Lietuvos vardo kilmė

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS XXXV (1995) STUDIES OF LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY Simas KARALIŪNAS ORIGIN OF THE NAME LITHUANIA 1. Preliminary studies and their evaluation Scientists have been interested in the origin of the name Lithuania for a long time. Interested in the origin of the name, the question arises: what did this name mean in the beginning, what was its original meaning? We have a few hypotheses, but the majority of them are, according to Mr Gerulis, 'naked speculations' (blofBe Vermutungen)!. Furthermore, F. Kuršaitis pointed out that the name of our region has no recognizable etymology (keine erkennbare Etymologie vorfindet)* in the Lithuanian language at least now. And in fact, neither the present language with its dialects, nor the ancient writings give us anything that we could consider the etymology of the name Lithuania — the true meaning that arises from another word or root. F. Kuršaitis even thought that the name was given to us by our neighbors! But he did not find anything in the neighboring languages that could help explain the name of our country. Therefore, F. Kuršaitis guessed, maybe rather Lithuania was taken out of the participant rain. But it is also not possible to associate a characteristic meaning with this, unless Lithuania had marked l y g u m a (eine Ebene)’. Hungarian linguist L.v. Patrubany agreed that the name of Lithuania was derived from the root *lei- "rain, flow, flow" (rain, rain, rain), but he doubted that Lithuania meant plainness." In his opinion, the name Lithuania has the same suffix -tukaip and lytūs. Therefore, Lithuania generally corresponding to id. *le(i)tu-u-a or more correctly *lietu-ų-a "inundated area (Stromgebiet)”, where the consonant u is a consonant repetition of the vowel u. The Latin leitis esas is derived from the same root *lei- "rain, flow, flow" and meant the inhabitant of the flooded area (Stromgebietanwohner). The name of our region, the author of the "Etymological Dictionary of Polish Language" A. Brūckneris also considered the same root as the verb lieti, cautiously asking, perhaps from lie t y '. "Lithuania's rain and the future of the river". 1 GerullisG. Baltic peoples.—E b e r t M. Reallezikon der Prehistorie 1, Berlin, 1924, 339. ?Kurschat F. Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, Halle, 1876, 4. 3 KurschatF. Op. ct., 5. Patrubany Lv. Lithuanian. 2. Lietuva ‘Littauen’. —Indogermanische Forschungen 32, 1913, 327 (hereinafter —IF). SBricknerA. Dictionary of the Polish Language, Krakow, 1927, 301. StaszewskiJ. A little stownik. Origin and meaning of geographical names, 59 Attempted Interpret the name of Lithuania su by comparing it with similar names of other countries. For example, W. Stokes was perhaps the first to compare the name Lithuania with the Celtic name ir Letavia, adding the Latin. litas "seashore, coast, seaside", thus ir establishing the original meaning of the ancient Gallic gender Litavia as "coastal land (Uferland, Küste)". W. Stokes and A. Bezzenberger considered these Lithuanian and Celtic names to be relatives from ancient times, but A. Sachmatov, based on his hypothesis that the Celts once lived in the eastern Baltic, concluded that the names of Lithuania and Latvia originated from the Celtic Letavia: "I think that the Celts called the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea Litavia, from which in dialect Letavia, Letau. When the Balts — Lithuanians in the south, Latvians in the north — occupied this coast, they named it after the occupied land”®. A. Šachmatov also explained various forms of the names of Lithuania and Latvia in historical sources of the 13th century: lat-, let-(Lėtrgola, Letti), liet-, lit-(Letthovia, Litthovia, Lithavia, Littevini). K. Būga’, M. Vasmeris- !? have critically examined A. Šachmatov’s hypothesis and its argumentation. and J. Endzelynas!! found that there is no evidence that Kelts lived in the eastern Baltic. In the 1970 edition of the National Register of Historic Places, the village was listed as: 7. Lithuania, s. rus. For phonetic reasons, Litsva cannot be regarded as a loan from the Celtic Litavia "coastal land". Therefore, there is nothing left to us but to assume that these two words are old relatives (urverwandt)!?. As M. Vasmeris pointed out, from the different phonetic structure of these names it is quite clear that Lithuania cannot be a Celtic heritage. In the case of loan, we would expect much more accurate sound matching. First, it does not match the suffix: in Lithuanian the suffix -uva, in Celtic -av-. Considering the neighbouring gender Lietava, which M. Vasmeris does not mention, let us assume that the difference in the adverbs is not essential. But then there is still an inconsistent vocalism of the root. The Lithuanian root used to look like * Leit-. One possible interpretation of the name Litavia is that it comes from the root * let-/* li- "to flow", which is also lit. lieti! '*,and that the Galic Lithuania has a variant of this root with the degree of extinct vowel change, namely *li-t-. If Lithuania, Lietava were a Celtic legacy, we would now have *Lietava. Warszawa, 1968, 250. "Stokes W. Urceltic vocabulary. Translated, revised and added by A. Bezzenberger, Gottingen, 1894, 248—249 (= Fi c k A. Comparative Dictionary of Indo-European Languages 4th ed., 2nd part, Vocabulary of the Celtic Language Unit by W. Stokesund A. Bezzenberger Gottingen, 1894). 5 Schachmatov A. On the oldest Slavic-Celtic relations. — Journal of Slavic Philology 33, 1912, 82. Bu g a K. Can Celtic traces be found on Baltic territory? — Rocznik slawistyczny 6, Krakow, 1913, 1—38 (= B u g a K. Selected Writings 1, Vilnius, 1958, 496—530 (hereinafter —Būga K. R R)). 10; V a s m e r M. Critical and Anticritical to the Newer Slavic Etymology. —The Slavic Yearbook 6, 1913, 172—213. Plg. ® acme p M. BJmunmoaozuveckull caoeaps pyccxozo Aska 2, Mocksa, 1986, 2, 502 (hereinafter —3CP51). 11Endzelins J. Selected Works 2, Riga, 1974, 371—374. 12Vasmer M. Op. cit., 204-205. 13 Stokes W. Op. cit., 248. 56 As mentioned, M. Vasmeris considered it possible that the names Lithuania and the Gallic Litavia are from old relatives'?. These names are associated with the same root (*lei-"to marry"), —though with some doubt about Litavia—also in the "Dictionary of the Etymology of the Latin Language", starting with its first edition in 1906! *, The comparison of these names has not been abandoned even now. Stai W. Merlingen, based on modern methodological principles of comparative linguistics and looking at the internal —primarily semantic—side of comparative phenomena, between the reconstructed ide. of the root *leit- "lowland, coast" words mini, besides Latin litus "coast, seaside", and Galician Letavia and Lietuvė, lat. Let's go!" Therefore, the Lithuanian and Celtic names are still considered common roots. Therefore, it is necessary to examine this hypothesis more thoroughly. The Latinized name Letavia (ancient Gallic Litavia), found in the medieval monument "Vita sancti Mevenni- ", referred to the British Isles Celtics as the coast of the continent opposite. The other name was Aremorica (from the Celtic prefix are-, air. air-, Gallic ar- "against" and Celtic more, equivalent to Latin dial. mare). Caesar's inscriptions and Roman coins contain the personal name Litavicos, Litavicus, Litaviccus, with the suffix -ic, derived from Litavia and meaning "comer from Aremorica". The name Letha is also known in Irish medieval writings, where it is used not only for northern France, but also for Latium. Glosa Latio explained also the ancient Welsh (kimry) Litau, corresponding to the present Welsh language Llydaw "Brittany". Assuming that these Celtic names have the root * Li-tsu in the declining degree of vowel change, W. Stokes, A. Bezzenberger and A. Walde compare them with the Latin litus "sea, ocean coast, coast; pajūris" and distinguishes ide. roots *lei-"to flow, to touch". However, this interpretation is viewed with skepticism by Celticologists. For example, G. Dottin writes: "The interpretation of the name Riga in the Celtic Rigo-, the comparison of the name Lithuania with Letavia, - the Celtic name Aremorika - are very doubtful (sont trēs douteuses)"*. This would be one explanation for the appearance of the mentioned Celtic placenames. However, the echoes of Celtic sounds suggest another possibility of the origin of the names under consideration, which seems much more reliable. He's coming. syllable sonants [and r of the Celtic language14 But in the "Russian etymology dictionary" M. Vasmeris already considers the connection between Lithuania and the Irish Letha "Aremorica, Latium" to be doubtful, see ® a ¢ M e p M. 3CPH 2, 502. > Walde A. Latin etymological dictionary 3rd revised edition by J.B. Hofmann 1, Heidelberg, 1938, 815. 10 Merlin ge n W. Uber eine Bedeutungszweigung im indogermanischen Lexikon. - IF 83, 1978, 61-62. 17 St o k e s W. Urkeltischer Sprachschatz, 248—249; Do t t i n G. La langue gauloise. Grammaire, teztes et glossaire, Paris, 1920, 64, 109, 266—267. Bpetitindg Op. cit., 128. —The name of Riga, lat. Riga, derived neither from the Celtic Rigonor from s. skand. riga "unevenness, inclined", as K. Karulis recently wants to prove (see K a r ul is K. Daugavas un Piedaugavas vietvardi. — Daugavas raksti. No Aizkraukles lizd Rigai, Riga, 1991, 148—156), does not allow lit. žem. Ringad, the old Baltic form of the name Riga. There is no evidence that the land. Ringa would be a reprocessing of the supposed primary gender * Riga. See. B u g a K. Kann man Keltenspuren auf baltischem Gebiet nachweisen?, 18 (= Būga K. RR se before explosives have turned li and ri, and ide. p at the beginning of the word disappeared without a trace. This is why these Celtic place names have long been 1, 511). Plg. 3rd ed. pp. 515. 57 restored to the ide. root *plt-, and they are compared with s. ind. Prthivi fem. "Earth." This was done by S. ind. prthivi and the Gallic family name (Gentilname), at the beginning of the epithet of the god Mars, Litavis formali identité!