Lietuvių kalbos priežastinių ir parūpinamųjų veiksmažodžių leksikografinis pateikimas

XXXV (1995) LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY STUDIES Gertrūda SAVIČIŪTĖ-NAKTINIENĖ THE LEXICOLOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF THE CAUSAL AND PREPARATORY VERBS OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE 1. Prepositional and auxiliary verbs make up a significant part of the group of transitive verbs in Lithuanian. These are derivatives with distinct forms of morphological expression (prefix -(d)yti, -(d)inti and/or root vowel change) and certain semantic features. Presenting these verbs in the "Lithuanian language dictionary?*? and "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language" in three editions? It is guided by the analysis of specific linguistic material, the conclusions of theoretical researches and the lexicographic traditions of systematic presentation of this type of verbs, dating back to the German-Lithuanian and Lithuanian-German dictionaries of F. Kuršaitis.” The authors of the first edition of the "Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language" took up the systematic separation of auxiliary verbs from causative verbs for the first time. Because of the nature and scope of the vocabulary, a selection was made: "Conjugated verbs are given more common, more typical, because their construction and meaning are self-evidentTM. Also treated and DZ! with D?*. All causative and conjugative verbs known from dialects, dictionaries, fictional, scientific and non-fiction literature are presented in the LKZ. Their assignment poses considerable difficulties for dictionary writers. ; The auxiliary verbs derived from causative verbs have (1) the same -(d)inti, -(d)yti suffixes, (2) the same structure of the superficial part of the sentence, e.g. : Ji valgydinmna (caus.) vaiką —Ji aus din a(cur.) lovatiesę, (3) semantic similarities with causative verbs denoting indirect (e.g. verbal) causation, the meaning of the causing action of which is sutam- | Lithuanian language grammar 2, Vilnius, 1971, 265: Jakaitienė E., Lai 5 onaite A.,Paulauskienė A. Lithuanian language morphology, Vilnius, 1976, 10;Paulauskienė A. Grammatical categories of the Lithuanian language verb, Vilnius, 1979, 12; Paulauskienė A. Lithuanian language morphology, Vilnius, 1994, 286; Contemporary Lithuanian language grammar, Vilnius, 1994, 284. 2 Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 3—16, Vilnius, 1956—1995; 2nd edition 1—2, 1968—1969 (hereinafter ‘LKZ’). 3 Current Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius, 1954 (hereinafter — DZ), 2nd edition 1972 (hereinafter Ž!), 3rd edition 1993 (hereinafter DŽ*?). * German-- Lithuanian Dictionary by Friedrich Kurschat 1, Halle, 1870; 2, 1874; Lithuanian-German Dictionary by Friedrich Kursc h a t, Halle, “ 1883. Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, 1954, X. 129 pa with "rūpini tis" as the curative action of the providential verbs — “to order, to ask, to persuade, to invite, to allow, to give, etc.”, e.g. : A te 4 din k(caus.), i. e. tell someone to come J (LKZ II 1056) —N ė ši n u (cur.) cabbages from the garden, i. e. I tell someone else to bring J (LKZ VII 708). These similarities are the main reasons for mixing causative and servile verbs, which sometimes leads to inaccuracies in the presentation. In distinguishing these verbs, the authors and editors of the LKŽ for a long time practically followed the view that causative verbs are made from intransitive verbs, and provident verbs only from transitive verbs. The criterion of formal means of expression (providing verbs usually have suffixes with -dformant) was not considered sufficient. Later, the criterion of action-object relationship, proposed by A. Jakulienė, was used, according to which the object of the action of the causative verb is also the subject of the action of their base verb, e.g., extinguish the candle —the candle is extinguished. The action of the auxiliary verbs is directed to the same object as the action of their base verbs, e.g. sew a dress - sew a dress". Based on the work of J. Jablonski and other authors and the description of causing and curating sentences in the periphrase "do so that...", it became clear that the helping verbs assume the presence of a mediator of the subject" (1) in the deep e, in rare cases and (2) in the upper e. For example: (1) I served for the child —I offered myself a cotton-cloth Pvn (LKZ XII 590) —"[I] did so that” + "The wind (-a?)] made so that” + "[I] was sewn a cotton-cloth”; (2) A man with a baguette couldn't get a load to sit on S. Dauk (LKŽ XII 589). Some semantic limitations of the subject (actor) of the curative action, the curative action (expressed as a suffix), the curated action (expressed as the root of the parroted verb coinciding with the root of the base verb), the object of the curative action (direct complement) were noted, specific cases of inaccurate causal and assisting verbs were discussed- .” The combination of all these criteria can help to distinguish more accurately between auxiliary verbs and causative verbs. 