Lietuvių kalbos ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimų su priesaga„*-ko-“ darybos raida

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS XXXVI (1996) LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE: RESEARCHERS AND STUDIES Saulius AMBRAZAS LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANTIVES WITH THE PREFIX *-ko-DARYBOS $ 1. With the suffix *-konuo deminutives were made in the past (aut., 1994, 130-134). The name was later used to refer to the name of the owner of the property. From the ancient suffix *-kois evolved Lithuanian adverbs -okas(-ė), -ikas, -ikis, -ikė, -ykas, -eika, -eikis/-eikys, -aikis, -inykas|-ininkas(-ė- ), -ininkis, -enykas/-eninkas(- -ė), -aunykas/-auninkas(-¢€), -elnykas/-elninkas- (-ė), -(i)ukas(-ė), -(i)ūkas(-ė), -uika, -iaukas, -iauka, -iaukė, -(i)uoka, -(i)uokė, -ėkas. With them, the names of the property holders are made. Vedic with suffixes -(i)okas(-ė) $ 2. Names of the possessors of the attribute with this suffix are made much less often than deminutives: 1) from adjectives, e.g.: baltékas(-é) "white horse or white colt" Pn, Er (LKŽ I? 610), bériokas(-€) Ds, bėrūkas(-ė) "still a horse, still a colt" R II 83; JD 772; Srv; Pn; Rm (I? 765, 771), strižiūkas, Nv, strižėkas "dyed linen striped cloth" Sts (II? 735, 736), kurciokas(-¢) "deaf man" Lzd; Gz; Rmš; Wolf; Bgt; Brt; Krok (VI 943), lean "lean man or animal" Varn; Užv (VII 434), naujokas(-ė) "a person starting a job" K; Vlkv; Vdk; "young man, newly conscripted to the army" R; MŽ; N; K. Donel (VIII 590), prašunukas(-ė) "simple, unenlightened, unnoble man" P; BM 117; J; JD 342; JV 32; V. Krėv; (d)Pb; LTR(Ds); "bad beer, vodka" JD 491; LTR(Plv) (LKZ X 543—544), sartokas "sartas arklys" JV 955; Sb; Ēr (XII 168), slidokas "goat" J; Skd; Tl; Pln; Eig; Vvr; Sts; Plt; Gd; "beautiful" Vrd; "dumpling" Sts; "mushroom-eating sluice” Vrd (XIII 11), steep "what is rough, thick” BsMt II 208(Prnv); Pč; Ds; Sl; Vlkv; Jrb; Alif Lam Mim Ig; svn; Lel; Vdzg; "who speaks dialectically" Brb; Dg; "kas status, neguls¢ias" Nmé (XIII 621), sirmokas "a sharp horse or bull" JD 772; Slm; Er; SI; LTR(Rm) (XIV 903), the fresh "rookie" Trg (XV 567); 2) from nouns, e.g.: brukniendkas "bruknienojas” Tr; Sb (ŽD 132; LKZ I? 1083), bulbous Pnm; Er; svn; Ukm, the potatoes “bulvienojas” Jnsk; Ldk (LKZ I? 1149, 1156), header "small cloud" Sb; Kp; Alif Lam Mim Tr; "such a hat; hat dent" Kos 43; TDr VI 167 (ŽD 132; LKZ III 86), skull "rib or backbone with meat" Pl; Kp; Pnd (LKZ V 435), kisenidkas "pickpocket" Varn (V 881), paws "at last, on which children walk while playing? J; Klov; Rd; Ar; Ēr; Gravel; Lnkv; Shmk; "snowballs sticking to the soles" Gdz (VI 206), crosses "crossboards" J; Alvt; Dglš; Mrj; Kt; Dks; Out; "goat found for cutting" Ls; "crosses twisted in ends" Rm; Ssk, cross "sign of the cross" Ggr; "crossword puzzles" J; Ds; Tr; "mentor's twister" Msg; "device for attaching thread strands" Vv; "scarf with ''cross patterns'' Vdk; "such a game; equine disease’ J; "cross" JD 846; JV 295; PPr 281 (LKZ VI 669—670), crosses "crossboards" Gdr; Lp; Vdšk; Kb; "goat for logs" Vdn; "device to lay strands, threads weeding” Uzp; "antique checked scarf" Plt; Rs, crossword "crossword puzzle" Ds; Krkn; "tripod for someone to build" Skn; "mandrill, menturier” Ds; Skdt; Vdr; Sdk; Blood; "device for laying yarn strands while weeding" Dv; "shovel and fork handle" Rd; "ramentas” Trgn; "scarf with cross-stitch patterns" Up; "lemon balm; šunobelė" Trgn; "cross" S. Dauk; N; [K]; J; A 1884,41; Drsk (LKŽ VI 677; DTZ 677), which is "the ends on which children stand and walk while playing” Kos 126; J; Willow; Nm; Sln; Skr; Kt; Zg; Sv; Ore; Vkš; Slv; "ramentai" HS code; Vv; Vikv; Gs (VI 790), medžiūkai "klumpė with wooden sole, leather topSumi” Mrs; Rd; Vb; Nj; Vs (VII 997), pelickas "who catches mice well" Vrd; Žd; Kltn; ra; See; Vik; Sts; Ms; Trk (IX 768), piestokas "piesto grūdiklis", MŽ II 346; N; [K]; Sek (IX 927), ragučiokai "sleighs attached to sleds to carry logs" Lkm (XI 39), samanėkai "samanų kupstai" Švnč; Sb (ŽD 133; LKŽ XII 90), seeds "heads of unripe seeds" Sml; Paddy; Scream; Grž; Adm; Swine; Pšlį Kré; Sle; Lel; Skp; "uncultivated flax heads" Vins; What? Km; Smn; Sv (XII 359), snuff "whoever is clumsy, whines" Vb (XIII 237), bowels "boiling sliced pig or sheep stomach" BM 174, 443; Kp; Pnd (LKŽK); 3) from numerals, e.g.: antrokas "second fenceman from the stump" Pg; "second harvest beer" Nj J; Mžš; Rm (LKZ I? 174), double "two clothes wrapped together" Vlkv; Brt; Mrj; "two vessels connected by one fork" R; [K]; Pns; CZK; "double bag for pouring