Priebalsių „s:š“ ir „z:ž“ įvairavimo šiaurės rytų varniškiuose klausimu

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXV (1995) LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOLOGIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI Vytautas VITKAUSKAS CONSONANT s:š and z:ž VARIATION IN THE NORTH-EASTERN VARNIAI DIALECTS In many Samogitian dialects, especially in Northern Samogitian (the dounininkai area), various words have been recorded in which the variation of the consonants s and š, z and ž can be seen in certain words and forms1. Here, the aim is to examine the same phenomenon in the eastern dialects of the Southern Highlander Varniškiai (the North-Eastern dūnininkai). There appear to be three subsections: 1. Some words are pronounced only with s, z instead of the standard language or other Lithuanian dialects’ š, ž; 2. In certain dialects there is variation—s, z are pronounced in some places, š, ž in others. No clear isogloss even emerges; rather, there seem to be dialectal doublets; 3. The consonant z is replaced by ž. Some of these examples have also been recorded and published in the “Dictionary of the North-Eastern Dūnininkai Dialects” (1976), while some were recorded later (such words have also been recorded in neighboring so-called dounininkai dialects—in Papilė, Raudėnai, Tryškiai, and Eigirdžiai). 1. kùmščia “fist” (cf. kù.m's't'ė, kum's't'ė.k'ė Pvn, Vkšn, Vds) || kàmste “fist” (kúm's't'í Drv, Vrp, Krš, cf. kù.m's'l'ė Eig, Pp, Rdn); plėškė “plėškė” (p'l'ėsk'ė Pvn, Vkšn, Užv; Rdn, p'l'ėšk'ė Drv, Vrp, old Krš), plestākė “moth, butterfly” (p'l'est'ā·k'ė Užv, Vkšn, Pvn), plestėkė “moth” (p'l'est'ėk'ė Krš, Drv, Vrp); plùškis “pliuškis” (plù.s'k'is Pvn, Vkšn, plùs'k'is Krš); graznà “punishment” (gràznà Pvn, Vkšn, Krš, Drv), graznóti “to forbid” (graznàot'ė Pvn, Vkšn, Užv, graznùot'í Krš, Vrp), žvaizdė “star” (žvàiz'd'ė Pvn, Vkšn, žvaiz'd'ė Krš, Drv; žvaiz'ė Vrp, Vds), nusižvaizdėti “to be full of stars”: gràžė, nus'ížvaiz'd'ėjęs dùn.gùs Krš; žábtai “gills, lips” (žá.ptā· Pvn, zá·pta· Drv, Vrp, cf. žùopta· Krš; perhaps due to the loss of dialect features?). Compare also the names of the lake and stream: Lūkstas (lù·ksc lake Pvn, Varn, Vkšn, stream lù·ksc tributary of the Ringuovė, Krš). Another loanword or two also occur: sìlkas “silk” and derivatives silkinis “silken,” sìlkvilnės “silk and wool” (s'ėl.ks Pvn, Vkšn, Vds, s'ìl.ks Krš, Vrp, Drv, s'ìlk'ì.n'is Pvn, Užv, Vkšn, s'ìlk'ìn'is Krš, Drv, Vrp, s'ėl.kv'ė.l'n'es Pvn, Vkšn, s'ìl.kv'il'n'es Krš, Drv). Although we lack an etymology, z also seems to occur in the words mazýti “to torment” (mɔn'dz'ì·t'ė, mộ·ndza Pvn, Užv, Vkšn), remėžytis “to squirm” (r'em'ė·z'ì·t'ì·s Pvn, Vkšn, r'em'ė·z'i·ti·s Drv, Krš, Vrp). 2. a) Words and forms vary among particular dialects (a question of geographic distribution): 1 Būga K. Rinktiniai raštai 3, Vilnius 1961, 220—250; Zinkevičius Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija 2, Vilnius 1987, 19—24. 