3. The methods of lexicographic presentation are not only a matter of dictionary writing technique. They also reflect the theoretical treatment of problems, the allocation or non-assignation of words to a certain lexical-grammatical group, the change of some meanings, the constructive and semantic relationship, the main, most common or most suitable word is distinguished from the range of variants. $Jakulieneée A. Criteria for the allocation of causal and auxiliary verbs in theoretical works. —Kalbotyra 26 (1), 1975, 81. Jablonskis J: Selected Writings 1, Vilnius, 1957, 289; Jakaitiene E., Laigonaitė A,Paulauskiene A A. Min. veik., 110. More details zr. S avičiūte G. Semantics of the Parupinamyjy verbs. —Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 24, 1985, 236—251. Shooting Range. Idem. 130 | A 4 ias ata der Se Sasha ws To Bk da BBE = a a Re TNE tlie n are poorly treated as oppositions to base words, e.g.: (a) gydyti: gyti, (b) siūdinti: siūti. Thus in the mentioned dictionaries they are also associated with the base words by grammatical signs (DZ —e.g., prp.; LKZ —caus., cur.). : In the introduction to the 2nd edition of the LKZ volume I it is stated: ”The prepositional, parupinamieji... verbs are not explained in a descriptive way, but only by the marks caus., cur. are referred to those primary verbs from which they originated and received new grammatical meanings, e.g.: lėdyti, -o, -ė caus. lots; mėgzdinti, Ana, -ino cur. knit”. This problem is also briefly discussed in the instruction! ?, without going into more complex cases. However, the authors and editors of the LKZ text face more problems than could have been foreseen. Therefore, the formal methods of lexicographic presentation vary somewhat. 3.1. both the operative, origin and semantic aspects are most accurately reflected by the most commonly chosen presentation, where each meaning is associated with the corresponding meaning of the base verb by means of grammatical indications, e.g.: 1 lakdinti indicate cur. refers to lėkti 1 (LKŽ); 1 scare 1-3 value certificate caus. —in 1—3 of the verb 1 Siurpt: meanings, 4, as lexically altered, interpreted separately(LKŽ), šviėsdinti 1—3 meaning mark caus. — to 2, 10 and 11 meanings of the verb sviésti (LKŽ), applying 1—2 Ara note cur. —to 2 and 8 meanings of the verb tdikti (LKŽ); correct 1— meaning mark cur. —in verbs 1, 13, 17, 19 and 27 correct itor (LKZ). Sometimes it is not possible to indicate the exact meaning of the base verb because it is not indicated by the sources from which the word is taken, for example, tdizginti K, NdZ indicates a reference. cur. to tdikinti, although this verb has 7 meanings (LC). 3.2 The interpretation of the verb by means of perphrases "to do (so) that..." or "to do such" also refers to the base word: in the first case to the verb of self-action, in the second — to the adjective, e.g.: blizinti 1. tr., intr. “make it shine” (DZ, DZ%, LKZ), gel “make it shiny” (DZ, YAS DZ? LKZ), brighten “make it light? (DZ, DZ"), "make lighter, brighter" (DZ2 1 meaning, LKZ —3 meaning) and so on. In the first case, the periphrase, which replaces the grammatical note, helps the lexicists to avoid the difficulties usually associated with the presentation of the base verb, and it is also widely used in linguistic literature to describe prepositional and conjugative verbs. In the second case, periphrase is the only indicator of priezastiniy verbs of adjective origin! *, although in the instruction they are not named by this name: "Adjective verbs denoting an action by which the object is given the property expressed by that adjective, are explained by the formula "to do what"! *. » 9 Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1, 1968, XII. 0 Instructions for the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1980, 34, 67, 69. AxanhTe ne B. Cyfgpurxcanonodte 2aazoabl coepemennozo AUMOBCKOZ0 IIL ABToped. nucc.... kaHa. Oh, yeah. Hayk, Buasuroc, 1968, 11. 2 "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" instruction, 65. 