Daiktavardžio „širdis“ dariniai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXV (1995) LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOLOGIJOS TYRINĖJIMAI Zita ŠIMĖNAITĖ DERIVATIVES OF THE NOUN HEART 01. Heart is a word from the old Indo-European lexical stratum1, belonging to the class of words with concrete semantics, the lexical-semantic group of body-part words (somatisms). The academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language lists 23 meanings of heart2. This polysemous word is widely used, and a considerable number of derivatives and formations have been made on its basis. The aim of the article is to describe formations whose base is the noun heart. The material was collected from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language3 (hereafter LKŽ), its card index (hereafter LKŽK), and dialect dictionaries4. Examples collected by the author were also used. 02. Each formation consists of a derivational base and a formant5. A formation is a motivated word, and its lexical meaning depends on the parts of which it is composed. In analyzing derivational relations, the derivational opposition was used6: formation ↔ heart. The meanings of the formations under discussion are determined by the semantics of the base word. Derived and compound nouns and adjectives are formed on the basis of heart. 03. A clear principle in the word-formation system is that “a formation, when it arises, always relies on one meaning of the base word”7. Not all meanings of heart are equally active in word formation. 1. Derivatives of the noun heart 1. Derivatives are based on a single base word. The noun heart can serve as the base for derived nouns and adjectives formed with suffixes and endings. 1 Sabaliauskas A. Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius, 1990, 15. 2 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius, 1986, 850—866. 3 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3—15, Vilnius, 1956—1991; II leid. 1—2, 1968—1969. 4 Vitkauskas V. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius, 1976; Petrauskas J., Vidugiris A. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius, 1985; Naktinienė G., Paulauskienė A., Vitkauskas V. Druskininkų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius, 1988. 5 Dėl darybos pamato ir formanto sąvokų žr. Urbutis V. Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius, 1978, 87, 178, 208. 6 Ten pat, 66. 7 Ibid., 155; see also Tichonov A. N. Словообразовательный словарь русского языка 1, Moscow, 1985, 38. 148 1.1. Derived nouns from heart 1.1.1. The noun heart is used chiefly to form suffixal derivatives. Diminutives are particularly numerous. 1.1.1.1. Heart diminutives are most characteristically used to express endearment. They are most often derivatives with the suffix -ėlė. Both literal and figurative meanings of heart are drawn upon, e.g.: Š₁⁸: Kadalojas muno širdėlė, ištiesu kojas DūnŽ117⁹. Lėkė kulkelė kaip sode bitelė per protingą galvuzėlę, per mirštamą širdėlę JD1142. Š₂: Sukėsi, savo širdelę suramysi, ir vėl gerai bus Krm. Žino mano širdelė, katroj šaly mergelė KrvD137. Širdelė — ne milo skiautelė Rg. Š₃: Darbininkės rankelės juodos, bet širdelė balta LTR(Šl). Š₄: Alekseli, gaivink širdelę kaip nors End. Vaikeli, vaikeli, širdelė norėt, ale kūnelis nenori Pv. Endearment is also expressed by diminutives with the suffixes -užė (-užėlė), -ikė, -aitė, and -alė, e.g.: Š₁: Širdikė tuk tuk, tuk tuk Lkv. Š₂: Šird užė mano, klaidūne mano, kame tave nuramdysiu? KlvD27. Mano širdaitė [je] daug meilės žodačių D117. Jaučia mano širdužėlė, neilgai čia būsiu, neilgai uliuosiu DrskD74. Š₃: Dosli širdaitė - tuščia kamaraitė Erž. Gera širdalė — plika subinė Ggr. Š₄: Nor mano širdužė saldaus mieg užėlio N40. In songs, only heart diminutives are generally used, most often širdelė. Although feminine nouns normally form feminine diminutives, this rule is not followed in the songs of the Prussian region. When heart is spoken of as a symbol of feelings, the forms širdėlis, širdytis, širdaitis are used, e.g.: Rausnės kiemelyj aug mano žiedelis, ten rimst mano širdelis RD32. Gerk gerk, mergele, gerk gerk, jaunoji, širdelyj mano laikomoji KlpD26. Kaip linksmas man širdyt[į]s yra RD198. O aš ir josiu į tą kiemelį, kur rimst mano širdaitis RD41¹⁰. In songs, the heart diminutive used as a recurrent epithet is feminine, even alongside both feminine and masculine nouns, e.g.: Sesule viešnėle, dalyk spodkus: tėvuliui širdelei — palši jaučiai, motulei širdelei — margos karvės VoL392(Ons). Močiute širdele, tai tau, tai tau, augina dukrelę ne sau, ne sau LTsI471. Dėku tėveliu, mielai širdele, kad mane mažą gražiai auginai TŽI153(Sn). Parein 8 The letter Š and the meanings of širdis marked with numbers according to LKŽ. 9 The abbreviations are the same as in LKŽ, except that for dialect dictionaries the page number is also given. 10 In the songs recorded by L. Rėza, the adjectives accompanying širdelis and širdužis agree as they do with feminine nouns: Is your little heart not light, not joyful? RD83. The young maiden’s heart is full of anger RD1. The masculine-gender diminutives of širdis probably arose in songs under the influence of German, cf. das Herz, das Herzchen. 149 Daddy comes home, his little heart returns, having found neither horse nor saddlecloth Niem8. Hey, dear godfather, dear godfather, little heart, why don’t you invite me over? JD20. Dear grandmother, dear mother, dear little heart, did you have great hardship raising me? Niem4. Dear auntie worried, my dear little heart, where she would send her son BsO270. 1.1.1.2. Affectionate diminutives of širdis with the suffixes -elė (-elytė), -užė (-užėlė, -užytė), -ytė, -ikė, -ulė are also used figuratively: they are forms of address expressing fondness and affection toward a person. When addressing people, grammatical gender is disregarded: širdelė, širdytė are used to address both women and men, e.g.: You know, dear, we have to plant [potatoes] often this year: they’ve swollen, they may not sprout Pv. Oh, my dear heart, dear neighbor, I’ll tell you some big news V.Myk-Put. Dear father, my dear heart, you raised us three sons as one LTR(Ktv). My dear sisters, my dear hearts, clear the great manor yard (song) Ktv. Gentlemen, dear hearts, if you’d let me build right here Dg. Oh, my dear heart, what the beginning is, so is the end Jnšk. Master, father, dear heart, what have you done to that man? Sln. I didn’t call them by their names—dear heart, darling, my sweetheart JV880. Thus, on the basis of the diminutive meaning of endearment, the meaning of an affectionate form of address developed: a new, nominative relationship emerged between the base word and the meaning of the diminutive derivative. People are also addressed without diminutives, e.g.: My heart, get ready for the wedding: your eldest sister is getting married LB168. Dear