Lietuvių kalbos kelnių pavadinimai

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVI (1996) LIETUVIŲ KALBA: TYRĖJAI IR TYRIMAI Danutė SABALIAUSKAITĖ LITHUANIAN WORDS FOR TROUSERS Trousers are “a garment worn on the waist and legs.” There is no common Indo-European name for this item. The garment itself became widespread somewhat later than the belt, hat, cloak, skirt, or apron (Hirt 1905: 364—5; Schrader 1917: 513). Incidentally, trousers also originated from the apron (Schrader 1917: 592). As throughout Eastern Europe, they have been worn in Lithuania since ancient times. This is also confirmed by archaeological finds from the 9th–12th centuries (Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė 1970: 130; Atlas 1986:107). Since trousers were one of the main parts of men’s clothing, Lithuanian has quite a number of names for them. By origin, these are divided into words of Lithuanian origin and borrowings. Names of Lithuanian origin The most common name for this garment in Lithuanian is the unmarked lexeme kelnės, kėlnės: kėlis (Fraenkel 236—7; Skardžius ŽD 262). It is found only in Lithuanian. The older form is kėlinės. Gradually, kėlnės also began to be used alongside it (Būga II 341; Zinkevičius II 241). Incidentally, this is not an unusual phenomenon: some other words were shortened too, e.g. vėlnìas: vėlìnos, paskui: pasakui, štai: šitai, etc. (Zinkevičius II 165). Both of these name variants were first recorded in the early 17th century: kėlnės in the first edition of K. Sirvydas’s dictionary (incidentally, it also contains the word kėlinė, meaning stocking, legging) and in a 17th-century manuscript from the former Königsberg archive, while kėlnės appears in S. B. Chilinskis’s Bible translation and D. Klein’s grammar (SD(1)13,32,184, kėlnė 98; Lex 51; KIGŪ 70; Ch2Moz28,24). Both forms occur in many 18th–19th-century dictionaries (R 58, 268, MŽ 114, 280, 358; K I 195; II 129). The word kėlnės is widespread throughout Lithuania and is the principal name for this garment (DūnŽ 128; DrŽ 146; LKŽ V 527—8; DŽ 296). Kėlnės is more common only in the Lazūnai dialect, located in the territory of Belarus (LzŽ 114). This form is no longer used in the standard language. More variants of this word also occur in dialects and 19th–20th-century written sources: keilìnios, kėlenės, kėlnės, kėlnįs, kėlnìos (LKŽ V 489, 507, 518, 519, 529). The form kėlniai is already recorded in the 17th century (C I 977). Some Latvian dialects in the borderlands of Lithuania borrowed this name from Lithuanian; cf. Latvian dialectal kēlnas “same meaning” (ME II 362—3; Brencė 232). In Latvian, however, this word has a humorous connotation (Šaudina 16). In the vicinity of Eržvilkas, the name palaždinės occurs (Erž 114). However 167 this meaning of the word is clearly secondary; cf. palaidinė “men’s upper shirt; loose women’s blouse.” Other names of Lithuanian origin, unlike kėlnių, are marked. They can be divided into certain subgroups according to the purpose or quality of the garment, or the material from which it is made. A separate subgroup comprises names for underwear and bathing pants: apatinės, apatiniai, apatininkės, apatinukės: apatinis, -ė. Apatinės and apatinukės are words of the standard language; the other forms are used more often in dialects (DūnŽ 28; LKŽ I 185; DŽ 19). baltinėlės “white underpants”: báltas. Occurs around Kupiškis (LKŽ I 615). glaūdės, glaudinės “short swimming or sports briefs”: glausti, glaudūs. The word is mentioned in the 1937 journal “Gimtoji kalba” (GK 1937, 138; LKŽ III 397–8). Glaūdės is recommended for use in the standard language (DŽ 177; Pricinauskaitė 42). kelnaitės, kelnėlės “short underpants or bathing pants.” Kelnaitės is a standard-language word (DŽ 296). Kelnėlės is used in the territory of Belarus, around Breslauja (LKŽ V 597). kričios, krytės “short swimming or sports briefs”; also cf. the more common meanings: krytė “crotch of trousers; buttoned rear flap of children’s trousers.” It was probably derived from kristi (“to fall”), cf.: Your crotch has sagged and is dragging on the ground (Barstyčiai). Used with the meaning “trousers,” kritės occurs in the vicinity