131 3.3. In the case į of a synonymous ar word, the synonymous word is D; sometimes added to the ar synonym. This presentation method has proven to be useful; in cases where it is necessary to show a certain lexical causal change in the meaning ar at least to explain them more precisely. ar For example: : image "da kad bildėtų, belsti” (LKŽ); birhbinti "make to beep, ring” liédinti (L 3 cur. 2 lieti 1; "to make ka iš molten metal" (LKŽ); 1 m cur. malti 1; "deceive" (LKŽ); Stuffed cur. upholstered. 1. "accusing (LKZ) t.t. ir ; : : For a while The authors of the LKZ were inclined to refine the presentation of the reference words of the subordinate action by describing the semantics of the supervising action veik; small words take care of, order, clean, dust, etc. ir ar periphrase 'to (t ensure that'. For example: : imdinti cur. Take it. 1. "to make sure that somebody takes" (LKŽ); tmūš cur. to score; "to give, to command, to imprint, to engrave" (LKZ); stir-fried curds. methi "to let, to let, to let" ne (LKŽ); robbing cur. tear 1. "to make it shake, to shake it" (LKŽ) t.t. ir 4 3.4. Occasionally DZ, especially ir in the previous In the LKZ volumes, the presentation mode is chosen when the grammatical reference is written in the heading, the meanings are interpreted o lexically as independent. DS A "When the meanings of the explanatory word differ from the meanings of to the word, į ku rį reference is specified, jų or the order of submission is not the same (It only indicates the word formation, origin) is usually presented before all meanings, which are interpreted descriptivar ely as synonyms or separately indicate į the corresponding identical meaning. For (...) example: forging cur. 1 Guilty. 1. drawn (stone). 2. cur. 1 guilty 10.:3::cur. 1 Guilty. 11713, ; This presentation is quite ne suitable when there are corresponding meanings of the base verb. For example, to burn DZ! ir DZ? it would have been possible to indicate the exact į meanings of the verbs in a grammatical note. į It is used when the specificity of the verb itself makes it unclear which meanings can be considered as causal auxiliaries. ar In many cases, the meaning of the word is different in different languages. DZ, DZ! ir The LKŽ does not consider the pronoun verb šūtinti, DZ? already provided su with a grammatical certificate prž. where the heading į refers to the base verb šūsti, the o meanings are interpreted separately: 1. "boiling; dry stewing?, e.g. : Saute potatoes, cabbage (in a glass); 2. ‘heat’, e.g. : The sun is very hot; From colds you need to soak your feet in water; 3. "smoke", e.g. : Cut the roof; 4. ‘blurring’, e.g. : The sun bleaches the clothes; 5. "to do ką harshly", for example. : Sauteed bacon (eat with su appetite). Most likely, the meanings could be considered causal, because they 1, 3, 4 have the corresponding meanings of the base verb šūsti and the second case of the meaning of the illustrative sentence, 2 o 5 the value cannot be causal. | As the analysis of spoken verbs and the practice of editing dictionary writing shows, ir this presentation has inaccuracies. (1) We consider ir those verbs to be causal auxiliaries, which have a corresponding form, according to the instructions of ne the "Dictionary of Lithuanian 13 Language", but also in terms of semantics, i.e. if they can be 70. 132 linked to a certain meaning of the base verb. (2) These formal signs of these verbs may also indicate the iterative nature of the verb or the meanings may have changed lexically, and lexical causatives are not marked with these signs either in LKŽ or DŽ. (3) It is often unclear which meanings the dictionary compilers consider to be causal or auxiliary, and which are independent or lexically altered. This presentation is particularly inaccurate when there are corresponding meanings of the base verb |. For example, to hurt J! and DZ? it would have been possible to refer precisely to all the meanings of the base verb obdĕgti. 3.5 A causative or auxiliary verb is abbreviated by see to refer to the main word in the order of variants, which is usually more widely or frequently used, has more meanings or is more familiar to users of common language. For example, the 1–4 meanings of the verb skokinti are referred to by the LKŽ abbreviation see as the 1, 2, 4 and 5 meanings of the verb skokinti, which in turn are referred to by the grammatical notation caus. 1, 2, 5 and 18 are given as the meanings of the verb to jump, 3 is interpreted separately, 1 and 4 have shades of meaning; 2 whistling abbreviation see refers to whistling, which grammatical note cur. related to 1 whistling 1 meaning "with lips or instrument to make a high, loud sound" (LKŽ); LKŽ abbreviation see indicated in veils. mazodzio 1 tékint: the 4th meaning, which is explained in "leave for husband" (sign caus. is in the heading). This way of presentation, although not very convenient for dictionary compilers and readers, does not contradict the general DŽ and LKŽ provision to show the variantity of words. 