- ®. The pronoun of both words "“pltHu-i- (H)-, ide. derivative of the adjective *pltH-d-(- s. ind. prthi-"wide, spacious, large", gr. TAarŪę "wide, flat, plate")?- ?. "Primitive Latin-Gal. Letavia, vid. water. Lethair s. Welsh Lithuanian, Welsh The meaning of Llydaw is considered "wide, flat land, land, continent (wide Land, Festland)”?!. The following are some examples of the Latin and Latin-English translations of the text. Letavia no longer referred to®?, contented with Lietuvė comparison with the Latin litus, gen. sing. litoris "sea, coast, coastline, coastline" (< *leitos-) and their designation id. roots *lei-|lei-"pour, pouring; lietis, tekėti", which also includes the words of our language lieti (lieja, lėja), lyti (lyja), lietūs, lytūs**. The original meaning of the name Lithuania is interpreted as "flooded area. territory (Stromgebiet)- "?*. A close equivalent or adjective parallelism to the place name Lithuania has been found in Slavic languages in recent years. It is the Russian dial nuteé "big rain, dargana, dranga” and Serbo-Croatian. Ištva "spilling; "Rain for several days". *litva, considered an old derivative of the suffix -tva from the verb *liti "to pour"?**. On this occasion, it is necessary to add that according to this hypothesis, the Latin word litus is not the etymology of the name Lithuania, but only a common root word — its suffix is -os-. YY Thurne y se n R. Ind. prthivi. — IF 4, 1894, '84—85: P e ii v rs e n H. Comparative Grammar of the Celtic Languages 1, Gottingen, 1904 60: DottinG. La langue gauloise, 266; Walde A., Hofmann J. B. Lateini~ hes etymologisches Worterbuch 2, Heidelberg, 1954, 316; i prouc I'.u Ile ne pc e H. X. Kpamxas cpaenumentnas zpammamuxa xeabmcxur F3xos, Mocksa. 1954, 37. 20 Ma yrhofer M. Kurzgefafites etymologisches Worterbuch des Altindischen 2, Heidelberg, 1963, 334. 2! ThurneysenR. Op. cit., 85. 22 This interpretation of the origin of the name Lithuania is reiterated in "in the history of Europe", although it is stated that this is not a universally accepted «phimology: the name of Lithuania is here compared with the Welsh Llydaw and the Greek city name Platea, it is believed that due to the characteristic: Celtic phonetic (* p fall) this name reminiscent of the Celts living in Lithuania (would remind a un Celtic settlement in Lithuania), — B a de r F. II Indo-European problem: non-local local e languages in Europe between il 600 BC a il 500 d.C. —History of Europe, II. Ancient e Prehistory, Turin, Italy 1994, 1014. i 3 Pokorn y J. Indo-European etymological dictionary, Bern and Munchen, 1959, 664—665 ("maybe here is Lietuva’); Women k el E. Lithuanian etymological dictionary 1, Heidelberg-Gottingen, Germany 1962, 368—369 (” Etymologically Lithuania is probably related to su lot. litas...” ); ® a ¢ Me p M. 3CPS 2, 502. 24 PraenkelE. Up. cit., 369. Tpy6auesn O. H. Jmunonozuvecxuū canoeaps caa8AHCKUT A3bLKOE o 13, Mocksa, 1988, 159 (hereinafter referred to as — 3CCH). 58 Lietuvos vardo —-uvd*?. There was another Lithuania. At the time of Attila, in the 4th century A.D., and later, this name was given to the land along the Leitha River, which flows through Austria and Hungary into the Danube." In the words of J. Kabelka, "Lately the most reliable hypothesis is that the name of Lithuania is of hydronymic origin"**. Perhaps S. Tarvydas was the first to say this in the press. In his book "Lietuvos vietovardžiai" he wrote: "Lithuania may have come from the river name Leite. From the name of the Leite River the name of Lithuania could have come from Leit(ė) + uva > Leituva > Lietuva’?®. The explanation of the origin of the name Lithuania is presented here in the indirect pronoun, as if it were the opinion of others. This interpretation of the origin of the name Lithuania was first published by Lithuanian linguists at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, and S. Tarvydas, who was a listener to these lectures, presented it in his booklet. Mr Salis and Mr Jonikis are of the same opinion on this. P. Jonikas considers Lithuania with the suffix -uva formed from the root liet-< leit-; for the diphthong ei compares with lat. leitis "lithuanian". It is possible, P. Jonikas continues, that as the names of Latvian and Latvian and Jotvingian, so also Latvian was originally associated with this word, cf. Leita "Graumena tributary", Leitė "Rusnės tributary" (according to others, Léita, which in its suffix corresponds to Lithuania, where the root Liet-< *lčit-). Perhaps this root etymologically does not differ from the lieti root, carefully asks P. Jonikas." A. Salys time Lithuania primary * Léita > *Lieta adverbial derivative, most likely denoting Lieta paupio region. From *Léita (> * Lieta) made Latin lettis "Lithuanian", an old adjective of dependence. *Léita > * Lieta A. Salys also compares with the river name Léita or Leitė (with its tributary Leitalė), Leita or Leitys, Leitupalis'- !. The suffix -uva, when forming place names, is used to indicate a place?*. S. Tarvydas also raised the question in which field the name of Lithuania could have risen, and drew attention to an important circumstance. As is well known, the Polish historian H. Lowmianski has established that in the 13th century Lithuania was called one of the "lands" (terra, Land) between Neris, Nemunas and Merkys**. S. Tarvydas wrote: "In this territory, apparently, there is no Leite river, but in ancient times it was so called 26 Therefore, the place name Lietuvė cannot be interpreted as "seaside country" and the hypothesis itself can be denied by the fact that, as you hear, Lithuania is not and has never been a seaside country, — Bruckner A. Slown WR jezyka polskiego, 301; O t r ¢e bs k 1 J. Gramatyka jezyka Litewskiego 1 arszawa, 1958, 3; 7 1nkeviéiusZ. History of Lithuanian Language 2, Vilnius, 1987, 12. 1989 15 chmanski JJ. History of Lithuania, second edition, Wroclaw, Warsaw..., 78 Kabelkal. Introduction to Baltic Philology, Vilnius, 1982, 110. 29 Tarv ydas St. Placenames of Lithuania, Vilnius, 1958, 21. 30 JonikasP. History of the Lithuanian language. —Lietuviy enciklopedija 15, Lietuva, Boston, 1968, 543. L'Sal y s A. The origin of the name of Lithuania.- —S a ly s A. Raštai 2, Tikriniai vardai, Roma, 1983, 695—696. ss Tarvydasst. Op. cit., 21. Studia nad poczgtkami spoleczerstwa i panstwa litewskiego 2, Vilnius, 1932, 110—111, 118—121. 59 the stream could have been there, its name o people could have forgotten"- **. At the same time as S. Tarvydas booklet published ir by Polish Lithuanianist J. The origins of the name of Lithuania. J. Otrębski- ’s interpretation of the origin of the name of our region, in general, is close to the interpretation of Lithuanian linguists, but differs in some respects. First of all, J. Otrebskis —as well as A. Salys —thinks that there was also a shorter variant * Lieta with the stem -a near Lithuania. But Lithuania —as well as the name of Latvia Latuva < * Latūs —J. Otrebskii has the ancient form of the ū stem * Lietū-s, which originates from the name of the area near the river * Leita, as well as the people who lived there. Over time, the formal name of the river and the place name derived from it, J. Otrebskis continues, were no longer properly understood —especially by foreigners, so the Lithuanian name could already be made from the name of the river * Leita, * Lieta (from Latin lettis), not only from the name of the territory * Lietūs. What is the name of the river * Leita, * Lieta? It is not impossible, says J. Otrebskis, that this is the old name of Nemunas. Nemunas is still the only name of this river today — its lower branch is called Rūsnė. Therefore, J. Otrebskis believes that the name of the very old city Alytis, located on the Nemunas, is precisely related to the old name of this river * Alyta, which has survived in its Slavic name Olita, but used to call the city. With the supposed name of Nemunas * Leita etymologically related J. Otrebskis considers the river surnames Léita (=Leita) Klaipėdos vls. and Sex Tauragės vls. The name * Leita has no difficult origin: with the suffix -tū it is derived from the root of the verb lteti. The old, according to J. Otrebski, name of Nemunas * Alyta = rus. "Russian- -language translation of "Oauma" may be *Alyta transposition". The form O-auma may have arisen from the incorrect decomposition of compounds such as *ko-Lite, *vo-Lite, *do-Lite. The resulting form Oauma is common among Lithuanians, who have made the name of the city Alytus* from it." J. Otrebski- ’s view on the origin of the name Lithuania is different, but not because he has noticed that this hypothesis contains completely unfounded, even fantastic statements. In a later article, J. Otrebskis derived Lithuania from *Leita with the suffix -(t)uva. The original meaning of this reconstructed word was "flowing, flowing; river (Fliessen, Fluss)" (: flow). The word *léita marked not only the rivers, but also the settlements near them. This explains the origin of the Latin lettis "Lithuanian" —with -10 from *Léita. The rivers that were called by this word are Léita, a tributary of Rusnė, Lithuanianized German form Leite, Léiciskiy lake in Marijampolės raj., Gudeliai (instead of the expected ie indicating that it is a name of Jotvingian origin) and Lietduka, a tributary of the Neris near Upninkai. The name Lietduka is more Slavic than Baltic (Lithuanian) due to the place of the consonant and the suffix -ka. But Lietduka hides in itself * Lietava, which is a variant of Lithuania "Litauen- ", differing only in the suffix -(t)ava. I'm-- 34 Tarvydas St., op. cit., 22. 380 rębskiJ. Lithuanian grammar 1,3—5;t o paties, Lietuva. —Contribution to Name Research 9, 1958, 116—118. 