abracum" Krsn, dvejokas "such money" Svné (II? 949), fourth grade "fourth part of a valako" Vik; Pls’ "toks biraly saikais” Trak (V 670), fourth grade "fourth part of valako" Vlk; Pls; "such a biraly measure” Trak (V 670), a predecessor of "first cut, good beer” Rm; Sb; Mžš (X 19), third place "third mowing, weak beer" Er; Sb; Mžš; Krs; Alif Lam Mim Alz; Km; "antique money — silver coin worth three pence" Q 129, 135; B; R; MŽ II 135, 141; N(Rg); K; Ns 1854,2; RD 174; BsO 397; KlvD 295; N 174; JD 57, 589; Žem; LTR(Plv); Lks; "third part of the rod" Rtn; Al; Grv; "third part of the crop" means Dv; Rod, third-in-law "third son or daughter" Rm; "three-year-old animal" Žž; "a citizen who owns one-third of the land" Drsk; Żml; "land worker receiving a third of the harvest" Er; Van; "third tamed horse" J (LKŽ XVI 731), third-born "such a turn-around kind" Ggr (XVI 732). § 3. In some southern dialects near the Polish border, derivatives with the suffix -iokas(-€) denote a person according to his or her place of residence or origin, e.g. kaiSiadoriokas(-€), lazdijokas(-€), seirijokas(-€), etc. (DaiktvDr 413; LKA III Zemél. Nr.110, p. 117). Such usage was apparently encouraged by Polish, where about the 15th century there were derivatives with -ak having the meaning of belonging, e.g. : 101 102 polak "lenkas" (Rospond, 1979, 185). In addition, this type of vedic is also found in the Gudi language, cf. the Slavism dvoriokas "court worker" S I 309; Klm; PnmA; "lord of the manor" LB 96, 118, manor "worker of the manor" BsMt II 24; LTR(Brt); Dks; Rdm; "lord of the house" Kb; (Pl. god. deopax, see LKŽ II? 938). $ 4. In the Slavic languages, names of property-holders with *-akoare, in general, much more productive than in the Baltic languages, cf. *novaks "novice", *svojaks "swogger", *rybaks "fisherman" and so on! On the other hand, the names of the owners of the characteristics with the suffix *-ako have been observed in other related languages, cf. lit. rookie and sl. *novaks, gr. veéat, veūxos "young man"?, also s. ind. bhiksakah "beggar- ": bhiksa "beggars" (Wackernagel, Debrunner, 1954, 267). This type of verb may therefore be quite old, possibly inherited from the late Indo-European proto-language or from the time of its splitting. "Spider-- Man: Into the Spider-Verse 5". The number of names with this suffix in Lithuanian is even lower than with -okas. 1) from adjectives, e.g.: balčikas "white girl" Pai (LKŽ I? 588), baltikas "such a kind of milk mushroom" MŽ; N; [K], noble "man of high origin" J; A 1885,82; LzP (LKŽ II? 478), vengeful "revenge girl" Pg (V 623), boat "long narrow field" C II 456; N, newcomer "novice" SD! 99; SD? 226; K; What? "newcomer" J; Klk; 587), red-headed "red-headed" NS 1354; Kp; RdN; Slč; Žeml; Alz; Skm; Srv; Sh; Feed; Sem; Btrm; Aish; Luke; Gržl; Lel; Wines; Slán; "whose face is red and fair" Skdt (XI 260), priest "priest" JD 1228; J; 2) from nouns, e.g.: bėgštikas "runner" J I 200 (: bėgsta "running" DaiktvDrR 67), kaukarikas "backbone" Sb (: kaūkaras "hill, cliff; mountain peak; forehead; backbone"), kaukorikas "child with a big head" Šmn (: kaūkoras Rs, kaukoris "hill, cliff" Klvr —LKŽ V 420, 423—424), pirštikas "finger of the finger" Švnč; Rš; Trgn; Rk (X 32), spacer "space between two oxen, barn Saliniy” Yl; Trkn; Brs; Slnt; Pln; Sd; Všv; "side" Lnk; Ms; Brs; "namogalio shelter for wheels, implements, firewood" Gršl (XV 895), pernikai "such a flower" (spread in eastern Highland and Zemgale dialects, recorded already by S.Dauk; P; J —LKŽK); 3) from numerals: centikos "centinė" Pg (LKŽ XIV 823). $ 6. In Latvian and Prussian, this type of Vedic is also rare, e.g. la. melnikis "black (horse)", namikis "gardener", pr. preisiks "enemy" (Feindt) III 7920, acc. pl. swintickens "saints" (Heiligen) III 1335_9 (SV 49; LVG 358; BKGF 89). I! Slawski, 1974, 90–91; Vaillant, 1974, 326–328. 2 Brugmann, 1906, 501; Sechwyzer, 1939, 543 sulit. ; Otkupščikov 1988, pp. 101–103. 103 In the Slavic languages, however, the names of the owners of the attribute with *-ikon have long been productive, e.g. sl. *bogatscs "rich man", *junscs "young bull; a young person; child" (cf. lit. groom), * starscs "old man"*. There are no such derivatives in other related languages. Thus, it is possible that initially the names of the possessors of the deminutive suffix *-i started to be made in the Slavic languages, and later, due to the old contacts between the Baltic and Slavic languages, this innovation touched somewhat the Baltic languages as well. In Baltic languages, the diminutive suffix *-ikolabai has long been included in the paradigm of the formation of person names (DaiktvDrR 135—138). Vedic with suffixes -ikis, -ikė, -eika, -eikis/-eikys, -aikis $ T. Another name of the property holder is made with the following variants of the suffix -ikas: -ikis (about its origin see aut., 1991, 22): baltikis "white hare" Lkč (LKZ 1? 