176 gõštautas || góstautas “a kind of carnation” (gúoštã.uc Pvn, Vkšn, gúostau̯c Vrp, Drv), klùkšnis || klùkšnis “bogbean”: klù.kš'n'is Pvn, klùkšnis Vrp, ožkãkšnis || ožkãkšnis “buckthorn”: (uoškã:kš'n'is Pvn, Krš, Drv, uoškã:kš'n'is Vrp, Rdn), gūrkšnis Drv || gūrkšnis perhaps a variant? Krš, Drv; pùšeliȯties || pùšeliȯties “to fuss around” (p'i̇:s'el'uot'i:s Pvn, Užv, p'i̇:s'el'uot'i:s Krš, p'i̇:s'el'uot'i:s Drv), pliùškė || pliùškė “village dances” (p'l'ȯ.s'k'e Pvn, p'l'ȯ.s'k'e Vkšn, Užv), skrãbti || skrãbti “to crackle, to grow cold” (skrã.p't'e Pvn, Vkšn, škràp't'i Krš, Drv, Vrp), skrãbis, -ė || skrãbis, -ė “a dried-up person” (skrã:b'is Pvn, Užv || skrã:b'is Drv, Krš, Vrp)—but the only form found in all the dialects examined here is skrãbalas “a dried-up person” (skrã:bà.ls Pvn, Vkšn, Vds, škrà:bals Drv, Krš, Vrp), skùrlis || skùrlis “rag” (skù.r'lis Pvn, Vds, Vkšn, škūr't'lis Drv, Krš, Vrp (and all derivatives: skurlinis || skurlinis “ragged,” skūrlininkas, -ė || skūrlininkas, -ė “rag dealer”), skùrti || skùrti “to tear” (skọ̇.r't'e Pvn, Užv, Vds, skūr't'i Drv, Krš), spìglis || spìglis “a splinter” (s'p'i̇gl'is Drv, s'p'i̇.gl'is Vds || s'p'i̇gl'is Vrp, Krš), spigliúotas || spigliúotas, -a “splintered” (s'p'i̇gl'u̇:c Drv, s'p'igl'u̇:c Vds, s'p'igl'u̇:c Vrp, Krš), spoksóti || spoksóti “to stare” (spuoksuot'e Pvn, Vkšn, špuoksúot'i Krš, Drv, Vrp), stýbra || stýbra “a spindly, very tall person” (st'i̇:bra Pvn, Užv, st'i̇:bra Vrp), and so on. The same feature is found in a whole series of derivatives with the suffix -sena || -šena: bẽŋasena || bẽŋgšena “coming to an end” (b'ẽ:nks'ena Pvn, Vkšn || b'ẽ:nks'ena Vds, Užv || b'ẽ:n.kš'ena Drv, Krš, Rdn), cúpsena || cũpšena || cũpšena (c'ĩ:p's'ena Pvn, c'ĩ:p's'ena Drv, Krš and Rdn; c'ĩ:p's'ena Vrp), eĩsena || eĩsena “manner of walking, gait, walking” (ãis'ena Pvn, Vkšn, ãis'ena Užv, Vds, ãi̇.s'ena Drv, Krš, Vrp; ãis'ena also Rdn, Kaunatava, Dūseikiai), jaũksena || jaũkšena “luring, enticing” (jáuks'ena Užv, Vds, jáu.kš'ena Drv, Krš), kaũksena || kaũkšena “howling, shouting” (kãuks'ena Pvn, kaũ.kš'ena Drv, Krš), krókšena || krūokšena “weeping, crying out” (krũoks'ena Pvn, Vkšn, krũoks'ena Užv, Vds, krūokšena Drv, Krš — krūokšena also Rdn), lẽksena || lẽkšena “running, fleeing” (l'ẽks'ena Pvn, l'i̇ẽkš'ena Drv, Krš), sprógšena || sprógšena “explosion, death, colloquial” (sprũoks'ena Vkšn, sprũogs'ena Vds, sprũoks'ena Drv, Krš, Vrp — sprũoks'ena also Rdn, Trš, Pabalvė village), žviẽgsena || žviẽgšena “squealing, buzzing” (ž'v'i̇:kš'ena Pvn, Vkšn, ž'v'i̇:kš'ena Užv, Vds, ž'v'i̇:kš'ena Drv, Krš, and so on. Only st'ĩpš'ena “death, colloquial” Drv, Krš, Vrp stands out (perhaps a variant?). lýžinties || lýžinties “to curry favor, to fawn” (l'i̇:ž'int'i:s Krš, Vrp, l'i̇:ž'int'i:s Pvn, Vkšn, Užv, l'i̇:ž'int'i:s Drv), palizókas, -ė || palizókas, -ė “toady, sycophant” (pàl'izūoks Drv, pàl'ežũoks Vds), važmà || važmà “things being transported, belongings” (vàžmà Pvn, Vds, Vkšn, vàžmà Drv, Krš), zaksóti || zauksóti || zoksóti || žaksóti “to gape, sit idle” (zaksúoti Drv, Krš, zauksúot'e Pvn, Užv, zuoksúot'i Krš, Vrp, žaksúot'i Drv), zmẽgti || žmẽgti “to cave in, collapse, diminish, sink while baking” (z'm'ėk't'i Krš, Vrp, ž'm'ė.k't'e Vkšn, Vds, ž'm'ėk't'i Drv, ž'm'ė.k't'e Pvn), zmegini̇̇s || zmẽkinỹs || žmeginỹs “a collapsed baked item” (z'm'ėg'in'i̇:s Pvn, Vds, z'm'ėk'in'i̇:s Vkšn, ž'm'ėg'in'i̇:s Drv), žaũdoti || žaũdoti 177 “to kill, slay” (žūr.duot'i Krš, žō·rdūot'e Pvn, Vkšn, žūr.duot'i Drv, Vrp – and žō·rdūot'e also in Rdn, Gir, etc.), cf. also the loanword vāžotis || vāžotis “to wander about, roam” (vā·zuot'i·s Pvn, Vkšn, vā·žuot'i·s Drv, Krš, Vrp). 