60 nės Lietuvos vardo lyties * Lietava buvimas esąs tikras, —tai rodantis lat. Lietav-niek® Rades, even if it appears in the nearby form of the name of Lithuania, —the author of the article, unfortunately, remained unaware of the fact that Lietava "Lietuva" actually exists, —J. Otrebskis could no longer derive Lithuania from the ū stem form * Lietū-s, gen. * Lietuv-es. In addition, "Otrebski's reconstructed prolytes * Lietūs has no traces in Lithuanian language**- ". There is also no evidence that Nemunas was called * Leita in ancient times. "His theory of Alytus has no basis"8. The fact that J. Otrebskis incorrectly divides the place name Alytūs (according to Alitų) into morphemes has been proved by K.Kuzavinio- ®®. Alytus originally had the form Alyta, and the river was named after it: Oauma 1387, 38 Oaumun 155749, Olita and Olite 1503*!. Later, in order to distinguish it from the river name, it became the name of a town on the u stem (see, for example, Vilnia: Vilnius), and the river name itself was changed to Algt-upis according to the very abundant type of construction with -upis. Therefore, Alyta actually has the suffix -yta, —because of it plg., e.g. Around Dieveniškės, Gauja tributary: pr. ape "river"; "Mikyta Adutiškis, Svylos intakes: root". in makwords: lat. maiklajs "lion", miklene ”e.g.”, mikls "clumsy, clumsy”, "flexible", lit. miklas, maklis "lion, flexible..." < maik-l-(cf. lat. makat 7... to press, to squeeze, to knead"). The root Alyra is the same as Alijs ež. Širvintos, Al-eja Subačius, tributary of Viešintos; 100 mg/kg/day Subačius, Al-eja Joniškis, Virčiuvio int. ; Raseiniai, Upės int. and others.- *? It is the root of the verb alėti (ali) "to flow, to varvéti". From the same verb; only in its other meaning, namely, "run, fly", using the same prefix, is a made name Alyta. It is interesting to note that the stem * Al-ityra is mentioned in the avi namebook, pg. Aliteni "village" Sauka, perhaps Alishi "etc. " Odziena*- *, if you're from *Alitiai. From what has been said, it is clear that the name of Alytus cannot be searched for the old name of Nemunas. This was exactly what J. Otrebski needed: a tribe or a group of tribes that lived on the middle and upper banks of the largest river in Lithuania could naturally – this is confirmed by the typology of the origin of ethnonyms – be named after that river. Speaking about J. Otrebski- ’s 1958 hypothesis, —that is, when the river surname Lietduka was not yet known, —historian J. Ochmanskis drew attention to the following fact**: in a document from 1255 (suspected to be a forgery of the Order) 36 Otrebskild. Balt. *leita. —Baltistica 3(2), 1967, 201—203. "Salys A. Op. cit., 696. 38 Salys A. ibid. 39 KuzavinisK. The origin of the name Lithuania. —Kalbotyra 10, 1964, 6. 40 Būga K. RR 3, 401. The names of the lakes are given by B. Ežerai. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 3, 1960, 294 tolion —LK SavukynasB.ibid; Kuzavinis K. Op. cit., 6—7; t o at 1 e s, Etymologica. II. 1998-1999 Etymologised. remarks on the white Rr "flow". —Bal tistica '1(2), 1966, 180—181. 3 EndzelinsJ. Placenames of the Latvian SSR 1(1), Riga, 1956, 20. 44 O chmanski J. Names of Lithuanian lands in the XIII“ century —Lithuania, 61 Mindaugas gave the Swordsmen the town of Sėlė and detailed the border between Zelones and Litvinos. But the most important thing for linguistics and history in this document is the mention of the river Lettovia on the Lithuanian side: the border goes in ripam Lettoviae gue dicitur de Lettavie (Lettovie- ). Since the author of the document is well informed and correctly sums up the names of several Lithuanian rivers*®, it was not difficult for J. Ochmanski to identify Lettovia (Lettavia) — it is Latava, the right tributary of the Šventa near Andrioniškis (there is also a neighboring gender Latuva)*- *. The surname Lettovia corresponds exactly to the Latin form of the name of Lithuania in Mindaugas' documents Lettovia, Lethovia, for example, in 1253 in Lettovia in cura nostra. J. Ochmanskis continues to write: "If linguistic analysis could determine that the river name Latava appeared in the same form, corresponding to Latiniskaja Lettovia, Otrebski- 's argument about the origin of the name Lithuania might be correct. Of course, the stream Latava-Lettovia could not give the name to the whole land of Lithuania even because it did not flow through the old territory of Lithuania, but it could confirm the thesis that the form Lithuania was formed from the name of this river"*". These methodological remarks by J. Ochmanski should not be forgotten when the name of Lithuania is derived from a river name, despite the fact that he also failed to satisfactorily explain where the name of the Lithuanian land and state came from. The local name of the present language Lietuva, whose root Liet-, a possible object, reflects the Latin form of the name of Lithuania, as correctly pointed out by K. Kuzavinis- *®, cannot be compared with the river name Latava, nor derived from it. The suffix Lettovia (Lettavia) in the document only indicates that in the middle of the 13th century Latava (Latvia) was still pronounced Letava (Lettuva) with an e, apparently after the velarised [**. In the past, the root of Lithuania was pronounced *Leit-. It is not possible to identify them for phonetic reasons alone. In "Lithuania's History" J. Ochmanskis states that one of the rivers in the territory of Lithuania was once called Leita. In the "Lietuvos metrika" court documents of 1542, a disputed meadow for hay is mentioned "near the river Leytie" in the Trakai district. Since near that meadow flowed Samė (Onuškis, the left tributary of Verknė), J. Ochmanskis makes an unexpected conclusion that the extinct Leyta (=Leita) was the old name of Verknė." In 1988, an important publication "Indo-European Languages" published in Poland stated the origin of the name Lithuania as follows: "Lithuania < byelo. *Leit-uva coll. from this word * Leita (cf. Léita and lat. lettis)"!., Nalszczany et Dziawoltwa. —Lingua Posnaniensis 9, 1963, 170—171. 15 This document and its translation are provided by K. Būga, see p. 2nd ed. pp. 109–110. 46 In fact, this has already been done by K. Böge, see paragraph 46 above. 132 (1st ed.). pp. 132. 2);.2,.110;:3, 530. T OchmanskiJj. Op. cit., 171. 48 Kuzavinis K. The origin of the name Lithuania, 8. 49 "The holy branch Latuva, it seems, has a descendant from * Letuva: ripa Lettowiae", —BūgakKkK. RR 3, 530. 0 Ochmatnskil. History of Lithuania, second edition, 12—13. lL Smocz y ns k 1 W. Baltic languages. —Language: Indo-European, under 62 Of all the hydronymic hypotheses of the origin of the name Lithuania, the most reliable is considered to be the one that takes into account the aforementioned methodological note: a tribe or a group of tribes could be named after the river if they lived by the river, named * Lithuania, or the river of that name flowed through their inhabited territory. Therefore, the hypothesis of K. Kuzavinis caused considerable interest, confirming at the same time the guess of S. Tarvydas that in the land of ancient Lithuania there could have been a stream of this name. In short, K. Kuzavičius’ hypothesis can be described in his own words: “... the local name Lietuva [it would be more correct to say Lietava — S.K.] is an old Lithuanian word, derived from the hydronym Lietava. The name Lietava was initially used for a river (a tributary of the Neris), later the same name was used for the territory along the river (Lietuva), where famous centres arose over time: Kernavė, Trakai, Vilnius”®- 2. The river —"This is Letduka, the right tributary of the Neris, flowing from the L i e t a ukos bridge, flowing through the villages of Keižoniai, Karveliškiai, Perelozai, Vyšnialaukis and flowing into the Neris at Arnotiškiai""*. Nothing can be blamed on the reconstructed form of the spoken name of the river Lietava by K. Kuzavičius himself and later by J. Otrebskis. One, as correctly emphasized by K. Kuzavin, dialectal variants of the name Lepagal local dialect sounds laws transposed into common language Lie-(old lecia is translated la-). Secondly, based on the analogy of Linkava: Linkduka, Samava: Samduka, it is quite possible to discern the older gender Lietava in both the name of the river and the name of the river Lietduka — the Slavic suffix -ka can be added later (as often in other cases). Hydronym Lietava, in the opinion of K. Kuzavinis, or derived from the physiographic term *lietava "spilling (river)", in its way made from the verb lietiir related to Latin litus"*. Or the river name Lietava is a compound word, composed of the verb lieti of the past participle *lieta and the noun *ava, which in ancient times meant "river, spring". The word composition *lieta ava grew into the compound word *lietava, where ava has been perceived as a suffix, and in our time — already as a suffix -ava®®. V. Mažiulis's view on the origin of Lithuania is somewhat different, although he also derives Lithuania from a river name and associates it with the Letti. From the root of this verb lie-< *lēčisu suffix -tu-, used to form abstract deverbatives, * lči-tu-"casting(s- )" was derived. It can be noted here that such a suffix in the Baltic languages really existed. It has been preserved, for example, in Lithuanian words (ettų, nėštų), derived from the final form of the tu stem verb abstract singulars (*ei-tu-n, *neš-tu-- n). The suffix -tu-, which was of no second gender and its u was non-apophonic, received an inserted v before the ending or other prepositional vowel: *-tu-(neutrum) > *-tu-o(n) (neutrum) > lit. -tuv-as (e.g., autūvas). The following circumstances determined the appearance or absence of the inserted v: 1) -K+vsyntax (K denotes any consonant or group of consonants), 2) u redalicis L. Bednarczuk a2, Warszawa, 1988, 821. 2 KuzavinisK. The Origin of the Name Lithuania, 10. 3 KuzavinisK. Op. cit., 8. 4 KuzavinisK. Op. cit., 14-15. 