Lietuvių kalbos ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimų su priesaga„*-ko-“ darybos raida

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVI (1996) LIETUVIŲ KALBA: TYRĖJAI IR TYRIMAI Saulius AMBRAZAS DEVELOPMENT OF THE FORMATION OF LITHUANIAN POSSESSOR NOUNS WITH THE SUFFIX *-ko- § 1. The suffix *-ko- has long been used to form diminutives (aut., 1994, 130–134). Later, this suffix was also used to form names denoting bearers of a quality (nomina attributiva). The Lithuanian suffixes -okas(-ė), -ikas, -ikis, -ikė, -ykas, -eika, -eikis/-eikys, -aikis, -inykas/-ininkas(-ė), -ininkis, -eny-kas/-eninkas(-ė), -auny-kas/-auninkas(-ė), -eln-y-kas/-elninkas(-ė), -(i)ukas(-ė), -(i)ūkas(-ė), -uika, -iaukas, -iauka, -iaukė, -(i)uoka, -(i)uokė, -ėkas developed from the ancient suffix *-ko-. These suffixes form names denoting bearers of a quality. Derivatives with the suffixes -(i)okas(-ė) § 2. Names of possessors of a characteristic with this suffix are formed much less frequently than diminutives: 1) from adjectives, e.g.: baltōkas(-ė) “a white horse or white mare” Pn, Er (LKŽ I² 610), bėriokas(-ė) Ds, bėrōkas(-ė) “a bay horse, a bay mare” R II 83; JD 772; Srv; Pn; Rm (I² 765, 771), dryžiōkas Nv, dryžōkas “dyed, linen, striped fabric” Šts (II² 735, 736), kurčiōkas(-ė) “a deaf person” Lzd; Gž; Rmš; Vlk; Bgt; Brt; Krok (VI 943), liesōkas “a thin person or animal” Varn; Užv (VII 434), naujōkas(-ė) “a person starting some kind of work” K; VIkv; Vdk; “a young man newly drafted into the army” R; Mž; N; K.Donel (VIII 590), prasičiōkas(-ė) “an ordinary, unenlightened, low-born person” P; BM 117; J; JD 342; JV 32; V.Krėv; (d)Pb; LTR(Ds); “poor beer, vodka” JD 491; LTR(Plv) (LKŽ X 543–544), sartōkas “a sorrel horse” JV 955; Sb; Er (XII 168), slydōkas “a birch bolete” J; Skd; Tl; Pln; Eig; Vvr; Šts; Plt; Gd; “a false morel” Vrd; “a dumpling” Šts; “a slug that gnaws mushrooms” Vrd (XIII 11), stačiōkas “a rough, boorish person” BsMt II 208(Prnv); Pč; Ds; Sl; VIkv; Jrb; Slm; Ig; Svn; Lel; Vdžg; “someone who speaks dialect” Brb; Dg; “something upright, not lying down” Nmc (XIII 621), širmōkas “a grey horse or ox” JD 772; Slm; Er; Sl; LTR(Rm) (XIV 903), šviežōkas “a newcomer” Trg (XV 567); 2) from nouns, e.g.: bruknienōkas “a lingonberry bush” Tr; Sb (ŽD 132; LKŽ I² 1083), bulbienōkas Pnm; Er; Svn; Uk; bulvienōkas “a potato patch” Jnšk; Ldk (LKŽ I² 1149, 1156), galvōkas “a small cloud” Sb; Kp; Slm; Tr; “a kind of hat; the hollow in a hat” Kos 43; TDr VI 167 (ŽD 132; LKŽ III 86), kaulōkas “a rib or back bone with meat” Pl; Kp; Pnd (LKŽ V 435), kišenōkas “a pickpocket” Varn (V 881), kojōkai “sticks on which children walk while playing” 101 “sticks on which children walk while playing” J; Klov; Rd; Ar; Er; Žvr; Lnkv; Šmk; “clumps of snow stuck to the soles” Gdž (VI 206), kryžiokai “cross-slats” J; Alvt; Dgls; Mrj; Kt; Dks; Ūd; “a goat-shaped tool for cutting patterns” Lš; “sticks nailed together crosswise” Rm; Ssk, kryžiokas “a cross sign” Ggr; “cross-slats” J; Ds; Tr; “the raised part of a distaff” Mšg; “a device for placing skeins of thread” Vv; “a kerchief with ‘cross patterns’” Vdk; “a certain game; a horse disease” J; “to cross oneself” JD 846; JV 295; PPr 281 (LKŽ VI 669–670), kryžiokai “cross-slats” Gdr; Lp; Vdšk; Kb; “a goat-shaped tool for cutting patterns” Vdn; “a device for holding a skein while winding thread” Užp; “an old-fashioned checked kerchief” Plt; Rs, kryžiokas “a cross-slat” Ds; Krkn; “a tripod for setting something on” Škn; “a churn dasher, the raised part of a distaff” Ds; Skdt; Vdr; Sdk; Kri; “a device for holding skeins of thread while winding” Dv; “a shovel and pitchfork handle” Rd; “a crutch” Trgn; “a kerchief with cross patterns” Up; “buckthorn, common buckthorn” Trgn; “to cross oneself” S.Dauk; N; [K]; J; A 1884,41; Drsk (LKŽ VI 677; DTŽ 677), kūjokas “sticks on which children stand and walk while playing” Kos 126; J; Vrb; Nm; Sln; Skr; Kt; Žg; Sv; Erž; Vks; Šlv; “crutches” Šmn; Vv; Vlkv; Gs (VI 790), medžiokai “a wooden-soled, leather-topped clog” Mrs; Rd; Vb; Nj; Vs (VII 997), peliókas “someone who catches mice well” Vrd; Žd; Kltn; Brs; Žr; Všk; Šts; Ms; Trk (IX 768), piestókas “a pestle for a mortar” MŽ II 346; N; [K]; Ssk (IX 927), ragaučiokai “sleds attached to a sledge for carrying sledges for patterns” Lkm (XI 39), samenókai “mounds of moss” Švnč; Sb (ŽD 133; LKŽ XII 90), sėmenókai “threshed flax heads” Sml; Paj; Krik; Grž; Adm; Švnč; Pšl; Krč; Šlč; Lel; Skp; “unthreshed flax heads” Vžns; Vad; Km; Šmn; Sv (XII 359), snapókas “someone unintelligent, a simpleton” Vb (XIII 237), žarnókai “a pig’s or sheep’s stomach, cut up for boiling” BM 174, 443; Kp; Pnd (LKŽK); 3) from numerals, e.g.: antrókas “the second log from the stump” Pg; “beer from the second brewing” N; J; Mžš; Rm (LKŽ I² 174), dvejókai “two garments joined together” Vlkv; Brt; Mrj; “two vessels joined by a single handle” R; [K]; Pns; Kč; “a two-compartment basket for pouring chaff” Krsn, dvejokas “a kind of coin” Švnč (II² 949), ketvirtókas “a quarter of a valakas” Vlk; Pls; “a measure of grain” Trak (V 670), ketvirtókas “a quarter of a valakas” Vlk; Pls; “a measure of grain” Trak (V 670), pirmókas “first-brew, good beer” Rm; Sb; Mžš (X 19), trečiokas “third-brew, weak beer” Er; Sb; Mžš; Krs; Slm; Alz; Km; “an old coin—a silver coin worth three groschen” Q 129, 135; B; R; MŽ II 135, 141; N(Rg); K; Ns 1854,2; RD 174; BsO 397; Klv D 295; N 174; JD 57, 589; Žem; LTR(Plv); Lks; “the third part of a valakas” Rtn; Al; Grv; “the third part of the harvest” Dv; Rod, trečiokas(-ė) “the third-born son or daughter” Rm; “a three-year-old animal” Žž; “a peasant holding a third of a valakas” Drsk; Žml; “a farm laborer receiving a third of the harvest” Er; Všn; “the third horse harnessed” J (LKŽ XVI 731), trečiokės “a kind of tow” Ggr (XVI 732). § 3. In some southern dialects near the Polish border, derivatives with the suffix -iokas(-ė) denote a person according to their place of residence or origin, e.g.: kaišiadoriokas(-ė), lazdijokas(-ė), seirijokas(-ė), etc. (DaiktvDr 413; LKA III Map No. 110, p. 117). This usage was apparently encouraged by Polish, where around the 15th century derivatives expressing belonging with -ak began to appear, e.g.: 102 polak ”lenkas” (Respond, 1979, 185). Be to, tokio tipo vedinių esama ir gudų kalboje, plg. slavizmą dvariókas ”dvaro darbininkas” S I 309; Klm; Pnm A; ”dvaro ponas” LB 96, 118, dvarókas ”dvaro darbininkas” BsMt II 24; LTR (Brt); Dkš; Rdm; ”dvaro ponas” Kb; Vrn (plg. gud. дворяк, žr. LKŽ II² 938). § 4. In the Slavic languages, names denoting possessors of a property with *-āko- are generally much more productive than in the Baltic languages; cf. Sl. *novakъ “newcomer,” *svojакъ “brother-in-law,” *rybakъ “fisherman,” etc. On the other hand, names denoting possessors of a property with the suffix *-āko- are also attested in other related languages; cf. Lithuanian naujókas and Sl. *novaka, Greek νέας, νέωνος “young man”², and also Sanskrit bhikṣākah “one who begs for alms”: bhikṣā “alms” (Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 267). Thus, this derivational type may be quite old, perhaps inherited from late Proto-Indo-European or dating to the period of its breakup. Derivatives with the suffix -ikas § 5. There are even fewer names denoting possessors of a property with this suffix in Lithuanian than with -okas. They