of Skuodas and in the writings of J. Jablonskis (LKŽ VI 637). Kričios occurs in 20th-century dictionaries (J II 245; LKŽ VI 537). Verbs derived from this noun are more common: kričioti “to tuck the edges of one garment into another; to walk with one’s rear sticking out” and kričiuoti “same meaning” (Skaržius ŽD 516; LKŽ VI 573). pamaūtės, pamautinės “men’s underwear”: pa(si)máuti. Found in the Utena dialect (LKŽ IX 287). sterblės “usually, underpants”: sterblės “flounces of old-fashioned women’s shirts.” Used with the meaning “trousers” only around Telšiai (LKŽ XIII 752). trumpikės “short underpants”: trumpas. A standard-language word (DŽ 866; Pricinauskaitė 42). Almost all the aforementioned names for underpants are attested only from the 20th century. This probably does not reflect the actual situation. Some of these names may have originated earlier. However, both names for underpants and names for underwear in general are rarely found in written sources—attention is directed to “more important” items of clothing. This is true not only of Lithuanian but also, for example, of Polish (Borejszo 24). Moreover, according to historians, underwear in general began to be worn in Europe relatively late, probably only in the 13th century (Borejszo 23). Special baby pants also have their own names: mautinukai “children’s pants with feet”: máuti (LKŽ VII 952). šliaužtinukai “same”: šliaužti (LKŽ XIV 1063). These are neologisms, since the thing itself appeared recently. Both words are used in the standard language (DŽ 388; Pricinauskaitė 42). 168 As already mentioned, the names for pants depended not only on their purpose, but also on other things, for example, their color or shape—in other words, their appearance: dryžinės “striped pants”: dryžas. Used around Kudirkos Naumiestis (KudN 256). kérskelnės “striped, speckled pants”: kéršos + kél̇nės. Found in the vicinity of Skuodas (LKŽ V 625). pláčkel­nės, plačiakelnės “a certain kind of wide pants”: pláčios + kél̇nės. A standard-language word, recorded in some 20th-century dictionaries (BŽ 616; LKŽ X 48,50; DŽ 569). pùskelnės “short pants reaching to the knees”: pùse + kél̇nės. Found in some 20th-century dictionaries (NdŽ III 47; LKŽ X 1037). A standard-language word. statinės “long, stiff pants”: statùs, statýti. Recorded in several 18th–20th-century dictionaries (B; N 498; NdŽ IV 91; LKŽ XIII 680). All the names for pants discussed so far are stylistically neutral. Stylistically connotative words related to the quality of this garment stand apart. They mean poor-quality, worn-out, tattered pants: kėlinpalaikės, keilinpalai̇kės, kel̇nàpalai̇kės, kelniapalai̇kės, kél̇npalai̇kės: kél̇nės, keilinios + palai̇kis (LKŽ V 489, 519, 527, 528, 529). keleñzdros, kel̇ñčios, kel̇kšnės, kel̇nùnos, kél̇niščios, kel̇niūkštės, kel̇šės, kel̇žnos: kél̇nės (LKŽ V 507, 518, 522, 529, 530, 553). Used more widely in southern Lithuania, but also found elsewhere. tapūžos “poor-quality socks or pants.” It is probably related to other words with the same root, cf. tapūžinėti, tapūžinti, tapūžioti “to walk with difficulty and clumsily,” tapūža, tapūžis “a feeble-minded person, a loser.” From the example available, recorded in Gargždai, it is difficult to tell which garment is specifically meant—socks or pants; cf.: You can now trudge off to the wooden clogs, wearing your patched-up tapūžos (LKŽ XV 839). terletýnės “usually, underpants”: terlióti. It occurs around Plungė (LKŽ XVI 74). It should be noted that all the aforementioned names of Lithuanian origin, except kél̇nės (and its variants), krìtės, and statinės, began to be used in written language only in the twentieth century. It would be difficult to divide loanwords into separate semantic subgroups, since the same word often has several meanings (e.g., bùksvos “trousers; underpants” and so on); therefore, there would be no point in splitting a word of this type into several subgroups. Loanwords are classified only according to the language from which they came. Polonisms dībkos “trousers,” cf. Polish dybki “leg coverings, leg wraps” (LKŽ II 472). It is used in several places around Vilkaviškis and