138 KuzavinisK. Lithuanian river names lie-(lei-). —Kalbotyra 17, 1967, from the root aumoe-(cf. aumosey, aumoecxut) in the same way as, for example, the surname Kpaxoexa from 63 Kpaxa"." The word aumdsxa will have named the river and the nameless streams flowing from it between Neris and Šventoji by the Russians who settled here in the 17th century. That this was probably the case is shown by another circumstance. Sociolinguistic studies have shown that the Slavification of the Vilnius region, for example, the use of Polish, went through the Belarusian language, in other words, Lithuanian peasants and townspeople first adopted the Belarusian language- ’®. Therefore, it is plausible that some topographical microobjects were also named in Belarusian. For example, Letowka, a stream in Vilnius voivodeship, 75 gates from Vilnius**, could have been named by Belarusian speakers after a Lithuanian woman (Lithuanian). Interestingly, in addition to Litavka, Lietauka has a variant of the name Letavka. That these river names and their variants are probably the result of the influence of Slavic—Belarusian and Russian—languages, therefore it is possible to think that in Belarusian dialects next to the Lithuanian name 1imešx, aiyesx there is also a variant aeyesx (with the vowel e)! ?, On the lips of bilingual persons —and almost all the inhabitants of this region are bilingual — Jumosxa, JIemoexa, due to the influence of Lithuanian language, turned into Litavka/- Letavka (the Slavic vowel o in Lithuanian language is transmitted by the short vowel a) and already with the regular Lithuanian diphthong Letauka. In the monolingual Lithuanian speech, feeling that there is still a Lithuanian and Lithuanian (Lietuvo) name here, the root of these river names could have been adapted to the ethnonym, — thus the genders with the root diphthong Lietauka, Liétauka, Lietūvočka would have appeared, if they are facts of the living language (but not reconstructed into common language by the writers or dictionary compilers, as happened, for example, with Letava). The fact that Lietaūvočka is pronounced Letaukeld®! in dialect shows that there was a Lithuanianization. This also shows that in the local people’s language there is Letavočka with the root vowel e (and Lietavocka has already been restored to the common language- ). There was another attempt to derive the name of Lithuania from Slavic forms. Based on historical documents —Privilege of Sigismund August in 1569, Act of the Court of Ukmergė Castle in 1597, etc. —A. Dubonis determined that in the second half of the 16th century there was a Leičiai village belonging to the municipality of Anykščiai, which in those documents was called BouToB'- EbcrTBo JleTyBtbcroe, here wdjtowstwo Liejtowskie. From this he drew the 158—159. wrong conclusion that the vaitija was called Lietavos, or Lietuvos, vaitija in Lithuanian, because he heard that leitis/laitis was the old name of 1983, 46—58. the Lithuanians and there was no difference between the terms leitis/laitis and Lietuva!- **. Aktuo97 Henmnomxynmn m er #t All. Baamo-ceseprocaasancxue s3bix06bLE CBA, Vidugiris A. On the question of language interoperability. —Dubingiai, Vilnius, 1971, 235—253; ibid., Del kontaktavimo kalbų pietvakarių Lietuvoje. —LKK 23, 99 Geographical Dictionary 4, 1883, 846. Plg. 1, pp. 457; 3, pp. 629. 100 CET 2, 647, 662; CEM 6, 12. 101’ Kuzavinis K. Lithuanian river names lie- (lei-), 02D 136. u bonis A. Lietuvos vaityste. —Lituanistica 2, 1990, 97—102; ty t 1 es, the laws of the estates of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. —Lituanistica 1(9), 70 se the following variants of the spoken name of the village: y BOMTOBBCTBe JleryBberon (Act of 1569)! **, in the Voivodeship of Liejtow (Act of 1597)!? *, y BouroscTse JlespTenckoms (Act of 1569), Bb BouToscTse JlonTescKoM'B (Act of 1599)!” It follows that, first, the 1569 Act JlerypsckoM is incorrectly spelled and must be corrected to JIe[u]ryBtbcrom. Secondly, the name had two Slavic suffixes; In other words, -oBbckoe, owskie is the same suffix as -eBckoe, -ewskie. In addition, the 1569 act Jleryg'rberomM appears in dialectal form, as the pronounced vowel o is pronounced as y in Belarusian dialects (e.g., By3, By, neyp)!**. The suffix -oBbcKoe of the adjective JIe[u]roBbcroe is the same as the pre-existing statement 3emnu nycToBbcKHe in most judicial acts. It is not difficult to answer the question, why the Slavic language used in Lithuania needed two suffixes to make adjectives from the name leičiai (laičiai): their choice depended on the hard or soft consonant of the word ending, cf. nests, nefits "Blacksmith man of the court" (XV a.pradzia- )!®'. Therefore, from the Slavic forms of the name of the Leitči valley, it is not possible to reconstruct * Leitava, let alone Lithuania. Despite the unsuccessful and in many cases erroneous argumentation, the young historian- ’s idea that the name of Lithuania and the name of the institute of peasants who looked after the ruler’s horses, leitis/laitis, are related in origin may be correct. The task of historians is to determine who these leičiai (laičiai) were and how they differed from other categories of peasants, whom the acts call xonioxu (compare the name of many Lithuanian villages Kaniūkai) and KOHOKOPMIIBL. 2. The name of Lithuania and its meaning in (Eastern) Slavic languages and culture. A new understanding of the origin of the name Lithuania and other contours of the development of that name begin to emerge when you examine and try to explain those seemingly mysterious facts, which in one way or another are related to Lithuania and its name. It can be said that no hypothesis of the origin of the name Lithuania is justified, which does not adequately explain these facts or even simply ignores them. These facts are of two kinds: cultural and historical. But the strangest thing is that doubtful facts come from our eastern neighbors — the Slavs. Among such mysterious facts of the East Slavic culture related to the name of Lithuania, it is worth mentioning that in Ukrainian folk songs JIurTBa is called a group of young men who attack and kidnap girls. One of such songs, beginning with the line Haixana JInursBa "Attacked Lithuania" of Vladi103 Rovno region Dubonis A. Lietuvos vaitystė, 100 (izn.1). 104 Dubonis A. Op. cit., 101.: 105 Du bonis A. Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio dvarų leiciai, 10, 18 (isn. 56 106 Bninana d, Mauensckas E. Beaapycxas onsarex1969, 31. manozis, MiHck, 3CBM 5, Minck, 1989, 280. 71 in the village of Stara Rafalovka in the Mirets district, one part of which is called Jlursa, recorded in 1969 by Anatolij Nepokupn!**. Songs with this motif are known in the area of northern Ukrainian dialects — Polesia, Ukraine, as well as one another and south of Polesia — Volhynia and Podolia. Ukrainian folklorists knew a hundred years ago that the songs with Lithuania were wedding songs. There are wedding songs where JIurTBa is called the young couple's escort. This kind of song probably reflects an archaic form of marriage — the stolen wedding, where the bride’s abduction was accompanied by a fight between two parties, for example, between two relatives!?*. In this context, the rhyme —JIurBa —6uTBa no longer seems random, for example, in the aforementioned song: Haixana JlurBa/Byjnie Mix Hamu 6ursa —"Mus užpuolė Lietuva/ Bus čia tarp mūsų kova". Therefore, fighting games as an element of wedding customs are quite clearly reflected in Ukrainian wedding folk songs, and JlurTBa as if encodes mpy>kuua, the young man’s escort as a soldier’s buri!!?. It is also interesting that JlurTBa —G6ursBa is rhymed also in smoke —in domestic Cossack songs, where Lithuania appears as a country of "a hundred zirguzeliy"! !| famous for its horses. Let us remember the image of Lithuania painted in Ukrainian folk songs — we will have to come back to it! Russian herbs —historical songs —preserved Kiev Vladimir- 's memory for 800 or 900 years. About the same number of years can have and The image of Lithuania in Ukrainian wedding songs!'*. Why did it happen that the name of our country began to denote cultural elements and became a term of wedding customs? In what historical and social context did this happen? The answers to these questions should probably be found in our eastern neighbors – Belarusians and Russians. In their state-wide, pan-ethnic dimension of communication and interaction, Jlursa clearly means state, country, land. But in the living language our folk name is used in a special way. In the Eastern Slavic dialects, the ethnonym JIMTBHHBI (JIMTBSAKM, JIKTBA, TUTOBLBI) refers to the native inhabitants of certain regions — Belarusians, Russians, Ukrainians. For example, residents of the Moscow region call the Russians living in the west JM TBA. The Ukrainians who live in the southern part of the country refer to the Belarusians as Litvinens, as do some of the northern Ukrainians. The inhabitants of the north-eastern part of the Volhynia Oblast (Ukraine) and the neighboring Brest Oblast districts (Belarus) consider the Belarusians living to the north — representatives of the main Brest-Pinsk Belarusian dialects — to be Lithuanians. And these Litvins are called the northern dialects of Jeselda and Brest, so 108 va pokupnas A. Baltai slavų giminaičiai, Vilnius, 1983, 38. 100 About stolen weddings in Lithuanian culture see Bald a us k a s J. Purchased weddings. —Musy tautosaka 10, Kaunas, 1935, 3—123. 10 v's noise yn H br # A. II. —Obwas aexcuxa zepmarcxuzr u baamocaasanckuzr Aznxos, Kuen, 1989, 67. 111 ye pokupnas A. Baltai slavų giminaičiai, 39-41. | 112 For the preservation of historical tradition in the memory of ordinary (rural) people, extremely interesting is M. Davainis-- Silvestravičius's 1887 Pabebirvių kame (Raseinių pavietas, Girkalnio parish) recorded accounts from the peasant Kiklikis, reflecting, as it seems, XI or XII century persons and events, cf. Gied r oi ¢ M. The Rulers of Thirteenth Century Lithuania: the Theory of Anglo-Saxon Origins. —Lituanistica as well as representatives of the Grodno-- Baranovichi 2(18), 1994, 3—20. 72 dialects, etc. In short, the ethnonymy JIHTBH HbI (JJHTBSKHM, JIHTBA, JIKTOBIpI) is oriented towards the north and north-west''?, in other words, towards the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Slavic lands belonging to it and ethnographic Lithuania. It has long been known that in the 16th-17th centuries, the ethnonyms mentioned here were used not only for the true Lithuanians, the ethnographic inhabitants of Lithuania, but also for the Slavic inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. But the ethnonyms JIMHTBHHbI (JMTBSIKH, TUTBA, JIMTOBILbI) and JIuTsa, as the name of the country, the territory, are still mostly associated with north-western Belarus! "*. 