. Most of jo the new words have become ir established, and today it is difficult to distinguish them from the old inherited words. These are words like pébidis, pėžiūris, rankinukas, senatis, staigmend ‘surprise’ (included į Fraenkel's dictionary! ), luminescence, dialectology, thrash, distance, etc. It has also enriched the terminology of various fields. For this purpose they used folk words, e.g. grūdalas ‘grinding ir mortar’, niospaudas ‘pressing press’, slogūtis ‘nightmare’, etc. ir The term is derived 10 from the Latin word "consonant", "consonant" and "consonantism". Lautverschiebung’, įgarsis ‘Anglitt’, 13garsis ‘Abglitt’, jungme ‘ang. liaison, conjunction of the final consonant with the initial vowel of the following word’, long sounds longer than long’, short sounds “shorter than short’, full vowel ‘rus. nojimornacue', talks "vok. Use' kt. ir Rich ir greatly valuable The Scientific and Linguistic Legacy of A. Salis. His articles, scattered in various Lithuanian and foreign publications and difficult to access, were published in Rome with the care and funds of his wife S. Salienė and the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Sciences in four large volumes of "Writing". Petras Ionic. The first volume m.) (1979 compiled writings on various issues of general language, the second volume (1983) dedicated to the nomenclature, the third to various other (1985) — articles, the fourth (1992) — dialectology. This is a great service to Lithuanian studies and linguistics in general. ir CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTANAS SALYS TO LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS Summary One the of most outstanding Lithuanian linguists the period of between World Wars and I II is Antanas Salys, who made substantial a contribution to Lithuanian dialectology. His monograph "The Lithuanian dialects” {Ljetiviy kalbos tarmės) remains one of the of most exhaustive and brilliant studies of the of Lithuanian language. Lithuanian dialects. He is the author of the first map the dialects. of A. Salys also contributed to historical to dialectology, especially his studies of the by Žemaičiai (Samogitian) of extralinguistic situation. in 13—16th centuries. His works dialectology of are concerned with both historical grammar and phonology. The scholar may rightly be considered the father modern phonology of in Lithuania. The other spheres in which A. Salys excelled were lexicology and lexicography. Together with A. Senn, he compiled the 3rd and 4th volumes of a major dictionary "Dictionary of written Lithuanian” (Dictionary of Lithuanian Sehaiftaprachel, where admitted he words and phrases the so-called country Lithuanian, of especially the vocabulary the Žemaičiai dialect, and systematized Lithuanian accentuation. of Unfortunately, had time left compile historical dictionary the he no to a of Lithuanian language dictionary — a had he promised write. to In Russian A. Salys had intended to interpret the neologisns of the end the of 19th and the inning the be of 20th centuries. Many such neologisms were often confused with old Lithuanian words and were even included etymological dictionaries. in A. Salys also is known for his studies onomastics well for his investigations in the old as as of Baltic tribes and their language. His attempts to standardize and improve Standard Lithuanian deserve special mention. He is the author many of neologisms which later became part of Standard Lithuanian. With the publication the four of volumes his works of 1979— 1992, linguists now have access the to scholar’s scientific and practical works which present great value and interest modern linguistics. to 11