Šakiai. gàcios, gačės, gócės, góčės, góčios, górčios “underpants,” cf. Polish gacie “same” (Skardžius 76). This name is widespread in many Slavic languages, 169 cf. Old Czech hace “trousers, underpants,” Russian гачи “trousers; thighs, hips,” Ukrainian гачи “trousers,” Serbo-Croatian гаће “trousers,” and so on. This is a word of Slavic origin, one of the few names for items of clothing that came from the Proto-Slavic period (Schrader 1917: 603; Niderle 1956: 228; Sokolovskaja 1974: 166). Its antiquity is also indicated by its having been borrowed from the Slavs by the Finno-Ugric languages; cf. Finnish kaatio “hip; thigh; trouser leg,” Estonian kaats, kaatsas “ox hip; wide trousers,” Hungarian gatya “underpants.” The origin of Proto-Slavic *gatь is not entirely clear. Perhaps the most convincing hypothesis is to derive *gatь from the Indo-European root *g̑ʰā-, meaning “to go, to march” (Brückner 131; Sławski 246; Fasmer I 397—8; Trubačev VI 106—8). This word must have entered Lithuanian early; it is already attested in the fifteenth century (BB2Moz28,42). Later it is mentioned in some nineteenth- and twentieth-century dictionaries (N 259; [K] 129; J II 72; LKŽ III 472,484). In spoken language it is used in the Telšiai and Varniai dialects. gãtkos, gačkos, gotkos “underpants,” cf. Polish gatki “same” (Skardžius 76). It is attested in Lithuanian written language in the sixteenth century (BB3Moz 16,4). It is used in approximately the same area as gačios, but is much less common (LKŽ III 7, 156, 487). See also gačios. gaižės “same.” A word of uncertain origin, perhaps related to gačiomis and gãtkomis. It is found only in F. Kurschat’s dictionary, and even there its authenticity is questioned ([K] 111; LKŽ III 48). kalaišės “trousers; trouser legs”: kalašà “trouser leg,” cf. Polish kolosza “trouser leg.” In the sense “trousers,” it is used in several separate places in Lithuania (Kb, Krtv, Vdk; LKŽ V 103). Russianisms trūsikai “briefs,” cf. Russian трусики < трусы “trousers, shorts.” The Russian name was borrowed from English, cf. English trousers “trousers.” English trousers < trouse derives from Gaulish trubhas “trousers,” which in turn was probably borrowed from Old French trebus “ditto,” which came from Latin tubraci “ditto.” The origin of the latter is unclear; it may be of Germanic origin (Klein 1658; Partridge 740; Buck 426). This is a colloquial word and is not recommended for standard Lithuanian (DŽ 866). Latvians also borrowed it from Russian (Reķena 441). galifė “military-style trousers, narrow to the knees and widening upward from the knees,” cf. Russian галифе “ditto.” This name is widely used in Lithuanian (Dub 190; KudN 257; Dbč 165; Erž 147). It is generally understood as an international word of French origin, associated with the surname of French General G. A. Gallifet (1830—1909). It is therefore unsurprising that it has appeared in almost all dictionaries of international words published in Lithuania since 1936 (TrpŽ¹ 321). However, this is an interesting case in which the word arose not in French but in Russian after World War I (Fasmer I 338; Šanskij I(4) 16). Soon afterward it passed from Russian into some other Slavic languages, as well as into Lithuanian and Latvian, cf. Latvian galifē (LLVV III 48). 170 Indeterminate Slavisms (which may have entered from Belarusian, Polish, or Russian) pliūdres, pliūdros, pliūdros, pliūdrinės, bliūrės “very wide trousers,” cf. Polish pludry, Belarusian плудры “wide trousers” (Brückner FW 120; Fraenkel 626; LKŽ X 254). The name was first recorded in Polish in the 16th century and came from German, cf. German Pluderhose (Borejszo 169). It is a word of German origin, associated with the onomatopoeic verb plaudern “to chatter,” cf. its variant form blödern “to blather,” which may also have meant “to flutter” (Kluge 556). It first appeared in written Lithuanian in the 17th century (Lex 68). Later it is found in 18th–19th-century dictionaries, song collections, and newspapers (Q 391; K 321; JD 835; LC 1883,6). The name was apparently known in Lithuania Minor; it is used by Western Aukštaitian Kauniškiai speakers and occurs around Raseiniai, Kėdainiai, and Klaipėda (LKŽ I 929; X 254). šarovarai, šaravārai, šaravārai, šaravōrai “long, wide trousers,” cf. Polish szarawary, Russian шapoвapы “wide trousers,” Ukrainian шapoвapa “trousers.” Russian acquired the name from Turkish, cf. Turkish šalvar “trousers,” which in turn comes from Persian, cf. Persian šalvār “ditto,” formed from Persian šāl “thigh.” The word entered Polish in the 16th century via Hungarian, cf. Hungarian salavári “trousers” (Fasmer IV 410; Borejszo 181). In Lithuanian, this word was first recorded in the early 19th century (D. Pošk). It may have appeared somewhat earlier, since it is found in song collections from the 19th and early 20th centuries (LB 345; JD 410, 930, 959; BsO 402). Incidentally, it is possible that the forms šaravārai, šaravārai and šaravōrai recorded in those collections at that time came from Polish, cf. Polish szarawary. They are no longer used today (LKŽ XIV 514, 515). The form šarovārai appeared only in the 20th century and may perhaps be connected with Russian шapoвapы (LKŽ XIV 525). Names of German origin bikšės, bikšvės, bikšvos, bikšios, bikšvės “trousers,” cf. East Prussian German bekse, Low German büze “idem” (Alminauskis 31). A word of German origin; cf. German Buze “idem,” derived from *buck-hose “goatskin trousers”; cf. also English buckskin “deerskin trousers” (Kluge 115; Pfeifer 189). Words with a fluctuating v between a consonant and a vowel are not a very rare phenomenon in Lithuanian dialects; cf. brastà // brastvà, ląstà // ląstvà. Borrowings were apparently also adapted to such forms; cf. liekarstva // liekarsta, morkvà // morkà (Zinkevičius LD 199). Lietuvių raštų kalboje žodis pasirodė XIX a. (bikšios — S.Dauk; A 1885,340; bikšvės — J I 207; JD 181). Pavadinimas paplitęs vakarinėse Lietuvos tarmėse (LKŽ I 813, 814). The Latvian word bikses “trousers” is used not only in dialects but also in the standard language. It is the main Latvian word for trousers (Sehwers 11, 234; ME I 926; Karulis I 126; LLVV II 89). An interesting fact is that this word spread throughout many countries of Central and Northern Europe 171 countries: cf. Polish dialectal buksy, Estonian pūksid, Swedish byxor, Norwegian bukser, Icelandic buxur, Danish bukser. In all cases it means trousers. büksos, büksvos, büksvės “trousers, underpants”; cf. German Buxe “idem.” The origin of this word is not entirely clear. It was thought to have entered Lithuanian from Polish; cf. Polish buksy “idem” (Skardžius 48). However, it is probably, like bikšės, a Germanism, especially considering that it was used in Lithuania Minor and occurs in many of its written monuments from the beginning of the 18th century (Urbutis B XXVII(1) 6–7; Q 278; B; Kabelka 64; R 210; MŽ 280; B 63). In the second half of the 19th century this term was still known in Lithuania Minor: “In summer the men wore woven trousers... In winter these were büksvos made of fulled wool” (Kapeleris 346). Today it is much less common than bikšės, occurring in an area between Raseiniai, Jurbarkas, and Veliuona (JD 1375; LKŽ I 1144). See also bikšės. raitūžės, raitūžės “old-fashioned trousers; riding breeches”; cf. German Reithose “riding trousers” (LKŽ XI 86). A word of German origin; cf. reiten “to ride” + Hose “trousers.” It occurs in 19th–20th-century publications and is used in some parts of Suvalkija (Tat; J II 72; KŽ 2052). ùndružės “underpants”; cf. German Unterhose “idem.” A word of German origin; cf. unter “under” + Hose “trousers.” It may have entered Lithuanian via the Kursenieki dialect; cf. Kursenieki underūžes “idem” (Pietsch 76–78). Used by Western Samogitians (Vaičiulytė 123). Latvianisms bikšės “trousers.” This word has already been discussed; it is a Germanism. However, it is also used in several places in northeastern Lithuania—in the environs of Biržai and Rokiškis (LKŽ I 813). It must have entered here from Latvian; cf. Latv. bikses “trousers.” kleitos “trousers,” cf. Latv. kleita “dress.” The word is found with this meaning only in Joniškis (LKŽ VI 36). In Latvian, however, the Latvianism kleitã also means “dress” in Lithuanian. The name entered Latvian from German (Sehwers 50, 233; EH I 613; LLVV IV 258). It is of