'on this occasion it is necessary to remember such a case that in 1648 in Tartu published In J. Gutslaff- 's Estonian grammar, the German word Pole "Polish" is translated as Leitte. In fact, Leitte is an Estonian name for Lithuanian, derived from Latvian (leitis "Lithuanian"). After all, southern Estonia was under Polish rule from 1561 to 1625 (officially until 1629), and the Polish areas of Livonia were then administratively and culturally closely linked to Lithuania, especially Vilnius. It is understandable why Estonians could call Lithuanians and Poles with the same word!! *, It is worth noting the conclusion of the researchers that, with small exceptions, the ethnonyms JIMTBHHBI (JIMTBSAKHM, JIUTBa, JIMTOBIpBI) for the East Slavic inhabitants are not autonyms, thus folk names, by which they call themselves''®. This conclusion is confirmed by the peculiar meaning of smuTBa, which it has in the dialects of the Russian language. In the Russian dialects of the Onega district nurTBis used in the unique meaning of "people, nationality". In Tomsk region dialects, nauTBa refers to local non-Russian inhabitants, e.g., yap Ha3bIBAJIH OCTSKAMH H JIKuTBOKM —"Chiudy called Ostyak and Lithuanians". In the Tula area, peasants who came to mow from a neighboring village are also commonly called ura: "Usually these are peasants from the neighboring village of Voskresenskoye, local Russians; The village is located 3 km on the same river west bank as the village of Selino. The children of the village of Selino shout to the mowers across the river: DH, JIMTBa noraHas! In all other cases, relations with Voskresensk are friendly- "!! ", Interpreting this testimony of Russian ethnographers, it should be borne in mind that the river name Yria is of Lithuanian (Baltic) origin, and the saying nuTBa moranas in Russian chronicles meant "Stabmeldiškoji Lietuva" and next to ru TBa 6e360x Has was a favorite floating description of Lithuania. Another common phrase in Tula area is nuroBckue monn’!8. Data from archaeology, linguistics and history indicate that in the Upper Volga and Oka Basin the Balts could have 113 Henox yn H BI # A. II. Barmo-ceeepnocnaesncxue g3b0ix06ble ces3u, 154; CBI" 2,661—662; Kau M 4 y x./1. BocTou4uHocJIABASHCKHŪ STHOHUM "JIHM TBHHEI". —International Conference on Baltic Studies, 9-12 October 1985, Vilnius, 1985, 168—169. 112 Knuwmuyxk &./1. There you are. cou., 169. 115 A ri st e P." As the Este calls Lithuania and Lithuanians. —Baltistica 3, 1967, maintained their culture, and in some places 205. 16 11% Kaumuyxk &./1. Ykas. cou., 169. CPHT 17, 71. 118 cpr 11, 7a. 73 perhaps their language, until the 12th century, and that, according to V. Toporov, the period of Belarusian-Russian bilingualism cannot be completely ruled out!!?. In the Onega region, JM TBA also means Poles and Cossacks, who attacked the northern regions of Russia in times of turmoil and rebellion. In Novgorodian dialects, nuTsa mia is used to refer to the civil wars of the early 17th century and the Swedish intervention!** From the overview of the characteristics of the use of Lithuanian ethnonyms in the living East Slavic language and their meanings it is clear that, first, those ethnonyms are not autonyms for the East Slavic inhabitants, secondly, 1utsa has not the meaning of a region, territory, but of a company, i.e., it denotes a group, a company of people, and, thirdly, mura is a synonym and a generic (not real) noun of the plural form of the ethnonyms JUTBUHBI, TUTBS KH, JIATOBIOBI. Whether the appellate nuTBa arose as a result of the deethnonymization of the folk name JlurTBa, or whether the old, anti-ethnonymic form has been preserved here, is a question that still needs to be answered. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Lithuanian state acts referred to nursa as peasants who had moved from Lithuania to Russian territories. The image of Lithuania revealed by the Russian chronicles differs little from that depicted by the living East Slavic language. To make sure that in the Russian chronicles Jlurga means not only the land, country (ctpana), but also people, Lithuanians (Hapon, JUTOBIBI- ), it is enough to look at the arrow keys of the volumes of the "Complete Collection of Russian Chronicle". To be more precise, from "Hosroponcras rnepBas JIieTONHCb MJIAJInIerO usBoma” (first half of the 13th century) let us take some lost inscriptions, from which it is clear that we are talking about people (but not about the land, the territory): 1183: Ha ry >xe 3uMy 6uinacs IIJIeCKOBHIHH ¢ JIuTBoio, H MHOTO CS IIaKOCTH nabs miaeckosuieMs 22. —"That winter the Pskovites fought with the Lithuanians, and the Lithuanians did a lot of harm to the Pskovites." 1204 m.: B To »e JrbTo no6bnniua Onrosunu JIuTBy x u3buma ux T coT Aa Ticauy! **., —"That year the Olgovicians defeated the Lithuanians and killed 1700 of them”. 1213: B IlerpoBo roshuue usbpuxama JiuTBa 6e360xHas... H MHOTO CTBOpPHINA 31a H OThumomal 24, —"During Peter's fast the ungodly Lithuanians appeared... and did much harm and withdrew". "Hosropopackas nepsas seronuch crapuiero ussomna” (13th-14th centuries) reports that after Mindaugas' death, during the confusion, 300 Lithuanians with wives and children fled to Pskov in 1265: Torna >ke B665roma JlurBesi Bb [lneckoss cb 300 c >kKeHaMH H C Į[bTBMH, H KDpeCTHJI S KHS3b ja Barbie. *”, 119 T onoposB.H. [Ipesuss Mocksa B 6asTufickoit impenrk rase. —baamo-caasAncKkue uccaedosanusd, Mockna, 1982, 3—2T7. 120 cpHr 17, 71. 121 JleonToB uu Pd. Axmb aumoecxoll Mempuxu 1, spin. 2, Bapurasa, 1897, XIII (arrows). 22 H t 06820podcxas NEPBAA AEMONUCH CTNAPULEZO U Maaduiezo u380008, MockBaJienurpan, 1950, 227. 23 Op. cit., 246. 124 Up. cit., 125 250. op. cit., 85, 314. 74 In one of the most beautiful works of Russian fiction of the 13th century, "Cnoso o norubenn Pycckoit seman", where, in order to raise the greatness and worldwide fame of the Kievan Rus' prince Vladimir Monomach, no hyperboles are used, among other things, it is told that in the name of Vladimir Monomach IlojroBsuu peru CBOS IIOJIONIAXY B KOJILIGeJIHM, a JluTBa H3 GoJIo Ta Ha cBeT'hbHE BbIHHKbIBAXY, a Yrpel TBepasiXy KAMeHbIH MODpOJLbI >KEJIE3HLIMH BODpOTEI, abbl Ha HHX BojirojiuMep'b BeJIKuKHĖH TaMO He B'b3exaJr'- b! ** —"The Polovs frightened their children in the cradles, the Lithuanians did not emerge from the marshes, and the Ugri secured their stone cities with iron gates so that the great Vladimir would not enter them"". Of course, only humans could not escape from the marshes! The understanding that JlurTBa — is people, Lithuanians, as a certain whole, in the consciousness of the authors and compilers of Russian chronicles is so strong that it gets a linguistic expression, cf. "JiurBa Basan Opnyens'?" —"Lithuanians took Odujeva". Toe >xe 3umsl JluTBa Bomoctn Tdbpockbin umann'?® —"That winter the Lithuanians had occupied the Tver provinces". Toro >xe rbTa JIursa Basin Kopmess!- ?? —"That year the Lithuanians took Korsheva“. The verb with the factor JIurTsBa is expressed in the plural form! The "Narrative of the Ancient Times" ("IloBsecTb BpeMeHHbIX JIeT"), the so-called Nestorian Chronicle, is, in the words of V. Kiparsky, "the main source of the earliest history of Eastern Europe" '**. "The Tale of the Old Times" has survived in a few copies from the 14th century, but it tells about events of the 10th and 9th centuries. The basis of all copies is the main edition, or prograph, prepared by the monk Nestor (1056–1116) at the Pechora monastery in Kiev. The so-called catalogue of nations, compiled at the end of the 11th century (between 1093 and 1095), is also included. Among various other nations, the name of Lithuania is mentioned here for the first time in Russian chronicles: Bs Aderopbxe uacTu cbnusTb Pycs, Yions H ecu s3651ruu: Mepsi, Mypoma, Bbcs, Mtpnsa, 3aBonousckas rone, [Ibpms, Ileuepa, Amb, Yrpa, Jlursea, 3umbrona, Kspes, JIbTerona, Jinu6s. It's the same thing as the 1980s, but it's a bit different. —"In the part of Jafet live Russia, Ciudé and all the nations: Mere, Muroma, Vese, Mardva, Uzvalaki Ciudé, Perm, Pechora, Yame, Ugra, Lithuania, Zemgale, Kursé, Latgale, Lybé. The Poles, Prussians and Chudes are gathered at the Varyag Sea." A few pages later, Nestor's chronicle repeats the catalogue of nations, but in a slightly different context: 126 Ber y Ho B IO. K. [Tamamnux pyccxoti anumepamypy XIII eexa "Chaoso o nozubeau Pycexoti zemau”, MocrBa-Jlenunrpajn, 1956, 183—184. 27 v Hloanoe cobpanue pyccxur aemonucetl 4 (HoBropopackas yeTBEepTAaA JIeTOnucs), Ilerporpan®, 1915, col. 405 (hereinafter referred to as IICPJI). IICPJI 15 (Porosxeki#t tk Tonuceus), [lerporpans, 1922, col. 72. 29 HCPJI 15, col. 75. Kiparsky V. Finno-Ugrians and Slavs at the beginning of the historical period. —Ural-Altaic Yearbook 42, Wiesbaden, 1970, 1. Bs A. A. [Toes cmb epesmennsz a5 ms, Tlerporpans, 1916, 1 3—4. 75 A ce cyTL HHHH SI3BILHM, HxXEe [aHb AalTh Pycu: Urons, Meps, Becs, Mypoma, Yepemucs, Mtpnsa, Ilsbpus, Ileuepa, SImb, JluTtBa, 3uMbrojia, Krpes, Hopoma, JTubh; cu cyTh cBOH S3bIK'b HMYINE, OT'b KOJIbHa AdeToBa, He XMBYTH Ha CTpaHaX'b HOJIYHOIbHbIX'b.! **, —"And here are the other nations that pay tribute to Russia: Chude, Mere, Vese, Muroma, Cheremise, Mardva, Perm, Pechora, Yame, Lithuania, Zemgale, Curonian, Noroma, Lyba; These have their own languages, of the children of Japheth, who dwell in the northern lands." These testimonies of the main source of the oldest history of Eastern Europe look fragmentary and Sykstus, but their scientific historical significance is so great that it seemed necessary to present them here in their entirety. Here is the question that concerns us: in the quoted copy, philologically processed with the care of A. Šachmatov’s jeweler, the unique form of the name of our country is recorded as JIuT®Ba, coinciding with the gender used today, Lithuania. Other transcripts of "The Tale of Old Times" have JIursBa! **, so the form without "5, or supershort u. What is the historical relationship and chronology of these forms? In the earliest surviving copies of the Slavic script from the second half of the 10th century, the yeras » and "5 are often confused, even more often they are omitted in certain positions, and if they are written, it seems only after looking at older texts. This is the beginning of the decline of supershort vowels — not a common Slavic phenomenon, but the beginning of a unified process characteristic of Eastern Slavs!