4. There are some inconsistencies in DŽ and LKŽ when presenting some types of causative verbs. | The most accurate are those derivatives of the suffixes -(d)inti, -(d)yti, which are associated with the primary verbs of the same root, e.g.: auginti: augti, blūkinti: blūkti. 4.1. Presentation of adverb derivatives associated with verbs with different degrees of vowel change'? varies somewhat. DZ, DZ', DZ? and LKŽ are considered causative (presented with a grammatical reference or causing periphrase) germinti: gergti, gramzdinti: grimzti, laipini: lipti, maršinti: mirti, skandinti: nusėsti, slankinti: slinkti and so on. Changes in meanings are shown by extended perphrases by presenting 1 lakonti: skristi, ljkyti: likti. The verb to ripen: to ripen in DZ? and LKZ is considered causal, DZ and DZ! is interpreted lexical. Lexical interpretations of dalbinti: delbti, threaten: menace, feed: misti, marinti: mirti, markinti: markt, sloginti: spausti i, etc. TA ie their working relationships zr. Jak aitiene E. Deverbative verbs of the present Wh calba with the suffix -inti. —Ballistica 12), 1968, 226—227. 133 Therefore, among these Vedic verbs there are a lot of verbs that have a common transformative type of meaning. j 4.2. The most varied is the presentation of non-adverbial verbs with different degrees of vowel change. r The authors do not consider lenkts, plėsti, plėšti, vefsti as causative verbs, the meaning of the verb teksti 1 is explained by the causation periphrase "daryti, kad tikstu”, and the verb lduzti is already associated with lūžti, using the attestation pra in the heading. ir meaning separately. Vis delto DZ! į ir DZ? authors are treated much more systematically —almost all of this type of verbs, including prepositional, are considered causative, e.g.: įldužti prž. broken 1, up broken up prz. ilinki, 1. ld prž. broken 1, bent prž. (1—3 values), stumbling prž. Peel 1, slice 1. happen 1, fall 1. 1, pargriduti prž. overturned, overturned prž. parvirsti, prilenikti 1. prz. bending, etc. The verb translate 1-th meaning reference is added when explaining: translate 1. prz. turn 13 "to lay, to break on the side, to the ground" DZ! authors, following DZ, actiontext: explained with the periphrase "make me tick", authors di o DZ jo 1 reikšmę g'ramatine žyma prž. indicated į the value 1 in the text. | NZ, DZ? and LKZ verbs plėsti, plėšti the grammatical note is given in the heading in connection with plsti, plyšti, and the meanings are interpreted separately. In the same way, the LKŽ presents the verb ldužti, while įlaužti and nulduzti 1 have different meanings than DZ, DZ! ir DZ? are interpreted by the following peripheral causation phrases: ¢lduzti 1. "make it break a little", break 1. 'to make it break apart from something'. Not like DZ, DZ! and DZ? The verb pargriauti in LKZ “is interpreted as synonymous with ”parversti”, and the verbs lenkti, įlefiktijį k prilenkti and teksti, nuteksti by grammatical signs are not connected with links, Hit prilinkti tikšti, nutikšti. ir į Such a varied presentation shows that the theoretical treatment of this type of verbs is not definitively established. Verbs of this type of action J. Jablonski described them as causative: "The meaning of causative verbs is not always expressed by certain word endings. The words: beriu, keičiu, krečiu, kreipiu, laužiu, miešiu, šviečiu (šveičiu), verčiu ("I make that something birtus, kistų, kristių, kryptų, lūžių, misty, švistų, virstų") are, truly speaking, causal verbs — for the words: birti, kisti, kristi, krypti, lūžti, mušti, švisti, virsti, only their causality is not altered by the word endings -yti, -dyto"!5. Verbs berti: birti and kélti: kilti DZ, DŽ* and DZ? are not considered causative, in "Lithuanian grammar" are presented as examples of causative verbsdziail®. A. Paulauskienė calls pronouns not only -inti, -yti derivatives, but also ordinary verbs, which she illustrates with examples keisti, daūbti, skleisti, veisti r The absence of a causative suffix is probably the main factor in this type of 4 15 Jablonskis J. Min. veik., 289. 16 a Jietunty Grammar 2, 25. "Paulauskienė A. Morphology of Lithuanian language, 286-287. 