Germanic origin; cf. English cloth “garment,” Dutch kleed “the same.” It has also been tentatively connected with Old English clōðan “to fasten” (Kluge 375; Pfeifer 666; Klein 302). Names similar to international words A separate subgroup consists of borrowings close to so-called international words. Most often, these are words that have recently entered Lithuanian from Russian. In certain cases, however, they may come from other languages. džinsai “trousers made of denim.” It may have entered Lithuanian from Russian or English; cf. English jeans, Russian джинсы “the same” (Pričinauskaitė 41). The English name for the garment derives from the name of the fabric; cf. English jean “a very strong cotton fabric.” The latter word was borrowed from Old French; cf. Genes “Genoa, an Italian city” (Klein 827). 172 The name is used throughout Lithuania. It arrived recently, along with the object itself. kališonai, kalsõnai “long underwear,” cf. Russian кальсоны, Polish kalesony, French caleçon, Spanish calzones “the same.” The word entered Russian at the beginning of the 19th century from French (possibly via Polish) (Fasmer II 171; Šanskij II 33). French borrowed it from Italian; cf. Italian calzoni “trousers,” which is related to Italian calza “stocking.” The latter comes from Latin; cf. Latin calceus “shoe” (Dauzat 129; Buck 425). The name occurs in colloquial Lithuanian. pantalonai “underwear, trousers,” cf. Russian панталоны, French pantalons, Italian pantaloni, Spanish pantalones, English pantaloons “the same,” and so on. The name arose in French from French pantalon “clown, buffoon.” This came from Italian; cf. Italian pantalone “the same,” which in turn derived from the traditional Italian farce character named Pantaleone, who wore tight trousers (Klein 1121; Oxford 647; Buck 425; Fasmer III 198–9). The name appeared in Lithuanian around the first half of the 20th century (TrpŽ¹ 728). It is now gradually falling out of use. pižama “in India, loose trousers made of lightweight fabric,” cf. Russian пижама, Polish piżama, English pyjamas, German Pyjama “the same.” The word entered European languages via English from Hindi pāejama or Urdu pā-jāma “the same” (Klein 1112; Pfeifer 1063; Fasmer III 259). The borrowing probably entered Lithuanian in the first half of the 20th century (TrpŽ¹ 770). It is used in the standard language, but the much more common meaning of this word is “a light indoor and sleeping garment consisting of a top and trousers.” This meaning occurs in all the languages mentioned above as well (LKŽ X 47; DŽ 568). šortai “short trousers worn in summer,” cf. English shorts, Russian шорты “the same.” The English name derives from the adjective short “short” (Webster 1073). Like džinsai, it is a recent borrowing, fairly widely used in colloquial Lithuanian (Prūcinauskaitė 42; LKŽ XV 263). As we can see, Lithuanian has quite a large number of names for this garment—about 40 (not counting various phonetic variants or stylistically connoted words derived from the word kelnės). About half of them arose within the Lithuanian language. The most important is the unmarked lexeme kelnės. The Baltic languages have no common name for this garment. Besides the word bikses, used in standard Latvian and borrowed from German, the Germanism ūzas is fairly common in dialects; cf. Baltic German hosen, Swedish huso (ME IV 410–1; Reķena 441; Karulis II 460). Two names for this garment are found in Old Prussian written sources: the Germanism broakai “a certain kind of breeches,” cf. Middle Low German brōk “the same” (Mažiulis I 158; Toporov I 253), and the word lagno “trousers,” of uncertain origin, which V. Mažiulis attempts to connect with the Prussian noun *laknas “moving vigorously, rushing” (PKP II 279; Toporov IV 416–8). Other names of Lithuanian origin are semantically or stylistically connoted. Eight words mean underpants, 2—special baby panties, 5 173 describe the appearance of this garment. As many as 15 names have a certain derogatory connotation. It should be noted that all the names mentioned usually have a clearly defined meaning. In written language, apart from kelnės (and the variants