are formed: 1) from adjectives, e.g.: bálčikas “white young boar” Paį (LKŽ I² 588), baltìkas “a kind of milk mushroom” MŽ; N; [K], didìkas “person of high birth” J; A 1885,82; LzP (LKŽ II² 478), keršìkas “speckled young boar” Pg (V 623), laibìkas “long, narrow field” C II 456; N, naujìkas “newcomer” SD¹ 99; SD³ 226; K; Vaižg; “new settler” J; Klk; Vkš (LKŽ VIII 587), raudonìkas “redhead” NS 1354; Kp; RdN; Slč; Žeml; Alz; Skm; Srv; Šš; Krm; Sem; Btrm; Eiš; Lkž; Gržl; Lel; Vžns; Šlčn; “one with a red, fair face” Skdt (XI 260), šventìkas “priest” JD 1228; J; 2) from nouns, e.g.: bėgštìkas “runner” J I 200 (: bėgštà “running” DaiktvDrR 67), kaukarìkas “back of the head” Sb (: kaŭkaras “hill, mound; mountain peak; forehead; back of the head”), kaukorìkas “child with a large head” Šmn (: kaŭkoras Rs, kaukoris “hill, mound” Klvr – LKŽ V 420, 423–424), pirštìkas “finger of a glove” Švnč; Rš; Trgn; Rk (X 32), tarpìkas “space between the two side structures of a threshing barn or granary” Yl; Trkn; Brs; Slnt; Pln; Sd; Všv; “side structure” Lnk; Ms; Brs; “lean-to at the end of a house for storing carts, tools, and firewood” Grsl (XV 895), žirnikai “a kind of flower” (common in eastern Aukštaitian and Samogitian dialects, recorded as early as S. Dauk; P; J – LKŽ); 3) from numerals: šimtìkas “one hundred” Pg (LKŽ XIV 823). § 6. Derivatives of this type are also rare in Latvian and Prussian, e.g.: Latvian melniķis “black horse,” namīķis “gardener,” Prussian preiſiks “enemy” (Feindt) III 792₀, accusative plural suwintickens “saints” (Heiligen) III 133₈–₉ (SV 49; LVG 358; BKGF 89). 1 Sławski, 1974, 90–91; Vaillant, 1974, 326–328. 2 Brugmann, 1906, 501; Schwyzer, 1939, 543 su lit.; Otkupščikov, 1988, 101–103. 103 Meanwhile, in the Slavic languages, names denoting possessors of a characteristic formed with *-iko- have long been productive, e.g.: Sl. *bogatьcь “rich man,” *junьcь “young bull; young man; child” (cf. Lith. jaunìkis), *starьcь “old man.”³ Apparently, such derivatives are absent from other related languages. Thus, it is possible that characteristic-possessor names were first formed in the Slavic languages with the diminutive suffix *-iko-, and that later, as a result of ancient contacts between the Baltic and Slavic languages, this innovation also affected the Baltic languages to some extent. In the Baltic languages, the diminutive suffix *-iko- was incorporated into the derivational paradigm of agent nouns at a very early date (DaiktvDrR 135—138). Derivatives with the suffixes -ikis, -ikė, -eika, -eikis/-eikys, -aikis § 7. A few names denoting possessors of a characteristic are formed with the following variants of the suffix -ikas: -ikis (for its origin, see the author, 1991, 22): baltikis “white hare” Lkč (LKŽ I² 614), juodikis “edible black-capped mushroom” Dbč, júodikis “same” Mrc; “blood soup” Dglš; “penny” (attested in old writings — LKŽ IV 401), jaunikis (widespread from the 16th century), laibikis R II 312; MŽ; N; K, laibikis “long, narrow strip of field” Nm (VII 14), raistikis “a kind of bog mushroom” Žln; Vrn (XI 60), raudonikis (widespread); -ikė (cf. the author, 1994, 130): baltikė “a species of milkcap mushroom” Stč; Klov (LKA III 131), bobikė “peg” Rs; Šv; “peg handle” Rs; Vdk (LKŽ I² 962), guoginìkė “geese with berries” Skdy (II 702), joninikė “a variety of potato” Trš (IV 356), kanapikė “a type of kerchief” Varn (V 197), kartikė “mushroom with bitter milk” Btr (V 339), lempikė “oil lamp” Grg (VII 323), lutikė “short-legged hen” Šv; “short, stout woman” Lkv; Up (VII 713), rudikė “female cat” C I 145; N; [K]; BŽ 559; KŽ; “red-brown cow” K I 389; JD 95, širdikė “mill spindle” Šll; Pd; Jd; Tt; “small stick in a weaving shuttle, a bobbin” Pj (XIV 848), širdžikė “mill spindle” Rs; Nmk; Vdk (LKA I 141), tabakikė “primrose” Škt (LKŽ XV 638), vištikė “a kind of mushroom” Dv (LKA III 131); -ykas (cf. the author, 1994, 131—132): laimykas “house spirit” Gdž (LKŽ VII 55); -eika (for the origin of this suffix, see DaiktvDrR 139): alsėika “a person who suffers from shortness of breath” Klm (LKŽ I² 110), jauneika “the youngest child in a family” Lnkv; O (IV 306), lieséika “thin person” J; Šint; Als (ŽD 159, LKŽ VII 433), mandréika “clever person” Jnšk (LKŽ VII 823), mundréika “someone who is dashing, nimble, clever” LTR(Mlt); Ign (VIII 380), nevaléika “a dirty, slovenly, clumsy person” Žem; Šll; Krkl; Klm; Skr; Škn; Prn; Ar; Gs; Lbv; Btg (VIII 750), rūstéikas “someone who is constantly raging” Krkl (XI 1022), šuneikà “a daredevil” Sdb; Pš; Slč (XV 357); -eikis/-eikys; atbuléikis “someone who does or goes things backwards; someone who resists, does the opposite” J; Kv; Pln; Vvr; Krkl (LKŽ I² 336), júodeikis Kltn; Ut, juodeikỹs “blood soup boiled with sorrel” Lkm (IV 399), šudeikis “someone who is good for nothing” 3 Meillet, 1905, 344 tt.; Sławski, 1974, 99—100; Vaillant, 1974, 296 tt. 104 Sg; “nobody” Rs (XV 319), cf. the hydronyms Dubeikis Krt, Saldeikis Vdk, Šalteikis, Šalteikė Šv, etc. (Vanagas, 1970, 107 ff.); -aiktis: rūodaiktis “blood soup” Dkst; Lkm (LKŽ IV 391), cf. also Prussian hydronym Stoboc: stabis “stone” (Steyn) E 32 (Gerullis, 1922, 248), and perhaps also Prussian arwaikis “colt” (Volle) E 434: *arva- “quick” (Karaliūnas, 1992, 18; somewhat differently Mažiulis PKEŽ I 94–95). Derivatives with the suffixes -inykas/-ininkas(-ė), -ininkis, -eny kas/-eninkas(-ė) §8. The suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) is the most productive suffix for names denoting possessors of a quality. Both in present-day and in Old Lithuanian, derivatives formed with it most often denote an occupation. Old written sources contain numerous derivatives of this type that have now either disappeared entirely or are used with different meanings. Most of them are recorded in K. Sirvydas’s dictionary: akmenininkas “stonecutter” SD¹ 50 (cf. akmenininkas “same” C II 1154; N; K; “stone hauler” Grž — LKŽ I² 80), balnininkas “saddler” SD¹ 165; SD³ 403 (also S.Dauk., cf. balnininkas K), bažnyčinykas “church caretaker” SD³ 122 (cf. bažnyčininkas “same” R II 389; “one who goes to church” Kv; Klp — LKŽ I² 700), čiustininkas “sorcerer” SD³ 40 (also Ch 152; Rp, cf. čiustininkas [K]), draučininkas “spearman” SD³ 120 (also Bt ApD 23,23, cf. draučininkas [K]), drobininkas “linen merchant” SD³ 300 (cf. dróbininkas “same” K; “linen weaver” K; Slnt — LKŽ II² 739), duonininkas “bread baker” SD¹ 121, 291 (also BB 1 Moz 40,1; MTP 29, cf. duonininkas “same” K; “one supported by others” Sch 124; Jrb; VIkv; Gs; “tax collector” Alk — LKŽ II² 872), gultinykas “bedroom servant” SD³ 157 (cf. gultininkas N; [K]), juostinykas “belt maker” SD¹ 119; SD³ 286 (cf. juostininkas “same” N; K; M; BŽ 416; NdŽ), kruopinykas “one who makes or sells groats” SD³ 133 (cf. kruopininkas M), mielinykas “lime and gypsum burner” SD¹ 189; SD³ 469 (cf. mielininkas N; [K]), mulinykas “mule driver” SD³ 182 (cf. mulininkas N; [K]), nuodinynkas(-ė) “sorcerer(-ess)” SD¹ 17, 403 (also DP 526a35; BK 18¹⁸, cf. also nuodininkas N; [K]; A 1884,13), peilinykas “knife maker” SD¹ 99; SD³ 227 (cf. peilininkas “same” Lex 61; C II 44; Q 44; R II 255; K II 56; “knife seller” N; K; “one who cuts oneself with knives” Ig — LKŽ IX 746), plėskinnykas “one who makes pelts” SD³ 147, sapelkinykas (sapielkinykas?) “pipe player” SD³ 297 (also Sut, cf. sapelkininkas N, supelkininkas [K]; KŽ), sarginykas “guard” SD¹ 176; SD³ 