Spalvos sąvoka ir pavadinimai lietuvių kalboje

XXXVI (1996) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS AND STUDIES Irena ANDRIUKAITIENĖ THE CONCEPT OF COLOR AND THE NAME OF COLOR IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Colour is a complex phenomenon of the material world, which interests many branches of science. Physics investigates the energetic nature of colour, chemistry — the dependence of the colour of organic compounds on their structure, physiology — the ability of the visual organs to distinguish different wavelengths of light, biology — the effect of colour on animal and plant organisms, psychology — mental processes related to the perception of colours in the visible world, etc. (LTE 1983: 322, 326). Such broad scientific studies of colours help to find the connection between the material phenomena surrounding man and the psychophysiological processes taking place in man. Through this connection, the experience of the spiritual world is acquired, which is already realized in speech. Numerous linguistic studies of colour names in various aspects have shown that in many languages of the world: 1) the colour spectrum is not distributed equally; 2) inaccurately perceived and named colors; 3) there are different systems of color names and meanings; 4) there are certain patterns in the use of specific colour names. These observations are not contradicted by comparative linguistics data when comparing the lexicons denoting a particular color. There are many languages in the world that do not have words for color, but have words for darkness and texture, or darkness and light. In order to name a particular color, these languages choose one or another object of nature, for example, yellow is said to be the color of the sun, and so on. Some languages have words only for black and white or black, white and red. There are also languages that have dozens of names for the colour of cattle, but do not name the basic colours of the spectrum, etc. F. Šemiakinas, who has presented the general characteristics of colour and its shade, claims, based on data from various researchers, that the fact that one or another colour and its shade is not mentioned in the language does not mean that the people did not recognize or distinguish that colour (or shade). Simply, very often the color was spoken of through a specific object, the owner of that color, for example, the color of earth, nut, oil, moss, etc. In addition, in one or another language, the color itself is distinguished by nuances of color perception characteristic only to the speakers of that language or even by quite large differences in color perception (Semiakin 1960: 5—47). In the greatest compendium of Indo-European lexicon — T. In Gamkrelidze and Ivanov's study "Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans" there is no separate section for the analysis of color names. The authors mention the names of the colors only when talking about metals. In their observation, each metal is named after its characteristic color, for example, the name of gold in some languages — gold. Gold, vok. Gold, la. zęlts —associated with ide. roots 162 *Gel-* "yellow"; It's going. root *reudhrelated to su the name of red copper etc. (Gamkrelizė, Ivanov 1984: 710—714). Of course, it is sometimes difficult to say whether the name of a particular color could have arisen from the color characteristics of the metal, or vice versa — the characteristic of color was an essential characteristic in naming that body, that material. : The emergence of the concept of abstract color is usually associated by researchers "with the development of science and its needs and the technique of dye production and dyeing" (Malinauskienė 1983: 101). For example, Polish czerwony "red", Russian wspmsns "and so on: and some other Slavic words meaning red have the same root as Russian wepeéy "skydamar". For from certain insects of this species (the scavengers) the red dye — crimson — was obtained (Uspenskij 1967: 284—285). In contemporary Lithuanian language, the concept of colour is expressed by the word spalva (LKŽ XIII 315), which is a common derivative of the eastern Baltic languages, i.e. Lithuanian and Latvian. According to J. Pokorna, the origin of this word is probably in the ide. verb root *(s)p(h)el-, denoting the active action "to cut, tear, tear off, tear off", from which with wu derived the noun *sfarbe (Pokorny 1959: 985—986). Additional data on *(s)p(h)elsemantics has been provided by V. Urbutis, analysing la. Meanings and origin of the adjective spalgs. Next to the root * (s)p(h)el-"- to split", he presented the variant of the root * (s)p(h)el-g, meaning "to shine, to shine, to flash" (Urbutis 1981: 180—184). In Latvian, the word krāsa means "feather, animal hair". And it is this meaning of the word color, perhaps, is older. However, in Latvian the word colour is also used in