Lietuvių kalbos kelnių pavadinimai

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS XXXVI (1996) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS AND STUDIES Danutė SABALIAUSKAITĖ LITHUANIAN NAME OF PANTS Kėlnės —"clothing worn on the waist and legs". There is no common Indo-European name for this reality. For the garment itself spread somewhat later than the belt, hat, cloak, skirt or apron (Hirt 1905: 364—5; Schrader 1917: 513). By the way, the trousers originated from the apron (Schrader 1917: 592). As in all Eastern Europe, they have been worn in Lithuania since ancient times. This is confirmed by archaeological findings from the 9th—12th centuries (Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė 1970: 130; Atlas 1986: 107). Since trousers were one of the main parts of men’s clothing, there are many names for them in Lithuanian. They are divided into words of Lithuanian origin and borrowed words according to their origin. The most common name of this garment in Lithuanian is the unmarked lexical kėlnės, kelnės: kėlis (Fraenkel 236—7; Skardžius ŽD 262). It is only available in Lithuanian. The older form is the series. Gradually, kėlnės (Būga II 341; Zinkevičius II 241) were used alongside it. By the way, this is not a special phenomenon, some other words have also been shortened, e.g. vélnias: late, paskui: to tell, Stas: this, etc. (Zinkevičius II 165). Both variants of the name were first recorded in the early 17th century: kėlinės —K. In the first edition of the Sirvydas dictionary (by the way, there is also the word kelinė, meaning sock, calf) and the former. The 17th century manuscript of the Karaliaučius archive, and the 18th century manuscript of S. B. Chilinski's translation of the Bible and D. Klein's grammar (SD(1)13,32,184, kelinė 98; Lex 51; KIGr 70; Ch2Moz28,24). Both forms are found in many 18th-19th century dictionaries (R 58, 268, MŽ 114, 280, 358; K I 195; II 129). The word kėlnės spread throughout Lithuania, it is the main name of this garment (DūnŽ 128; DrZ 146; LKZ V 527—8; DZ 296). It is the most common in the Lazūnų dialect (LzŽ 114) in Belarus. This form is no longer used. In dialects and in 19th-20th century writing monuments there are more variants of this word: kettlinios, kėlenės, kelinai, kėlinios, kėlnios (LKŽ V 489, 507, 518, 519, 529). The form is documented as early as the 17th century (C I 977). The name is borrowed from the Lithuanian language by some Latvian dialects on the border of Lithuania, cf. lat. dial. kėlnas "t.p. " (Me 262-3; Brenz 232). However, in Latvian this word has a humorous connotation (Shooting 16). The name "Blauzinės" (Erž 114) occurs in Eržvilkas neighborhood. 167 However, this meaning of the word is clearly secondary, cf. blouse "top men's shirt, loose women's bluzé". 1 Other names of Lithuanian origin, unlike kélniy, are marked straight. They could be divided into certain subgroups į according to the purpose quality of jų the material ar from which iš this garment is sewn. A separate subgroup consists of the names of underwear and swimwear: apatinės, | apatiniai, apatininkės, apalinūkės apatinis, -ė. : Bottom į i bottoms are common language words, other forms are more used in dialects (DunZ 28; LKZ 1 185; DZ 19). baltinélés "white underwear" : bdltas. Occasionally Kupiškį (LK) I 615). "short swim, sports panties" tight, tight, : tight, tight. Word mentioned 1937 m. "In the mother tongue" (GK 1937, 138; LKŽ 11] 397—8). Concise provided for use in general language (DG 177; Pričinauskaitė 42). panties, pants "short underwear swim pants". ar Kelntites common language word — (DG 296). Panties used in Belarusian territory, about Wrocław (LKZ V 597). kricios, krités "short swim ar panties", also cf. daž: nesnes reikšmes: fell "bottom of trousers; children’s trousers with a zipper”, Probably caused to iš fall, cf. : "Krité ta' tniżżlet, l-art tgħaqqad" (in Lithuanian- ). Kelniy meaning krités used in Skuodas surroundings and J. In Jablonski's writings (LKŽ VI 637). Kričios occurs in XX a. dictionaries (J II 245; LKZ M 537). More common are the verbs iš of this noun make kričidtį "to insert the edges of one garment into another; go with your ass out" and į screaming "t.p (Skaržius ŽD 516; LKŽ VI 573). | pamaiités, pamautinės "men's underwear" : pa(si)mduti. Detectable in Utenis speaking (LKŽ IX 