424, sietinykas “one who makes or sells sieves” SD³ 403 (cf. sietininkas N; K; L; Rtr, sietininkas BŽ 496; KŽ), skydinykas “shield maker or seller” SD¹ 120; SD³ 287 (cf. skydininkas N; K; Ser; NdŽ), stalinykas “official serving a duke or nobleman” SD¹ 175; SD³ 423 (“carpenter” BB Sir 39,28, cf. stalininkas “official serving a duke or nobleman; carpenter” N; K and other written sources), vainikinykas “wreath weaver” SD¹ 194, vandeninykas “water-main installer” SD³ 392 (cf. vandenininkas N; Š), vilninykas “wool carder” SD³ 105 473 (also Sut, cf. vilnininkas/vilnininkas N; K; Rtr; NdŽ; KŽ), žvaizdininkas “astronomer” SD¹ 41; SD³ 80 (also DP 603; Sut, cf. žvaizdininkas S.Stan; I). Several derivatives of this type have been characteristic of texts from Lithuania Minor alone since the beginning of Lithuanian writing, for example: čiepininkas “gardener” KIM 128; Lex 13, 39a; Q 205; R II 158; K, dėžininkas “box maker or seller” Lex 77; C II 491; R II 317; K, kletkininkas “kiosk keeper” Lex 20a; K I 267; [K], kariūnykas “soldier” BB 4 Moz 31,48; 2 Kar 24,2; Joz 5,4; Teis 20,44, kolūtykininkas “maker of old coins” Lex 16a, N, K, mašininkas “machine maker, tailor” Lex 16a; C I 331; Krz 46; B 398; K I 232, pučkininkas “musketeer” Lex 63; Q 633; Krz 249; R; “gunsmith” K I 267; “weapon seller” K, sūrininkas “one who grates cheese” Lex 73a; C II 389; Q 435; Krz 170; N; [K]; KŽ. Thus, derivatives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) denoting an occupation were already highly productive in the 16th–17th centuries. Their antiquity is indicated by cognates in other Baltic languages; cf. Lithuanian laukinýkas (attested widely already in the 16th century) and Prussian laukinikis (Leman) E 407, Latvian làucinieks (see § 21). § 9. In old writings, there are far fewer derivatives formed with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) from nouns and having a non-specialized meaning. As early as the 16th–17th centuries, the derivatives dalinukas/dalininkas, darbinýkas/darbininkas, drauginykas/draugininkas, kekšinykas/kekšnininkas(-ė), lietuvinykas/lietuviininkas, naminykas/naminininkas, pagalbinykas/pagalbininkas, priešinýkas/priešininkas, skolinýkas/skolininkas, tarpinýkas/tarpininkas, vietinykas/vietininkas. were widely used. In dialects, the derivatives metininkas “a person who counts mites” Lex 52 and naudinykas “one who seeks profit” BP II 611₂, 57₅; BB Sir 14,9 are still used, while in the standard language maištingykas BB Pat 24,21; SD¹ 96; SD³ 25, 82 is a variant of maištininkas. Several derivatives of this type now have a different meaning in dialects from the one recorded in old writings, e.g.: kerštinykas/kerštininkas “enemy” (used in many 16th–17th-century writings; in dialects today it means “a vindictive person”), kieminykas “owner of a village” DP 278₁₄ (in dialects today, “one who likes visiting others”; on the development of the meaning of this derivative, cf. Mažiulis, 1960, 206–208), pakampinykas “one who hides” SD³ 318 (“one who sneaks around corners” Rod — LKŽ IX 149), sapninykas “one who dreams prophetic dreams and proclaims them” BP II 309₂₄, 310₆,₁₁; BB 1 Moz 37,19; Bt Jd 8 (cf. sapnininkas “dreamer” R; K; L; Rs; DūnŽ — LKŽ XII 145), sekminy kas “one who talks nonsense” SD³ 5, 299; Sut (“one who tells tales” Rod — LKŽ XIII 336). § 10. Many noun derivatives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) found in old writings, which have more or less retained the pure meaning of ‘bearer of a characteristic’, have now disappeared entirely, e.g.: ausinykas “toady” SD¹ 212, ausininkas “slanderer” Lex 66 (also B; N; K), bendradarbinýkas “colleague” BB 1 PvK 3,4; Ch¹ 13X, bursinykas/bursininkas “accomplice” (in many 16th–17th-century writings), barninykas BB Syr 4,7; 1 PvTm 3; DP 526₃₆; SD³ 469, barnininkas “one who quarrels” Lex 45, doklinykas SD³ 44, 45, 82, doninykas “one who pays tribute” SD³ 82; SE 234; Ch 5 Moz 20,11, gėdinýkas “libertine” MT 215b, geležinykas “armoured horseman” SD³ 103 (cf. 106 geležinininkas “iron trader” Lex 29a; N; K), gyvatininkas “inhabitant” C I 548 (also RB 1 Chr 23,18; K; LC 1881,15; “one who has his own dwelling, a rural inhabitant” B; K), griekinykas BP 9X; BB Pat 12,21, griekininkas “sinful person” K1M 35₇ (also R; N; K), gvattinykas “a person who gets angry quickly” SD¹ 41, juokinnykas “jester” SD³ 413 (cf. juokininkas K; Š; BŽ 525), kalavijinnykas “one armed with a sword” SD³ 170 (cf. kalavijininkas N; Ser; NdŽ), kartuvinykas “condemned to be hanged” SD³ 438 (cf. kārtuvininkas “same” N; [K]; “one who wages war” J), kovinykas “one who quarrels, a quarrelsome person” BB 2 PvTm 2,24 (cf. kovininkė Ns 1858,3), nebarninykas “one who does not quarrel” Vln 395, nevaidinykas “one who does not argue” 394, pragarinykas “inhabitant of hell” SD³ 298 (cf. pragarininkas “same” N; [K]; “one who raises hell, a quarrelsome person” NdŽ; “glutton” LzP, pragarnūkas, see § 14), priežastinukas “one who is the cause of something” MP 145 (also Sut), puotinukas “feaster” SP I 452₁, sostinykas “one who sits on a throne” DP 542₁₄, 595₂₀, stulpinykas “Christian ascetic living on a pillar” SD³ 410 (also Sut, cf. stulpininkas “maker of pillars (statues)” N; K), šarvinukas “armed, armored warrior” (characteristic of early writings), šuolininkas “one who runs by leaps” C II 206 (also Krz 152; MŽ; N; K; BŽ 513; NdŽ; KŽ), tautinykas “inhabitant of a country” BB Jer 52,24; 2 Chron 23,13 (cf. Karaciejus, 1987, 19), turtinykas “wealthy person” Ch¹ 10X (cf. turtininkas Sln; Vaižg; A.Vien and other writings — LKŽK), vėjinykas “windbag”<strong>ai</strong>kis” SD³ 479 (cf. vėjininkas “same” NdŽ; KŽ), viltinykas “deceiver” MP 240, 275, 339, 359b; Ch¹ 414₂₅ (explained in notes at the end); KN 34 (also Kos 58b; Sut, cf. viltininkas “same” J; BŽ 58b; Ser; KŽ; “reader of the ‘Viltis’ magazine” in early 19th-century writings), žaislinnykas “player” SD¹ 38; SD³ 437 (“musician” Bt Apr 14,2). Many derivatives formed in this way are also found in present-day Lithuanian (DaiktvDr 340–342, 360). § 11. Names of bearers of a characteristic formed from adjectives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) are very rare. The 16th–17th-century writings contain only a few such derivatives. Among them, bendrinykas/bendrininkas(-ė), kaltinykas/kalti-ninkas(-ė), pėstinykas/pėstininkas are still widespread today. One or another adjectival derivative with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) is characteristic only of old writings, e.g.: bjaurinykas(-ė) “an ugly, wicked person” Ch 14X; PrP 39₁₁; KN 6; MT 215b; Bt Mt 21,31, drąsinykas “a brave person” BB Pat 15,14, gailinykas “tyrant” SD³ 263, 245 (cf. gailininkė “nun” LC 1884,3), godinykas “greedy person, robber” BP II 221₂₅, 229₁₄, 356₇; BB Job 2,9; 1 PvK 5,10; WP 104, naujinykas “new convert” BB 1 PvTm 3,6, naujininkas “new settler” Lex 64a (also Q 364, 366; Krz 145; NT 1 PvTm 3,6; J; V.Kudir), neteisinykas/neteisininkas (in many old writings), nenaujinykas “not a novice” Vln 398, smarkinnykas “tyrant” (in many old writings), šykštinykas “miser” BB Sir 32,29, teisinnykas “righteous person” (in many old writings). The derivative baisinykas “a terrible, heartless person” (in many old writings) has the meaning “one who is frightening, enormous; one who is afraid, gets startled” in dialects (LKŽ I² 107 There are now also very few dialectal derivatives from