614), juodikis "edible black-headed mushroom" Dbč, juoodikis "etc. " Mrc; "bloody soup" Dglš; "skatikas" (common in old writings —LKŽ IV 401), groom (common since the 16th century), boatman R II 312; MZ; N; K, latbikis - "long narrow field ridge" Nm (VII 14), raistikis "such a mushroom of the ridge" Žln; i Vrn (XI 60), rubella (widespread); -ikė (cf. aut., 1994, 130): baltiké "a kind of mushroom" Stč; Klov (LKA III 131), bobinka "pentelė" Rs; Sv; "shaft" Rs; Vdk (LKŽ I? 962), guginikė "goose with gugs" Skdv (III 702), ioninė "type of potato" Trš | (IV 356), kanapiké "skepetaiciy species" Varn (V 197), kartikė "mushroom bitter in milk" Btr (V 339), lempikė "lubricant" Grg (VII 323), lutikė "chicken with short legs" Sv; "little crested woman" Lkv; Up (VII 713), red "cat female" C I 145; N; [K]; BZ 559; KZ; "red meat" K I 389; JD 95, heart "girnų verpsté" Shll; Pd; Jd; Tt; "weaving shooting stick, sheivas" Pj (XIV 848), heart "spindle spindle" Rs; Nmk; Vdk (LKA I 141), tabakīke "raktažole" Škt (LKŽ XV 638), vistiké "toks grybas" Dv (LKA III 131); -ykas (cf. aut., 1994, 131—132): the fish "aitvaras" Gdž (LKŽ VII 55); -eika (for the origin of this adverb see DaiktvDrR 139): alsčika "a person who has dusuli" Klm (LKŽ I? 110), jauneika "the youngest child in the family" Lnkv; O (IV 306), lieseika "lean man" J; Slnt; Als (ŽD 159, LKZ VII 433), mandréika "wise man" Jnšk (LKZ VII 823), mundréika "someone who is nice, nimble, wise" LTR(MIt); Ign (VIII 380), nevalčika "dirty, sloppy, awkward man" Zem; Shl; Neck; Klm; Skr; Skn; Prn; Ar; Gs; Lbv; Btg (VIII 750), rude "who constantly sélsta" Krkl (XI 1022), dog-walker "perforated head" Sdb; Ps; Slé (XV 357); -way/-ways; atbuletkis "who atbuletkis what he does, goes; who resists, does the right thing" J; Kv; Pln; Vvr; Krkl (LKŽ I? 336), a judoka Kltn; Ut, juodeikys in "with acid cooked bloody soup" Lkm (IV 399), šūdeikis "what is not suitable for anyone" 3 Meillet, 1905, 344 etc. ; Slawski, 1974, 99-100; Vaillant, 1974, 296 pp. 104 Ce Sb Sl this ao Ani Sg; "niekis" Rs (XV 319), cf. water names Dubeikis Krt, Saldeikis Vdk, Šalteikis, Šalteikė Šv and others (Vanagas, 1970, 107 et seq.); -aikis: juodaikis "blood soup" Dkt; 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) 391 pp. (in French) Stoboiz: stabis "stone" (Steyn) E 32 (Gerullis, 1922, 248), possibly also pr. arwaikis "kumelaitis" (Volle) E 434: * arva-"fast" (Karaliūnas, 1992, 18; somewhat differently Mažiulis PKEZ I 94—95). 1984) and a son, Ethan (born 1988). The suffix -ynkas/-ininkas(-ė) is the last suffix of the names of the owners of the property. In both modern and ancient Lithuanian, it is used most often in verbs denoting a profession. In the old scriptures we find a number of these types of vedas, which are now completely disappeared or used in other meanings. Most of them are recorded in K. Sirvydo dictionary: akmeninykas "akmenkalys” SD! 50 (cf. akmeninirikas "t.p." C II 1154; N; K; "akmenų vežėjas" Grž —LKZ I? 80), balnykas "balnius" SD! 165; SD? 403 (e.g. S.Dauk., cf. saddleman K), churchman "church overseer" SD? 122 (cf. ecclesiastic "e.g." R II 389; "who goes to church" Kv; Klp —LKZ I? 700), ciustinis "sorcerer" SD? 40 (cf. Ch 152; Rp, cf. čiustininkas [K]), the dračinykas “etnieks" SD? 120 (e.g. Bt Acts 23,23, cf. draūčininkas [K]), clothmaker "cloth merchant" SD? 300 (cf. canvasmaker "etc." K; "canvas weaver" K; Pp. —LKŽ II? 739), baker "bread baker" SD! 121, 291 (e.g. BB 1 Mos 40,1; MTP 29, cf. dūonininkas "e.g.” K; "who is maintained by others" Sch 124; Jrb; Vlkv; Gs; "exclusivist" Alk —LKŽ II? 872), sözüykas "bedroom servant" SD? 157 (cf. tainer N; [K]), stripper "strip worker" SD! 119; SD? 286 (cf. joostnik "e.g." N; K; M; BZ 416; NdZ), grocery store "who makes groceries, who sells them" SD? 133 (cf. the caretaker M), the sweetener “lime, gypsum degéjas” SD! 189; SD? 469 (cf. yeastmaker N; [K]), miller "mule driver" SD* 182 (cf. miller N; [K]), sorcerer "sorcerer" SD! 17, 403 (cf. DP 526a35; BK 1818, cf. also nuodininkas N; [K]; A 1884,13), knife maker "knife worker" SD! 99; SD? 227 (cf. knifemaker "etc." Lex 61; C II 44; Q 44; R II 255; K II 56; "who sells knives" N; K; "who cuts with knives" Ig —LKŽ IX 746), robber "who makes a knife" SD? 147, sapelkinykas (sapielkinykas?) "birbynininkas" SD? 297 (e.g. Sut, cf. sapelkininkas N, sapelkininkas [K]; KZ), guard "guard" SD! 176; SD? 424, sietinykas "who makes or sells sieves" SD? 403 (cf. siétnik N; K; L; Rtr, siétnik BZ 496; KZ), shielding "shielding worker or trader" SD! 120; SD? 287 (cf. skjdnik N; K; Ser; NdZ), stolynik "officier of princes, nobles" SD! 175; SD? 423 (”carpenter” BB Sir 39,28, cf. carpenter "officier of princes, nobles; carpenter" Nj K and other scriptures), koraninik "crown weaver” SD“ 194, vodenik "waterway straightener” SD* 392 (cf. vodenik N; Š), vilninik "wool weaver” SD? 105 473 (n.p. Sut, plg. vilnininkas/ vilnininkas N; K; Rtr; NdZ; KZ), viewer "astronomers" SD! 41; SD? 80 (n.p. DP 603; Sut, plg. Zobrazininkas S. Stan; Several of this type of Vedic from the beginning of the scripture are characteristic only Small Lithuanian writings, e.g.: čiepininkas "the gardener" KIM 128; Lex 13, 39a; O 205; R II 158; K, dezininic "box maker seller" ar Lex 77; C II 491; RII 317; K, kletnik "kiosknieks” Lex 20a; K I 267; [K], soldier "soldier" BB 4 Moz 31,48; 2 Kar 24,2; Joz 5,4; The Right 20,44, Snatcher "antique money worker” Lex 16a, N, K, masniniicas "machine operator, tailor" Lex 16a; C I 331; Krz 46; B 398; K I 232, pucknieks "musketeer” Lex 63; O 633; Krz 249; R; 'ginkladirbys' K I 267; "shotgun merchant" K, surmnik "who threw death” Lex 73a; C II 389; Q 435; Krz 170; N; [K]; KZ. So the adverbs -ynykas/-ininkas(-- ¢) vedic, denoting a profession, already 4 XVI-XVII was a. very productive. Ju age is indicated by the corresponding ki-. in those Baltic languages, cf. lie. Wild boar (common already reported) XVI a.) ir pr. wild (Leman) E 407, la. Lionfish (see section 4.4). $ 21). 4 § 9. Adverbs -inykas/-ininkas(-€) derivatives of nouns with iš non-specialised ir meaning are much less in the old writings. | Jau In the 16th-17th a. centuries, the Vedic verbs dalinykas/ dalininkas, darbinykas/ darbininkas, draugynykas/ dragininkas, kekšinykas/ kekšininkas(-ė), lietuvinykas/ lietuvininkas, namunykas/ namininkas, pagalbinykas/ pagalbininkas, priesinykas/ priesesininkas, skolinykas/ skolininkas, tarpinykas/ tarpininkas, vietynykas/ vietininkas were widely used. į Currently in use in the ir dialects Vedic yearbook "mitulys" Lex 52, profiter "benefit seeker" BP II 6112, 5715; BB Sir 14,9, o in common language — maistinykas BB Pat 24,21; SD! 96; SD? 25, 82 option dietician. Several Vedic words of this type now have a different meaning in the dialects than in the recorded scriptures, e.g.: avenger/avenger "enemy" (used in many ji ta XVI—XVII a. writings, now in dialects has a meaning "the revengeful man”), courtier "village owner" DP 27814 (now in dialects "who likes to visit", for the evolution of the meaning of this Vedic cf. Baby. 1960, 206—208), Pakampinyak "who is hiding" SD? 318 ("which landzioja corners” Rod a LKŽ IX 149), dreamer "who dreams prophetic dreams, declares them" BP II 30924, 3106,11; BB 1 Moz 37,19; Bt Jd 8 (plg. dreamer "the dreamer" R; K; L; Rs; DunZ — LKZ 12th Sunday 145), in Ordinary Time "nonsense" SD* 5, 299; Sul ("which is the sequence of words" Rod — LKŽ XIII 336). § 10. A considerable number of nouns found in the ancient writings are adjectives -inykas/-ininkas(-€) derivatives, which more or less ar retained the net meaning of the ypa tybės holders, now completely disappeared, e.g.: auginykas "patikkūnas" SD* 212, headset "defamer" Lex 66 (n.p. B; N; K), collaborator "bend radarbis” BB 1 PvK 3,4; Shh! 13X, a purse holder ‘partner’ (in most cases) 16–17, 1996. a. (in German) BB Cheese 4,7; 1 PvIm 3; DF 526a36; SD? 469, barnininkas "what's going on" Lex 45, docliner SD? 44, 45, 82 Donny "who pays tribute" SD* 82; SE 234; Ch 5 The 20,11, Shame of Moses "paleistuvis" MT 215b, railwayman "armored horseman" SD* 103 (plg en į 106 ironman "iron merchant" Lex 29a; N; K), snake-hunter "inhabitant" C I 548 (cf. RB 1 Krn 23,18; K; LC 1881,15; "he who has his own snake, a savage" B; K), Greek BP 9X; BB Pat 12,21, Greek "sinful man" K1M 357 (e.g. R; N; K), gvaltynyk "man quick to anger" SD! 41, a comedian "joker" SD? 413 (cf. humorist K; Š; BZ 525), swordsman "who is armed with a sword" SD? 170 (cf. swordsman N; Ser; NdZ), companion "condemned to hang" SD* 438 (cf. kdrtuvnik "etc." N; [K]; "who wars" J), warrior "who fights, warrior" BB 2 PvTm 2,24 (cf. warrior Ns 1858,3), non-warrior "who does not fight" Vln 395, non-warrior "who does not fight" 394, hell-walker "inhabitant of hell" SD? 298 (cf. hellboy "e.g." N; [K]; "who causes hell, disputer" NdZ; "edrow" LzP, hellboy, see § 14), causatinykas "what is someone's cause" MP 145 (e.g. Sut), pustinykas "sweater" SP