mother, I did not sleep, my heart, I did not sleep (song) Dbg. Affectionate forms of address were recorded as early as the beginning of the 18th century by J. Brodovskis in a manuscript dictionary: My dear heart, my little falcon, my treasure B690. G. Nesselmann and F. Kurschat give the following diminutives of širdis: My dear heart, my dear little heart N. Aukšutis, aukštutėlis, dušelė, širdikė, širdytė KII148. Širdelė, širdikė, širdytė, širdūžė KI635. My dear širdytė, širdūžė, širdikė, little fish, little bird KI371. F. Kurschat’s dictionary also includes the masculine affectionate form of address širdūkas (KI635, KII148). A male person is addressed using masculine diminutives širdelaitis, širdulis, širdulėlis, širdūkas, širdutėlis, e.g.: If you want to know that woman, my dear širdelaitis, then listen! I. Dear father, dear širdulis! Dg. Dear širdulėlis, why are you crying? Šts. Dear širdūk, sit down, stay a while DrskŽ376. I missed you, dear širdutėlis Šts. Širdelė, širdutė, širdeliu, širdūžiu are used not only as forms of address but also to refer to a dear, cherished person, e.g.: I will not see my dear širdutė swaying along the fields on the way home Grk. There are three little weavers, but my dear širdelė is nowhere to be found D29. I sent my beloved širdėlis off on the road JV950. Her crosses grew heavier, especially when she remembered her beloved širdūžis, who would never return prš. 1.1.1.3. Diminutives of širdis with the suffixes -elė, -ikė, -(i)ukė, -utė are used with a meaning of smallness when širdis denotes the central part of plants or devices, or something resembling the shape of a heart, e.g.: There was only the tree’s core, that little heart Trk. Where the little bells ring 150 without little hearts, where the organ plays without little fingers LTR(Pnd). They are already releasing green little strawberries [that have taken root] Šl. Perhaps there are some lumps from little hearts to recover Vdk. Only the little hearts of the cabbage remained [after the holes] Pc. The little heart is full of bees in the herb garden Drsk. We keep the [flax] little hearts, sell the tow Er. I poured the little hearts [of beans] into the pig’s trough; it ate them like a glutton DūnŽ371. You’ll collapse, little hearts, so small Rs. A bud has taken a fancy to the little heart Krkn. The little heart lifts half the millstone Tt. White window panes with little hearts J.Avyž. What kind of little hearts had they bought there? Km. 1.1.1.4. Several diminutives of heart with the suffixes -elė, -ukė, -utė, -utė, -ikė have a lexicalized meaning. They designate parts of certain objects and form botanical and zoological terms. The LKŽ lists as many as 6 meanings of little heart: the heart of a feather shaft, the spindle of a millstone, the peg of a spinning wheel, a protrusion of a lock, the core of a pencil or ballpoint pen, and bleeding hearts (Dicentra spectabilis). Bleeding hearts refers not only to bleeding hearts (Š, LBŽ, LFIII470, NdŽ, Nč, Brž, Ds), but also to quaking grass (Briza media LBŽ, LFII220, NdŽ), marsh grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia palustris Kzt), pennycress (Thlaspi Akm), and shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursapastoris Akm). The name little hearts is used for bleeding hearts and quaking grass, for example: We call them little hearts, or bells Dsn. They call them both quaking grass and little hearts DrskŽ376. Little hearts is the name given to a family of bivalve mollusks (Cardiidae LTE(Papildymai) 600); little heart denotes a loom-shuttle bobbin (Pj), and little heart denotes a ballpoint pen refill (Pnm). The LKŽ lists separately the names for the spindle of a millstone širdėlė, širdikė, širdžikė (mostly data from the “Atlas of the Lithuanian Language”; see LKAI141), which are most likely diminutive variants with the same meaning as heart and should have been included under the heart entry. 1.1.2. From heart are derived nouns denoting possessors of a characteristic with the suffixes -ininkas, -inė and the ending -ius. The noun širdininkas, -ė (širdininkas, -ė; širdinykas, -ė)¹¹, formed with the suffix -ininkas, -ė, is used for both genders and denotes a person with an unhealthy heart, for example: I am a heart patient; I might keel over Rdn. God forbid that one should reach old age and die; we were left as complete heart patients LKŽK(Alz). His whole family are heart patients, and he too is one DrskŽ375. An adjectival use is also possible, for example: A heart-patient woman; there are many people with heart disease DrskŽ375. The same word also denotes motherwort (Leonurus), a plant used to treat the heart, for example: Where it grows near the fir trees, with sparse little flowers, they call it heart patient; they gather it for the heart DrskŽ375. Širdinė (BTŽ) is a derivative of heart and the suffix -inė, a plant cultivar name: a variety of sweet cherry, named for the resemblance of its fruit to the shape of a heart. 11Parentheses enclose morphonological, dialectal, and ending variants that do not affect the semantics of the derivatives. 151 Širdinės is a noun of adjectival origin denoting prayers addressed to the Heart of Jesus, e.g.: Anandien toks klierikaitis širdinės skaitė Grg. Noun derivatives with the ending -ius usually denote persons. Širdžius, širdė are associated with the affectionate vocative meaning of širdies (“širdie”) (cf. 1.1.1.2.), e.g.: What will you do, širdė, J. Šek, with your [little rue wreath] on your head? May it signify eternal unity with the lad destined to be your širdžius. JR91–92. Your teeth will fall out, fall out; not even širdžiukas will love you, will love you JV71812. An unclear derivative is širdžius, recorded by L. Ivinskis in Viekšniai (TŽI352), meaning a tree stump or a gnarled tree trunk. It may also be an individual, occasional formation, since it is attested in only one source. The common-gender noun širdžius (Dkšt, Trgn), denoting a person who is quick to anger, could derivationally be associated both with the verb širsti and with the noun širdis in the sense of “ill temper, anger.” 