**. In Western and Southern Slavs, this process began a century earlier. As early as 828, in the annals of Sancti Canuti, the West Slavic form chneze is found instead of sl. *ksnedzs "prince"! **, at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 12th century, when Nestor was compiling and editing the prograph of the "Narrative of the Ancient Times" in the Kievan Pechora monastery, the wave of decline of the yeres had accelerated so much that it was no longer possible to mark them in unpronounced position. What to say of the 14th century and later copies! But, following the example of ancient texts, Nestor wrote the names of the peoples in the catalogue with yeros. It is known that Nestor used an older chronicle, which A.Shakhmatov calls the Initial Compendium (HauansHsri cBon)139, with smart notes, beginning in the year 852 (6360). Nothing else, but, apparently, a disregard for older writings should explain the fact that among the entries of the name of Lithuania in Ukrainian historical documents from 1352—1389 there are also forms with the jeru "+: JIarsa, Jiuras:, JIursssl, Litwy, JIureay, JIutsoio, B JiInurBe! *", From this it becomes clear that the form JIursa is derived from the form JlurbBa 132 Illa x Ma TOB'» A. A. Ilosbemo spesmennsz a5 ms, 10. 133 nepma (JlaspeuTsLesBcras JreTonuce), Mocrsa, 1926, col. 4,11; 2 (Hnamrsesckas JeTonuch), Mocrsa, 1962, col. 4,8; 38 (Panausunosckas neronucs), Jleuunrpans 1989, col.11, 13, 66; Pomniki dziejowe Polski 1, Warszawa, 1960, 551, 557, is ką parsky V. Russische historische Grammatik 1, Heidelberg, 1963. 93; lopmkopaK.B,- Xa6ypraesI'. A. Hcmopuveckas epamsmamuxa pyccxkozo s3xxa, Mockea, 1981, 65—67. 5K and parsky V. Loc. cit. ; I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. I'm not sure. Locmuxcenus u npobaemst e ezo pexocmpyxyuu, Mocksa, 1987, 189. 136 111 a x Ma T 0 B A. A. Vikas. cou., XXII. 137 Caoenux cmapoyxpaircexor moen XIV—XV em. 1, Kuis, 1977, 549. 76 in a non-strike position after a jerk. Therefore, the Kievan Rus and other regions. of those Slavic historical sources in no way can reflect the Lithuanian form * Lietva, as sometimes unthinkingly claimed in our scientific literature of the question. Being in the strong position, and thus having an accent, the supershort b and Bb evolved into the normal vowels e and o. Therefore, Russian nurosern "Lithuanian" and rMTOBecKH "Lithuanian, Lithuanian" have regularly phonetically originated from the pronouns *JIMT'ĖB- -BK-Ir *JIMT'bB- -bcCK-, made from the original form JlursBa. Therefore, rnuToOBen does not indicate that there was a nearby form Lietava, as some of our researchers would like. The original form of JlurtsBa is based not only on Ukr. Jlurpa, nuroscrin and baltar. JlirBaziroscerit, but also Polish Litwa, litewski. The phonetic development here is of the same kind as, for example, Russian 106, gen. JI6a "kakta", Polish. leb, gen. lba "head" next to s. rus. 7666 "skull", s. sl. 565–566. "Cyril and Methodius, "The Confessions of St. Cyprian- "" (PDF). sen, gen. snu greta s. sl. cbH'b. It is interesting that the Slavic name of Lithuania, Litva, behaves as if it were its own word in terms of sound correspondence, cf. s. Winter: liet. žiema, s. sl. iti: lit. are. In fact, it is borrowed | from Lithuanian language. The regular correspondence of sounds, which characterizes the common words of Slavic and Baltic languages inherited from ancient times, would show that Lithuania entered the Slavic languages long ago. According to recent studies, in the 9th century, the supershort b and Bb were probably already present in the entire Slavic language area, in place of the short 7 and u (= lit. 7 and u). It is believed that they became » and b about VIII a. '**. The monophthongation of diphthongs is considered to have occurred in the Slavic languages in the 5th-6th centuries.1** When this happened in the Eastern Slavic languages, it is shown by the river names: Russian Jlyvueca (in the Upper Dnieper basin) and Belarusian I'yst (in the Nemunas basin). They are derived from Lithuanian Laukesd and Gauja. It is believed that these names could have been given to the Slavs as early as the 5th century, when they moved from the south and spread over the Baltic territory. It is likely that this was the time when the Slavic language began to decline. But we find out the date of this phenomenon from a completely different Slavic territory — the south. The diphthongs ei, ai, eu, au were still used by the Slavs when they borrowed many words from the Goths in the 3rd and 4th centuries, e.g. Goth kaupon, kausjan, kaisar, lethwa, transporteins and Slavic kupiti "to buy", kusiti "to tempt", césars "emperor", lichva "interest", gobino "wealth". This shows that diphthongs in Slavic languages were monophthongized in the 5th—6th centuries. It would be logical to assume that Lithuania entered the Slavic languages together with the river names Laukesa and Gauja. Thus, Lithuania=JIutsBa Slavs will have borrowed in the 5th century or a little earlier. There is no doubt that at that time the name of Lithuania had the form * Leituva. Kad šaknyje būta dvibalsio ei, rodo lat. leitis. The ethnonyms recorded in "The Tale of Old Times" are divided into two groups from the structural-- grammatical point of view: collective names and folk names, described in the usual plural form. The group of squad names consists of: 1) names ending in -a (sometimes after a soft consonant), e.g. 3H4Mbrojia/- 3uMurojia, nkTbroJia, JIMT'bBa, Mepsi, MbpABa/MOpI'bBa, 138 gtieberZ. 1979, 28—29; Bu pu 6a ym X. llpacaasancxutl saux. Jocmuxscenus u npobaem ol e ez0 Jpexoncmpyxyu, 48. YStieberZ. Op. cit., 23-24; Bu pu 6aym X. Yra3 cou., 49. TT MopoMa/- HopoMa/- HepoMa, Iledepa, yrpa/iorpa and 2) names with the ending -b (< *-1), e.g., Bech, KOpch, JIKOB, IIEpMb, Joab, iMb (in Novgorod records also Boab, cyMs). This is also the main reason for the use of the term "neoclassical" in this context. It is easy to see that all the group ethnonyms, except for pycs, are names of Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes and origins. They are contrasted with Slavic folk names having plural forms, such as: epeBJISHe, IIOJISHe, BATUYM, KPUBUYH, Ay Th6H, x'spBare, etc.!*". From this, the researchers conclude that the group names are the Slavic translation of the folk names by which the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes and tribes called themselves!*!. In other words, the Slavic languages adopted both the form of ethnonyms and the copulative meaning from these tribal and ancestral languages, e.g., Bech < vepsd, cyMb < suomi, sMb < hame, apparently, and pycb < Finnish ruotsi "Swedish". The same applies to nouns ending in -a, including JIutsBa/- JlursBa. Thus, both the original form * Leituva, and its meaning as a group, which is clearly documented in the oldest monument of Eastern European history "The Tale of the Ancient Times", and the meaning "nHapon, people (Lithuanian)" in other Russian chronicles, apparently did not form in the Slavic, but in the ancient Lithuanian culture and language. Having come into contact with Lithuanian origins around the 5th century AD, during long centuries of communication, the Slavs probably took what was already ready. This, apparently, was the meaning of * Leituva, recorded in Nestor's chronicle, where the name of our people appears not only as an ethnonime, but as a general noun: s. rus. JmMT'BbBA "Lithuanian"! *?,. Now the question arises of itself, to what extent this meaning of kuoping * Lithuania is supported by the data of the Lithuanian language itself and if it is supported at all. Having remembered that, as has been mentioned several times in the review of the studies so far, in addition to Lietuvė, there was also the gender Lietava, we can answer the question positively: in the present Lithuanian language, in its dialects, there is a considerable number of adverbs -uva/-ava nouns, having a group collective meaning, cf.: bernava "group of young men, boys" Ck, Dglš (LKŽ I 769); brolava "brotherhood, brothers and sisters" Uzp, Str, Ds, Dgl, plg. The whole brotherhood (brothers, brothers’ children, brothers’ daughters with their husbands...) gathered together Ds (LKZ I 1069); broliava "brotherhood, brothers and sisters" Dglš (LKŽ I 1069); broluva, bréluva "brotherhood, brothers and sisters" Trgn, Ktk (LKZ I 1072); lift, lift "cattle herd, herd; V 551); cattle" Mž, BB, Dsn, Ad, Tvr (LKŽ poniava "pony, many pony" Dglš (LKŽ X 428); sesuva "all sisters" Dglš (LKZ XII 438); sesuva "children of sisters" Trgn, plg. We are only four sisters, and there are already a whole regiment of sisters Trgn (LKŽ XII 457); 140 v. 5 ypraesBI- '. A. 9muonumus "Iloeecmu epemennhnz sem”, Mocksa, 1979, 167— 169. 11x a6ypraesI. A. Yras. cou., 218. 142 bac me p M. BCPA 2, 502. 78 shashava "group of small children" MI (LKZ XIV 537); 100 "the tenth decade of life" Lb, cf. Ana nukaršus, gal jau šimtavėj Lb (LKZ XIV 822); šišava "būrys, pulkas (vaiky)” Vds, Ml, Prng (LKŽ XIV 915); šunava "dog pack, punija; gang of rascals, gang of rascals" Svnč, Dv, Tvr, Lbv, Slk, Str (LKZ XV 354); šuniava "dog pack, punija; gang of rascals, thugs" Lp, Rtn, Pv, Vv (LKŽ XV 360). * Lietuva=- nuresBa "Lithuanian" in its meaning fits nicely into this class of collective general nouns. This incorporation in turn raises the task of determining who was that company, that group of people, thus that initial social group, which was called by the generic noun * lietuva = nuTbBAa. 