3. In one word—žylė—the consonant ž is pronounced in all these dialects: ži·'liė Pvn, Užv, Vkšn, ži·'liė Drv, ži·'li Krš (a particularly popular saying was ži·'le p'el'ieda v'e·rsu·s / al'e n'epasidū·su Drv, ži·'le p'el'ieda v'e·rsū·s Pvn). All these examples indicate that some interesting phenomenon was present in these dialects. The reason for the variation in the pronunciation of s, z and š, ž in particular words and certain forms can only be conjectured. One thing is clear: in these examples, all these dialects depart from the forms with š or ž used by the majority of Lithuanians. Thus, one can only suppose that there were people here who pronounced s, z instead of Lithuanian š, ž, later retaining them in some words (kūmsčia || kūmstė, vazmà, žābtai), mixing them up in others (skrabti || škrābti, zaksóti || žaksóti), or even replacing them entirely (žylė). There are many such instances among Samogitians and even Western Aukštaitians (e.g., vazmà, which, according to the LKŽ card index, is scattered throughout the Samogitian area—Vn, Grdm, Vvr, Šv—and even among the Aukštaitians—Jrb, Pgg (used in the writings of Prussian Lithuania); plėškė—according to LKŽ X 160, found almost exclusively among Samogitians—as well as plestėkė, plestekė (LKŽ X 161, LKA I 86). On the basis of K. Būga and Z. Zinkevičius, one may conjecture that there were instances of Curonian-Samogitian bilingualism here² (cf. also cases of various changes between ei and ie here³), and close contact. This may have led to the emergence of words in which the pronunciation of s, z and š, ž was mixed in certain cases under the influence of contact or language shift or change. There may also have been recent changes resulting from the leveling of the unusual pronunciation of z (e.g., zmegti ir žmėgti, žūr’doti ir žūr’doti; these are recordings from recent years, made as the distinctive character and internal system of phonetic laws of these peripheral Samogitian dialects have weakened (cf. also similar phenomena in the so-called nearby “šlekiai” dialects)⁴). The variation in the suffix -sena || -šena is particularly interesting. The western dialects have only -sena; among the northern Samogitians, including those around Akmenė and Papilė, where there were Latvian settlements (in Biliūniškiai, Barvydžiai, Vegėriai, Eliškiai), this is likewise the sole pronunciation across a broad surrounding area and elsewhere. The parish of Kuršėnai forms something of a wedge (a few examples were recorded around Raudėnai, and one or two in Kaunatava). One may conjecture that: a) these are loanwords from Latvian (though the geography and the distance from the Latvian-speaking area hardly allow such a firm assertion); b) the form was generalized by analogy with gaišena, lūšena, vėšena; c) with s and š pronunciation mixed in certain forms, the form arose from the Baltic suffix *-si̯ōna⁵ or, following V. Mažiulis, *-si-anā⁶, from -si- 2 B ū g a K. Ten pat; Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Ten pat. 3 Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Min. veik, 21; V i t k a u s k a s V. Apie vieną Žemaičių oikonimą. — Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 32, 1993, 238. 4 J o n a i t y t ė A. Nauji duomenys apie Skaistgirio tarmės konsonantizmą. — Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 3, 1960, 79—83. 5 E n d z e l ī n s J. Latviešu valodas gramatika, Rīgā, 1951, 296—297; S k a r d ž i u s P. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1943, 234. 6 M a ž i u l i s V. Prūsų kalbos etimologinis žodynas 1. Vilnius, 1988, 152—153. 