1.1.3. A noun denoting a quality formed with the suffix -ystė is širdystė, which is related to the shade of meaning of širdies “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion.” Adjectival abstractions are more typical for expressing qualities (cf. širdingystė, širdingumas). Širdystė is found only in religious writings: Tavęsp tikt laikaus iš širdystės brš. 1.1.4. Non-typical derivatives are formed with the suffixes -ietė, -iena, -ulys, -esas, -asas, -ašas, -ekšnis, -eksnis, and -oklis (-uoklis). Širdietė is a personal designation based on membership in a particular group: a female member of the religious order of the Heart of Jesus. From širdies meaning “heartwood” and the suffix -iena, the name of a type of timber širdiena was formed (Mt, BTŽ). The suffix -ulys usually forms verbal abstract nouns denoting “physiological or psychological phenomena and states (most often abnormal)”13, e.g.: dygulys, svaigulys. Širdulys is defined in LKŽ as “heart disease.” The noun širdis itself may also be used with this meaning, cf.: Boba gavo širdulį Trg. Vienai darė operaciją, neatsigavo – širdį turėjo Kv. From širdies meaning “heartwood” and the suffix -esas, a derivative with the same meaning, širdėsas, was formed; it is recorded only in Priekulė, e.g.: To medžio širdėsas išpuvęs, netiks šindeliams. The homonym širdėsas, used in Žemaitija (LKAI95, see Map No. 38), means “an iron stake passed through the front crosspiece and axle of a wagon.” The semantic basis of this derivative is the seme širdies “middle,” indicating the location for which the object is intended. In standard language, šerdėsas was selected, formed from the noun širdis, whose semantics are more clearly defined. Derivatives with suffixes -asas, -ašas, -ekšnis, and -eksnis have the same derivational structure and meaning. Širdasas and širdąšas are attested 12 L. Ivinskis also gives this word another meaning, “flatterer, toady”: Pilnas meilavimos žodžiais pri moterų, širdžius, smukčius I. 13 Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius, 1965, 292. 152 only in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, see LKAI95(Akm, Žr, Tv) and LKAI95(Pln), širdėkšnis passed from the dictionaries of F. Ruigys, K. G. Milkus, and F. Neselman into the dictionaries of F. Kuršaitis and A. Kuršaitis. The latter also recorded širdėkšnį. Derivatives of these words with the suffix -(i)ninkas (-nykas)—širdėšninkas (širdėšininkas, širdėšnykas), širdāšnykas, širdėkšninkas (širdėkšnykas, širdėčnykas) (see LKAI95, Map No. 38)—should be compared with Russian сердечник, which has the same meaning. Of all these variants, širdėšninkas is the most commonly used. From K. G. Milkus’s dictionary, the derivative with the suffix -oklis, širdoklis, entered later dictionaries (N, [K], Ndž, KŽ); its meaning, “a hole through which to thread the heartwood,” is based on the seme “middle” of širdies. A. Kuršaitis also recorded a word with the same meaning and the suffix -uoklis: širduoklis (this is most likely the result of the confusion of the sounds o and uo in Prussian Lithuania). 1.2. Derived adjectives from širdies 1.2. Nouns širdis form adjectives with the suffixes -ingas, -a; -iškas, -a; -ytas, -a; -ėtas, -a; -inis, -ė, and the endings -us, -i. 1.2.1. The adjective širdingas, -a, formed with the suffix -ingas, -a, can denote: a) qualities motivated by a shade of the meaning of “heart”: “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion,” e.g.: Ah, Lithuanians, my kind-hearted brothers! K. Donel. So I wish you this out of heartfelt love S. Dauk. — Thank you, heartfelt thanks Bb. He has no heart LžŽ257. There were no kind-hearted people Užv. b) qualities motivated by the meaning “malice, anger” of heart, e.g.: A hot-tempered man can quickly get into a fight DrskŽ375. Why are you so angry today? Rš. Angry bees Zt. — Immersed in anger Trgn. You didn’t lift a finger! And you still have the nerve to be angry! Lp. c) an intensification of a quality related to the meaning of heart as “the heartwood of a tree,” e.g.: These pines are good timber: they are heartwood-rich Paj. They cut down a spruce so that it would not be heartwood-rich but rather sapwood-rich LKŽK(Kpč). — The heartwood of the tree is good Dglš. The heartwood does not split easily KlvrŽ. The positive meanings of the adjective širdingas, -a were the first to appear in dictionaries (H, CII172, R, MŽ). The adjective was used with these meanings in old writings, e.g.: And such a great-hearted and unspeakable delight MP87. Stir us toward heartfelt tenderness MKr21. The meanings of this adjective denoting qualities associated with anger are characteristic of the dialects of eastern Lithuania. The meaning “brave, undaunted” of the adjective širdingas, -a (B209, CI264, BBAg2,4,M) is a semantic loan: Lithuanian has no comparable meaning of širdis (heart) that could motivate it. 1.2.2. The adjective širdūs, -i has meanings similar to those of širdingas, -a, associated with kindness and anger of the heart, e.g.: She is such a kind-hearted wife Jrb; Don’t tease him, because he gets angry very easily Ds. This speech was very heartfelt V.Piet. Morphologically, it could also be connected with the verb širšti (except for the example from Jurbarkas, which is apparently an abbreviated form of 153 sincere or heartless). 1.2.3. The adjective širdytas, -a, formed with the suffix -ytas, -a, denotes qualities associated with the meaning “irritability, anger” of širdies, e.g.: Ale ir širdytas: ani ažujudint nemožna Arm. Širdytas arklys LKŽK(Dv). Buičiai geras: dar neregėjau širdyto nė karto Dv. Anys širdyti vienas su kitu Ščn. 1.2.4. The adjective širdiškas (širdiškas), -a, formed with the suffix -iškas, -a, denotes a quality motivated by the primary meaning “central organ of blood circulation” of širdies on the basis of similarity of form, e.g.: Širdiškas lapas — su gilía trikampiska išpjova lapkočio prisėgimo vietoje BTŽ. Ištisiniai lapai būna skydiški, širdiški, inkstiški, iet iški, strėliški LKŽK(rš). In older writings, this adjective denotes a quality that can be associated with the shade of meaning “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion” of širdies (cf. širdingas, -a), e.g.: Širdiška (tikra) meilė ir mielaširdingystė BBPvP2, 1—2. Bežadis pražado anuos žodžius, pilnus gailystos širdiškos SPI175. 1.2.5. The adjective širdėtas, -a, formed with the suffix -ėtas, -a, denotes qualities associated with the meaning “central organ of blood circulation” of širdies on the basis of similarity of form, e.g.: Tabokų lapai dideli, širdėti, kurių skvarma it širdis yra S.Dauk. Širdėti drobių raštai Ggr. L. Ivinskis has indicated a meaning of this adjective, “greatness of a quality,” associated with the meaning “tree core” of širdies. 1.2.6. The adjective širdinis, -ė, formed with the suffix -inis, -ė, denotes qualities associated with the meaning “central organ of blood circulation” of širdies through relationship, purpose, and similarity of form, e.g.: Širdinis raumuo DŽ. Kad būtų širdinių vaistų davę, tai būt ligą nustūmę LKŽK(Pl). Širdiniai lapai DŽ. This adjective is found in writings denoting qualities associated with the meaning “tree core,” e.g.: Širdinė lenta pasilikti neimam nesusirietusi rš. 1.2.7. In M. Daukša’s “Postilė,” the archaic pronominal adjective širdyjęjis, -ji is used, associated with širdimi as a symbol of human feelings and inner life, e.g.: Klausykime jo ne tiektai ausimis kūningomis, bet toli daugęs širdyjęjomis DP493. 