287). | Starlings "ppr. "underpants" : steblės "antique women's underpants add-ons". Kelniy meaning used only about Telšiai (LKZ XIII briefs 752). "short panties? : short. Common language word (DG 866; Pričinauskaitė 42). | | Almost all the mentioned names of underpants are recorded only XX a. This probably does not reflect the real situation. Some of these names may have appeared ir earlier. However, the names of both underpants and baltics in general in written sources are rarely found. — į "svarbesnes?" part of clothing. This is only true in ne Lithuanian, but also, for example, in Polish (Borejszo 24). O ir in general, according to historians, undergarments in Europe began to be worn rather late, probably only XIII a. (Borejszo 23). Special baby panties have their ir own names: mautinūnai "children's panties with feet" mduti su : (LKŽ VII reptiles 952). "t.p. " : squeaking (LKŽ XIV 1063). These are novelties, because the reality itself has appeared recently. Both words are used in common language (DG 388; Pričinauskaitė 42). | 168 As already mentioned, the names of the pants depended not only on their purpose, but also on other things, for example, on the color or shape, in other words, the appearance: striped "striped pants": stripe. It is used about Kudirka Naumiestis (KudN 256). ; "stripes, revenge pants": ķēršas + kēlnes. Occurs in the vicinity of Skuodas (LKŽ V 625). pants, pants "some wide pants": floats + pants. A common language word recorded in some 20th-century dictionaries (BZ 616; LKZ X 48,50; DZ 569). "short, knee-high trousers": pūsė + kélnés. It is found in some 20th-century dictionaries (NdZ III 47; LKZ X 1037). A word of common language. barrel "long stiff pants": erect, standing. It is recorded in several 18th-20th century dictionaries (B; N 498; NdZ IV 91; LKZ XIII 680). All the names of trousers discussed so far are stylistically neutral. The stylistically connoted words related to the quality of this garment stand out. They mean poor, supportive, torn trousers: kėlinpalaikės, keilinpalaikės, kelnapalaikės, kelniapalaikės, kélnpalaikes: kėlnės, keilinios + palaikis (LKŽ V 489, 519, 527, 528, 529). kelefizdros, kelinčios, kelkšnės, kelngnos, kėlniščios, kelniūkštės, kelšės, kelznos: kėlnės (LKZ V 507, 518, 522, 529, 530, 553). It is used more in southern Lithuania, but it occurs in other places as well. tapiizos "bad socks or pants. Probably related to other words of this root, e.g. tapūžinėti, tapūžinti, tapūžioti "hardly, awkwardly walking, walking", tapuzd, tapūžis "a loser, a loser". From the available example, recorded in Gargždai, it is difficult to decide what specific clothing is meant — stockings or trousers, cf. : You can now tapūžioti into clumps stubbornly with broken tapūžoms (LKŽ XV 839). terletynės "ppr. underpants": terliéti. Occurs about Plunge (LKZ XVI 74). It should be noted that all the above-mentioned names of Lithuanian origin, except kėlnės (and variants), kritės and statinės, were used in the written language only in the 20th century. It would be difficult to separate the borrowed words into separate semantic subgroups, because often the same word has several meanings (e.g., the word "pants"; "underpants" and so on), so it would not make sense to divide such a word into several subgroups. Borrowings are classified only according to the language they come from. Polonizmai dibkos "kelnės", plg. lenk. dybki "coyotes, panties" (LKZ II 472). It is used in several places about Vilkaviškis and Šakiai. gačios, gačės, gocés, gdčės, gééios, gorčios "underpants", cf. pl. panties "t.p. " (Skardžius 76). This name is common in many Slavic languages, such as Czech. hace "trousers, underpants", rus. zawu "trousers; thighs hips", ukr. zawu "trousers- ", serb-chorv. zi#e "trousers" etc. It is a word of Slavic 169 origin, one of the few clothing names that came from the Slavic era iš iš (Schrader 1917 : 603; Niderle 1956 : 228; Sokolovskaj1974 166). Jo a's antiquity is shown by ir the fact that the Slavic iš borrowed the jį Finno-Ugric languages, spreading to the Finnish. kation "klubas; thigh; decreased, " est. kaats, kaatsas "oxen club wide pants", hungarian. gatya "underpants- ". The origins of the word "gaia" are not entirely clear. Probably the most convincing hypothesis would be an attempt *gacy ide. iš root *g*a- "go, march" words (Brūckner 