adjectives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas, e.g.: branginýkas(-ė) Gs; Skp; Srv, branginiñkas(-ė) “one who charges dearly” K; Rs; Skr (LKŽ I² 997), gūdrininkas(-ė) “a clever person” Kri; Užp; Grž; Pš (III 698), kurtinýkas “one who is deaf” Švnč; Dglš (VI 980), liesininkas(-ė) “one who is thin” Varn (VII 434), mandrininkas “a clever person” Tat; Vkš (VII 823), piginiñkas “one who sells cheaply” Pn; “one who wants to buy cheaply” Kp, pigi-niñkas “one who sells cheaply” Lk; Er (IX 938), puikininkas “a dandy” Grg (X 852), šūktinykas “a cheat” Šn (XIV 126), širminiñkas “a grey horse or ox” JD 541; LTR(IIg); Šmk (XIV 903). § 12. A few derivatives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) are formed from numerals, e.g.: añtrinykas/añtrininkas/antriniñkas “an item of second, inferior quality; an assistant; an untrustworthy person” (widespread in the dialects, especially in Samogitia), dešimtinykas “commander of ten soldiers” DP 179₃₃, dešimtininkas “ditto” K; “one who performs corvée for ten days; a police officer” J I 316, ketvirtininkas Kp, ketvìrtininkas “one who has a quarter of a valakas” J II 94; “a sack that holds a quarter of a pūras” C II 352; N; [K] (ŽD 146; LKŽ V 669), pirmì ninkas/pirmìnin-kas/pirmìniñkas “a guide; a leader; a commander; a shepherd at the head of the flock; one who is the best, of first quality” (widespread in the dialects), šimtinykas/šim-tininkas/šimtininkas “commander of a hundred soldiers” (characteristic of early writings), trètìnininkai “grain, flour of third, inferior quality” Žd; Užv; Trk, trètìnin-kas/trètinininkas “third-rate, weak beer” DūnŽ; Vkš; Žg, trètìnykas/trètìnin-kas “a member of the Third Order of St Francis of Assisi, to which laypeople belong” M.Valanč; Vlkv; “a third-grade pupil” Rm; “the youngest farmhand, performing lighter tasks” Vaižg; Jsv; “one who has a third of a valakas” Dv (LKŽ XVI 795). § 13. Sometimes the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) is shortened by dropping the first vowel i, the entire syllable in, or even part of the base word. Names of bearers of a property with a suffix shortened in this way are already found in 16th–17th-century writings, e.g.: gertuvnykas “tavern keeper” SD³ 97, gir-tuvnykas “a visitor to a tavern” SD⁵ 85 (cf. girtùvininkas N; [K]), kepurnykas SD¹ 16; SD³ 39 (ditto S.Dauk; Šl; Vdšk), kepurninkas Lex 51a (ditto R II 213; K; J; Jrk 41; Lš; Pnd — LKŽ V 595; LKA III 129), lietuvnykas BP I 135₅–₆; II 97₁₈, 379₂–₃, 399₁₂, 415₁₆; KIG 65; MT XIX; DK¹ 30; SD¹ 73; SD³ 154 (ditto A. Baran; RdN; Lz; Aps; Dv, cf. lietùvininkas R II 288; B; I.Simon; KlvD 361; Užp — LKŽ VII 451; LKA III 129), liežuvnykas(-ė) SD³ 89; SP I 82₁₂; II 73₁₅ (ditto Kri; Rs, cf. liežùvininkas(-ė) Krž; Užv; Gs — LKŽ VII 458; DūnŽ 176), malūnykė BB Pam 12,4 (cf. malūnykas/malūnininkas, widespread in the dialects LKA III 129), marškinykas “shirt-maker” SD³ 125 (cf. marškininkas “ditto” N; [K]; “net-maker” [K]), meškernykas SD³ 472 (cf. meškerninkas K, meškėrninkas Plt; Bržr; Als; Grg; Plng; Pln; Sdr; Varn; Pvn — LKŽ VIII 90; DūnŽ 196), milninkas “woollen-cloth weaver” Lex 89a (ditto MŽ; N, cf. milìnininkas Krz 202; K), pagalbnykas BB 1 Moz 2,18 (cf. pagalbininkas Q 164; R II 198), pakasynykas “a member of a funeral party” SD³ 76 (cf. pakasýnininkas MTt V 162), pavadnykas “a horse held by the bridle” 108 SD³ 116, pietuvnykas “a person having lunch” SD³ 230, pyragnykas “a pie baker” BB Oz 7,3, popierynykas “a paper maker or merchant” SD³ 284 (cf. popierininkas Q 639; R II 274; MŽ II 367), priešnykas BB 2 Moz 15,7; Ps 13,4; 27,2; 31,1; 73,4; 73,23; 78,53; AK 45 (cf. priešnininkas Ns 1858,4), sasparnykas “a cornerstone of a building” BB 1 Kar 7,11; Mt 21,42, tėvišknykas “an heir” SP I 324₄–₅; II 59₄–₅,₆ (ditto Sut). § 14. There are more such derivatives in the dialects. They are most often formed from polysyllabic nominal words, e.g.: amatninkas Grž; Er, amātnynkas Gs, amatninkas S,Dauk; J; Vrd; Lc; Dr; Krš (LKŽ I² 118; DūnŽ 25; LKA III 129), apatnūkas “insole” Srj; Lp; “underskirt” Ls, apatniūkas “ditto” Skr; Rmč (LKŽ I² 185; DūnŽ 28), ašmeninkas “a tool for stripping the edges of a ploughshare” Trk (I² 339), ašmeninkė “a needle for sewing fur garments” Brs; Vl (I² 339), brigādnynkas Stč; Ob; Sv; Btg; Klt, gelžkelnykas Mžš, krāutuvnynkas Vdšk; Str (LKA III 129), krautuvininkas(-ė) Krš; Dr (LKŽ VI 485; DūnŽ 149), kumelnykas “stallion” Vlk (VI 871), liežiuvnukas Gdl, Ds (VII 451, 452), līgāšnynkas(-ė) Ps, līgāšninkas(-ė) “a person or animal that is constantly ill” Paj (VII 463), milicnykas Ant; Kn; Vlk (LKA III 129), minūtnykas Lz (LŽ 165), minūtninkas “the hand of a clock indicating minutes” Krš (DūnŽ 201), naktīgonnykas Vlk; Lp; Mrc; Nč; JnšM; Lz, naktīgoninkas “night herder” Alv (LKŽ VIII 517; LŽ 171), naujūnininkas “a lover of news” Bru; Pgg; SmIn; Vn; Dr (LKŽ VIII 588; DūnŽ 211), niūomarnykas “an epileptic” Jnšk (LKŽ VIII 941), óbuolnykas “one who trades in apples” Grž (VIII 993), pāsaknykas “one who knows fairy tales” Lnk (IX 446), pašalnykas “an outsider” Rgvl (IX 555), potērnykas(-ė) “a devout person” Slm, potērnininkas “ditto” Grž; Grz; “a person leading prayers when the rosary is recited without a priest” Dr; Gršl (X 470), pragarnnykas “a glutton” Drsk (DTŽ 279), priekabnininkas Skr, prykabnininkas Gr (LKŽ X 642), rūpesnykas Rod (XI 986), sandēlninkas Lnk (XII 118), sāndēlnykas Mžš; Er; Vlk, sāndēlninkas Grž; Žg; Sd; Akm; Žr (LKŽ XII 118; LKA III 129), smagūrnykas Ls (LKŽ XIII 71–72), šermukšnykas “a rowan twig” Ds (XIV 659), škarmālnykas Šl, trāktornykas/trāktorninkas, vargōnnykas (widespread in the dialect, see LKA III 129). Derivatives with the shortened suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) from disyllabic nominal words are formed much less frequently, e.g.: bitnykas (widespread in the Aukštaitian dialect), bitnininkas Šk (LKA III 129), bōbnykas “a girl’s attendant” Vp (LKŽ I² 963), gīrnykas (widespread in the Aukštaitian dialect, see LKA III 129), mėsnykas Glv; Ukm; Šmn; Antz; Tj; Vvs; VrnV (LKŽ VIII 47; LKA III 129), plytninkas Grd (LKŽ X 253), prādžnykas “one who begins” Kp; Pnd (X 496), pūrtnykas “a fresh, fluffy cake” Klt; Užp (X 983), pūsnykas Slm; Dbk (X 1053), sieksnykas “one measuring a sieksnis in length” SIk (XII 508), sielnykas Klt (XII 520). § 15. The tendency to shorten derivatives with this suffix is very old. For example, the following derivatives in Prussian are similarly shortened: crixtnix (Teuffer) III 111₅–₆, nom. pl. sendraugiwēldnikai “co-heirs” (Miterben) III 938, dat. sing. waldniku “to the ruler” (dem Könige) III 91₂₅ (cf. DaiktvDrR 144). Be 109 Thus, from the shortened suffixes -inieks, -enieks, the Latvian suffix -nieks arose (see § 21), with which names denoting the possessor of a quality are widely formed, as they are with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas in Lithuanian. § 16. The origin of the suffix -ininkas is explained in very different ways. Some researchers believe that it is very old and seek its counterparts in other related languages. For instance, K. Brugmann (1906, 484—487) associated it with the Germanic suffix -ing, which, like the Lithuanian suffix -ininkas, is highly characteristic of names denoting the possessor of a quality. A considerable number of other Indo-Europeanists and Germanists⁴ followed K. Brugmann. However, K. Būga (1961, 789—796) had already convincingly