134 the reason for the different treatment of small words. “It is believed that the change of the root vowels does not play an independent role in the formation of forms, but it is a formal representation of the opposition of causative and causable action. Since this semantic opposition completely overlaps with the opposition of transitivity-- intransitivity, its formal indicators also have overlapping functions of substitution of causality and transitivity!- "*. S. Krinickaitė, who studies the category of transitivity-- intransitivity, tends to dismiss these verbs as causative. It describes the translate-translate type as the oldest layer of the category of transitivity-- intransitivity!" It is also known as the "Lithuanian language of the future". It does not include any non-adverbial verbs with a different degree of vowel change among the causative verbs? ?. Therefore, dictionaries often have to doubt how to evaluate specific derivatives of this type. 4.3.The presentation of verbs that can be associated both with a noun (usually an adjective, less often a noun) and with a verb varies frequently. Mr. Skardžius has written about this. For example, the causative verb , alsinti he associated not only with ilsti, but also with the noun alsas’!. The ambiguity of the origin is also acknowledged in the "Grammar of the Lithuanian language- ": "The meaning of the -inti verbs of the Budvardiniy prefix is very close to the meaning of the causative verbs of this prefix. Sometimes it is not possible to distinguish from what the verb is derived, e.g.: džiūginti (: džiugūs,-i, džiūgti), svčikinti (: hello, -a, hello), slurp (: wet, -ia, wet nz However, most of these verbs are considered by the authors of the "Lithuanian Grammar" to be made from adjectives, e.g.: beridrinti, bloginti, dailinti, dvigubinti, gėrinti, ilginti, lengvinti, piginti, piktinti, rétinti, skaidrinti, tvirtinti, vienddint?>. The fact that many of these verbs are related to the derivatives of the suffix -ėli also causes confusion. A. Paulauskienė presents a scheme of verb-adjective relations, showing that both the -inti and the -éti verbs are derived į from adjectives: baltas baltinti ~ > baltėti "doing white" "being white?"**. 18 Paulauskienė A. Grammatical categories of the verb in Lithuanian language, 19x pHMHUMUKANKNTe C. Kraccupukanus riaroJbHBIX ONINO3HO3UHĖ NIO nepexogHOCTH /HENepexXoOaHOCTH B JIMTOBCKOM 3bIK€. —Ilpobnem bi cuxmaKxcuca u cmpyxmype caoea, Mocksa, 1979, 42—53. ; plg. t.p. Krinickaite S. On causal verbs in Lithuanian language. —Baltistica 17(2), 1981. 190—192. 20 Modern Lithuanian Grammar, 285—286. "1 Skardžius P. Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius, 1941, 543—544. 22 Lithuanian Grammar 2, 264. 23 Ibid. 24 Paulauskienė A. Morphology of Lithuanian Language, 269. 26. 135 On the contrary, in the "Grammar of Modern Lithuanian" the connection of this type of verb with an adjective is not shown. In the classification they are described as follows: "Derived verbs with the suffix -ėti are opposed with suitable derivatives of the suffix -1ntt ati-|, e.g. gražeti: rast, So lexicographers sometimes have to seek a compromise. For example, the LKŽ presentation of the verb slidinti shows its possible connection with slide and slippery: 1. caus. hear; 'make them slippery'. The verb séndinti in the LKŽ is given in the heading with the grammatical note caus. and is referred to sénti, and when interpreting the meaning of 1 the causative periphrase "to do such" is linked to the adjective sėnas. The extension of the periphrase used to interpret the meanings 2 and 4 shows lexical change, the interpretation of the meaning 3 does not show causation: 1. "make old", e.g. : Years do not wait, all equally age rs; 2. “make an older, older look” e.g. : Laughter rejuvenates a man, anger sits Snt; 3. refl. "multiply by years", for example. : Séndinos other men after the war Grd; 4.'making old by preventing marriage', e.g. : Kam séndini mergą, lai teka J. The presentation of this verb was probably complicated by the fact that its meanings are related only to sėnti 1 meaning "to get old" and to sėnas 1 meaning "having a long age, having reached old age, not young (about people, animals); long growing (about plants); spray. young”. There are no meanings of the causative verb | sėndinti associated with other meanings of sėnti or sėnas recorded. DZ is DZ! this verb is presented without a grammatical mark, interpreted by eriphrase and synonym "make old old", DZ —only periphrase "make old old" 4] » na”. to The analogy of the antonym jduninti patei-: kimo in LKŽ IV tome will