kelenės, kelinai) (17th century) and statinės (18th century), names of Lithuanian origin were recorded only in the 20th century. Of these, 9 are used in the standard language. Twenty names for trousers from other languages were found. They may provisionally be divided into two larger groups: earlier borrowings and words that entered Lithuanian more recently. Words belonging to the first group are usually very rare, occurring only in individual dialects or written sources. Their meaning is no longer so clearly defined; the same lexeme can sometimes denote several garments or types of the same garment, cf. kleitos “trousers,” kleitā “dress”; būksvos “trousers,” “underpants.” They are therefore classified solely according to the language from which they were borrowed. The largest number found were Slavicisms—9 (5 Polonisms, 2 Russicisms, 2 indeterminate Slavicisms). Four Germanisms and 2 Latvianisms were also identified. None of these entered the standard language, and they are gradually falling out of use, although some have been recorded in Lithuanian written sources for quite a long time: gačios, gātkos—16th century, pliūdrės, būksos—17th century. The second group of borrowings would comprise names resembling international words. There are 5, of which 3 are used in the standard language. LITERATŪRA Atlas 1986: Istoriko-etnografičeskij atlas Pribaltiki. Odežda. Riga. Hirt H. 1905: Die Indogermanen. Ihre Verbreitung, ihre Urheimat und ihre Kultur. Strassburg. Bd. 1. Niderle L. 1956: Slavjanskie drevnosti. Moskva. Schrader O. 1917: Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde. 2. Aufl., hrsg. von. A.Nehring. Berlin, Leipzig. Bd. 1. Sokolovskaja A. S. 1974: Lingvogeografija i etimologija nekotorych nazvanij odeždy i obuvi. — Problemy kartografirovanija v jazykoznanii i etnografii. Leningrad. Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė R. 1970: Drabužiai. — Lietuviai IX—XII amžiais. Vilnius. LITERATŪROS SANTRUMPOS A — Aušra. Laikraštis išleidžiamas Lietuvos milėtoju. Tilžėje 1883—1886. Alminauskis — Alminauskis K. Die Germanismen des Litauischen. Teil 1: Die deutschen Lehnwörter im Litauischen. K.[,]1934]. B — Brodowskij J. Lexicon Germanico-Lithvanicum et Lithvanico-Germanicum (Rankraštinis vokiečių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas, du tomai, apie 1740 m.). BB — Biblia tatai esti wissas Schwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Janną Bretkuną Lietuvos Plebong Karaliaucziuje (1590 m. rankraštis). Borejszo — Borejszo M. Nazwy ubiorów w języku polskim do roku 1600. Poznań, 1990. Brencė — Brencė M. Latvių kalbos leksikos lituanizmai. Vilniaus universiteto diplominis darbas. Vad. V.Urbutis. V., 1962. Brückner — Brückner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków, 1927. 174 Brückner F. W. — Brückner A. Litu-slawische Studien. I Teil: Die slawischen Fremdwörter im Litauischen. Weimar, 1877. BsO — Ožkabalų dainos. Surinko J. B a s a n a v i č i u s. Shenandoach, Pa. 1902 m. T. 1–2 (Skaitmenys rodo dainos numerius). Buck — B u c k C. D. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. Chicago, 1949. Būga — B ū g a K. Rinktiniai raštai. V., 1958–1961. T. 1–3. BŽ — B a r o n a s J. Rusų lietuvių žodynas. Antras naujai parašytas kirčiuotas leidimas. Kaunas, 1933. C — Clavis Germanico-Lithuana (Buv. Karaliaučiaus archyvo dviejų tomų rankraštis, parašytas tarp 1673–1701). Ch — C h i l i n s k i S. B. Bible su didžiu dabojimu perguldita Lietuvos žmonėms ant išganittingos naudos. London, 1660. S.Dauk — Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864), jo raštai. Dauzat — D a u z a t A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française. Paris, 1954. Dbč — Dubičiai. V., 1989. DrŽ — N a k t i n i e n ė G.; P a u l a u s k i e n ė A., V i t k a u s k a s V. Druskininkų tarmės žodynas. V., 1976. Dub — Dubingiai. V., 1971. DūnŽ — V i t k a u s k a s V. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas. V., 1976. DŽ — Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V., 1972. EH — E n d z e l ī n s J., H a u z e n b e r g a E. Papildinājumi un labojumi K. Mūlenbacha Latviešu valodas vārdnīcai. Riga, 1934–1946. S. 1–2. Erž — Eržvilkas. V., 1970. Fasmer — F a s m e r M. Etimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka. M., 1964–1973. T. 1–4. Fraenkel — F r a e n k e l E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg-Göttingen, 1955–1965. GK — Gimtoji Kalba. Bendrinės kalbos laikraštis. Kaunas, 1933–1941. J — Литовский словарь А. Юшкевича с толкованием слов на русском и польском языках. Санкт Петербург, 1897–1922. Т. 1–3. JD — Lietuviškos dainos užrašytos par A n t á n ą J u š k é v i č ę. Kazanė, 1880–1882. T.1–2 (Skaitmenys rodo dainos numerius). K — K u r s c h a t F. Littauisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Halle, 1883. ([] dedama prie žodžių, kurių tikrumu Kuršaitis abejoja). Deutsch-littauisches Wörterbuch. Halle, Bd. 1, 1870. Bd. 2, 1874. Kabelka — K a b e l k a J. Kristijono Donelaičio raštų leksika. V., 1964. Kapeleris — K a p e l e r i s K. Kaip senieji lietuvininkai gyveno. — Lietuvininkai. V., 1970. Karulis — K a r u l i s K. Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca. Riga, 1992. T. 1–2. Klein — K l e i n E. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Amsterdam, London, New York, 1966–1967. Vol. 1–2. KlGr — Pirmoji lietuvių kalbos gramatika. 1653 metai. V., 1957. Kluge — K l u g e F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Berlin, 1957. KudN — Kudirkos Naumiestis. V., 1990. KŽ — K u r š a i t i s A. Lietuviškai-vokiškas žodynas... Göttingen, 1968–1973. T. 1–4. LB — Litauische Volkslieder und Märchen aus dem preussischen und dem russichen Litauen, gesammelt von A. L e s k i e n und K. B r u g m a n n. Strassburg, 1882. LC — Lietuviszka Ceitunga, iszeinanti kas utarninką. Klaipėda, 1877–1889. Lex — Lexicon Lithuanicum, parengė V.Drotvinas. V., 1987 (Rankraštinis XVII a. vokiečių-lietuvių kalbų žodynas). LKŽ — Lietuvių kalbos žodynas. V., 1956–1991. T.1–15. 175 LLVV — Latviešu literārās valodas vārdnīca. Rīga, 1972—1989. S. 1—7. LzŽ — P e t r a u s k a s J., V i d u g i r i s A. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas. V., 1985 Mažiulis — M a ž i u l i s V. Prūsų kalbos etimologinis žodynas. V., 1988—1993. T.1—2. ME — K. M ū l e n b a c h a Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, redigējis, papildinājis turpinājis J. E n d z e l ī n s. Rīga, 1923—1932. S.1—4. MŽ — M i e l c k e Ch. G. Littauisch-deutsches und deutsch-littauisches Wörterbuch. Königsberg, 1800. N — N e s s e l m a n n G. H. F. Wörterbuch der Litauischen Sprache. Königsberg, 1851. NdŽ — N i e d e r m a n n M., S e n n A., B r e n d e r F., S a l y s A. Lietuvių tašomosios kalbos žodynas. Lietuviškai-vokiška dalis. Heidelberg, 1932—1968. T.1—5. Oxford — The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Edited by C. T. Onions. Oxford, 1985. Partridge — P a r t r i d g e E. Origins. A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York, 1983. Pfeifer — Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen... durchgesehen und ergänzt von Wolfgang P f e i f e r. Berlin, 1993. Bd.1—2. Pietsch — P i e t s c h R. Fischerleben auf der Kurischen Nehrung. Berlin, 1982. PKP — M a ž i u l i s V. Prūsų kalbos paminklai. V., 1981. T.2. D.Pošk — Dionizas Poška (1745—1830). Lenkiškai-lietuviškas žodynas (Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos instituto rankrašt ynas) ir kiti jo raštai. Pričinauskaitė — P r i č i n a u s k a i t ė A. Drabužių ir jų detalių pavadinimai — Kalbos kultūra, 1977. T.32. P.41—44. Q — K r a u z ė s (vadinamasis) žodynas. (Buv. Karaliaučiaus archyvo rankraštinis vokiečių-lietuvių kalbų XVIII a. žodynas). R — R u h i g P. Littauisch-deutsches und deutsch-littauisches Lexicon. Königsberg, 1747. Reķena — R e ķ ē n a A. Amatniecības leksika dažas Latgales dienvidu izloksnēs un tās sakari ar atbilstošajiem nosaukumiem slāvu valodās. Rīga, 1975. SD(1) — K. Sirvydo žodyno pirmasis leidimas (apie 1620m.). Sehwers — S e h w e r s J. Sprachlich-kulturhistorische Untersuchungen vornehmlich über den deutschen Einfluss im Lettischen. Berlin, 1953. Skardžius — S k a r d ž i u s P. Die slawischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen. — Tauta ir žodis, 1931. T.7. Skardžius ŽD — S k a r d ž i u s P. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. V., 1943. Slawski — S ł a w s k i F. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków, 1952—1985. T.1—5. Šanskij — Š a n s k i j N. M. Ètimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka. M., 1963—1982. T.1—2 (tom 2 pod red. N. M. Š a n s k o g o). Šaudina — Š a u d i ņ a V. Lituānismi dažās Lietuvas pierobežas sēliskajās izloksnēs (Aknīste, Gārsene, Laši, Prode). Disertācijas kopsavilkums filoloģijas doktora grāda iegūšanai. Rīga, 1994. Tat — T a t a r ē A. (1805—1889), jo raštai. Toporov — T o p o r o v V. N. Prusskij jazyk. Slovar’. M., 1975—1990. T.1—5. TrpŽ — Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Red. J. Ž i u g ž d a. Klaipėda, 1936. Trubačev — Ètimologičeskij slovar’ slavjanskich jazykov. Pod red. O. N. T r u b a č e v a. M., 1974—1993. V.1—19. Urbutis B XXVII(1) — U r b u t i s V. Senosios lietuvių kalbos slavizmai. — Baltistica, 1992. T.27(1). P.4—15. Vaičiulytė — V a i č i u l y t ė O. Klaipėdos šnektos žodynas (valstiečių buitiškoji leksika). Vilniaus valstybinio universiteto diplominis darbas. Vad. V. Vitkauskas. V., 1977. Webster — Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts, 1977. Zinkevičius — Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Lietuvių kalbos istorija. V., 1984—1992. T.1—5. 176 Zinkevičius LD — Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Lietuvių dialektologija. V., 1966. KITOS SANTRUMPOS angl. — anglų brus. — baltarusių ček. — čekų dan. — danų dial. — tarminis est. — estų ide. — indoeuropiečių isl. — islandų isp. — ispanų it. — italų kuršinink. — kuršininkų lat. — latvių lenk. — lenkų lot. — lotynų norv. — norvegų oland. — olandų pers. — persų plg. — palygink pranc. — prancūzų rus. — rusų s. — senoji serb-chorv. — serbų-chorvatų suom. — suomių šved. — švedų t.p. — taip pat turk. — turkų ukr. — ukrainiečių vengr. — vengrų vok. — vokiečių žem. — žemaičių Kb — Kabeliai, Varėnos r. Krtv — Kurtuvėnai, Šiaulių r. Vdk — Viduklė, Raseinių r. NAMES OF TROUSERS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Summary This article deals with the lexical- semantical subgroup of the names of trousers. About 30 of them might be found in Lithuanian (phonetical variants are even more abundant). Some of them are neutral both stylistically and semantically, others, on the contrary, describe the quality or the purpose of the object. There is no common Indo-European name for the said object. Therefore there are many borrowings in Lithuanian (about 50 per cent). By the way, the same situation is observed in other languages. The general name of this article of clothing is a neutral lexeme kėlnės ”trousers”. It is used all over Lithuania. It was first recorded in the written language at the beginning of the 17th century. The other names of Lithuanian origin may be subdivided according to the form (e.g., plačiakėlnės: plačios ”wide” + kėlnės ”trousers”), colour (dryžinės: dryžas ”striped”) or the purpose (šliaužtinukai: šliaužti ”crawl”). One more group might be singled out: it would contain stylistically marked words (kelnapalaitės: kėlnės ”trousers” + palaikis ”shabby”, terletýnės: terlioti ”to soil”). All the names of Lithuanian origin except kėlnės and statinės ”stiff trousers” ap- 177 peared in written Lithuanian only in the 20th century. Nearly half of them are use in Standard Lithuanian. The borrowings are subgrouped only according to the language they come from: 9 borrowings stem from Slavic (dibkos, gačios, gaižės, galūfė, gatkos, kalaišės, pliūdršarovārai, trūšikai), 4 from German (bikšės, būksos, raitūžės, ūndrūžės) and 2 from Lithuanian (bikšės, kleitos). Some of them adopted in Lithuanian rather long ago, but they are seldom used at present. They are known only in some Lithuanian dialects or found in some writings. These words are not used in Standard Lithuanian. The other group of borrowings consists of the so-called international words. There are 5 of them (džinsai, kalisōnai, pantalōnai, pižamà, šortai). They appeared in Lithuanian only in the 20th century, and it is difficult to say which language they came from. 3 of these words are in common use in Standard Lithuanian. 178