certain cases with the meaning of "colour", when talking about the colour of birds, animals and beasts (Zinkevičius 1984: 337; Sabaliauskas 1990: 180; 1994: 269). Similar analogies, when a word means both a specific object and a color, are also found in Lithuanian and Latvian. This proves that the same word can be characterized by the coexistence of two different meanings. For example, the Latvian word plauka and the Lithuanian words plaukas (LKŽ X 91), ergs (LKŽ XIV 654), plg. : Kumel$ dark yellow hair ME III 324; Bear's hair horse, shiny white saddle LTR (Lnkv); What is the atyo bernel, what is the horse's hair (d.) Pin. The link between the word colour with the old meaning of "feather" and the newer meaning of "the tone of visible light" would be that for specific objects there are color characteristics (both feathers, hair and bristles are of different shades, tones — they can shine, shine, flake, sparkle, etc.). Semantic parallels in comparing the meaning of "color" can be found in various languages. As the etymological material shows, the semantic basis of "color" in some languages also consists of objects with color characteristics, e.g., flowers, paints, etc. 163 ir (See the 1983: 102—108 ir bibliography provided by Malinauskienė- ). Academic ” In the Lithuanian language dictionary" 3 the word color is recorded as: mės: 1) visible light tone; means of 2) expression (ppr. pl. prk. ); all 3) four iš card figures (LKŽ XIII 315). J. Laučiūtė "Slavic languages baltizm dictionary" presents V. Nemchenko, who studied Lithuanianism of Lithuanian Russian dialects:; recorded word color meaning "pencil paint". Ją has ir Lithuanian žę maite and eastern highland schnekts (Laučiūtė 1982: 90—91). This would be The fourth word of the current Lithuanian word colour. Although the word under analysis seems not to be recorded in the ancient Lithuanian writings, some onomastics data indicate that it was older in those times, cf. up. jį ir Spdlvé, Colour (Dubious des. inlet) (Vanagas 198] 311). The same root la. hydronim Colors J. Enzelynas compares su la color "feathers"? (Feder) and, on the basis of J. Good, su mentioned lie. eseor jiu Color (Endzelin 1980: 177). The original value could have been 'shiny shining, shimmering'. The antiquity of that root shows various Lithuanian local surnames: Color, Color ir etc. (LPZ 1989: 780—781). When the word color, now having considerable — derivatives, shade (LCH 431), colorless (LKŽ I 781), colorful, colorful, colorful (LK) XIII 315), colored, colored, colored, coloréti (LKŽ XIII color 316), (LKZ XIII 317) ir etc., began — to be used in an abstract sense, until there is a historical dictionary of Lithuanian language, it is difficult to say. Perhaps at a similar time, when in ir the Latvian language the word krasa, due to the influence of the Russian K language in the meaning of "color", in Karūlas's opinion, spread XIX a. I-ojoje pusėje (On the first side) 1992 (II): 418). | In the English language, the word "color" is often used ir in the | meaning of "colored" or "coloured". (LKZ II 344), Nude green, nude green (LKŽ VIII plg. : 913), Keleriopo paint light orarykštė Žem; From melting all: paint gone Bt; Your red niodazal has already stripped off his naked dress Nč Purple colouring rs. ; ring | (LKŽ K; Lyberis 1981: 386), plg. : What kind of ring matkos Kp, Ds, I'll offer a Jn shirt of one linen ring NS 995; The Pope's funerals painted them with some ring ir to sell A. Aries; When celebrating joyful events, amusing our hearts, the ring of the parades is green A. Aries; Pa: no cancer county says: what ring did you dye the threads? TS 1897, 36. Before the word colour was used in the abstract sense in Lithuanian, the function was still performed by borrowed tą vocabulary: barva, plg. ir | le. barwa, known in this language from XV a. ir borrowed iš from the Middle High German varwe (Slawski 1952—1956: 28), borva, burva (LKZ I 673, 796, 1204), do not go (LKŽ 1941 I 673): Tatdig is barwa W. Christaus DP 52841 _49; ng ands borwds ir ddilumo giwo which' is 3iedé i3g inborn io DP 33237_35 (M. In the Postilé form of Daukša, the color 1 is used o once, and ir the other times it is humorous- — 5 .) What color hats do you want? Kal; This year's flax borva is unreproachable Kp; Clothes unicorn, i.e. Uniform burrs J; One bormés’ ana sewed herself a jupa, a skirt, i.e. one calf, see also J; so-called Jakūbo Morkūno 1600 m. Postilės barvička (le. 164 barwiczka) ‘make-up paint’ means: Buying wreaths, wreaths, bromkas, brindas, barvičkas ir other items MP III 37 (LKŽ I 673); Pdrbas, plg. vok. Color, vok dial. farw, a newer (than barva from German varwe) Polish borrowed farba (Slawski 1952—1956: 28); we find it in the gardens of Philip Ruig (1747), F. Nesselmann (1851) (LKZ IX 408); variants parva, pdrvas (LKZ IX 439): A band of all kinds of parvy y sky Prk; I like the blue bird the most K II 19; Cholera, cholerus, cf. le. colour (LKZ VI 310); mostis, mostis, cf. brus. Macys, le. masé (LKZ VIII 359): If you buy, choose to be in most; (solid color) Btr; varsa, cf. brus. eopca (Būga 1959: 217; LKZ K): Lin žiedo varsés dalgis Kv; this word with the meaning "bunch of wool" was recorded in the first Lithuanian dictionary —K. The service "Dictionarivm trivm lingvarvm” (SD? 123). An overview of the development of the names and meanings of the term "color" confirms that the knowledge and the naming of phenomena in both reality and language moves from concrete objects to the emergence of abstract concepts. Thus, there is a direct connection between objects and phenomena that actually exist in the human environment, and words and concepts that allow the process of speech and thought to abstract the characteristics of specific objects. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Būga K. 1959: Selected Writings 2, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers. Enzelins J.1980: Selected Works 3, 2, Riga: Zinatne. Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov Viach. 1984: Tlamkpeaunase T. B., Usanos Bau. Bc. Hndoesponelickuitl sanrx u undoesponetiys 2, Touaucu: UsnareascrBo TOuaucckoro ynusepcureTa. Karulis K. 1992: Latvian Etymology Dictionary 2, Riga: Avots. Lauciruate J. 1982: Jlayuore FO. A. Caoeaps baamusmos e cnaesncxur —A3bLKAT, Jlenunrpan: "Hayka". Jlenunrpanckoe oraeneHnue. LKZ 1—XVI: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1—16, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1—2, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1—2, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1—2, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1—2, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1—2, Vilnius 1941—1945; II leid. 1968—1969. LKŽ K: "Lietuvių kalbos žodyno" kartoteka LPŽ 1989: Lietuvos pavardžių žodynas 2, Vilnius: Mokslas. LTE 1983: Lietuvos Tarybinė Enciklopedija 10, Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. Malinauskienė N. 1983: Development of semantics of words expressing the concept of color in ancient Greek. —Kalbotyra 34(2), 101—108. ME: K. Mūlenbacha Latvian Language Vocabulary. Edited, supplemented, continued by J. Endzelins 1—4, Riga, 1923—1932. Pokorny J. 1959: Indo-European etymological dictionary, Bern and Munich: Francke Verlag. Sabaliauskas A. 1994: Where do they come from? : A Tale of the Origin of Words, Vilnius: Lietuvos k. inst. Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lithuanian language lexicon, Vilnius: Mokslas. 165 SD*: Dictionarivm trivm lingvarvm... Constantino Szyrwid... Tertia editio... Vilnae... 1642. Slawski F.1952—1956: Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego 1, A—J, Krakow: Nakladem Towarzystwa milošnikow języka polskiego. Semiakin F. 1960: Illemakun ®. H. K Bonpocy 06 oTHomeHun cjioBa mu HarasaHoro 568, 882). OGpa3a (uBeT u ero HazBanus). —Hszeecmus Axademuu nedazozuvecxur nayx PCOPCP 113: Muwaenue u peur, Mocksa: UszAaTeJbCTBO aKaleMuu nepnarorndyeckux Hayk PCP CP. Urbutis V. 1981: Aesthetics of the Baltic Languages, Vilnius: Mokslas. Uspenskij L. 1967: Yenencknit JI. Are we happy to die? Mocksa: Usnarenberpo “"Jlerckxas autepatypa” Vanagas A. 1981: Etymological Dictionary of Lithuanian Hydronyms, Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Z. 1984: History of Lithuanian Language 1, Vilnius: Mokslas. Summary The article discusses the concept and the names of colour in Lithuanian, explains the development of their meanings, and presents a list of the most common names of colour in Lithuanian. It is confirmed, since the recognition and naming of the phenomena both in reality and in id language goes from the concrete things to the emergence of the abstract concepts The abstract meaning of the present Lithuanian word spalva, meaning “visible light tone”, does not seem to be old. It is not attested in ancient writings, although the root spalvin occurs in water names of Lithuania and Latvia, in Lithuanian family names. The semantic parallels of Latvian and Lithuanian lead to the conclusion that the old meaning of the word spalva is "plunksna" ("feather"), cf. lett. spalva ” feather, animal hair”. In the narrower sphere of use, usually i in the speech iover the animals, have lit. plaukas ("hair"), serys ("bristles"), lett. plauka the meaning of color (“visible | bare light tone”). Objects with characteristics of colour in other languages are usually also the basis of the semantic field of words that refer to the concept of colour, e.g. gėlė ("flower- "), dažai ("colour") and others. Also in some Lithuanian dialects or scripts there are words in such (“the color”) bed | meaning, e.g. dažas, nūodažalas, niodazas, žiedas. In old writings and dialects, loanwords are also used in the meaning of “color”: barva, borma, borva, burva, koleris, kolerius, mostis, masts, | parbas, parva, parvas, varsa. Er ee SE Si 166 LE a BR Ra i