2. Compounds of the noun širdis 2. Compounds are based on two base words. širdis, as a constituent part of a compound word, can combine with a noun, adjective, verb, numeral, and preposition. In grammars of contemporary Lithuanian, prefixed nominal words are considered prefix-derived forms¹⁴. A. Paulauskienė, emphasizing that “derivatives are based on one base word, whereas compounds are based on a syntactic construction—a sequence of words 14 Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, 423.; Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius, 1994, 145. 154 compounds¹⁵, expands the concept of a compound by distinguishing a second type of compound, made up of one independent word and another function word. The prefixed nominal forms derived from the noun širdis fit, in their derivational structure, with compounds made up of two independent words. Compound words are equivalents of word combinations¹⁶. In language, word combinations corresponding to compounds generally function alongside them. The meaning of compounds is determined by the relationship between the meanings of their two base words. Širdis can serve as the first or second component of a compound noun or compound adjective. The types of compounds under consideration are shown in Tables 1–4¹⁷. 2.1. Compound nouns 2.1.1. Širdis, serving as the first component of a compound, forms compound nouns by combining with nouns and verbs. 2.1.1.1. N + N. širdis, serving as the first component, defines the second component, indicating that the thing denoted is intended for the širdžiai—the “central organ of blood circulation”: širdaląšiai, širdžažolė (širdžolė, širdžiažolė, širdžžažolė), širdžiažolynis (širdžiažolynis). The meanings of these words are often made explicit in the text: Širdžiažolė tik nuo širdies sopėjimo Nč. Širdžolių arbata nu širdies mušimo LTR(Kltn). Širdžiažolynių paieskot reika — gerai anys širdžiai Klt. In Tirkšliai, the word combination corresponding to širdaląšius was recorded: Kas ten tokie par širdies lašai? Trk. J. Pabrėža called širdžažolė by the compound term širdies žolės, while širdies žolelėmis was his name for the maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides). The earliest to enter dictionaries was širdžolė: in K. G. Milkus’s dictionary (1800), this was the name given to feverfew (Pyrethrum parthenium). Širdžažolė is a name for a medicinal plant of the gentian family (Centaurium) still alive in dialects and established as a botanical term (LBŽ). 2.1.1.2. širdis, serving as the first component, defines the second component, indicating that the thing denoted belongs to the širdžiai, the “central organ of blood circulation”: širdakaulis (Rz), širdiplėvė (MedŽ425). 2.1.1.3. širdis, serving as the first component, indicates that the thing denoted by the second component resembles a heart and recalls the shape of a heart. These are botanical terms: širdlapis (elecampane, Inula Mt, KŽ), širdlapėčiai (two-leaved mayflower, Majanthemus lifolium LBŽ, LFlI543, NdŽ). The second component of these formations denotes a part of the plant, while the compound nouns metonymically name the plants themselves. 2.1.1.4. N + V. When širdis, serving as the first component, denotes the object of the action expressed by the verb, we have names for persons: širdėdis, -ė; ¹⁵ P a u l a u s k i e n ė A. Morphology of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1994, 88. ¹⁶ V a l e n t a s S. Relations between Compound Words and Syntactic Constructions, Vilnius, 1979, 3. ¹⁷ In the tables, the letter Š denotes the noun širdis, while the other letters indicate the components of the compound according to the part of speech to which their base words belong: N — noun, A — adjective, V — verb, Ptc — participle, Num — numeral, Prep — preposition. 155 širdėda; širdgraužis (širdgraužis), -ė. These are related to the fixed word combinations (phraseologisms) širdį ėda ‘eats at the heart’, širdį graužia ‘gnaws at the heart’, e.g.: Who would pity such a heart-eater here Stl. — There’s nothing good from children nowadays, they only eat at your heart Drsk; Such a rascal only eats at his parents’ hearts—a heart-gnawing toad! DūnŽ371. — Little children break your back, while grown ones gnaw at your heart LTR(Vl). In LKŽ, Vaižgantas’s širdžiasargis is given with the label neol. and a question mark; it is merely a writer’s neologism of unclear meaning. 2.1.1.5. The plant names širdgloba and širdžiamušiai belong to this derivational type. J. Pabrėža’s botanical term širdgloba names motherwort (Leonurus) metonymically. A synonym for širdžažolė, širdžiamušiai, was recorded in Kaltanėnai, e.g.: There are bunches of širdžiamušiai hung up in the room to dry; she has an ailing heart LKŽK (Klt). 2.1.1.6. A group of derivatives whose first constituent širdis is the subject or object of the action expressed by the verb in the second constituent has a meaning reminiscent of verbal abstracts¹⁸: širdaskaudis — heartache, širdgėla — a pang of the heart. Širdoplakis is based on a literal word combination and denotes an action: What has brought this heart-pounding on me? Jd. Other compounds of this type are based on figurative word combinations (phraseologisms) and describe a state: širdąpykis, širdąplakis, širdąskaudis (širdskaudis), širdąskudis, širdgaila, širdgela (širdgela, širdgelė, širdigėla, širdgilas, širdgila, širdgyla, širgilas), širdgrauža (širdgriauža, širdągriauža), širdperša (širdperšas, širdperšis), širdplėša. Compare the use of compounds and word combinations, e.g.: It’s good that I have drops this year: they cure all heartaches Plt. — My heart is angry; I don’t even want to eat anything Vvr. After eating, one falls ill with heart-nausea A1884,186; I fell into heartache DūnŽ371. — My heart hurts so, though nothing has happened End. If you have no children, you have no heartache Klt; You’ll have heartache when your heart aches and frets J. Such heartache I have suffered because of my son! Ss. Throughout our lives heartaches alternate with joy S.Dauk. — Looking at her, my heart aches Rs. You caused me still greater fear and heartache by pointing at me with your eyes PP38; Another heartache arose Ms. Such heart-gnawing came over me that I could hardly find anywhere to go! LKŽK(Žlp). — What is gnawing at your heart, dear mother? Pvn. Isn’t this a case of heart-gnawing, with such a wayward child! Nmn; You spoke without thinking, and now the other person has heartache Vdžg. — My heart is aching for some reason—does it sense misfortune? Užv. Širdperša was the first to enter dictionaries. This compound appears under the širdis entry in K. G. Milkus’s dictionary. Širdgėla was first recorded in 1890 in the newspaper ”Tiesos prietelius”. Širdplėša is a dictionary word (Š, Rtr, BŽ220, NdŽ, KŽ); širdąplakis was recorded in Salantai, while širdąskaudis, širdgaila, and širdgrauža each have only a single example from written sources. The form širdgilas is characteristic of Samogitians (S.Dauk, M.Valanč, Žem, Kv, Als, Šts, Sd). Among compounds with the same lexical meaning are širdąplakis, 18 Cf. Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, 464. 156 širdaskaudis, širdgaila, širdgėla, širdgilos, širdgrauža, širdperša, širdplėša — in standard language, širdgėla and širdperša have become established as synonyms of ‘sorrow’ (already used in M. Daukša’s writings)19. 2.1.2. Širdis, as the second constituent of a compound, forms compound nouns by combining with nouns, adjectives, and the prepositions po, prie. 2.1.2.1. N + Š, Adj + Š. Compound nouns whose second constituent is širdis and which combine with a noun or adjective are characterized by figurative meaning. These are metonymic compound nouns (bahuvrihi), “which, in their derivational meaning, express only a part of an object, but in fact serve as names for the whole object”20. 2.1.2.1.1. Širdis, the name of a body part, can be used to mean a “whole” person: this is synecdoche, in which the whole is designated by a part, e.g.: Aha, aren’t there all sorts of hearts in the world! Skr. Happy is the one who has such a heart: the bonds of love do not break even when one person dies Vaižg. This usage underlies metonymic names for people: akmenširdis, -ė; atviraširdis, -ė; silpnaširdis, -ė and the like. The lexical meaning of the derivative denotes a person whose qualities are described by the first word. These metonymic derivatives are more commonly used adjectivally21; therefore, they will be discussed later as compound adjectives. 2.1.2.1.2. When širdis denotes the center of a flower or a part of an animal’s body, while the adjectives indicate a distinctive physical feature, we have metonymic collective names for plants and animals: nuogaširdžiai (showy bleeding hearts, Dicentra spectabilis Ds), siauraširdžiai (a subphylum of vertebrates, the craniates, Acrania E, NdŽ). The metaphorical-metonymic botanical term auksaširdė (common tansy, Tanacetum vulgaris LBŽ) is formed similarly. 2.1.2.2. P + Š. Nouns paširdė (paširdis, paširdžiai, paširdžiai) and prieširdis (pryširdis, pryširdis, prieširdė, pryširdė) are derived from širdies with the prepositions po (the prefix pa- directly corresponds to the preposition po)22 and prie. Both compounds denote a place alongside or beneath the heart, “the central organ of blood circulation,” e.g.: He punched him in the chest, curled up Jd. It’s not good; my back hurts around the heart DūnŽ248. The chest hurts J. The foal bolted into the chest area Š. Compare the corresponding prepositional constructions, e.g.: It keeps stabbing beneath the heart LKT198(KzR). The daughter-in-law at the feet, the sister at the head, the mother at the heart D20. The first forms to enter dictionaries were pryširdė (Q260) and pryširdis (C1919,R202, MŽ268). The plural variants paširdžiai (Als, Šv, Škn, Skd) and paširdžiai (KlvrŽ, Ms) are more characteristic of Samogitian. Prieširdis has quite a few derived meanings, all of which are related to the semantic feature of location. The term prieširdis, established in anatomy, is distinguished by its specialized meaning, 19 See Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius, 1993 (hereafter DŽ³). 20 Grammar of the Lithuanian Language 1, 438. 21 Ibid., 449. 22 Paulauskienė A. Min. veik., 93. 157 denoting a part of the heart — “each of the two upper chambers of the heart (artium cordis)”, e.g.: The heart has two atria and two ventricles V.Las. Similarly, pericardial sac may also be used with the meaning of a part: “the sac of the heart (pericardium)” (Ndž). 2.2. Compound adjectives 2.2.1. N + N. Heart, occurring as the first component of a compound, forms compound adjectives with nouns, indicating that the entity named by the second component has a shape resembling a heart: širdlapis (širdžialapis), -ė; širdžia vaisis, -ė, e.g.: Širdlapiai Virginian tobacco—leaves shaped like a heart, notched, drooping S.Dauk. Širdžialapė kaldezija (Caldesia parnassifolia) LBŽ. Širdžiavaisis riešutmedis (Juglans cordiformis) LFIII188. 2.2.2. Heart, occurring as the second component of a compound, forms compound adjectives by combining with nouns, adjectives, numerals, and prepositions. 2.2.2.1. A + N. Most are compound adjectives formed from an adjective and heart23. When heart, the name of a body part, metonymically denotes a person, and the adjectives serving as the first component of the compound indicate external or internal qualities, the resulting adjectives describe people. 2.2.2.1.1. Adjectives occurring as the first component of a compound qualify the heart by describing a person’s physical qualities: šilpnaširdis, -ė; stiprašaširdis, -ė; sveikaširdis, -ė, e.g.: She is so weak-hearted, she can hardly work at all Gs. Strong-hearted people Klm. Corresponding free word combinations are used in speech, e.g.: I have a very weak heart; it keeps nagging at me Alv. My heart is very strong; I don’t feel it Kvr. That woman... had a strong heart DP116. 2.2.2.1.2. Adjectives occurring as the first component of a compound qualify the heart, describing inner, spiritual qualities in literal or figurative senses. Corresponding free word combinations and fixed expressions (idioms) are used in speech, e.g.: a) gailiaširdis, -ė — He is compassionate, he feels for others Pv; geraširdis, -ė — He is there for people in trouble—a kind-hearted person Dgč; jautriaširdis, -ė — It was hard for them; he is so tender-hearted LKŽK(Pl). piktaširdis, -ė — He has a bad heart; he got angry Rm. So that a guest might not consider him a bad-hearted man S.Dauk; b) kietaširdis, -ė — Who could have such a hard heart and not have sighed? D. Pošk. People with hard hearts prefer darkness to light KN198; lengvaširdis, -ė — He is very light-hearted: ask him, and whatever he has, he gives away Ds. He is a light-hearted person LKŽK(End). 23 In Lithuanian compounds, the second component is most often a name of a body part; see Valentas S. Min. veik., 38. 158 soft-hearted, -hearted — That child is soft-hearted; she brings berries DrskŽ376; faint-hearted, -hearted — Those whose hearts are weaker always used to believe in devils Žg; cold-hearted, -hearted — Father is cold-hearted all the same; he doesn't care [, how the children live] LKŽK(Všn). hard-hearted, -hearted — Whoever is hard-hearted doesn't give pin; straight-hearted, -hearted — God does good to those who are good and true of heart DP30. More than 40 compound adjectives of this derivational type were found in LKŽ and LKŽK (kind-hearted, -hearted; soft-hearted, -hearted; narrow-hearted, -hearted — loanwords). Most of them are used only in written texts and dictionaries. From the writings of M. Daukša come mėilaširdis, mielaširdis (cf. 1. milosierny), piktasirdis: Mėilaširdis ir geradaris Viešpatis DP263. Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy DP532. Evil-hearted kings DP99. In his Catechism, M. Mažvydas used derivatives of a further degree mylasirdingas (Mž353), mylasirdystė (Mž577), mylasirdingystė (Mž489), mielaširdystė (Mž98). In K. Sirvydas’s dictionary we find mielaširdingą (SD¹81, SD154), while the dictionaries of F. Hak, P. Ruigys and K. G. Milkus also contain lengvaširdingą, lengvaširdystę. The number of words of this derivational type grew in later dictionaries. Such derivatives are rare in spoken language: they are words found in written texts and dictionaries. Adjectives formed from širdis ‘heart’ and a qualifying adjective and describing people can be used both as adjectives and as nouns, e.g.: She was a virtuous, tender-hearted little woman who loved animals Vaižg. They are all tender-hearted V.Piet; Hot-hearted, the little gift rushed off to run about cheerfully LzP. The wind raises good fellows like hot-hearted ones Vaižg. This circumstance led LKŽ to present them in a variety of ways, depending on the examples available: open-hearted, -hearted; timid-hearted, -hearted; noble-hearted, -hearted — classified as substantivized adjectives, brave-hearted, -hearted; stern-hearted, -hearted — adjectives, good-hearted, -hearted; light-hearted, -hearted — adjectives and substantivized adjectives, noble-hearted, -hearted; evil-hearted, -hearted — substantivized adjectives and adjectives. Hard-hearted, -hearted and soft-hearted, -hearted are given in separate adjective and substantivized-adjective entries as homonyms (although hard-hearted, -hearted has a single entry). From volume X of LKŽ onward, both grammatical labels began to be recorded more systematically and words of analogous derivation were combined in a single entry, e.g.: dry-hearted, -hearted; faint-hearted, -hearted; cold-hearted, -hearted; rough-hearted, -hearted; gentle-hearted, -hearted. In LKŽ, metonymic adjectives describing people are presented inconsistently, depending on the illustrative examples available. The “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian” should reflect language-use trends, and compounds of the same derivational type should be classified consistently24. The third edition of the dictionary includes 13 compounds whose base word širdis is modified by an adjective: 7 are classified as adjectives, and 6 as nouns with masculine and feminine gender. 24 See P a u l a u s k a s J. Editing a Dictionary by Word Groups. — Kalbos kultūra 49, 1985, 6–14. 159 It is unclear on what principle compounds derived from the same base word and having the same derivational meaning are assigned to one or another part of speech: atlapaširdis, -ė; geraširdis, -ė; jautriaširdis, -ė are adjectives, whereas atviraširdis, -ė; kietaširdis, -ė; minkštaširdis, -ė; piktaširdis, -ė are nouns. The meanings of these compounds are explained very chaotically. Derivatives considered nouns are defined by referring to a person using the words “person” or “someone,” but the words from which they are formed are not always used, for example: atviraširdis, -ė — an open, sincere person; lengvaširdis, -ė — a mild, forgiving person; kilniaširdis, -ė — someone with a noble heart; minkštaširdis, -ė — someone who is sensitive and compassionate. The explanations of compounds considered adjectives are even more varied: atlapaširdis, -ė — open, willing to tell everything; gailiaširdis, -ė — one who has a compassionate, good heart; geraširdis, -ė — sincere, compassionate; grynaširdis, -ė — pure-hearted, sincere; jautriaširdis, -ė — having a sensitive heart, sensitive; meiliaširdis, -ė — affectionate; tyraširdis, -ė — one who has a pure heart, upright. When presenting compounds of this type in dictionaries, their dual grammatical category could be indicated: adj., noun. When defining their lexical meaning, it would be more precise to explicate their derivational meaning and, if the meaning of the adjectival component is figurative, to provide a synonym, for example: atlapaširdis, -ė — having an open heart, open; atviraširdis, -ė — having an open heart, sincere; geraširdis, -ė — having a good heart; kietaširdis, -ė — having a hard heart, insensitive; tyraširdis, -ė — having a pure heart, upright. A dual grammatical category and a derivational interpretation of meaning would define metonymic compounds sufficiently clearly, making the illustrative phrases in DŽ³—geraširdis žmogus, grynaširdis žmogus—unnecessary. 2.2.2.1.3. When širdis, as the second component of a compound, means “the pith of a tree,” and the adjective functioning as the first component indicates a physical property, we have an adjective describing an object’s property, kiauraširdis, -ė, e.g.: Kiauraširdis medis cigarnyčioms dirbti Ggr. 2.2.2.2. N + Š. Compound adjectives formed from a noun and širdis have a possessive meaning similar to that of compounds formed from an adjective and širdis. The names of animals, plants, and materials functioning as the first component metaphorically describe spiritual properties. These are metaphorical-metonymic formations. 2.2.2.2.1. Animal names functioning as the first component of a compound indicate to whom the heart belongs. Human spiritual properties are described metaphorically: arklaširdis (arklaširdis) -ė; karveširdis, -ė; kiškiaširdis, -ė; šunširdis, -ė; žuikširdis, -ė. Corresponding fixed expressions (phraseological units) occur in the language, e.g.: Tas vyras yra arklaširdis, t.y. jo širdis kieta kaip arklio J. Reik gero arklaširdžio tokius vaikus mušti DūnŽ32. 160 – If you have a horse’s heart, then you’ll have enough, Krš: Don’t be hard-hearted; take pity on the child! Šl. Raised without work, and neither calves nor hard-hearted LKŽK(Rdn). – You have a dog’s heart, to drive the sick person away Pj. 2.2.2.2.2. The names of plants and materials functioning as the first component of a compound indicate what the heart is “made of.” Compounds of this type most often metaphorically describe human spiritual properties: akmenširdis (akminširdis), -ė; auksširdis, -ė; geležširdis, -ė; medžiaširdis (medžiaširdis), -ė; šiaudaširdis, -ė; šudširdis, -ė. Corresponding fixed expressions (phraseological units) also occur in the language, e.g.: Ot akmenširdis tavo Jonas: kap ėmė mušti arklį, tai nesekė ir atprašyt Vrn. Akmįnširdžių vaikų yra DūnŽ24. – Reik akmino širdį turėti tokį ligonį išganti DūnŽ24. Akmenies širdes užkietėjusiy žmonių DP181. Reik akmens širdį turėt, ka nepasigailėtum Gs. Only the word molaširdis, recorded in Šatės, metaphorically describes a person’s physical property, e.g.: Ana molaširdė, ar akėtas, ar duobėtas — viską ėda Šts. Metaphorical-metonymic compounds of this type are scarce: arklaširdis, šunširdis are fairly common in Samogitia, while karvelširdis LTR(Šll), kiškširdis rš, šiaudaširdis Vd, zuikiaširdis V.Kudir are merely isolated words found in written sources. They are characterized by conversion to nouns and the same lexicographic presentation problems as formations derived from an adjective and širdies: DŽ³ gives the adjective auksaširdis, -ė, whereas LKŽ indicates that it is a noun of both genders. 