3. The name of Lithuania, its consonants and derivatives As can be seen from the lecture, the Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Polish Litwa have regularly emerged from the oldest form, attested as Ju T'bBa in Nestor's Chronicle ("In the Tale of Old Times"). It coincides with the authentic, now used name of Lithuania Lietuvė < * Leituva and was borrowed from the Slavs about the 5th century AD. The form Litva (without jero B) in Nestor's Chronicle and other ancient Eastern Slavic writings is also derived from JIM T'bBA and has the supposed Lithuanian gender * Lietva does not show. The first record of the name Lithuania in the historical sources of Western and Central Europe — Quedlinburg annals in 1009 (in confinio Rusciae et L i t u a e)! ** and in the Hungarian-Polish chronicle of the 11th century (contra Lit u u a m acies movit)! **, —unfortunately, whether we like it or not —has a Slavic form! **, thus, was liet. * Lietva also does not show. People of Central and Western Europe initially, until contacts with Lithuania were not yet expanded, received information about Lithuania mainly through the Slavs. The Estonians now call Lithuania Leedu or Leedumaa (maa "land"). Although the root in Lithuanian "Lietuva" and Lithuanian "Lithuanian, Lithuanian" was lexicographically confirmed late, only in the 18th century, in Estonian it existed earlier, as evidenced, for example, by the fact that the hare (Lapus europaeus), which was called Litauerhase in Baltic German, is called lietujanes in Central Estonian dialects (with dialectal e diphthongation into ie). Therefore, the root Leedu, leedu is derived from lettu or lettu (+ vowel) and corresponds exactly to Lithuania or its intermediate gender * Letuva, which the Estonians borrowed in the early 13th century'- *®. 143 (Serintores rerum Prussicarum 1, Leipzig, 1861, 237. 4 Monuments of Poland, published by A Bielowskil, Warsaw, 1960, 495. 145 K abelkal. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 111. Plg. Sa 1 y s A. Lietuvos vardo kilmė, 696. 6 Arist eP. As the Este calls Lithuania and the Lithuanians. —Baltistica 3, s. Frisian lid "company, escort"!- 1967, 205—207. 79 "*. It is an old Germanic noun of the neutrum genus, derived from ide. *litém (-om is the noun -acc. singular ending). | Germ. *lid-am! "“ and id. The ratio of the consonants in the ending of *litém is explained by Werner's law: it is exactly the same as in, for example, the words isl. fadir "father- ", Norwegian, Swedish Fader, s. Frisian feder and ide. *patér (lat. pater, gr. waTnp, s. ind. pitdr "tévas"). The name of the army of other Germanic peoples of the continent, e.g. Germans, has the same root but a different degree of vowel change, cf. Jam. leide neutr. "palyda, przyznała się do przewagi podróżnika", d.w. Ge-leite "escort, armed security, convoy"!- "*. In the Danish version,'- samtykke, forpligtelse til at beskytte', nor. leide, swedish. lejd "guarantee of security (for a ship, cargo or person in wartime- )" are considered to be borrowed from Middle German'- "". In historical comparison, the identification of these Germanic words and the ethnonym * Leita (Lietuva, Lietava) does not present any major difficulties. They are formally different only in the leaves of the root vowel change: s. isl. "O < *lit-om: vid. vok. Jam. leide < *lait-: liet. * Leita, Lietuva, Lietava < * Leit-. This change of root vowels is typical even for words of one language, e.g. lietuv. žaibas, dial. žatbti (sta) "to squeeze (about the eyes)": dial. žiebas "lightning", žiebti (ia) "to burn, to create": žibėti (žiba) "to shine, to shine". The Germanic words | in question denote armed protection on the road or on the march. The meaning of the name of our nation "armed escort, troop, army" is well documented in Russian chronicles and partly in Ukrainian wedding songs. So these Germanic and Baltic words have the same meaning. Therefore, from a historical etymological point of view, they are related words, grown from the same stem, the verb root, meaning "to go, to go with, to accompany" and well preserved in Germanic languages: s. height. suffer, vid. vok. Jam. liden ”(pra)eiti), s. saxon lithan "t.p. ", s. ang. liban ę "t.p. ",s. isl. lida "to go, to proceed, to drive", got. leiban "to go" (< id. *leita-). The configuration of the values is highlighted by the causative of this verb: dab. leiten "to lead, to direct", ang. lead "e.g. ", norv. leie "to lead by hand or leash" (from lede), Danish lede "to lead, lead", s. isl. leiOa "to move, to launch (to work); lead, direct, control; (pa)accompani" < germ. *Ladies-!- "*. From the other 3 ide. The related lexical entities of languages are considered toch. A lt-, let-, B lit-, lait- "retreat, retreat, retreat; kristi”! "®, where lit can show id. *release to 17 SeeboldE. Comparative and Echomological Dictionary of the Germanic Strong Verbs, The Hague-Paris, 1970, 329 175 Sg eeboldE. Op. cit., 329. 178 KlugeF. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache 21 Auflage, i Berlin-New York, 1975, 433, 435. 177 Nielsen N. A. Dansk etymologisk ordbog 3. reviderede udgave, Kgbenhavn, 1975, 23; Johannesson A. Islandisches etymologisches Worterbuch, Bern, 178 De Vries J. Altnordisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 350, 354; See e e-| bold E. Op. cit., 328—330. | 1 DeVriesJ. Op. cit., 354; Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches: Worterbuch, 672 (bet plg. 309); Magnuūsson A. B. Islensk orOsifjabok, Reykjavik, 1989, 560. 4 86 *lit-, and let-, clearly continues ide. * loit-!8?., It seems that the Baltic languages also have representatives of this root. Attention is drawn to the verb litinti (-ina) of the Žemaičių dialektai (Als, Sts) "to mince with the feet, to become", cf. The goose squeezed the grains of the mun (compressed, mingled, mingled to the ground) J. Jabl(Als) LKŽ VII 593. Minti is to go, to proceed, e.g., minti (mina, mynė) "trypti, mindyti...; go, step;" vok. treten "to go, to step; "(for)mitting"; ang. tread "go, step; (už)minti, mindyti, trypti”. It is particularly important that its conjunctive gender litėnti (-ėna) is used when speaking about the way: Aš litenu kelį, i.e. I call J; The prepositional gender pra-litént: only this meaning has —"to make a path, to pave a way" LKŽ VII 588. For in Scandinavian languages the root *leit- "to go, to go with, to accompany" has evolved into the meaning "way", cf. s. isl. lei(O fem. "(sea) route, direction of the route; travel, trip” < *loita. That litinti and litėnti are not synonyms letėnti (-ėna) "to move with the feet, to become, to lepenti”!- ®1 some reworking, apparently from their relatives in the Latvian language: lituét "to go carefully, to step" ME II 475, diz-lituot "to run quickly, cleverly, to run away” EH I 36. As can be seen, these ide. The continuants of the root *leit-"to go, to proceed together, to accompany" in the Baltic languages no longer have the accompanying connotation. But in the living Lithuanian language we find lexicons that have precisely preserved this original meaning, renewed and regenerated it in a different, apparently much later historical linguistic ethnocultural context and pointedly showing that the armed guard, the troop of soldiers, the army is nothing else than those armed men who go on the march, go together, accompany, therefore are companions, escorts, escorts. These are words of a parallel root, but with a different final consonant, namely *lei-d-(*lei-- dh-), first of all one of the main verbs of our language lydėti (lydi, -ėjo) "to go, to travel with a departing person to some place", then the much rarer, but in dialects well-known verbs ljduoti (uoja, -avo) "to accompany" LKZ VII 411 (s. v. 2 lydūoti), paleidyti (-ėja) "to accompany" LKZ VII 233 and lčisti (-džia, -do) "to accompany (the departing one)" LKZ VII 250, more precisely, that part of the multi-meaning verb léisti (-džia), which is derived from *lei-d-(*lei-- dh-) "to go, to travel together, to accompany- ". In the poetic Lithuanian language their Vedic forms (pa)lydėjas, (pa)lydovas, libaganėlis, lydūnėlis "who leads, lydéjas" palidas (palijdas) "satellite", palydninkas, palydūonis "etc. " LKZ VII 402, 410, IX 258-259. That the terminology of war and wedding customs in many cases is connected and coincides, is confirmed once again by the pa-lydeti Vedic paljdas (paljdas) "bride attendant, accompanying the bride or groom, guide", palyda "bride or groom's companions at the wedding", palydia "e.g. " LKŽ VII 257-258'82. VanWindek ens A. J. Le tokharien confrontė avec les autres langues indo-europčennes 1, Louvain, 1976, 263. | As sometimes Popegistal believed, Fr a en kel E. Litauisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 360. For the semantic similarity of words of similar phonetic shell, see. LKK 14, 1973, 147. d Satellite "armed escort, escort" LKZ VII 258 known only from L. Ivins' writings ir should not be relied on strongly. 