demonstrated that the Germanic suffix -ing is related not to -ininkas, but to the Baltic suffix -ingas (cf. the author, 1994a). On the other hand, even K. Būga himself was uncertain about the origin of the suffix -ininkas. In one letter to J. Endzelīns, he mentioned that it might have originated from -inykas. Soon afterward, however, in another letter, K. Būga (1961, 866) rejected this assumption. P. Skardžius (ŽD 140—141) likewise believed that both the suffix -inykas and -ininkas were old. J. Endzelīns (BKGF 90) proposed the hypothesis that the suffix -ininkas may have arisen from the suffix -inykas through the insertion of the consonant n. For example, an inserted consonant n can be seen in such Samogitian words as kningą (< knygą), ganinklą (< ganyklą), and so on (Zinkevičius, 1966, 197—198; Grinaveckis, 1973, 332—334). On the other hand, attempts have also been made to derive the suffix -inykas from -ininkas (Otrębski, 1930, 29 ff. with references; Vaillant, 1974, 309). § 17. Let us examine what the data from Lithuanian dialects and old written sources tell us about the origin of the suffix -ininkas. The suffix -ininkas is now found only in the Samogitian dialect and in some neighboring, mainly southern, West Aukštaitian subdialects. Everywhere else, the suffix -inykas is used instead (LKA III Map no. 115). In the past, the distribution of the suffix -inykas was even wider. The writings of M. Mažvydas, S. M. Slavočinskis, and S. Vaišnoras show that in the 16th–17th centuries the southern Samogitian dialect also had the suffix -inykas (cf. Zinkevičius, 1974, 167—168; 1979, 19), whereas today only the suffix -ininkas is found there. This is also attested by historical records of the old name for Varniai, Mėdininkai, for example: Medenickam, Medenike, Medeniken, and so on (Salys, 1930, 56—57). Moreover, in a 1913 letter to J. Endzelīns, K. Būga (1961, 865) wrote: “According to Jaunius, they say ūkinyks in Kvėdarna.” Apparently, the suffix -inykas disappeared from the southern Samogitian dialect not all that long ago. § 18. More and more evidence now suggests that the suffix -ininkas spread relatively late into the northern Samogitian dialect, or at least into part of it. For example, as can be seen from the word index compiled by A. Girdenis but, unfortunately, not yet published, the 1759 “Žiwate” contains no recorded derivatives with the suffix -ininkas; only corresponding derivatives with the suffix -inykas occur. It has long been known that derivatives with the suffix -inykas also predominate in S. Daukantas’s writings (cf. Būga, 1961, 865), while the suffix -ininkas appears only here and there. It is true that it is sometimes thought that S. Daukantas used the suffix -inykas under the influence of old written sources (Subačius, 1993, 4 Pisani, 1940—1941; Henzen, 1957, 81; Meid, 1967, 198—207; Erhart, 1982, 122—123, and others. 110 165–166 with lit.). However, the suffix -inykas may still have survived at that time in S. Daukantas’s native Northern Samogitian dialect. A. Kalnius (1937, [19]) mentioned that the suffix -inykas was also used by another Northern Samogitian, J. A. Pabrėža. This idea is confirmed by S. Gross’s manuscript grammar (GrK), which, as G. Subačius (1993a) demonstrated, was intended to establish the Samogitian standard language being created by J. A. Pabrėža. In the glossary of S. Gross’s grammar, we find only derivatives with the suffix -inykas: Burtyniks 191, Daržyniks 171, Kekszyniks 188, Pritiriniks ”sorcerer” 191, Rasztyniks 163, Skolyniks 141, Žoöwyniks 172. On the other hand, already in the 19th century, the suffix -inykas began to displace the suffix -ininkas in the Samogitian dialect. This is shown by the writings of S. Stanevičius and M. Valančius, and J. Čiulda’s grammar, which contain only derivatives with the suffix -ininkas. § 19. The suffix -ininkas probably spread later into the Western Aukštaitian dialect of Lithuania Minor as well. For instance, in the writings of J. Bretkūnas and D. Klein’s grammar, the suffix -ininkas is not yet attested; only the suffix -inykas occurs. P. Skardžius (1931) noted that derivatives with the suffix -ininkas are used interchangeably with derivatives with the suffix -inykas in the Wolfenbüttel Postil. On the other hand, in J. Reza’s Psalter, D. Klein’s hymnbook and prayer book, and the 17th-century anonymous dictionary Lexicon Lithuanicum, we find only derivatives with the suffix -ininkas. The data presented here allow us to state more confidently that the suffix -ininkas is a variant of the suffix -inykas, which probably arose in Curonian or another western Baltic language dialect, where the change of long vowel ī to in in certain positions was characteristic. The vowel ī is sometimes changed to in not only in the Samogitian dialect but also in some Latvian subdialects that arose on the substrate of the Curonian language (Endzelīns, 1974, 449; LVG 171). Moreover, A. Rosinas (1995, 82 ff.) believes that long-vowel nasalization may also have occurred in Prussian. Later, the suffix -ininkas spread into some Lithuanian dialects in the west that were rather closely related in origin. This process, which began quite early, before the beginning of Lithuanian writing (cf. the place name Garbeninken recorded in 1479 in the Vėluva district and Prussian Garbenyken, Garbiniken; see Būga, 1961, 676), continued for a long time. § 20. The suffix -ininkas has a very rare paradigmatic variant, -ininkis, e.g.: priešininkis ‘one who is unfavorably disposed’ R II 401; N (cf. priešininkas, see § 9). § 21. In some writings from Lithuania Minor (chiefly J. Bretkūnas’s Bible and the Wolfenbüttel Postil), alongside the suffix -inykas/-ininkas, we find derivatives with another, very similar but rare suffix, -enyka/-eniṅkas(-ė)⁵. For instance, alongside the derivative godinykas, J. Bretkūnas also used godenyka BB Pat 15,27; alongside griekinykas — griekenykas 13,2; alongside ūkinykas — ūkenykė 12,4; alongside vaidinykas — vaidenykė 19,13; 21,9; 21,19; 25,24; 27,15, and so on. In Prussian, derivatives with the suffix *-eniko- seem to have been more widespread than those with *-iniko-. For instance, alongside the derivatives balgninis (Seteler) E 440 (cf. Lithuanian balnininkas, see § 8) and laukininkis (see § 8), Prussian texts contain the derivatives grikenix (Sunder) III 67₁₈ (cf. Old Lithuanian griekenykas and griekinykas), medeniz-tauwᵣ < medenis tatawis (Beerhun) E 766 (cf. Lithuanian mēdininkas), pagalbenix 5 Bezzenberger, 1877, 107–108; Skardžius ŽD 141. 