J. Pabrėžos botanikos terminų žodynas „Sryje Balsenyyny“ (1843)

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICAL QUESTIONS XXXV (1995) LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Angelė VILUTYTĖ J. PABRĖŽOS BOTANICAL TERMS DICTIONARY "SRYJE BALSENYNY" (1834) For many years J. Pabrėža collected material about the flora of Žemaitija and took on a huge task —to write botany works in Lithuanian. It was a difficult job, because I had to create my own botanical terminology and adapt Lithuanian names to plants. J. Pabrėža worked alone, without any support, but, being extremely hard-working and tenacious, he prepared large dictionaries of botany, which are still important to science today. J. Pabrėža collected plant names from the living language and used the collected material to create scientific terminology. This work required a thorough theoretical examination. In 1921 J. Elison found among J. Pabrėža's manuscripts in the Kretinga monastery bookshop the manuscripts of a large dictionary of botanical terms "Sryje Balsenyyny" and an article with the same title. Seeing that in this article for the first time interesting matters of botanical terminology were discussed, J. Elison published an article — "Notes concerning the composition of the perfect flora of the Zemgale" (Uwagi lyczace sie ulozenia doskanaley Flory Zmudzkiej)!. The mentioned article by J. Pabrėža, written in Polish in 1834, can be considered as the theoretical basis of the dictionary examined in this work (Sryje Balsenyyny. Būluu Zemayt. Lotinyyniu Par Kėnyga Ambrozieej6 Paabreža sé6rinktuu. Metusy 1834. Kretingoo. —"Lithuanian Latin Plant Morphology Dictionary"). Since the article by J. Pabrėža discusses the same terms as the glossary, this article can even be considered as the introductory part of the glossary. The author used an article published by J. Ellison. The article contains seven notes (chapters), in which J. Pabrėža indicates how plant names are formed, gives an etymological classification of Žemaitija names, and examines in detail from which words the respective names originate. In the first note of the article, J. Pabrėža says that Žemaičių plant names are usually used in plural (in plurali numero), e.g.: awietės (f. pl.) ~ raspberries Rubus idaeus, kwijte (m. pl.) ~ wheat Triticum hybernum, dagė (m. pl.) ~ dadges Centaurea benedicta, gailé (m. pl.) ~ daggers Ledum palustre, etc. These names are used in singular (in singulari numero) and mean already a seed or a fruit. Tree names are used only in the singular form: wusis (m. sing.) ~ uosis Fraxinus-excelsior, glusnis (m. sing.) l Elisonasl. The remarks are a reflection of the excellent Flora Zmudzka. — Kosmos 1, 1922, 46—51; 2, 1923, 183—186; 3, 283—294. 169 ~ willow Salix fragilis. The names of mushrooms have both singular and plural forms. However, the plural forms already indicate a family: barawijks ~ barawijka (m.) ~ baravykai, kelmutis ~ kelmutė (m.) ~ kelmučiai. In other notes of the article, J. Pabrėža points out that the Žemaičių plant names can be divided into two main classes, i.e., simple (voces simplicae) and composite (voces compositae). In the opinion of J. Pabrėža, the names of plants can come from different parts of the language. For example, from adjectives (voces derivatae ab adiectivis- ): gayle (m. pl.) Ledum palustre (ab adiectivo gaylus), blind (m. pl.) Galeopsis versicolor (ab adiectivo aklas), kulė (m. pl.) Angelica silvatica (ab adiectivo kulus); Rumex acetosa (ab adiectivo augustus) of the spruce (f. pl.), Scabiosa succisa (ab adiectivo raras) of the redwood (f. pl.). Plant names may be derived from verbs (voces derivatae a verbis): kibe ~ kibe (m. pl.) Aretium Lappa (a verb kibti), dagė ~ dagiai (m. pl.) Centaures benedicta (a verb dijgti), wyturės ~ wyturés (f. pl.) Convolvulus arvensis (a verb wyturti). J. Emphasis also gives rich names, (vocabula composita), which can be made up of two nouns (substantivum cum substantivo), e.g.: wylkadalge ~ wolfberry (m. pl.) Iris pseudacorus (ex Wylk's et -dalgis), warnaké ~ varnish (m. pl.) Senecio Jakobea (ex Warna et akis); composed of a noun and an adjective (substantivum cum adiectivo): geltongalwe ~ yellow-headed (m. pl.) Ranunculus acris, baltagalwe ~ white-headed (m. pl.) Anthemis arvensis, etc. In the opinion of J. Pabrėža, in order to form the names of plant genera, corresponding to the spirit of the Žemaičių dialektas, the value from the Latin language can be used, the name (name) can be composed of the characteristic root + the appropriate suffix. This terminological work served as a guideline for J. Pabrėža's botany works. Before writing the largest work on plant systematics "Taysléus augnmyynis" ("Plant System"), J. Pabrėža (1821—1834) wrote several preparatory works, namely: "Dictionarium Botanicum Latino Samogiticum" ("Plant nomenclature of Latin-Lithuanian languages- "), prepared about 1821, "Vardaa tayslyynee Augimiu" ("Plant Systematic Names") and the already mentioned "Sryje Balsenyyny Biiluu Žemayt. "Alphabetical Lithuanian-Latin Dictionary of Plant Morphology Terms". The latter dictionary was written by J. Pabrėža in 1834. This article aims to examine the sources of the dictionary “Sryje Balsenyyny” and its lexicographic structure. The manuscript is kept in the Library of the Lithuanian Botanical Society. The author used a photocopy, which is in the possession of the Dictionaries Department of the Lithuanian Language Institute. No one has written about this dictionary by J. Pabrėža. "Sryje Balsenyyny" (hereinafter SB) has 505 pages. Brush with mascara. The handwriting is neat and neat, although not all pages are the same size and clarity. In the text of the dictionary, after the Latin terms, we find several abbreviations: Bluff (sometimes Bluf and Bl), Bess, Pers, Link, Rich, Wach, Grec, etc. In the SB dictionary J. Pabreza does not explain this abbreviation anywhere, but in the "Taisliaus" subsection "Prajows weykala", in the section "Pagalbas, kokių datiiriau nou szloowingų Geradiejų mėna tamy Reykaly?" he thanks John Wolfgang, who gave him a very perfect Latin work by M. Bluff and C. Fingerung "Compendium Florae Germaniae." (Nuremberg 1825). There, J. Pabrėža also mentions other works whose titles coincide 170 with the aforementioned abbreviations: V.S.Besser. Enumerratio plantarum hucusgue in Volhyvia, Podolia, Gubernia Kijoviensi etc. collectarum (Vilnae 1822). Species plantarum seu Enchiridium botanicum etc. Curator Dr. C.H. Persoon (Petropoli 1817). C. Linnei Genera Plantarum etc. Cure Dr. Joan. Jac Reichard (Francofurti ad Moenum 1778). Linc. Handbuch zur Erkennung etc. (Berlin 1829). A monograph of the violins by J.P. Vaucher Geneva. Translated from French by W.J. Panna Alexandra Wolfgang. (London 1826). There is no evidence that J. Pabrėža used any dictionary of botanical terms. In the introduction to SB "Keletas žodžių pri skaitytojaus" J. Pabrėža explains the purpose of the dictionary: it is very valuable for the reader, because it contains not only Latin "bylės" (terms), but also Žemaitija, and, moreover, this dictionary is the only one, because "many works Žemaitija reader will not expect". The dictionary contains the abbreviation Grec, which indicates that J. Pabrėža translated the names of the terms not only from Latin but also from Greek. In some cases, the Latin terms are accompanied by a Greek word, e.g., in growth (~ growth) — planta (phytos), beard — barba (pogon), dagtys (~ teeth) — dens (odon), akouts (~ arched) — arista (athera), around — circa (peri), after — intra (hypo), saddleskin (~ saddleskin) — leucodermis, etc. The structure of the SB is simple: words are written according to the Lithuanian alphabet in two columns, on the left — single words and compound Lithuanian terms, on the right — Latin equivalents. Lithuanian words are separated from Latin words by a hyphen. All Latin words are underlined. There are many additions in the margins. In some places, the words are even accompanied by grammatical notes, e.g.: adjective, adverb, conjunct, etc. The author of the dictionary also provides minor forms of the term, adding appropriate suffixes, e.g.: warpa ~ warpeely (bell), warpuuty (~ warputė), warpyyky (~ warpikė), žyyids (~ žiedas), Zyideelis (~ žiedelis), zyiditeelis (~ žiedėlis), gisla (~ gysla) (vena), gisleely (~ gyslelė) (venula). Among other similar terms, there are also desubstantial forms of adjectives, e.g.: blakstienaa (~ eyelashes) —blakstieniigs (~ with eyelashes- ), blakstienots (m with eyelashes- ), skiida (~ shield) —skidoots (~ shielded) — skidoouts (~ shielded), kédpka (~ squad), kéupkdduts (~ squad), koupkynynis (~ squad), etc. Verbs are presented in the first person, as in other dictionaries of the time, e.g.: atwerd (m atveru) —aperio, dabojé (~ daboju) —observo, dalyjé (~ daliju) —divido, geemé (~ gemu) —nascor, etc. For the description of plant stems, leaves, inflorescences, etc., J. Pabréza also provides participle word combinations, e.g.: atsyremags strajos (atsiremas stra2p abreza A. Prajows weykala. —Pabrėža A. Botanika or Taislius Auguminis (manuscript), 1843, III. 171 jus) —incumbens anthera, atgaal kntibąs (~ backward knibąs) —retro spectans, | ndoslenkąs laps (~ sliding leaf) —decurens folium, kyylstgs žyids (~ rising flower) —ascendens flos, kyylstgti siekta (m rising seed) —ascendens semen, prikliimbgti kaaruna (~ climbing crown) —adhaerens corolla, prisyykyszgs koots (~ climbing stem) —contiguus stipes. It is not known whether because SB was a preparatory work for other works of J. Pabreza, or because he understood the terminology of plant morphology too broadly, we find in the dictionary also separately raised adverbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions and even particles: abejur (~ abejur) —utrimque, apaar (~ apar) —praeter, auksztaa (~ high) —alte, auksztesnee (m higher) —altius, daar (~ still) — nondum, jpate (~ especially) —deorsim, jaa (~ already) —iam, dé (two) —duo, seeptiny (~ seven) —septem, peekts (~ fifth) —quintus, etc. The dictionary contains a number of composite (mostly dvozodziy) terms. Binomial terms are usually composed of a noun and an adjective and an adverb and an adjective. They are usually presented in the alphabet of the second stem, repeating the first stem, e.g.: sieklyniicže daugkiawaly (~ seed-bearing multivalve) —pericarpium multivalve, sieklyniicže dwykiawaaly (~ seed-bearing bivalve) —pericarpium multivalve, sieklyniicZe ketérkiawaaly (m seed-bearing quadrivalve) —pericarpium tetravalve, nddugs akouts (~ naked-bearing) —nuda arista, nédugs ražtis (~ bare-bearing) —nudus culmus, nédugs stytbs (~ bare stem) —nudus caulis, nédugs zyyids (~ naked flower) —nudus flos, laapinta galweely (~ leaf-bearing head) —foliosum capitulum, laapinta keeky (~ leaf-bearing bud) —foliosus racemus, laapinta kupka (~ leaf-bearing bud) —foliosus calyx, laapinta paklooty (~ leaf-bearing head) —foliosus involucrum, taapinta waarpa (~ leaf-bearing varnish) —foliosa spica, kekieetaa sodieets (~ leaf-bearing) —racemoso verticillatus, kekieetaa sodieets (~ leaf-bearing) —racemoso compositus, kekieetaa waarpots (~ leaf-bearing) —recemoso spicatus, paarmatomaa plieweets (~ leaf-bearing) —pellucide