I 4591, sostinykas "who sits on the throne" DP 542aj14, 595320, kolonykas "Christian hermit living on a pillar" SD? 410 (t.p. Sut, cf. kolonpininkas "column (statue) worker" N; K), armuniak "armed, armored warrior" (characteristic of the ancient scriptures), jumper "who runs with jumps" C II 206 (e.g. Krz 152; MZ; N; K; BZ 513; NdZ; KZ), tautinykas "inhabitant of the country" BB Jer 52,24; 2 Kron 23,13 (cf. Karatiejus, 1987, 19), rich man "wealthy man" Ch! 10 (p. rich man Sln; Vaizg; A. Only in other writings —LKZK), véjinykas ”véjavaikis” SD? 479 (cf. véjininkas "etc." NdZ; KZ), viltinykas "deceiver" MP 240, 275, 339, 359b; Ch" 41455 (in the explanations at the end); KN 34 (t.p. Kos 58b; Sut, cf. feltner "t.p." J; BZ 58b; Ser; KZ; "Hope" magazine reader in early 19th century writings- ), Zaislinykas "player" SD! 38; SD? 437 ("grojejas" Bt Apr 14,2). There are also many derivatives of this form in the present Lithuanian language (DaiktvDr 340—342, 360). § 11. The names of the owners of adjectives with the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) are made very rarely. In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were only a few such scriptures. Among them, accomplice/- accompanist, perpetrator/perpetrator, pawn/pawn are common today. Another adjective derivative of the suffix -ynykas/-ininkas(-ė) is typical only of the ancient scriptures, e.g.: bjaurinykas- (-ė) "ugly, wicked man" Ch 14X; PrP 3911; KN 6; MT 215b; Bt Mt 21,31, mocker "brave" BB Pat 15,14, tyrant "tyrant" SD? 263, 245 (cf. gailininké "monk" LC 1884,3), godynykas "gobsuolis, plėšikas" BP II 22155, 22914, 3567; BB Job 2.9; 1 PvK 5,10; WP 104, novinykas "new-believer" BB 1 PvTm 3,6, naujininkas "new-founder" Lex 64a (cf. Q 364, 366; Krz 145; NT 1 PvTm 3,6; J; V.Kudir), neteisinykas/neteisinykas (in many ancient scriptures), nenaujinykas "non-newbie" Vln 39g, smarkinykas "tyran" (in many ancient scriptures), Sykstinykas "the mean" BB Sir 32,29, teisinykas "righteous man" (in many ancient scriptures). The Vedic word for "fearful, heartless man" (in many ancient scriptures) in dialects has the meaning of "what is fearful, huge; who fears, fears" (LKZ I? 107 568). Now in dialects there are also very few derivatives of the suffix -inykas/-ininkas from adjectives, e.g.: brangingkas(-€) Gs; Skp; Srv, brangininkas(-ė) "who takes dearly” K; Rs; Skr (LKZ I? 997), guilemaker "guilemaker" Kri; Upp; Grz; Ps (III 698), kurtingkas "who is deaf" Svné; Dglš (VI 980), liesininkas(-€) "who is lean" Varn (VII 434), mandrinirikas "clever" Tat; Vks (VII 823), pigingkas "who sells cheaply" Pn; "Who wants to buy cheap" Kp, cheapunuk "Who sells cheap?" Lk; Er (IX 938), puikiniiikas "dabita" Grg (X 852), suktinykas “sukéius” Sn (XIV 126), sirminirikas "širmas arklys arba arklys" JD 541; LTR(Ilg); Smk (XIV 903). § 12. Several -ynykas/-ininkas(-€) suffixes derived from numeralziy, e.g. antrinykas/- antrininkas- /antrininkas "second, inferior kind of object; an assistant; infidel man" (common in dialects, mainly in Žemaitija), | decimalist "commander of ten soldiers" DP 17933, decimalist "etc.” K; "who goes ten days of punishment; police officer" J I 316, quarterman Kp, quarterman "who holds a quarter of a barrel" J II 94; "a bag containing a quarter of a pur" C II 352; N; [K] (ŽD 146; LKZ V 669), chairman/chairman/chairman "supervisor; protozoan; horseback; the shepherd at the front of the herd; what is best, first kind" (common in dialects), centurion/centurion/centurion "commander of a hundred soldiers" (characteristic of ancient writings), trētnieki "third, inferior kind of grain, flour" Zd; Užv; Trk, trētnieks/trétnieks "third-class, weak beer" DunZ; Vkš; Zg, tretiník/trétník "member of the branch of the Order of Francis of Assisi, which belongs to the laity" M. Valanč; Vlkv; "third grade student" Rm; "the youngest mercenary doing lighter work" Vaižg; Jsv; "who has the third part of the valance" Dv (LKZ XVI 795). | to $ 13. Sometimes the suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) is abbreviated by dropping the first vowel £, the whole syllable in or even part of the base word. in] Names of the owners of the property with such abbreviated suffix are found in the 16th-17th century writings, e.g.: gertuvnykas "smuklininkas" SD? 97, drunkard "visitor of the grotto" SD® 85 (see drunkard N; [K]), hatman SD! 16; SD? 39 (e.g. S.Dauk; Sl; Vdsk), hatmaker Lex 51a (e.g. R II 213; K; J; Jrk 41; Lg; Pnd —LKZ V 595; LKA III 129), Lithuanian poet BP I 1355_¢; II 9718, 3792_3, 39912, 41516; KIG 65; MT XIX; DK! 30; SD! 73; SD? 154 (e.g. A. Baran; RAN; Lz; Aps; Dv, cf. lLetuvninkas