2.2.2.3. Num + Š. The compound adjectives vienširdis (vienaširdis), -ė; dviširdis, -ė; devynširdis, -ė. are formed from the numerals vienas, du, devyni and the noun širdis. 2.2.2.3.1. The numeral vienas functioning as the first component indicates “oneness, unity.” This is an adjective describing a person and meaning like-minded: Anuodu vienširdžiai. There are also corresponding expressions with figurative meaning, e.g.: Sandara, viena širdis SD76. Bus visų šventųjų viena sandara ir viena širdis DP542. Vienos širdies būti KII188. Džūkai devyną vieną širdį tūrį Vs. K. Sirvydas translated Polish jednomyślny with the words vienaširdis, sandarus (SD76). In M. Daukša’s Postil, the adverb vienaširdžiai is used: Viešpats Dievas, kuris daro gyventi vienaširdžiai namuose DP457. From K. Sirvydas to A. Kuršaitis, vienširdis (vienaširdis) is recorded in dictionaries; used in a hymn by Vydūnas (Mes, Lietuvos vaikai, stovėsim vienaširdžiai), it remained a word of religious texts and dictionaries. 2.2.2.3.2. The numerals du and devyni functioning as the first component indicate a portion of the širdies, meaning the seed cavity, in number, e.g.: Kad merga dvilypi, arba dviširdį, obulį savalgo, tad dvynus kartą pagimdanti LTR. Ką valgai? – Devynširdį [obuolį] Ss. 2.2.2.3.3. The numeral du functioning as the first component indicates a portion of the širdies, meaning the pith of a tree, in number, e.g.: Dviširdį medį nedek į budinką: sako, perkūnas trenkęs Šts. 2.2.2.4. Prep + Š. The adjective beširdis (beširdis), -ė, formed from the noun širdis and the preposition be, denotes properties expressed by the meaning of širdies, in contrast to— 161 the quality of “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion,” its absence, e.g.: It is hard to live with a heartless person LžŽ35. She got such a heartless husband, so she’ll regret it LKŽK(Gs). A cruel, heartless person LL11. Ruler, heartless ruler, I want to live... A.Vien. Heartless Death (Jaunių) tore him from our midst K.Būg. Corresponding phrases are also used, e.g.: She is heartless, without compassion DünŽ87. I wonder whether those children of hers really are so heartless? End. How heartless you are; a person lies here all night and all day, and you don’t even look in LKŽK(Sdb). Your songs are heartless S.Nėr. Often heartless is used as a noun, e.g.: The heartless man tied the puppy out in the wind and it whined Ds. You wouldn’t dare pour out your heart to a heartless person Sim. Cruelty, a heartless deed LL127. Oh, have mercy, you heartless ones! Vd. Cursed heartless man, who with the devil’s claws will tear away his last hope Mair. DŽ³ heartless is listed only as a noun. Nevertheless, the examples available show that this word is used just as frequently in a purely adjectival sense; its use in predicative position and in combinations with nouns of abstract meaning also indicates that it is an adjective, e.g.: You are so heartless DünŽ45. You are stony-hearted, heartless, unfeeling; you value nothing—not your mother, your fiancée, your son, or Lithuania P.Dirgėla. Heartless thoughts, soulless thoughts, will you not overcome me? Mair. Will you not one day regret these heartless words rš. 2.2.2.5. The adjective sincere (nuširdus), -i has a distinctive formation. The quality it denotes derives from a relation to the meaning nuance of heart, “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion”; it can be associated with the phrase from the heart, e.g.: A sincere, good girl DünŽ225. — You are a person of heart J.Balč; Sincere people speak in such a way that you would not believe it KlK9,74(Jdr). The earliest dictionaries do not include the adjective nuoširdus, -i, only the adverb nuoširdžiai (SD25, 48, 335, 382, R202, MŽ268), which came from old writings (DP546, PK48, SP1330). M. Daukša’s Postil also uses the adjective itself, e.g.: He offers remorse, sorrow, and sincere regret for sins DP326. In standard language, nuoširdus, -i and širdingas, -a are used synonymously. 2.2.2.6. The adjective paširdus, -i, recorded in the Jurbarkas, Raseiniai, and Šilutė districts, has an unclear derivation. Its meaning and semantic motivation are the same as those of the adjective nuoširdus, -i, e.g.: A good, kind-hearted person Vn. She was such a kind-hearted wife Erž. 2.2.3. The metonymic formation types of compound adjectives (N + A, Adj + A) are potential. For many such formations recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, only one source is given. Perhaps compounds with rather unclear meanings did not need to be recorded: the obscure written forms giliasirdės teorijos, the dubious kiltasirdis, recorded in Merkinė. The adjectives karčiasirdis, medinširdis, saulaširdis might be regarded as poetic words. They need not be included in the Supplementary Volume of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, e.g.: Many things cannot restore hope... / Cast the miracle of your spell / Into the deaf heart without a hearth — / He hears only his own poverty J. Baltrušaitis. All kinds of herbs sprout, / beside the white, dried-up road / sun-hearted children and ban- 162 dos M.Martinaitis. And he cannot even expect from his grandchildren, those wooden-hearted ones, either sympathy for his old age or understanding. Darius, too, is wooden-hearted, wooden-hearted, and the granddaughter-in-law is even more wooden-hearted... R.Granauskas. Only in Vaižgantas’s writings do we find split-hearted, rough-hearted, tender-hearted, and fresh-hearted: The dandelions listen as their neighboring plants whisper nearby—split-hearted dandelions. If only you could conceive it, run, and tear out the entrails with a rough-hearted fang—such is the desire for revenge that arises. Kazys was tender-hearted, not cruel. Young man, you fresh-hearted one, do you yourself feel how you alone know how to love or hate. Uncharacteristic and isolated are the adjectives of Šatrijos Ragana and Vaižgantas, formed from the heart and a verb or participle, for example: All the troubles gnaw at the little heart; it is only a dream Pč. Fog covered everything with its gray cloak, heart-oppressing Pč. There were no other heart-guardians around who might have diverted their attention or lured them away Vaižg. Thus we enter the periphery of the language. It is no coincidence that deep-hearted, -hearted; heart-guardian, -guardian; heart-oppressing, -oppressing are classified as neologisms in LKŽ. Conclusions 1. The noun širdis is a word with derivationally active semantics. Its developed system of meanings has determined the diversity of its derivatives. The derivatives have independent meanings motivated by the semantics of their derivational bases. Both literal and figurative meanings of the heart participate in word formation. 2. A distinct group of derivatives consists of derived and compound nouns and adjectives. Most heart derivatives are compounds. Their most productive formation type is B + Š. The majority of derived nouns are diminutives. The fewest are suffixal derivatives. 