131; Slawski 246; Fasmer I 397—8; Trubačev VI 106—8). Į Lithuanian language this word had to enter early, it is recorded already XV (BB2M0z28,42). Later mentioned in some XIX-XX a. dictionaries; (N 259; [K] 129; J II 72; LKŽ III 472,484). It is spoken in the following dialects: Ţelşiţă and Varniţa. gatkos, gačkos, gotkos "underpants", cf. left. gatki "t.p." (Skar. Juice 76). In Lithuanian scripts recorded XVI a. (BB3Moz 16,4). It is harvested in about the same area as the ir buckwheat, but is much less common (LKŽ III 7, 156, AST). See also pants. cocks "etc. ". Word of unclear origin, possibly related su to streets and alleys. Found only F. Kuršaitis dictionary, but ir there is doubt jo about the authenticity ([K] 111; LKŽ III calf 48). "trousers; "Clover" : kalasha "claw" , plg. left. kolosza "klešnė". Used in the sense of trousers in several separate places in Lithuania (Kb, Krtv, Vdk; LKZ V 103). "Russian-- Russian War", pg. Russian. mpycuxu < mpycw "panties, briefs". The name of the Russian language derived iš from English, plg. English]. trousers "trousers" (Fasmer IV 110). English k. trousers < trouse kilo i iš the three of gals "pants", which in turn probably borrowed from the French iš s. trebus "etc. ", this will have come o from the Latin tubraci "etc. ". The iš origin of the latter is not clear, perhaps he is of Germanic origin (Small 1658 ; Partridge 740; Buck 426). It is a spoken word, not applicable to the common Lithuanian language (DZ, 866). Is rusy language ji borrowed į ir latviai (Rekena 441). galifē "military cut, narrow to the knees, widening from the top of the į knees pants", cf. Russian. saw “t.p. ". This name is widely used in Lithuanian | (Dub 190; KudN 257; Dbč 165; Erž 147). It is commonly used as an international word of French origin, associated with the French general su G. A. Gallifet's (1830—1909) last name. It is not surprising that it finds-| mas in almost all international dictionaries published in Lithuania since j 1936 m. (TrpZ' 321). But here is an interesting case that the word appeared in the French, ne Russian o language of the po I World War (Fasmer I 338; Shansky I(4) 16). Soon iš after the Russian language ir į it entered some other Slavic languages, as well į as ir Lithuanian Latvian languages, plg. lat. galife (LLVV III 48). | | | | | | 170 Indefinite Slavisms (which could have come from Belarusian, Polish and Russian languages) pluūdrės, pliūdria, pliūdra, pliudrinės, bliūrės "very wide pants", cf. pludry, brus. nawdpu "wide trousers" (Brūckner FW 120; Fraenkel 626; LKZ X 254). The name was first recorded in Polish in the 16th century, and it came from the German language, cf. "Pluderhose (Borejzo 169)". It is a word of German origin, related to the phonetic verb plaudern "to splash", cf. its concomitant form blodern "to slam", which could also mean "to splash" (Kluge 556). The word appeared for the first time in Lithuanian writings in the 17th century (Lex 68). It is later found in 18th—19th century dictionaries, collections of songs, newspapers (Q 391; K 321; JD 835; LC 1883,6). The name, apparently, was known in Lesser Lithuania, it is used by western Kaunas Highlanders, occurs about Raseiniai, Kvėdarnas and Klaipėda (LKŽ I 929; X 254). sharovary, sharaivarai, sharavary, sharavory "long wide trousers", cf. pol. "Robinson, Robyn: "Broken Pants"". wapoeapu "pants". The name is derived from the Turkish language. šalvar "trousers", and these —from Persian, cf. pers. šalvar "e.g. ", which is made from pers. šal "thigh". In the 16th century the word entered the Polish language through Hungarian. salavdr: "trousers" (Fasmer IV 410; Boreyszo 181). In the Lithuanian language, the word was first recorded in the early 19th century (D. Pošk). It may have appeared somewhat earlier, as it is found in collections of songs from the early 19th and 20th centuries (LB 345; JD 410, 930, 959; BsO 402). By the way, it is possible that the forms Saraivarai, sharavarai and sharavorai recorded at that time and in those collections came from the Polish language, cf. Sharavars. They are now no longer used (LKŽ XIV 514, 515). The form sharovūrai appeared only in the 20th century and may be related to the Russian wapoeapw (LKZ XIV 525). German names bikšės, biksvės, biksvos, bikšios, bikšvės "pants", cf. East Prussia. Fuck you, Vok. Jam. beads "e.g. " (Alminauskis 31). The German word for the bridge, plg. Buze “t.p. ", derived from * buck-hose "goat skin pants", also cf. engl. buckskin "deer skin pants" (Kluge 115; Pfeifer 189). Words with a w fluctuating between consonant and vowel are not very rare in Lithuanian dialects, e.g. brasta //brastva, ląsta //lgstva. It seems that borrowed forms were also adapted to such forms, cf. liėkarstva // liekarsta, morkva [| morka (Zinkevičius LD 199). The word appeared in Lithuanian written language in the 19th century (bikšios —S.Dauk; A 1885,340; biksvés —J 1207; JD 181). The name is common in western Lithuanian dialects (LK71313, Latvian bikses "pants" is used not only in dialects, but also in common language. It is the main name of Latvian trousers (Sehwers 11, 234; ME I 925; Karulis I 126; LLVV II 89). Interesting fact that this word has spread to most of Central and Northern Europe 814). 171 countries: plg. left. dial. buksy, est. sweatpants, swedish. byzor, norv. bukser, is| buzur, dan. Trousers. Everywhere it means pants. būksos, būksvos, būksvės "pants, underpants", plg. vok. Buze "t.p. " The origin of this word is not entirely clear. It is believed į that the Lithuanian language iš was influenced by the Polish language, plg. left. buksy "t.p. " (Carcases 48). But rather it is, like bikšės, a Germanism, especially ir considering that it was used Mažojoje in Lithuania and found in many of her writing monuments from XVIII pr. a (Urbutis B XXVII(1) 6—7; Q 278; B; Kabelka 64; R 210; MZ 280; Į 63). XIX a. II on the side this title Mažojoje In Lithuania was still known " Men wore weaving undergarments in the summer... in the winter they were made of mil" (Capella) 346). Now it is much rarer than the bitches, occurring in the area between Raseinių, Jurbarko ir Veliuonos (JD) 1375; LKŽ I 1144). Da see. Bitch. riders, riders "antique trousers; rider's pants" plg. , vok. King of Those "riding trousers" (LKZ XI 86). German language, plg. riding "yoti" + Hose "trousers." Occurs XIX—XX a. press, used in some parts of Suwalki (Tat; J II 72; KŽ 2052). | otter 'underpants', cf. vok. Underpants t.p.”. German origin; žodis, plg. under "for" + Hose "trousers." It is possible that the į Lithuanian language entered through the dialect of the Kurianians, plg. a craftsman. underitzes "t.p. " (Pietsch r 78). The West Indies (in Hindi) 123). Latvizmai | | Bitches "trousers." The word has šį already been discussed, it is Germanism. However, it is used in several ir north-eastern Places in Lithuania — Biržų bei In the hillsides p. of Rokiškis (LKŽ I 813). Here he had to enter the iš Latvian language, plg. lat. pants: "trousers." | kleitos "trousers", cf. lat. dress "dress." In this sense the word aptik: that only In Joniškis (LKŽ VI 36). In other words, the Latvian ir word kleita means dress in Lithuanian. Į Latvian name came from the German iš language (Sehwert 50, 233; EH I 613; LLVV IV 25%), He is of Germanic origin. angl cloth’ "clothing", in Dutch. carpet "t.p. ". Continues to try to link su s. ang). clidar "attach" (Kluge 375; Pfeifer 666; Klein 302). A separate subgroup is made up of borrowed words, which are closely related to the so-called international words. ns Most of these words are į words of Russian bosses who have iš recently come to Jietuvi language. But in some cases, the source may be another jų language. jeans "trousers, ir made of denim material". iš Į the Lithuanian language iš could have been influenced by Russian or English, cf. English. Jeans, Russian. dxcuncm "t.p. * (Pričinauskaitė 41). The English name of the garment came from the name of the material, plg. English. jean "very durable cotton fabric". The last word is borrowed from French, iš plg. Genes "Genoa, a city in Italy?" (Small 827). 