87 the derivative of the meaning ending *-a acompañada, exactly repeating the derivation process, which took place in such a distant epoch, which is only sought by linguistic analysis, when with the same collective meaning ending *-@ (< i.e. *-aH) from the verb root *leit-"to go, to go with, to accompany" formed the name of the army | *Look. The allomorphy *lei-tir *lei-dparallelism of the root in question includes the root prefix: lčit-, plg. Lithuania, acc. Lietuvg, lat. lettis "Lithuanian" (but there is also a circumflex, cf. Lietuvė, acc. Lietuvą, lat. Lietava); lėid-, plg. léisti (-dzia) "to accompany", lat. laistiés "to ride, to ride, to go to run". The long root vowelism in the Baltic languages was reflected by the acute suffix, but it did not prevent the appearance of lexical units with short vowelism: lit. pralitėnti (-ėna) "to make a path, a path, a path", litinti (-ina) "to walk with the feet, to become", lat. lituot "to go carefully, to step", diz-lituét "to run quickly, to run with skill, to run down" is related to léit-"to go, to go with, to accompany", as lat. lidét (-u, -ėju) "to fly, to fly", duot "to fly, to fly", lidinat (-ūju) "to fly, to fly (especially about the vanaga)" —to laistiés (-Zuds) "to ride, to ride, to go, to fly?"183, The difference between these allomorphic lexical units was apparently more of a scope of use, the lexical units belonged to different styles of speech. Lettlexeme, as it seems, did not belong to the domestic lexicon; they were war terms. The higher, pretentious connotation of war terminology, a certain sacralism, apparently led to the fact that most of the common keywords have not survived to our days. Detailed linguistic analysis shows that the etymology of *Léita (Lietuva, Lietava), so to speak, the true meaning based on the word’s root, was "soldier squad, company- ." The fact that * Lčita (Lietuva, Lietava) was originally the name of a troop, a troop, is shown not only by the etymological Germanic equivalents, but also by the Lithuanian words themselves. Now we can answer the question, which meaning of the name Lithuania — Lithuanians as an ethnic group, or a certain social group — is primary. For Lithuanians — how. ethnos — the name given by the name of the army. The existence of a warlord, called *lčita, *lietva (= Slavic litva), *lietava, in ancient Lithuanian society can be considered as a fact confirmed by cultural, historical and linguistic data. It is possible that, as A. Salys guessed, the suffixes -uva/ava were added later, when the word * lčita began to lose its copulative meaning when it moved into the feminine class of nouns, and therefore it was necessary to emphasize it. Therefore, the original form was * lčita "wars, escorts, troops". The Greek, Latin, and some Germanic languages are also spoken in the region. In proto-language, the ending *-a (< *-aH) group forms were used as the genders of the plural of the root nouns of the second-none genus (neutrum). In addition, the copulative forms were contrasted with the singular forms and the place of the inflection!8*. Tāpēc | 183 K. Miilenb ach a Latviešu valodas noun. Redigėjis, papildinajis, 3 turpingjis J. Endzelins 2, Riga, 1925—1927, 413, 466. Unnuu—CBurTsey B. M\ Hmennas axyenmyayus e baamutickom u caaeAncxom, Mocksa, 1963, 53—55. 88 J pe da *Loaded "wars, escorts, troops" can be treated as germ. *litém "soldier, soldiers, army" (> s. sl. lid neutr.) plural form. Their intersectional ratio would be the same as, for example, s. ind. cakrdm neutral. "carriage wheel" and woul pl. "wheels- ". The degrees of vowel change in the root depended on the place of the accent and therefore divided according to the law: the accentuated root morpheme received the normal degree of vowel change (leit-), the unaccentuated — the disappearing one (lit-). In other words, the ancient Lithuanians and Germans used the same word for warfare. Moreover, in both societies, the army was called by the commander's name. We have already mentioned that in the 13th—14th centuries in Lithuania, the name of the prince or military commander was also used for the fighting squad itself: Karijoto *lietuva (=lietva), i.e. the army, Jaunučio *lietuva, Gerdenio *lietuva, Mindaugo *lietuva... There were many warriors, so to distinguish them, the name of the commander was added to the 40, for example, in the runes entries 1 libi kubuis "GuŠver- 's army" i libi frekis "Froygair's army" (the meaning of the entries is "died serving in the army of such and such a commander")!$*., Without escort, troop of soldiers, the ancient Scandinavians marked li@ and the ruler's court people, servants, housekeepers. The sagas have a word for one member of the entourage: di masc. "who belongs to the escort, the escort man"'®®. This was also the case in the old Lithuanian society. *Léita and its derivative *leitiai means armed escort, its members, soldiers. However, the same word *leitiai (> leičiai) was used in Lithuanian words that entered the Belarusian language, cf. nents, nents "blacksmith of the court". This also makes it clear that the name leičiai (meutn, neutese) for the guardians of the ruler's horses, recorded in judicial acts of the 15th—16th centuries, belongs to the family of words of the root *leit- "to go, to go with, to accompany". Liet. *lėita "float, troop, army", *leituva "e.g. " = s. rus. nuTBa "warrior", *leitava "warrior, soldier, army" with later added suffixes -uva/ava and s. isl. KB "satellites, escort; "S.P.A.R.- T.E.R.S.: The Force, the Force, the Force" (PDF). *lithem, see vowel. Jam. leide "palyda, pripažinusi keliautojo viršenybę", d.. vok. Ge-leite "escort, armed protection, convoy" < ide. *lattare historically related consonants and form an exclusive isogloss of the lexicon of the Baltic and Germanic languages. These are words of war terminology. It should be noted here that the Baltic and Germanic languages are linked by other words denoting war, which coincide not only in meaning but also in stem. Such, for example, are the names of war and army: lit. kdrias "war; the military; troop, regiment", kdris "army, army regiment, crew, camp; karas" (used in ancient Lithuanian writings), lat. karš "war; kariuomenė", pr. kargis "army" (attested kragis Elb. 410; the letter g, apparently, denotes the consonant j) < *karja-(- cf. caria-woytis "inspection of the army") and s. height. heri (now Heer "kariuomené”), p. 125 y precht A. The outgoing Viking Age in the Light of the Runeninschriften, Göttingen, 1958, 62—66. 6 BaetkeW. Dictionary of Old Norse Prose 1, 380, 382. 89 Saxon herring, s. isl. Mr. Masch. "the military; būrys, liaudis“, runų danų harja, runų švedų harija, got. harjis "army" < germ. *brush-< idea. *chorio-. The coincidence of the Baltic and Germanic languages is surprising in this case, although it is not an exclusive isogloss. The word is also used in the Irish language and in the Gaelic language, as well as in the Scottish Gaelic language. "company, regiment", Gallic corio-"soldier; "The War of the Worlds: The War of the Worlds: The War of the Worlds". And the root lit. kuras "armed clash, battle, battlefield; army (in the dictionaries of F. Nesselmann and F. Kuršaitis)? and s. Persian kara-"army" with elongated root vowel, in addition, connects the Baltic languages with Iranian languages'®”. These ideas. The etymology of the word is unknown. V. Mažiulis raised the noteworthy idea that the primary meaning of *kara in Belarusian was "march of a troop of soldiers- "!182. First of all, this would be shown by the highly archaic data of the Prussian language, namely karyago "war march (reise)", the name of the suffix -aga from the Belarusian *karia-. If so, it is not difficult to find the etymology of the group of words under consideration in the Lithuanian language itself — it is the verb kdrti (kara, korė) "to travel there and back, to repeatedly go, to ride" LKŽ V 338, widely used in the Highland dialects, but not foreign to the Žemaites. Only in this context becomes clear the Latin karš "war; Army" loc. sing. the meaning of the form kara in the imaginary sentence Kurt (= where then) kara nur atri atnacet!, meaning surprise "How early you came!" EH I 590. Thus, the emergence of these war terms would also be based on the same semiotic onomasological process (ide. the root *kor(H)-- "(repeatedly) to go, to proceed, to travel”), and the semantic parallelism between the *word and *kor(H) words in the Baltic and Garmaanic languages would be obvious. That parallelism — and it is extremely important! —appears to seek deeper deposits of North-West Indo-European mentality and language. From germ *harja-"- warriors, army" one Germanic tribe (or lineage) took its name, Tacitus' Harii, Pliny's Charini'®- ®. Kelty *korio-"- soldiers' company, army" is also part of the name of two Celtic tribes: Tricorii, Petrucorii, i.e. three, four regiments of soldiers!- ?*. In fact, these are not the names of military organizations, but of tribes — as ethnos — because in the society of that time (in the first centuries after Christ) the military power was not yet separated from the tribal organization! '®!, therefore it is understandable that the name of the troop was also the name of the entire tribe or closely related tribes group - the origin. This kind of processes and their dynamics were also characteristic of the north-western Indo-Europeans, the Balts, who lived more to the east; The only difference here was that these ethnonomastological processes were encoded by another, but synonymous root187 pokorn y J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 615—616; DeVvries dl. Altnordisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 224—225; F r a e nk el E. Litauisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 220; Mažiulis V. Prūsų kalbos | etimologijos žodynas 2, Vilnius, 1993, 119—121; TonopoBs B. H. IIpyccxuil sanr. Caoeapos (I—K), Mocxrsa, 1980, 221. 188 NM aziulisV., op. cit., 120. 189 M u c h R. Harii. —Reallezicon der germanischen Altertumskunde, ed. by J. Ho o p s 2, Strasbourg, 1913—1915, 450. 190 on Vries J. Op. cit., 224. 191 and bo wmianskiH. Poczgtki Polski 1, 236. 90 ISSUERS STINSRE PT mi *leit-"to go, to go with, to accompany", and as their result the company- -generic nouns *lčita (*leituva, *leitava) "a party, a troop, a army? turned into the surname *lēita (*leituva, *leitava) "Lithuanian", cf. Nestor's Chronicle nuTHBa "Lithuanian". THE ORIGIN OF LITHUANIA’S NAME Summary In attempting to find out the derivation and the primitive meaning of Lietuva "Lithuania" two facts to be considered are fundamental. First, in old Russian chronicles Litva (= Lietuva, cf. Litsva in Nestor’s chronicle) often stands for duke’s or military leader’s retinue, escort of soldiers (druzina). Second, similar words in similar meanings are found in the Scandinavian and some other Germanic languages: Icel. KO ” attendants, retinue; Old Friesian lid "troop, retinue”, Middle Low German leide ” attendants, retinue, suite”. From a linguistic point of view, these Germanic words and Lith. Lithuania seem to be cognates. Originally *leituva- /* leitava/* léita ” (duke’s, nobleman’s or military leader’s) suite, retinue, bodyguard” might have represented a class of collective nouns with the suffix -uva/-ava, well attested in contemporary Lithunian, cf. bernavd” company of young men”, brolava, bréluva ” all brothers and sisters, their wives and husbands as well as their children” etc. 91