Dėl lietuvių pavardžių su priesagomis „-avičius“, „-evičius“ vertinimo

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVI (1996) LIETUVIŲ KALBA: TYRĖJAI IR TYRIMAI Vitalija MACIEJAUSKIENĖ ON THE ASSESSMENT OF LITHUANIAN SURNAMES WITH THE SUFFIXES -avičius, -evičius ASSESSMENT Some Lithuanian surnames of various origins have the Slavic suffixes -avičius, -evičius. The “Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames”1 lists about 5,300 different ones. Surnames with variants of these suffixes, which arose due to various—both linguistic and extralinguistic—circumstances, should also be added here. These include -ovičius, -ovičas, -avičas, -avičia, -evičas, -evičia, -evyčia, -evičas, -evyčius, -iavičia, -iavičius, -ievičius, etc. (cf. present-day Lithuanian surnames Bernatovičius, Daunorovičius, Aleksandrovičas, Davidavičas, Apanavičia, Bagdanavičia, Bielevičas, Jurevičas, Bacevičia, Balsevičia, Bartkevičia, Andriuškevyčia, Augulevyčia, Jasevičias, Bacevyčius, Balanėvyčius, Balsavičia, Baniaučiųčius, Budriavičius, Jurgeliavičius, Baniėvičius, and the like). Thus, there are many Lithuanian surnames with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -avičius, -evičius and their various variants. In studying the characteristics of the stabilization of Lithuanian surnames, three principal ways in which surnames of this formation arose were discussed. There is no doubt that some (perhaps even most) were formed from patronymics, which in the 15th–17th centuries were derived from personal names of various origins using the aforementioned suffixes. Another group consists of surnames of this formation that were borrowed. The third group consists of Lithuanian surnames that were Slavicized. Specific evidence from historical documents shows that the Slavic suffixes -avičius, -evičius could be added to surnames that had no patronymic suffixes, or could replace the Lithuanian patronymic suffixes of surnames that had already been formed2. Other scholars’ works on anthroponymy also recognize these ways in which Lithuanian surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius arose. A. Salys writes: “The Slavic patronymic suffixes -avičas, -evičius entered the Lithuanian language as a result of the mixed Belarusian language of the chancellery of the old Lithuanian state and, in particular, the introduction of Polish record-keeping in place of the Latin system used before the partition of the Polish-Lithuanian state”3. And further: “Before the partition of Poland and Lithuania, with the introduction of Polish record-keeping, and later as Polish influence spread in Lithuania, -ovič, -evič 1 Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames, vol. 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985; vol. 2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1989. All present-day surnames in this article are taken from this dictionary. 2 For more on this, see V. M a c i e j a u s k i e n ė, Formation of Lithuanian Surnames, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1991, 180–197. 3 S a l y s A. Patronymics. — S a l y s A. Writings 2, Proper Names, Rome: Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Sciences, 1983, 52. 60 and -ouski, -inski, -iczki began to be attached most widely to all surnames. Eventually, the common people too came to regard these surname endings as a mark of “gentility” and to “adorn” themselves with them4. “As long as church registers were written in Latin, the naming practices of country people were influenced only by the Ruthenian chancery. But because they had little contact with it, surnames became Slavic only in those parts of the country where assimilation had already begun, namely in eastern Lithuania. But before the partitions of Lithuania and Poland, when Polish began to be used in registers, the surnames of villagers began to be heavily Polonized. Lithuanian patronymic suffixes were replaced with -ovič, -evič, while the surnames themselves were translated into Polish [...]. In the era of Polish dominance, an educated person was ashamed to bear a Lithuanian surname5.” In “Lithuanian Anthroponymy,” Z. Zinkevičius evaluates the suffixes -avičius, -evičius and the personal names (surnames) containing them as follows: “Patronymics in -ovič, -evič [...] were used in Lithuania before official documents began to be written in Polish. This was inherited from the Polish chancery language [...]. Thus, patronymics in -ovič, -evič were then a typical, specific means of naming people used in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, primarily in official documents. They were applied to all inhabitants, regardless of what language they spoke or what they called themselves”6. Elsewhere: “Patronymics in -ovič, -evič played a major role in the formation of the present-day surnames of Lithuanians, Belarusians, and other inhabitants of the former territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The suffixes -ovič, -evič, which in time became surname suffixes, came to signify a ‘noble’ surname in this territory. They began to be added to ‘ignoble’ surnames”7. Also relevant to the problem discussed in this article are the author’s following thoughts: “... Lithuanian patronymics used in spoken language at the time, such as Jonaitis, Petraitis, Adomaitis and the like, were customarily replaced by Slavic equivalents in official documents (especially church records), that is, written as Janowicz, Piotrowicz, Adomowicz, and so on”8; or, “... Lithuanian patronymics in general were systematically replaced in church documents with official forms in -ovič, -evič”9. This brief overview could be concluded with the following thoughts: “As the Lithuanian upper classes became Polonized, Lithuanian personal names were deliberately Polonized [...]