111 (Heiland) III 10324 (cf. Lithuanian pagalbenykas WP 234 and pagálbinýkas/pagálbininkas), etc. (SV 49–50). In Latvian, instead of the suffixes *-iniko-, *-eniko-, we find the shortened suffix -nieks, which in old writings and dialects has preserved the older forms -inieks, -enieks (LVG 362–363); cf. laukinýkas, Prussian laukinikis and Latvian laučínieks (see § 8), Old Lithuanian laukeninkas WP 192 and Latvian laucenieks, Old Lithuanian muitenykas BB Mt 5,46; WP 259b and Old Latvian muitenieks. M. Baltinia (1984) established that in 16th–17th-century Latvian written monuments, derivatives with -enieks were more widespread, whereas later writings favored derivatives with -inieks. The Latvian suffixes -inieks, -enieks derive from *-ineiko, *-eneiko- (author, 199¹, 26). This is shown, among other things, by the derivative recorded in the “Our Father” prayer in S. Grunau’s chronicle, dat. pl. prettaunekans ‘to the guilty’, which should be emended to *pretauneikans and associated with Latvian pretinieks. For, as W. P. Schmid (1962) established, this prayer was probably written in Curonian or in a Latvian dialect very close to it. § 22. The suffixes *-iniko-/-ineiko- (< *-ino- + *-iko-/-eiko-), *-eniko-/-eneiko (< *-eno- + *-iko-/-eiko-) are highly productive in Slavic languages as well. Moreover, in Old Slavic written monuments, derivatives with *-eniko-/-eneiko- were formed from passive participles in *-eno- (cf. Old Russian ученикъ: ученъ, удавленикъ: удавленъ), while some derivatives with the suffix *-iniko-/-ineiko- were still synchronically associated with adjectives bearing the suffix *-ino- (e.g., Old Russian блудникъ: блудный, грешникъ: грешный⁶). In Baltic languages, by contrast, adjectives with the suffix *-eno- have almost completely disappeared (DaiktvDrR 127), and derivatives with the suffix *-iniko-/-ineiko- are likewise no longer associated with adjectives in *-ino-. In general, derivatives of this type are formed from other kinds of adjectives in Baltic languages only very rarely as well (see § 11). Furthermore, property-denoting nouns with the suffix *-iko- are much more productive in Slavic languages than in Baltic languages (see § 6). All this suggests that the suffixes *-iniko-/-ineiko-, *-eniko-/-eneiko- may have entered the Baltic languages from Slavic during the early period of Baltic-Slavic contact (author, 1991, 25–26). Derivatives with the suffixes -aunykas/-auninkas(-ė), -elnykas/-elninkas(-ė) § 23. Property-denoting nouns are sometimes formed with these variants of the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) (for their origin, see DaiktvDrR 145–146). The suffix -aunykas/-auninkas(-ė) is more characteristic of agent nouns, while property-denoting nouns are formed very rarely, e.g.: baudžiauninkas Lex 73a; K.Donel; R II 150; K; JV 444; JD 1434; V1; Krsn; Smn, baudžiaunykas Dkš (LKŽ I² 689–690), bobáuninkas ‘such a marsh plant’ Ob (I² 960), mezliauninkas ‘tribute collector’ C II 483; R; MŽ; N; [K], retaunýkas(-ė) ‘a slow person’ Ds (LKŽ XI 485), šešaunykė BP 5X, šešauninkė Lex 78; C I 1059; Q 296, 478; B 647; R II 223, 324, 404; MŽ; N; Sch 198, šešiáuninkė 6 Varbot 1969, 96–98; Balalykina, 1980, 41–42; Azarch, 1984, 96 tt; Nikolaev, 1987, 93–95. 112 “A woman feeling unwell for six weeks after giving birth” (a usage long characteristic of Lithuania Minor and the adjacent Western Aukštaitian dialects; see LKŽ XIV 688—689). § 24. There are somewhat more names for bearers of a characteristic formed with the suffix -elnykas/-elninkas(-ė), for example: butelninkas “a cottager” K; BsMt I 143; I.Simon; Trg; Žvr; Skr (LKŽ I² 121), budėlninkas “a small merchant selling from a tent” K I 267; Er (I² 1121), dūdėlnykas “one who plays a pipe” SD³ 67; LTR(Klvr); Gs (I² 79), kirvelnykas “a warrior with a battle-axe on a long handle” SD³ 81, kirvėlninkas “the same” K; “one who likes chopping with an axe” J II 131; “a fair held from New Year until Shrove Tuesday” L; Rt (V 875), mazgelninkas “a maker of purses” Lex 16a, pirtėlnykas “one who has a small bathhouse of their own” Rdm (ŽD 149), raštėlnykė “a weaver of patterned fabrics” (ps)Tvr (LKŽ XI 231), ratėlnykas Ūd, ratėlninkas “a wheelwright” J; Grd (XI 241), ryšėlninkas “a kerchief for tying anything” Skdv (XI 697), siekėlnykė “one who pulls flax bundles” Grž (XII 505), spragėlnykas “the handle of a flail” Šlčn (XIII 475), šakėlnykas “an herbalist” Rm; Er (XIV 412), trobėlnykas(-ė) Ldvn, trobėlninkas “a landless or smallholding peasant” J; Kv; Pln; Žr; Slnt; End (XVI 938—939), vištėlnykė Sl; Rtn; Ūd; Dv; Pc; Pkr; Slm, vištėlninkė “a poor, scrawny hen” Grž; Ps (LKŽK). Derivatives with the suffix -(i)ukas(-ė) § 25. In Lithuanian, diminutives are most often formed with this suffix, whereas names for bearers of a characteristic with -(i)ukas(-ė) are much less common. They are formed: 1) from adjectives: a) those with the suffix -inis(-ė) (some of them have become substantivized), for example: apatinūkė “underpants” Gs (LKŽ I² 185), ausinūkas “a two-handled pot” Vv, ausinūkė “a kind of small cake, a twisted pastry” Al (I² 501), bulvinūkas “one who likes potatoes” Vlkv; “a round, small person” Rdm (I² 1157), kadaginūkas “a very small quantity” J; Kv (V 39), kaulinūkas Trš, kaulinūkas “a fabric with stronger threads woven into it” Lk; Rdm (V 434), pagramdinūkas “the youngest child in a family” Kv; Šll (IX 93), pamestinūkas(-ė) Ig; VšR (IX 294), rastinūkas DūnŽ, rastinūkas(-ė) “an abandoned child” Vyž; Ig (XI 206), šiaudinūkas Akm; DūnŽ, šiaudinūkas “a dry pastry” Krž; Lkv; Nmš; “a straw beehive” Všt; “an illegitimate child” Alvt; Plv; Jrb (XIV 719), varinūkas “a little cauldron” End; Lkv; Vn; Sg (LKŽK); in standard language, new formations of this type are also coined, for example: kavinūkas, rankinūkas (DaitkvDr 398—399); b) from other adjectives, for example: baltūkas “a white animal or object” Gs; Skr; Rdm; Kt (LKŽ I² 621), dryžūkas “a striped fabric” Brt; “a striped herb” Rdm; “a striped-colored apple” Kt; “Swedish clover” Al (II² 737), greitūkas “an express train” Mrj; “a fast-maturing plant” Ig, greitūkė “a toad” Sdr (III 562), jaunūkas “a young person” Gs; “a young priest” Rdm; Krok; Alk; Dkš; Brt; Lp; Al; Mrj; “the new moon” Sem (IV 313), juodūkas (ps)Slk, juodžūkas “a black-horned devil” J (LKŽ IV 413), kietūkas “a variety of hard apple” Vlkš; Prk (V 765), latūkas(-ė) “one who is small and short-legged” Svn; Lkm; Vad; Švnc; Vb; Sb; Rm; An; Ds; Plš; Ktk (VII 175), mėlynūkas(-ė) Slm; Pn; Er, mėlynūkas(-ė) “one who is blue” Kt; Mrj, mėlynūkai “forget-me-not” 113 Lp (VIII 1032, 1033), paujikas “a person starting a new job” M.Valanč; J; “a newcomer to a homestead” S.Dauk; M.Valanč, nalabūkas “an evil spirit” BsV 333; Sln; Krž; “a rascal” Vdk (VIII 642), piktūkas “one who gets angry” Ig, piktukė “a snake” Alv (IX 971, 972), raudoniūkas “a red-headed person” Trgn (XI 263), raudonukai “a variety of wheat” Sn (XI 268), raudūkas(-ė) “a roan horse or mare” BzF 163; Jn; Žem; Krp; Krkl (XI 277), rudūkas “the brown milkcap” Jrb; Erž; Vdžg, rudūkas(-ė) “one who has brown hair” Klt; Klov; Mšg; “one that is brown” Vj, rudūkė “chanterelle (mushroom)” Ss; Bb; Grš; Prn (XI 878), rudžiūkas “one that is brown” Pc (XI 882), sausiūkas Šn; Kč, sausiūkė “a small unleavened dry cake” Nč (XII 219), sausūkas “an ornamental garden plant in the daisy family” Mrk; Lp; Kls; Dbč; Drsk; “a small unleavened dry cake” Krok; Gs; Kpč; “sea cudweed” Pls; “a small-diameter drainage pipe” Snt, sausiūkė “sea cudweed” Dg (XII 225), statūkas(-ė) “one who is straight, not bent” Kt; Plv; Slk; “one with an upright shape” Btg; “one who speaks roughly” Kt, statūkas “a small seat used to help a child learn to walk” (widespread in the Eastern Aukštaitian dialect); “a crosspiece” Rs; Grk; Jrb; Jd; Btg; “a heating stove” Snt; Žvr; “the shaft of a torch” Jd; “the spindle post of a spinning wheel” Tj; “a straight-bladed knife” Jrb; “a pipe with a straight mouthpiece and upright bowl” Mrj, statūkė “the same” Vlkj (XIII 716), žaliūkas(-ė) “one who is green” N; K; JV 602, 659, 808; LTR(Vlkj); Ds; “a healthy person” Varn, žaliūkas “a participant in post-war resistance fighting” Lk; Nmš; Snt; Bgs; Adm; Pln; Rud; Sug; “a green bolete” Šr; Varn (LKŽK); 2) from nouns, for