178 or -sį owing to the mixing of the consonants s and š, perhaps also with some influence from Latvian, the “chosen” consonant forming this Balto-Slavic prefix is š. Another feature of this phenomenon is that the use of many similar words has no isoglosses. Words with unexpected s, z are scattered, as it were, across the entire area, in separate villages. This may indicate survival from an entire former area where the earlier phenomenon prevailed (perhaps also a substrate feature). Since quite a number of varied facts have been recorded in the Samogitian dialects considered here, this cannot be a coincidence. These may be certain relics of the Curonian language; cf. also the place names Kuršėnai, Kuršai, the aforementioned hydronyms Lūkstas7, the place names of the neighboring Papilė dialect area Zabikai, Zubrys stream, the phrase used by the Pavandenė dialect speakers (also reported by speakers of the Luokė dialect) Sūdeklės kalnas, the variation between the names Sakalìnė and Šakalìnė for a village in Pavandenė, and so on. Various interpretations are possible (especially for the words škàurlis || skùrlis, góštautas || gõštautas, žỹlė), but the abundance of facts nevertheless indicates that the Samogitian dialects here were in a special situation, in which the regular pronunciation of š, ž in certain words and forms—characteristic of most Lithuanian dialects—became unstable. ABBREVIATIONS Drv — Dirvonėnai (Juozapavà), Šiauliai district Vkšn — Viekšņaliai, Telšiai district Vrp — Várputėnai, Kelmė district ON THE VARIETY OF CONSONANT S:Š AND Z:Ž In the dialect of North-Eastern Varniai Samogitian Summary In the dialects around Kuršėnai, Dirvonėnai, Užventis, and Vidsodis, words of the following kinds are generally used: where the consonants (sounds) š, ž of the standard language are pronounced s, z (pleškė, kùnstė || kùmščia, plestėkė || pleštakė), the lake and river Lūkstas, žvaizdė (žvaizė), žábtai (compare also sìlkas, mąžyti, and so on). Other words in this area show variation: góštautas in Pavandenė and Viekšņaliai, and gõštautas in Kuršėnai; ožkàkšnis in Kuršėnai and Pavandenė, and ožkàkšnis in Várputėnai; skràbti in Pavandenė and Viekšņaliai, and skràbti in Kuršėnai and Dirvonėnai; skùrti in Pavandenė, Viekšņaliai, Užventis, and Vidsodis, and skùrti in Dirvonėnai and Kuršėnai; spìglis in Dirvonėnai and Vidsodis, and spìglis in Kuršėnai and Pavandenė; spoksóti in Pavandenė and Viekšņaliai, and spòksóti in Kuršėnai and Dirvonėnai; bėgsena in Pavandenė and Viekšņaliai, and bėgsena in Kuršėnai and Dirvonėnai; bėngsena in Pavandenė, Viekšņaliai, and Užventis, and bėngsena in Dirvonėnai, Kuršėnai (and also Raudėnai); vazmà in Pavandenė, Užventis, and Viekšņaliai, and vazmà in Kuršėnai; zmėgti in Pavandenė, Vidsodis, and Viekšņaliai, and žmėgti in Kuršėnai and Dirvonėnai; žurdóti in Pavandenė and Viekšņaliai, and žurdóti in Kuršėnai and Dirvonėnai. In all these dialects, the standard-language word žylė is pronounced žỹlė. It is possible that in these dialects some phonetic phenomenona existed, when the pronounation of the consonats (sounds) s, z and š, ž began to stagger. One can suppose, that here had existed some contacts, even a bilingualism between Žemaičiai (Lowlanders) and Kursches. As a result of it so mixing occurred (bėgsena, eišena and so on) there may be and not so old exange s, z to š, ž or on the contrary some as if irregular position (žmegìnys and so on). 7 V a n a g a s A. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas, Vilnius, 1981, 198. 179