R II 288; B; I.Simon; KlvD 361; Uzp —LKZ VII 451; LKA III 129), liezuvnykas(-é) SD? 89; SP. I 8212; II 7315 (t.p. Blood; Rs, e.g. liver farmer Krz; Uzv; Gs —LKZ VII 458; DunZ 176), malunyké BB Pam 12,4 (cf. maklinykas/makininkas, common in dialects LKA III 129), marskinykas "shirt tailor" SD? 125 (cf. shirtmaker "etc." N; [K]; "weaver of nets" [K]), fisherman SD* 472 (cf. fisherman K, fisherman Plt; Bržr; Als; Grg; Plng; Pln; Sdr; Varn; Pvn —LKZ VIII 90; DūnŽ 196), miller "love weaver" Lex 89a (cf. MZ; N, cf. miller Krz 202; K), helper BB 1 Mos 2,18 (cf. helper Q 164; R II 198), helper "member of the funeral" SD? 76 (cf. pakasgninkas MTt V 162), pronoun "on a leash horse" 108 SD? 116, lunchroom "lunch" SD? 230, pyragnykas "cake baker" BB Oz 7,3, popiernykas "paper maker or merchant" SD? 284 (cf. papyrus Q 639; R II 274; MZ II 367), preface BB 2 Mos 15,7; Ps 13,4; 27,2; 31,1; 73,4; 73,23; 78,53; AK 45 (cf. preface Ns 1858/4), sgsparnyk "the cornerstone of the building" BB 1 Kings 7,11; Mt 21,42, teviksnyk "tévainis" SP I 3244 _5; II 59456 (p.p. Sut). § 14. There are many more examples of this. Most often they are made from polysyllabic nouns, e.g.: amatngkas Grž; Ēr, artisan Gs, craftsman S. Dauk; J; Vrd; Le; Dr; Krs (LKZ I? 118; DūnŽ 25; LKA Ty 129), "vidpadis" Srj; Lp; "underskirt” Ls, underwear "t.p. " Skr; Rmé (LKZ I? 185; DunZ 28), admenikas "velénai plėšti žambis" Trk (I? 339), ašmeninkė "needle for sewing furs" Brs; Yl (I? 339), brigūdnieks Stč; Ob; Sv; Btg; Klt, gelžkelnykas Mžš, krdutuvnykas Vdšk; Str (LKA III 129), loader Krš; Dr (LKŽ VI 485; DunZ 149), kumelnijkas "stallion" Vik (VI 871), liežiūvnykas Gdl, Ds (VII 451, 452), ligūšnykas(-ė) Ps, ligasninkas(-ė) "permanently ill person or animal" Paj (VII 463), milicnykas Ant; Kn; Vik (LKA III 129), minūtnieks Lz (LŽ 165), minūtnieks "clock hand showing minutes” Krš (DunZ 201), naktigonyks Vlk; Lp; Mrc; No; JnšM; Lz, naktigoninkas "night watchman" Alv (LKZ VIII 517; LZ 171), naujgninkas "news lover" Bru; Pgg; Smln; Vn; Dr (LKŽ VIII 588; DūnŽ 211), nūomarnykas "epileptikus" Jnšk (LKŽ VIII 941), 6buolnykas "who sells apples" Grž (VIII 993), pasaknykas "who teaches fairy tales" Lnkv (IX 446), pašalnijkas "stranger" Rgvl (IX 555), potėrnykas(-ė) "pious man" Slm, potėrninkas "etc. " Grž; Grz; "the person who leads the prayers when the potteria is spoken without a priest" Dr; Gršl (X 470), "besotis" Drsk (DTŽ 279), trailer Skr, trailer Gr (LKZ X 642), caretaker Rod (XI 986), storekeeper Lnk (XII 118), storekeeper Mžš; Er; VIk, storekeeper Grž; Zg; Sd; Akm; See (LKŽ XII 118; LKA III 129), smagūrnykas Lš (LKŽ XIII 71—72), Sermuksngkas "šermukšnio vytelė" Ds (XIV 659), škarmalnykas Sl, trūktornykas/trūktorninkas, vargénykas (common in the dialect, see. LKA III 129). Vedic nouns with the abbreviated suffix -inykas/-ininkas(-ė) are made from two-syllable nouns much less often, e.g.: bitnykas (widely used in the Vysočyna dialect), bitninkas Sk (LKA III 129), bébnykas "girl" Vp (LKŽ 1? 963), girnykas (widely used in the Altai dialect, see LKA III 129), mėsnykas Glv; Ukm; Smn; Antz; Tj; Vvs; Vrnv (LKZ VIII 47; LKA III 129), bricklayer Grd (LKZ X 253), beginner "who begins" Kp; Pnd (X 496), shaker "fresh, fluffy cake" Kit; Uzp (X 983), Slm, Dbk (X 1053), sieksnijkas "what is the length of the streak?" Slk (XII 508), stalnykas Klt (XII 520). § 15. The tendency to shorten the derivatives of this suffix is very old. For example, the following Prussian derivatives are similarly abbreviated: criztniz (Teuffer) III 11156, nom. pl. randaugiwėldnikai “drauge veldétojai” (Miterben) III 93g, dat. sing. waldniku "valdovui" (the king) III 91,5 (cf. DaiktvDrR 144). Be 109 the accuser "husband's father"; -(i)uokė: red meat SD! 154; SD* 393; A. Baran; Mt; Msk; Oak; Km; Sln; Ds; Al; Pkp (LKZ XI 880), Zaliuoké "such a mushroom" Kos 135; A. Baran; Kvr; svn; "Green frog" Jn(Rt); Plt (Lt. Col.), plg. Waterfowl NmŽ (Vanagas, 1970, 203; 1981, 329). These suffixes may be -(i)ukas(-€) apophonic variants (ŽD § 140). Vedic su suffix -yes. § 29. Priesaga -ėkas in Lithuanian language is rare. How much more often su ja deminutives made with equivalents in Latvian (aut., | 1994, 133—134), o property holders names su - there are only a few, e.g.: collar "tie to tie horses to a beast” Bd (LKZ V 92), Lepekas "no one else Zmogus’ Lp; Vs (VII 364), merlekas "vandenyje imirkes pagalys” Grv (VIII 39), šlapėkas "wet wood for firewood, wet logsTM Nč (XIV plg. 1015), a little bit more "the end of the tree, the stem, the tip” Slk; Ds; Sug; "lazda, kuoka" Lkm (XIII 938) ir s. sl. hive "roof, ceiling" (Buga, 