172 The name is used throughout Lithuania. Come recently, along with reality. Kalisonai, kalsėnai "long underpants", cf. rus. xarsconu, plk. Lalesony, Calegon, ESP. calzones “t.p. In the Russian language the word came in the early XIX century from the French language (possible object, through the Polish language) (Fasmer II 171; Shansky II 33). French borrowed it from Italian, pg. it. calzoni "trousers", which is related to it. su stocking "sock". This is the Latin iš for "plum". lot. calceus "batas" (Dauzat 129; Buck 425). The name is commonly used in the Lithuanian language. pantalonai "underpants, trousers", cf. rus. naumaznonwu, fr. pantalons, it. pantaloni, esp. pantalones, angl. pantaloons "t.p.: etc. The name comes from the French word pantalon, meaning "jokemaker". This came from the Italian language, cf. it. pantalone "t.p. ", which in turn derives from a traditional Italian farce character named Pantaleone, who wore narrow trousers (Klein 1121; Oxford 647; Buck 425; Fasmer III 198—9). The name appeared in Lithuanian in the first half of the 20th century (TrpZ! 728). It is now slightly retreating from usage. pyjama "in India — wide light fabric trousers”, cf. rus. nuxcama, polk. pyjama, angl. pyjamas, vok. Pajama ”t.p.”. The word entered European languages through po English from Hindi paejūma or Urdu pa-jama "t.p." (Klein 1112; Pfeifer 1063; Fasmer III The 259). loanword came into Lithuanian language, apparently, in the first half of the 20th century (TrpZ! 770). It is used in common language, but the much more common meaning of this word is "room and bedroom light clothing consisting of blouse and trousers". This meaning is also found in all the above-mentioned languages (LKŽ X 47; DŽ 568). šortai "short trousers worn in summer- ", cf. angl. shorts, rus. uwopmw "etc. ". English name derived from the adjective short "short" (Webster 1073). Like jeans, a recent loanword, quite widely used in Lithuanian colloquial language (Pričinauskaitė 42; LKŽ XV 263). As we can see, there are quite a few names for this garment in Lithuanian — about 40 (not counting various phonetic variants and stylistically connoted words made from the word kėlnė). About half of them originated in the Lithuanian language. The most important is the unmarked leksema series. The Baltic languages do not have a common name for this clothing. In addition to the common Latvian word bikses, borrowed from German, the Germanism ūzas is quite common in the dialects, cf. Baltic War. hosen, swedish. huso (ME IV 410—1; Rekena 441; Karulis II 460). In the Prussian script, there are two names for this garment: Germanism broakai "certain thigh trousers*, cf. mid-german. brok "t.p. " (Mažiulis I 158; Toporov I 253) and the word lagno "pants" of unclear origin, which V. Mažiulis tries to relate to the Prussian noun *laknas "strongly moving, flying" (PKP II 279; Toporov IV 416—8). Other names of Lithuanian origin have semantic or stylistic connotations. 8 words mean underpants, 2—special baby panties, 5 describes the appearance of this garment. Even 15 173 names have a certain derogatory connotation. It should be noted that all the mentioned names usually have a clearly defined meaning. In the written language, except for kėlnės (and variants kėlenės, kelinai) (17th century) and statinės (18th century), names of Lithuanian origin have been recorded only in the 20th century. There are 20 names of trousers from other languages. Comparatively, they could be divided into two larger groups: earlier borrowed and recently entered into the Lithuanian language words. The words belonging to the first group are usually very rare, occurring only in individual speeches or writings. Their meaning is not so clearly defined, the same lexicon can sometimes denote several clothes or the same kind of clothing, e.g. kleitos "pants", kleita "dress"; condition "pants", "underpants". Therefore, they are divided only according to the language from which they are borrowed. The most Slavisms were found — 9 (5 polonisms, 2 rusicisms, 2 indefinite Slavisms- ). There are also 4 Germanisms and 2 Latvianisms. Not all of them have entered the common language and are gradually withdrawing from use, although some of them have been recorded in Lithuanian written language quite a long time ago: gačios, gatkos — 16th century, pliūdrės, būksos — 17th century. The second group of borrowings would consist of names close to international words. There are 5 of them, of which 3 are used in common language. Atlas 1986: Historical-ethnographic atlas of the Baltic States. - The rain. Riga. Hirt H. 1905: The Indo-Europeans. Their distribution, their homeland and their culture. Strasbourg. Bd. 1. Niderle L. 1956: Slavyanskie drevnosti. Moscow. Schrader O. 1917: Reallezikon der indogermanischen Altertumswissenschaft. 2nd ed., ed. by. A.Nehring. Berlin, Leipzig. Bd. 1. | | Sokolovskaya A. 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