membranaceus, paarmatomaa spdugodduts (~ leaf-bearing) —pellucide punctatus, etc. If the Russian terms are presented at the secondary (substantive or participle) element, the natural order of the elements of the word conjunction is maintained, e.g.: soodieta keeky (~ a compound bunch) —compositus racemus, ménéeta kodupka (~ a compound bunch) —compositus calyx, ménéeta 6duga (~ a compound berry) —composita bacca, ménéeta varpa (~ a compound penis) —composita spica, etc. Compound terms consisting of three or more words are usually written in the dictionary in the same alphabetical order, by combining the words in sequence, e.g.: débéltaa atryisty taapa (~ double untwisted leaves) —duplicato revoluta folia; doboltaa dweeytots taps (~ double-twisted leaves) —duplicato binnatum folium; doboltaa istaussty taapa (~ double {tight} leaves) —duplicato involuta folia: plaaukaa pendklyynee szakoothyijy skidooty (~ penile hairs) — pili lymphatici ramosi scutati; plaaukaa pendklyynee szmotédutyejy (~ hairs penniform Smotédutyejy) —pili lymphatici articulati et al. Some Lithuanian terms in simple brackets, sometimes after the word kyteep (~ kiteip) also international terms are given: rasodnds (kyteep iinspekts) 172 = ~ rasodnas (in other words, inspector), wylnieets (in other words, rulingiodts) ~ vilnėtas (in other words, rulingiuotas). There are terms in the dictionary translated into Polish: augimniiéZe istoryyny (~ Botanika historyczna), augimniičže némriedy (~ Botanika ekonomiczna- ), augimniiéze skyrtynyyny (~ Botanika opisowa), augimniiéZe zolyyny (~ Botanika lekarska). Pacheco is from the area of La Plata. In his homeland, he also wrote works on botany in the Kretingan Žemaičių dialect of the Pajūrio region. ; Already in the introduction to "Taisliaus" J. Pabrėža said: "I wrote not for the sake of Lithuanians (who might have found better scribes than I), but for the sake of the real Žemaites?"*. The language of the dictionary "Sryje Balsenyyny" is also Žemaičių (both phonetics, morphology and lexicon). However, the spelling of J. Pabrėža is very peculiar. In the preface to “Taisliaus” J. Pabrėža writes about the spelling of his work (Apey Rasztuuny (Orthographia) kokios ¢Ze jėmiaus apey apsyyrykymus wertus pataysiity). Here the author says that "reiszkius rasziau teyp, kayp anyi diikaa žemaytyszkamy Lyižėwiej bruunzg”?. In the dictionary, J. Pabrzeza uses the Polish alphabet, adapting it to dialect phonetics. "Baalsiu (Litera) brunzgyyma tou pati éztaykiau, koks ju kalboj leekyszkoy pri gala ėmžiaus bėwa". The consonants č, š, correspond to cz, sz, z, e.g. dwyszoonis (~ two-sided), szaknys (~ root), aszeely (~ ashe). For example, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8- ><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>, <0xE1><0xB8><0xAA><0xE1><0xB8><0xAA>. Hard consonant | marks &: lash (~ eyelashes), laps (~ leaf), taciau: daugelee (~ many), aukszliis (~ aukslys). The vowel £ corresponds to the common language y, and the word ending —7 or 4, e.g.: augimys (~ aygymes- ), ira (m is), bi (~ by), pati (~ patį). Vowel 6 is intermediate between o and u and corresponds to the Žemaičių o, e.g.: doboltaa pjukldduts (~ double-saw), atbėkosee dgtiets (~ offset toothed), kodla (~ kudla). The diphthongs ay, au, ey, yi, dy, du in common language correspond to az, au. et, te, oi, uo, e.g.: labay (~ very), lapéduts (~ leafy), lyizdweelis (~ tongue), kéupka (~ bunch), styibs (~ stem), ketwersyynis (~ four-year-old). The diphthong ei at the ending is written instead of iai: dydeesney (~ bigger), labiausey (~ most), but sometimes J. Pabrėža uses also ee: daugeliitee (~ plural). In the dictionary, double vowels aa mean the ending ai, e.g.: daugingaa (~ plural), datietaa (~ dentate), baltaa (~ white), Zyidaa (~ flowers): Vowels ee mean ~, e.g.: atbokdsee (~ bulging), gruudlapee (~ corn leaves). Double vowels aa, ee, ii, oo, wu, yy, according to J. Pabréza, are written when the syllable "dé kaartd ylgeesney needs ysztarty nekayp that buutu wyina”®. Thus, double vowels in a word mean a still kiréiated or elongated vowel, 3 Emphasis A. Ibid., V. * Emphasis A. Ibid., XI. S Emphasis A. Ibid., XI. 68 Emphasis A. Ibid., XI. 173 e.g. kaszeely (~cough), keelny (~pants), waarpa (~penis), moorkaa (~carrots), ruutaa (~rutes), etc. The spelling of J. Pabrėža is very peculiar, inconsistent and requires a detailed study. Some of the terms used by J. Pabrėža in this dictionary are still necessary for plant morphology terminology today. In the "Dictionary of Botanical Terms" (1965) we find the following terms from the botany of Pabrėža: brushed leaf (folium hispidum, mepmassi#t JiueT), fleshy stem (caulis carnosus, msiCHCTbIM cTe6eJIs- ), planned stem (caulis tunicatus, crebens cHa6>KeHHbIHM 4 o6osnouykon-rynukoin), hairy stem (caulis pilosus, BomocucTsIH cTei Gens), bare stem (caulis nudus, roast crebens), fleshy stem (cau-A lis carnosus, MAcHcCTEIH cTebens), nykstgs rinkys (annulus fugax), patenkgs | rinkys = permanent rinkys (annulus persistens), slippery rinkys (annulus moi bilis), aštuonžiedė ripka = eight-flowered menturis (verticillus octoflorus, Bocs-| MHHBeTKOBAS MYTOBKa), true berry (bacca vera, ucTHHHas srojia), lapunas į (frons, mucroBaToe cJI0eBuHme), terlytės (cyphellae, nudejiJisI), etc. 1 Although many of the terms created by J. Pabréza are obsolete, differ from those currently used (augymė = plant, augminyčia = botany, herb = herbarium, bragas = umbrella, kuopka = cup, sėklinyčia = fruit), his botanical works are important as the first attempt to create Lithuanian terminology in this field. Conclusions 1. Preparing to write a large dictionary of plant morphology and systematics in the Žemaičių dialect, J. Pabrėža prepared several auxiliary works. Such preparatory work is his dictionary "Sryje Balsenyyny". 2. In writing this work, the author relies primarily not on any dictionary, but on the Latin dictionary of M. Besser, M. Bluff, D.H.F. Linko, C.H. Persono, L.C.M. Richard’s works of botany, which were provided to him by Prof. J.Wolfgang of Vilnius University. 3 3. Single words and compound terms are presented in the dictionary in abéceélic. RuSinial terms are formed according to the natural way of conjugation of Lithuanian words. In addition to Latin terms, there are Greek and Polish equivalents. The lexicographic technique of the dictionary "Sryje Balsenyyny" is not different from other manuscript dictionaries of the time. 4. Some of the terms used in the "Sryje Balsenyyny" dictionary are still used in plant morphology terminology today. Summary J. Pabreza (1771—1849) was the first to create the Lithuanian botanical terminology, and he was the first to publish a dictionary of botanical terms. The essay deals with the terminological dictionary ”Sryje Balsenyyny”. The focus of the article is on the investigation of two main questions: 1) the sources and lexicographical features of the dictionary are examined, 2) the 174 2) Structure of the Dictionary researched. Im Dictionary of J. Pabreza come such Abbreviations before, such as z. B. Bluff, Bess, Link and others. These are the abbreviated Surnames on which J. Pabréza at the compilation of his dictionary failed. Im Dictionary will be the botanical Terms listed in in alphabetical order. According to their formation, the terms formed from one word and two words (simple and compound) are distinguished. Some of the terms mentioned in the aforementioned dictionary have not lost their meaning today. 175