3. An analysis of derivational oppositions (derivative↔širdis) allows us to conclude that the basic meaning of širdis, “the central organ of blood circulation,” is the most derivationally active. Specifically, from the somatic noun širdis are formed: 1) diminutives expressing affection with the suffixes -elė, -ikė; 2) names for bearers of nominal characteristics with the suffixes -inin-kas, -inė, -ietė, -ulys; 3) adjectives with the suffixes -inis, -ė; -iškas, -a; -ėtas, -a; 4) compound nouns: Š + D — names of objects and plants, B + Š — names of persons and animals, P + S — names of objects, Š + V — names of persons, states, and actions; 5) compound adjectives: Š + D denotes the properties of objects by similarity, while B + Š denotes a person’s physical characteristics metonymically. 4. The figurative meaning of širdis—“a symbol of human feelings and dispositions, the center of experiences, the inner world”—is the semantic basis for the formation of: 1) affectionate diminutives with the suffixes -elė, -užė (-užėlė), -aitė, -elis, -užis, -aitis, -ytis; 2) the archaic adjective širdyjis, -ji; 5. From the figurative meaning of širdis—“traits of a person’s character, inclinations,” 163 “dispositions” form affectionate diminutives with the suffixes -elė, -aitė, -alė. 5.1. This shade of meaning, “sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion,” provides the semantic basis for derivation: 1) nouns denoting a quality, with the suffix -ystė; 2) adjectives with the suffixes -ingas, -a; -iškas, -a and the endings -us, -i; 3) prefixed adjectives beširdis, -ė; nuoširdus, -i; paširdus, -i. 5.2. Another shade of this meaning, “a person distinguished by certain spiritual qualities,” helps explain the motivation behind the productive type B + Š (and the related type D + Š) of compound adjectives describing people. The somatism širdis, metonymically denoting a person, provided the basis for the formation of a large group of metonymic adjectives. Adjectives of this type are not characteristic of colloquial speech; they are more commonly found in written texts and dictionaries. There is no need to record all regular derivatives in dictionaries, since most of them will remain the words of individual authors. 6. Širdis, in the meaning “the pith of a tree,” has provided the basis for these derivatives: 1) diminutives with the suffixes -elė, -ukas; 2) atypical nouns denoting bearers of a quality, with the suffixes -iena, -esas; 3) adjectives with the suffixes -ingas, -a; -inis, -ė; -ėtas, -a; 4) compound adjectives kiauraširdis, -ė (B + Š), dviširdis, -ė (S + Š). 7. The extensive derivational system of the noun širdis clearly shows that derivatives make up the greater part of the language’s lexicon. 1. Compound nouns with a second nominal constituent First constituent Second constituent What is indicated by the first defining constituent Examples Š D function Plant names širdžolė (širdžolė, širdžiažolė, širdžiažolė), širdžiažolynis (širdžiažolynis) Names of things širdžialąsiai belonging Names of things širdakaulis, širdiplėvė 4 I component II component What is shown with the first component as the defining element Examples similarity Plant names heartleaf, heartleafs B Š a distinctive external, physical characteristic Names for people weak-hearted; strong-hearted; healthy-hearted Plant names bare-hearted Animal names narrow-hearted a distinctive internal, spiritual characteristic Names for people open-hearted; wholehearted (open-hearted); kind-hearted (kind-hearted), and so on. D Š belonging Names for persons arklaširdis (arklaširdis), -ė; karvelširdis, -ė; kiškiaširdis, -ė; šunširdis, -ė; šunširdà; zuikiaširdis, -ė material Names for persons akmenširdis (akmiñširdis), -ė; auksaširdis, -ė; geležaširdis, -ė; medžiaširdis (medžiaširdis), -ė; molaširdis, -ė; šiaudaširdis, -ė; šūdširdis, -ė Plant names auksaširdė P be Š lack Names for persons beširdis (beširdis), -ė 165. First component Second component What is denoted by the first defining component Examples Names of things po location pericardial sac (paširdis, paširdis, paširdys, paširdžiai, paširdžiai, paširdžiai) near location atrium (pryširdis, prižirdis, prieširdė, pryširdė, pryširdė) 2. Compound nouns with a verbal second constituent First constituent Second constituent What is denoted by the first governing constituent Examples Š V object of the action Names of persons širdągraužis (širdągriaužis), -ė; širdąėdis, -ė; širdėda; širdžiasargis, -ė Plant names širdgloba Abstracts of states heartache (heartache), heartache, heartache, heartache (heartache, heartache, heartache, heartache, heartache, heartache, heartache), heart-grief (heart-grief, heart-grief), heartburn (heartburn, heartburn), heart-rending 166 First component Second component What is expressed by the first governing component Examples agent of the action Plant names širdžiamušiai Action nominals širdoplakis State nominals širdāpykis, širdāplakis 3. Compound adjectives with a second nominal component First component Second component What is expressed by the first defining component Examples Š D resemblance širdlapis (širdžialapis), -ė; širdžiavais is, -ė B Š a distinctive characteristic external, physical feature kiauraširdis, -ė, silpnaširdis, -ė; skeltaširdis, -ė; stipriaširdis, -ė, sveikaširdis, -ė a distinctive characteristic internal, spiritual feature open-hearted; open-hearted; kind-hearted, etc. D Š belonging horse-hearted; dove-hearted; hare-hearted; dog-hearted; rabbit-hearted material stone-hearted; gold-hearted; iron-hearted; wood-hearted; clay-hearted; straw-hearted; shit-hearted 167 First component Second component What is expressed by the first defining component Examples S Š number one-hearted; two-hearted; nine-hearted Dl Š characteristic of the action gnawing at the heart without, from, after Š lack, origin, origin heartless; sincere; heartfelt 4. Compound adjectives with a verbal second component First component Second component What is indicated by the first, governing component Examples Š V object of the action širdėadis, -ė; širdžiaslėgis, -ė WORDS FORMED ON THE BASIS OF THE NOUN ŠIRDIS (A HEART) Abstract This study discusses words formed on the basis of the noun širdis. The aim is to discover this word’s derivational potential and to show how the words formed relate to its semantic content. Both the literal and figurative meanings of the noun širdis are involved in word formation. It can be observed that the most productive meaning in word formation is the literal one: “the principal organ of blood circulation.” The distinct groups comprise derived and compound nouns, as well as derived and compound adjectives. The words formed have different meanings, motivated by the semantics of their derivational bases. 168