example: ančiukė “a small flat loaf” Skr (LKŽ I² 132), antūkas “a trouser fastening” Kt; Ap; Akk; “a bird of the songbird family” K (LKŽ I² 177), barzdūkas “a bearded person” Sk; “a goblin, a forest dog” K; “goat’s-beard” KzR (I² 675), barzdžiūkas “field horsetail” Mrk; Dglš, barzdžiūkė “the barb on a fishing hook” Skr (I² 676), bulbūkas “a little knob formed from a potato flower” Užv (I² 1149), karčiūkai “curly hair on the forehead” Škn (V 270), kelmiūkas “a wooden part of a saddle” Kln, kelmiūkai “rotten wood used by a beekeeper to smoke the bees” Vlkv, kelmūkas “a tree stump” Als; “a kind of apple” Dglš; “a little devil” Skdv (V 526), kojūkas “a tool for pulling off boots” Rs; “a stick, support, wooden leg” Lzd; “a poor fellow” Jnšk; “the third picture card” Jnšk, kojūkė “a stand with legs” KzR (VI 296, 297), kučiūkas (kučiukas?) “a Christmas Eve dish, a communion wafer” Dbg (VI 758), lazdūkas “a fool” Rm (VII 214), mešiūkas “one who likes meat” Nč (ŽD 137), piestūkas “a pestle” Kp; Slm; Alz (LKŽ IX 927), pirščiūkas “a kind of ring worn on the finger while sewing” Brž; Šd; Lnkv; “a kind of mushroom in the Tricholomataceae family” Grv (X 25), pirštūkas “a sewing thimble” SD³ 192; C I 659; N; [K], skurdūkas(-ė) Slm; Mžs; Plv; Mrj; Jrb; Bsg, skurdžiūkas(-ė) “one who is impoverished, grows poorly” Rtn; Al; Ig; Gs (LKŽ XII 1140, 1142), tėvūkas “grandfather” DTŽ; Jz; Plv; Grš; Nm; Gg; Tl; Ut; Šk; Lks; Skr; Vl; NmŽ; Grsl; Pln; Tl; Vsv; Snt; “an old man” Jdr (XVI 155–156), vasarūkai “summer wheat” Brt; Krk (ŽD 137); 3) from numerals, for example: antrūkai “second-cut clover, vetch” Brt; Prn (LKŽ I² 174), antrūkas “beer from the second brewing” [K], dešimtūkas “the ten o’clock train or bus” Kt; Rmš; Gs (LKŽ II² 438), ketvirtūkas “the fourth” 114 hour train” Plv; Kš (V 670). § 26. Names denoting bearers of a characteristic with the suffix -ukas, -ė have counterparts in Latvian and Prussian, cf. bēruks ”beris (horse)”, tēvucis ”a man’s father-in-law”, Pr. gagluc ”stoat” (Hermel) E 661, personal names Joducke, Masucke (SV 49; BKGF 90; LVG 360). Thus, apparently, derivatives of this type began to be formed in Proto-Baltic. Derivatives with the suffixes -(i)ūkas(-ė), -uika § 27. A few names denoting bearers of a characteristic in the dialects (mostly Samogitian) are formed with the variant -ūkas(-ė) of the suffix -(i)ukas(-ė) (for its origin, see DaiktvDrR 140): 1) from nouns, e.g.: gudžūkas ”Highlander” KlvrŽ (LKŽ III 701), kojūkai ”leg-like objects” J; KlvrŽ; NmŠ; Mžk; Brs; ”clumps of snow stuck to the soles” Vdk; ”stick, wooden leg” Prn (VI 296), kojūkas ”same” K, namūkas ”homebody” SD³ 48 (cf. Būga, 1958, 271), pasalūkas ”one who attacks from ambush” J; Kv; Rm (IX 452), pečiūkas ”broad-shouldered, broad-shouldered person” J; Kv; Krž; Als; Slnt; Ms; Up; Klm; Kltn; Lkv; Plt; Trk (IX 732), valiūkas ”one with much willpower, freedom; a rascal, idler, or scamp” (widespread in the Samogitian dialect, also occurring in some Western Aukštaitian subdialects, e.g.: Vl; Dt; Grk — LKŽK); 2) from adjectives, e.g.: apvalūkas(-ė) ”one who is round” Vrd; Jnšk (LKŽ I² 279), plačiūkas(-ė) ”one with broad shoulders” Vlk; Stč; Jnšk, plačiūkė ”a broad place” Paį (X 50), stačiūkas(-ė) ”one who is rough, boorish” Kv; Vrd; Krš; Lkv; Btg; Škn; Rdn; ”one who speaks plainly, in an unadorned way” DūnŽ; Kln; Žlp; Mžk; ”one who is upright, turned around” Lnkv; Lg; Rz (XIII 622), žaliūkas(-ė) ”a strong, healthy person” S.Dauk; M.Valanč; A 1885,25; Žem; Vaižg; Pt; DūnŽ; Kv; Vkš; Sln; Mžs, žaliūkė ”green frog” VP 159; Kal; Yl; Krg; Plt; Sd; Pln; Žr (LKŽK). Su kitu priesagos -ukas variantu -uika (apie jo kilmę žr. aut., 1994, 132–133 su lit.) padarytas vedinys baltūika ”balta karvė” Rdš; Rod (LKŽ I² 621). Derivatives with the suffixes -iaukas, -iauka, -iaukė, -(i)uoka, -(i)uokė § 28. -iaukas: žaliaukąi ”green saliva, foam, vomit” Vlkv (LKŽK); -iauka: žaliauka ”green spot” Gs; ”greenery (fruit, vegetable)” Gž; ”green liquid” Dg; ”green saliva, foam, vomit” Rod; Gž; ”green algae” Rmš: VšR (LKŽK); -iaukė: žaliaukė ”green spot” Švn; Al; Mrk; Drsk; Dg; Kpč; ”greenery (fruit, vegetable)” Vrn; Alv; Pv; Lp; ”green saliva, foam, vomit” Lp; KzR; Drsk; Al; Klvr; Nm; Dkš (LKŽK); -(i)uoka: vel(i)uoka ”devil” DP 26X; Bt Mt 14,26; NdŽ; KŽ, cf. the hydronyms Vašuoką Sb, Vāšuokas Mlt (Vanagas, 1970, 203; 1981, 368), la.. 115 tėvuocis ”vyro tėvas”7; -(i)uokė: ruduokė ”rudmėsė” SD¹ 154; SD³ 393; A.Baran; Mt; Mšk; Aln; Km; Sln; Ds; Al; Pkp (LKŽ XI 880), žaliožkė ”toks grybas” Kos 135; A.Baran; Kvr; Svn; ”žalioji varlė” Jn (Rt); Plt (LKŽK), compare the hydronym Šermuokė NmŽ (Vanagas, 1970, 203; 1981, 329). These suffixes may be apophonic variants of the suffix -(i)ukas(-ė) (ŽD 140). Derivatives with the suffix -ėkas § 29. The suffix -ėkas is generally rare in Lithuanian. It is used somewhat more often to form diminutives, which have counterparts in Latvian (aut., 1994, 133—134), whereas there are only a few names of possessors of a characteristic formed with -ėkas, e.g.: kaklėkas ”a tether for tying horses to a wagon tongue” Bd (LKŽ V 92), lepėkas ”a worthless person” Lp; Vs (VII 364), merlėkas ”a stick soaked in water” Grv (VIII 39), šlapėkas ”wet wood for firewood, a wet stick” Nč (XIV 1015), compare also strapėkas ”the end of a tree, a stick, a writing stick” Slk; Ds; Sug; ”a staff, cudgel” Lkm (XIII 938) and Old Church Slavonic stropъ ”roof, ceiling” (Būga, 1959, 222). The emergence of this derivational type may have been influenced by the many names of possessors of a characteristic formed with -’akъ in Slavic languages; compare the Slavic loanword smalėkas ”a resinous stick” from Belarusian смоляк (ŽD 127). Conclusions 1. The oldest names of possessors of a characteristic are those with the suffix *-āka-, which may have been inherited from Late Proto-Indo-European or from the period of its breakup. 2. Other suffixes derived from *-ko- were probably used to form names of possessors of a characteristic in Proto-Baltic (except for recent derivatives with -ėkas). Early contacts between the Baltic and Slavic languages had a major influence on this process. In Slavic languages, names of possessors of a characteristic have long been formed with *-ko- much more frequently than in Baltic languages. The most productive derivational suffix for names of possessors of a characteristic, *-inъko-/-ineiko (< *-ino- + *-iko-/-eiko-), and its variant *-enžko-/-eneiko- (< *-eno- + *-iko-/-eiko-), probably also came into Baltic languages from Slavic languages. In Baltic languages, *-ko- was most often used to form diminutives. ABBREVIATIONS BK — Trumpas Mok(s)lo Krikščioniško Surinkimas / Nuog Roberto Bellarmino Kardynolo paráŠitas, Vilnae, 1677. BKGF — Endzelīnas J. The sounds and forms of the Baltic languages. Vilnius: State Publishing House for Political and Scientific Literature, 1957. DaiktvDr — Urbutis V. Noun formation. — Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965, 261—473. 7 Būga, 1958, 516—517; ME IV 178—179; ŽD 140; LVG 360, 361. 116 DaiktvDrR — Ambrazas S. The Development of Noun Formation. Lithuanian deverbal derivatives, Vilnius: Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing House, 1993. DTŽ — Naktinienė G., Paulauskienė A., Vitkauskas V. Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1988. DūnŽ — Vitkauskas V. Šiaurės rytų dünininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. GrK — Kalbrieda Lezuwe Zemaytyszka Suredīta Par Kunega Symona Grossa [...] Metusy 1835. LKA — Atlas of the Lithuanian Language 1—3 / Ed. K. Morkūnas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977—1991. LKK — Issues in Lithuanian Linguistics, Vilnius. LKŽ — Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1—16, Vilnius, 1956—1995. LKŽK — The card index of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. LVG — Endzelīns J. Latvian Grammar, Riga: Latvian State Publishing House, 1951. LŽ — Petrauskas J., Vidugiris A. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. ME — Mūlenbachs K., Endzelīns J. Dictionary of the Latvian Language, Riga: Cultural Foundation Publication, 1923—1932. PKEŽ I — Mažiulis V. Etymological Dictionary of the Prussian Language 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1988. PrP — Pradžia pamokſla del mažų weykialu [...]. Karalauciuy, 1680. SV — Endzelīns J. Senprūšu valoda, Rīgā: Universitātes apgāds, 1943. ŽD — Skardžius P. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1943. The other source abbreviations are the same as those used in the large “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. LITERATŪRA Ambrazas S. 1991: Baltų ir slavų kalbų vardažodžių daryba (senosios bendrybės ir skirt ybės). — Baltistica 27(1), 15—34. Ambrazas S. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos diminutyvų darybos raida. — LKK 34, 130—157. Ambrazas S. 1994a: Baltų kalbų priesaga -ingas ir germanų -ing. — Baltistica 29(1), 29—32. Azarech Ju. S. 1984: Slovoobrazovanie i formoobrazovanie suščestvitel'nych v istorii russkogo jazyka, Moskva: Nauka. Balaly kina E. A. 1980: Slovoobrazovatel'naja struktura prilagatel'nych v slavjanskich i baltijskich jazykach: imennye obrazovanija s i.-e. formantami *-no-, *-to-, *-lo-, Kazan’: Izdatel’stvo Kazanskogo universiteta. Baltiņa M. 1984: Par -enteks, -inieks un -nieks. — Latviešu valodas kultūras jautājumi 20, 134—139. Bezzenberger A. 1877: Beiträge zur Geschichte der litauischen Sprache auf Grund litauischer Texte des XVI. und des XVII. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen: Verlag von Robert Peppmüller. Brugmann K. 1906, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen 2, 1. Straßburg: Karl J. Trübner. Būga K. 1958—1961: Rinktiniai raštai / Par. Z. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla. Endzelīns J. 1974: Darbu izlase 2, Rīgā: Zinātne. Erhart A. 1982: Indoevropské jazyky, Praha: Academia. Gerullis G. 1922: Die altpreußische Ortsnamen, Berlin, Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger, Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Grinaveckis V. 1973: Žemaičių tarmių istorija (fonetika), Vilnius: Mintis. Henzen W. 1957: Deutsche Wortbildung, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kalnius A. 1937: Simono Daukanto žodynas, Kaunas (mašinraštis). 117 Karaciejus J. 1987: Istorija social'nych terminov litovskogo jazyka (na materiale pis'mennych pamjatnikov XVI–XVIII vv.), Vilnjus: Avtoref. diss. [...] kand. filol. nauk. Karaliūnas S. 1992: New findings in Prussian etymology (names for foal and swine). — Colloquium Pruthenicum Primum, Ed. by W. Smoczyński, A. Holvoet, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 15–20. Mažiulis V. 1960: Dėl žodžių dvāras, kiemas. — Kalbotyra 2, 205–209. Meid W. 1967: Germanische Sprachwissenschaft. Bd. 3: Wortbildung, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Meillet A. 1905: Études sur l'étymologie et le vocabulaire du vieux slave 2, Paris: Libraire Hachette. Nikolaev G. A. 1987: Russkoe istoričeskoe slovoobrazovanie, Kazan': Izdatel'stvo Kazanskogo universiteta. Otkupščikov Ju. V. 1988: Dogrečeskij substrat, Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo universiteta. Otrębski J. 1930: Przyczynki słowiańsko-litewskie, Wilno: Nakładem Instytutu naukowo-badawczego Europy Wschodniej. Pisani V. 1940–1941: Latino Provincia, il suffisso indoeuropeo *-eng e le formazioni germaniche in -INGA-, -UNGA-, -INGO-, -UNGO-. (Estratto dei Rendiconti dell'Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Letter 74). Rosinas A. 1995: Baltų kalbų įvardžiai: morfologija. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Rospond S. 1979: Gramatyka historyczna polskiego. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo naukowe. Salys A. 1930: Die žemaitischen Mundart 1, Kaunas: Akc. ”Spindulio” b-vės spaustuvė. Schmid W. P. 1962: Zu Simon Grunaus Vaterunser. — Indogermanische Forschungen 67, 261–273. Schwyzer E. 1939: Griechische Grammatik. München: C. H. Beck's Verlagsbuchhandlung. Skardžius P. 1931: VI Smulkmena. — Archivum Philologicum 2, 197. Sławski F. 1974: Zarys słowotwórstwa prasłowiańskiego. — Słownik prasłowiański 1 / Red. F. Sławski, Wrocław etc.: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 43–141. Subačius G. 1993: Simono Daukanto Didžiojo lenkų-lietuvių kalbų žodyno naujadariai: individuali daryba. — Lietuvių atgimimo studijos 4, Vilnius: Baltoji varnelė, 135–216. Subačius G. 1993a: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos bendrinės rašomosios žemaičių kalbos projektas. — Lietuvių kalba: jos tyrėjai ir tyrimai Jurgiui Gerulavičiui (1888 08 13 – apie 1995) paminėti konferencijos pranešimų tezės. 1993 m. spalio 20–22 d., Vilnius, 29. Vaillant A. 1974: Grammaire comparée des langues slaves 4, Paris: Éditions Klincksieck. Vanagas A. 1970: Lietuvos TSR hidronimų daryba, Vilnius: Mintis. Vanagas A. 1981: Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas. Varbot Ž. Ž. 1969: Drevnerusskoe imennoe slovoobrazovanie. Moskva: Nauka. Wackernagel J., Debrunner A. 1954: Altindische Grammatik 2, 2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht. Zinkevičius Z. 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius: Mintis. Zinkevičius Z. 1974: Slavoniško giesmyno (1646 m.) kalba. — LKK 15, 135–170. Zinkevičius Z. 1979: M. Mažvydo kalba. — Baltistica 15(1), 16–21. 118 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOMINA ATTRIBUTIVA WITH THE SUFFIX *-ko- IN LITHUANIAN Summary The diminutive suffix *-ko- played a great role in the formation of derivative category of nomina attributiva in the Baltic languages. The derivatives with *-āko- are very old (cf. Lith. naujókas, Slav. *novakъ ”novice, beginner”, Gk. νέᾱξ, νέᾱκος ”youth”). Many other Lithuanian suffixes from *-ko- were used to form nomina attributiva probably in Proto-Baltic, except the new suffixes -ēkas (cf. šlapēkas ”wet stick”), -uika (cf. baltūika ”white cow”). The great influence in this process had made the Slavic languages where nomina attributiva with *-ko- were formed from ancient times much more frequently than in Baltic. The formation of derivatives with the suffix *-eniko-/-eneiko- from participles with *-eno- (cf. ORuss. učенikъ: učena) and derivatives with *-iniko-/-ineiko- from adjectives with *-ino- (cf. ORuss. bludъnikъ: bludъny) in the Old Slavic texts and the absence of good etymology of the suffixes *-iniko-/-ineiko- (cf. Lith. laukinīkas, OPr. laukinikis (Leman) E 407, Latv. laūcinieks ”farmer”) and his variant *-eniko-/-eneiko- (cf. OLith. muitenyka, OLatv. muitenieks ”customs official”) in the Baltic languages enable us to suppose this the most productive suffix of nomina attributiva was borrowed from Slavic. In the Baltic languages the main derivative funktion of the suffix *-ko- was the formation of diminutives. 119