have prompted the presentation of this verb in this way. Jduninti in the title is associated with fiataléti, using the sign tr. caus., meaning 1 of the causation periphrase is associated with the adverb jaunas and its lexical change is shown, meanings 2 and 3 are interpreted as independent: 1. "to make young; return the strength of youth", e.g. : Breathing Movement rejuvenates the blood and thus the whole kung Vd; 2. "revitalize; update’, e.g. : Very old fruit trees rejuvenate (stimulate the growth of young growths) is not recommended rs; 3. "Aim to look younger; hide, reduce years", e.g. : I still rejuvenate my husband (I dress him nicely to make him look young) Pp. Jduniti meanings are only related to jduns I meaning "a few years old; recent”, no causal meanings were recorded for the other four meanings of the adjective. The meaning of rejuvenate 1 could be linked to the meaning of rejuvenate 1 "to become younger, to go younger- ", and the meaning of rejuvenate 3 with the meaning of the 3-reverse consumption "keeping yourself young; Younger- ”. In the Tr DŽ editions this verb is given without Vara mark prž. : do.) young, return youthful strength, health”; 2. "make (give —Dz DZ?) the appearance of a young man"; 3. "hide, reduce the year" 3 The verb rétinti in the LKZ is given in the heading with reference to 1 reteti, ojo 1 meaning is associated with the adjective rėtas "to make it rare, rarer (to dig up seedlings, cut down the forest, etc.)". The interpretation of the other 3 values does not show causality. 25 Modern Lithuanian Grammar, 286. 136 In all editions of DŽ this verb is associated only with an adjective. Only 1 giedreti LKŽ indicates the verb giédrinti, which in all DZ editions is derived only from the adjective giédras. DZ, DZ' and LKŽ tébulinti is associated with the adjective tébulas "to make perfect; more perfect- ." The LKŽ supplements this interpretation with the synonym drinking. DZ? authors, on the contrary, it is associated only with the verb to improve. Some verbs of this type are associated only with basic adjectives by the authors of both DZ and LKŽ, e.g.: drūtinti, gardinti, gaūsti, pléninti, riebinti, tirštinti, švarinti, švelninti, etc. Verbs, which are associated with nouns, although they have the same suffixes as the verb derivatives, have a very vague shade of causation, e.g. laiminti: sėkmę, garbinti: garbė, etc.26 They are usually not considered to be causative of CK and DZ. However, inaccuracies may occur here as well. The noun suffixes -inti Vedic, having the significance of causation?" and related to the names of nationalities, are presented in different ways: gūdinti (only in LKŽ), latvinti, lėnkinti, lietūwinti, rūsinti, vékietinti. They are almost always associated by the DZ and LKŽ composers with the base noun, e.g.: litūvinti "make Lithuanian, Lithuanian" (LKŽ), "make Lithuanian; give. Lithuanian form” (DZ, DZ’, DZ2); latvinti "versti latviu" (LKZ), "Jaryti latviu; give Latvian form" (DZ), "make, translate into Latvian; give Latvian form” (DZ, DZ?) etc. Only DZ and DZ! is considered to be pre-provincial and certificate prz. refers to the -ėti derivative gekietėti, e.g. : Lithuanians in Klaipėda region were germanized. On the contrary, DZ? this reference is deleted and interpreted as "to be translated into German; give the German form”. However, the abbreviation prž. introduced to the prepositional verb suvékietinti, though DZ! was interpreted "to make German; to give a German form". 4.4 Most often, but with some exceptions, the causative verbs in DŽ and LKŽ are verbs associated with the -ėti suffix, which denotes spontaneous action. In "Lithuanian grammar" among the examples of causative verbs are mentioned drėbinti (: drebeti), dūlkinti (: dulkéti), Judinti (:: judėti)**, "In contemporary Lithuanian grammar" —wafvinti: varvet?®. These causal derivatives are based on the present tense stem of the base verbs, e.g., blizginti [i blizgėti, blizga, -ėjo) i and 6.4.39, DZ, DZ! DZ? and LKZ many verbs of this type are considered to be pronouns (many of them are words imitating sounds), e.g.: brazdinti: brazdėti, brazda, -ėjo, girgždinti: girgždėti, girgžda, -ėjo, klėginti: klegėti, klėga, -ėjo, krūtinti: krutėti, krūta, -ėjo, lazginti: lazgėti, lūzga, -ėjo, mirginti: mirgeti, We aulauskiene A. Modern Lithuanian Verb, Vilnius, Jakaitiene E. Verb Formation (Vedics of Prepositions), Vilnius, S Lithuanian Grammar 2, 25. "Lietuvių kalbos grumūtiko, 287. Jakaitienė E. Deverbative verbs of the 1973, „21—22. contemporary Lithuanian language with the suffix -inti. —Baltistica 4(2), 1968, 223. 137