1959, 1 222 am the type of work may have been influenced by the abundant names of the Slavic language feature i holders su - 'aks, plg. slavizma smalėkas ”dervingas pagalys” iš gud. cmoasx (ZD 127). Conclusions 1. The oldest are the names of the property su holders suffix *-ako-, which may have been inherited from the late Indo-European iš protolanguage at the time of its split. ar 2. Other suffixes derived from iš *-ko-, features to make names of owners were used probably in the proto-Baltic language (except recent derivatives su -eas). This was greatly influenced by the old contacts between the Baltic and Slavic languages. For in the Slavic languages since ancient times su The names of the owners of *-koypatnosti were made much more often than in the Baltic languages. Iš Slavic languages į Baltic languages probably came the last derived ir suffix of the names of the owners of the feature iniko-/-ineiko * (< *-ino- + *-iko-/-eiko-) and its variant *-eniko-/eneiko- (< *-eno- + *-iko-/-eiko-). In Baltic languages, su the suffix *-ko was most often used in diminutives. j ABBREVIATIONS BK — Trump Mok flo Krik [cioBko Assembly / Nuog Robert Bellarmine, Cardinal Parasite, Vilnius, 1677. in BKGF — Endzelynas J. The sounds of Baltic ir languages form. Vilnius: State and 1€ Political ir Science Publishing House, 1957. | DaiktvDr — Urbutis V. Formation of nouns. — Grammar of the Lithuanian language 1, Vilnius: Thoughts, 1965, 261—473. i " Būga, 1958, 516—517; ME IV 178—179; ŽD 140; LVG 360, 361. 116 DaiktvDrR —Ambrazas S. The development of nouns. 1993. The English-Lithuanian Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. DTZ —Naktinienė G., Paulauskienė A, Vitkauskas V. Dictionary of Druskininkai dialect, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1988. DunZ —Vitkauskas V. Northeastern Duners' Slang Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. GrK —Kalbrieda Lezuwe Zemaytyszka Suredita Par Kunega Symona Grossa [...] Methuselah 1835. LKA —Lithuanian Language Atlas 1—3 /Ats. red. K. M or k u n a s, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977—1991. d LKK —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, Vilnius. LKŽ —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1—16, Vilnius, 1956—1995. LKŽK —Lithuanian language dictionary. IVG —Endzelins J. Grammar of the Latvian Language, Riga: Latvian State Publishing House, 1951. LŽ-Petrauskas J, Vidugiris A. Lazūnų dialekto žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985. ME —Mūlenbachs K., Endzelins J. Latvian language dictionary, Riga: Kulturas fonda izdevums, 1923—1932. PKEZI1 —Mažiulis V. Prussian language etymology dictionary 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, PrP —Pradžia pamok [la del maju weykialu [...]. Karalauciuy, 1680. SV—Endzelins J. Senprasu valoda, Riga: University District, 1943. ZD —Skardžius P. Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius, 1943. Other abbreviations of sources are the same as in the large "Lietuvių 1988. kalbos žodynas". LITTERACY Ambrazas S. 1991: Formation of nouns in Baltic and Slavic languages (old similarities and differences). —Baltistica 27(1), 15—34. Ambrazas S. 1994: Development of the Lithuanian diminutive forms. —LKK 34, Ambrazas S.1994a: Baltic suffixes -ingas and germany -ing. —Baltistica 130—157. 29(1), 29-32. Azarch Ju. S. 1984: Slovoobrazovanie i formoobrazovanie suséestvitelnyh v istorii russkogo jazyka, Moscow: Nauka. Balalykina E. A. 1980: Slovoobrazovatelnaya struktura prilagatelnyh v slayyanskichs i baltiyskikh yazykakh: fmennye obrazovanija s i.-e. formami *-no-, *-to-, *-lo-, Kazan" Izdatel'stvo Kazanskogo universiteta. Baltinpa M. 1984: On -enieks, -inieks and -niekS. —Latvian Language Culture Question 20, 134—139. Bezzenberger A. 1877: Contributions to the History of the Lithuanian Language on the Basis of Lithuanian Texts of the XVI. and of the XVII. Gottingen: Robert Peppmuller Verlag. Brugmann K. 1906, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen 2, 1, Strasbourg: Karl J. Triubner. Bouga K.1958—1961: Selected Writings /Par. Z. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: State publishing house of political and scientific literature. Endzelins J. 1974: Selected Works 2, Riga: Zinatne. Erhart A.1982: Indo-European languages, Prague: Academie. Gerullis G. 1922: Die altpreufische Ortsnamen, Berlin, Leipzig: Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger, Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Grinaveckis V. 1973: Žemaičių tarmių istorija (fonetika), Vilnius: Mintis. Henzen W. 1957: German word formation, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Kalnius A. 1937: Simono Daukanto žodynas, Kaunas (masrastis). - 117 Karaciejus J. 1987: Istorija socialnykh terminov litovskogo jazyka (na materiale pis'mennyh pamjatnikov XVI—XVIII vv.), Vilnius: Avtoref. diss. [...] cand. filol. nauk. Karaliūnas S. 1992: New findings in Prussian etymology (names for foal and swine). —Colloguium Pruthenicum Primum /Ed. by W. Smoczynski, A. Holvoet, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Mažiulis V. 1960: 15—20. About the words manor, courtyard. —Kalbotyra 2, 205—209. Meid W. 1967: Germanic linguistics. Volume 3: Word formation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter u. Co. Meillet A. 1905: Studies on the etymology and vocabulary of the old Slavic 2, Paris: Libraire Hachette. ’ Nikolaev G. A. 1987: Russkoe historiceskoe slovoobrazovanie, Kazan: Izdatel'stvo Kazanskogo universiteta. Otkupséikov Ju. V. 1988: Dogrecesky substrat, Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Leningradskogo universiteta. Otrebski J. 1930: Lithuanian-Lithuanian Associations, Vilnius: Research Institute of Eastern Europe. Pisani V.1940—1941: Latino Provincia, the Indo-European suffix *-eng and the Germanic formations in -INGA-, -UNGA-, -INGO-, -UNGO-(Extract of the Rendiconti of the Lombard Institute of Sciences and Letters 74). 1995. "The Morphology of the Baltic Languages". Vilnius: Vilnius University. k Rospond S. 1979: Historical grammar of Polish. Warsaw: State Scientific Publishing House. k Salys A. 1930: The Zemaitic dialect 1, Kaunas: Akc. "Spindulio" b-ves spaustuvė. ; Schmid VW. P. 1962: To Simon Grunau's Our Father. —Indogermanische Forschungen 67, 261—273. § Schwyzer E. 1939: Greek grammar. C. H. Beck's Verlags-; bookstore. | Skardžius P. 1931. VI Smalkmena. —Archivum Philologicum 2, 197. k Slawski F.1974: Outline of Praslavic word-making. —Stannik prastowtaniski 1 /Red. F. Slawski, Wroclaw etc. : Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 43–141. i. 1993: Simonas Daukanto Didysis lietuvių-lenkų kalbų žodynas (Simonas Daukanto Great Polish-Lithuanian Dictionary). —Lithuanian Revival Studies 4, Vilnius: 4 White tick, 135-216. Subačius G. 1993a: J urgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos general written ze-| maičių language project. —Lithuanian language: its researchers and researches Jurgis Gerulis (1888 08 13 —about 1995) mentioned thesis of conference reports. October 1993. 20—22 d., Vilnius, 29. k Vaillant A.1974: Comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages 4, Paris: Editions Klincksieck. | Vanagas A. 1970: Hydronyms of the Lithuanian SSR, Vilnius: Mintis. 1981: The Ethnological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Hydronyms, Vilnius: Mokslas. Varbot Z. Z. 1969: Drevnieruskoe imennoe slovoobrazovanie, Moscow: Nauka. Wackernagel J, Debrunner A. 1954: Altindische Grammatik 2, 2, Gottingen: Vandenhoeck u. Ruprecht. r Zinkevičius Z. 1966: Lithuanian dialectology, Vilnius: Mintis. ! Zinkevičius Z.1974: The language of the Slavocinsky hymn (1646). —ICC 15, 135-170. 1979: The Language of Maslow. —Baltistica 15(1), 16—21. 118 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOMINA ATTRIBUTIVA WITH THE SUFFIX *-ko-IN LITHUANIAN Summary The diminutive suffix *-koplayed a great role in the formation of derivative category of nomina attributiva in the Baltic languages. The derivatives with *-akoare very old (cf. Lith. newcomer, Slav. *novaks "novice, beginner- ", Gk. véak, VEQKOS "youth". Many other Lithuanian suffixes from *-kowere used to form nomina attributiva probably in Proto-Baltic, except the new suffixes -ékas (cf. slapékas ” wet stick”); -utka (cf. baltūika "white cow”). The great influance in this process had made the Slavic languages where nomina attributiva with *-kowere formed from ancient times much more frequently than in Baltic. The formation of derivatives with the suffix *-eniko-/-- eneikofrom partciples with *-eno-(cf. ORuss. ùeniks učens) and derivatives with *-iniko-/-ineikofrom adjectives with *-ino-(cf. ORuss. bludeniks: bludenyj) in the Old Slavic texts and the absence of good etymology of the suffixes *-iniko-/-- neiko-(cf. ORuss. Lith. laukingkas, OPr. wild (Leman) E 407, Latvia Laūcinieks "farmer- ") and his variant *-eniko-/-- enetko-(- cf. OLith. muitenykas, OLatv. muitenieks "customs official") in the Baltic languages enable us to suppose this the most productive suffix of nomina attributiva was borrowed from Slavic. In the Baltic languages the main derivative funktion of the suffix *-kowas the formation of diminutives. 119