. This process intensified considerably before the partitions of Lithuania and Poland, when Polish-language registration was introduced. At that time and later, even the surnames of villagers were heavily Polonized. Sometimes Polonization occurred spontaneously, as individuals themselves sought to change their surnames (for example, by adding the ‘respectable’ suffix -ski) in order to conceal their ‘lowly’ origins. But coercion was often used as well. When baptizing a child, a Polish or Polonized priest would often, without consulting the parents, enter a Polonized personal name into the register on his own initiative”10. 4 S a l y s A. Awaiting the Surname Law. — Ibid., 68. 5 S a l y s A. Our Surnames. — Ibid., 21. 6 Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Lithuanian Anthroponymy, V.: Mokslas, 1977, 54. 7 Ibid.. 56. 8 Ibid., 59. 9 Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. History of the Lithuanian Language, 3, The Language of Old Writings. V.: Mokslas, 1988, 148. 10 Z i n k e v i č i u s Z. Lithuanian Anthroponymy, 36—37. 61 As can be seen, in assessing surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius, particular emphasis is placed on their emergence through Slavicization. It is noted that Lithuanian surnames could be Slavicized by using the suffixes -avičius, -evičius both by force and at the individuals’ own request. Moreover, the intensity and systematic nature of Slavicization carried out by force seem to be emphasized (Z. Zinkevičius). A similar view is applied to surnames with Slavic-type suffixes -sk- (-auskas, -inskas, -eckas, -skas, etc.). This very view is apparently the main argument when the changing (“Lithuanizing”) of Lithuanian surnames formed in this way is discussed. “Surnames that are purely Lithuanian, borrowed, and finally clearly translated, but have been corrupted by Slavic suffixes, must be Lithuanized and changed as a matter of obligation,” writes A. Salys11. Calls to strip all surnames of suffixes of Slavic origin can still be heard today. Thus, among other things, the different possible origins of the aforementioned surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius seem to be leveled, and no attempt is made to determine how many surnames formed in this way may have arisen by one means or another12. At present, it is hardly possible to establish even an approximate quantitative ratio between surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius that were Slavicized and those that arose in other ways. This is because the Slavicization of Lithuanian surnames has not been sufficiently studied. A large body of data from historical documents of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries would need to be collected and analyzed before drawing conclusions. Material from sources dating to the first half of the nineteenth century already indicates that the influence of Slavicization through the use of the suffixes -avičius, -evičius on present-day Lithuanian surnames should be assessed more cautiously, at least in part. It has been observed that most surnames of this formation recorded in documents from the period in question have not survived to the present day. Here is data from the register of baptismal records of the Kulių parish for 1802–1807 (the source is held at the Lithuanian State Historical Archives; F 669, ap.1, b.220). Among the parish surnames, forms with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -ovič, -evič and forms without them are very common. These surnames have the same origin but different formations, for example: Josepho Balsis (37, 66) — Mathia Balsiewicz (57)13, Franciscus Dyburis (18) — Josephus Dyburewicz (66), Feliciano Drakszas (67) — Feliciano Drakszewicz (6), Philipho Lingis (69) — Laurentius Lingiewicz (35), Josephus Martynkus (4) — Josephus Martynkiewicz (24, 1, 27), Franciscus Urban (43) — Felicjanus Urbanowicz (38), Augustino Żygus (52) — Francisko Żygiewicz (66). Comparing these surnames with current ones shows that most surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič from the early nineteenth century have not survived to the present day. The comparative material can be divided into the following groups. 11 Salys A. The problem of surnames. — Salys A., Min. veik., 65. 12 Admittedly, in “Lithuanian Anthroponymy,” Z. Zinkevičius writes: “There seem to have been very few cases of direct borrowing of surnames” (116). 13 The numbers in parentheses indicate the document folios on which the surnames cited are recorded. 62 1. Surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič have no counterparts among current surnames. Counterparts are found only among surnames of the same origin that functioned in the parish without these suffixes. Current surnames, besides other places, are most often also recorded in Kuliuose or nearby, e.g.: Thoma Alutowicz (4), Franciscus Alutowicz (4, 5), Joannes Alutowicz (4) — Francisco Alutis (34), Thoma Alutis (43), Dominicus Alutis (68). Cf. Alutis Grg, Krtn 2, and elsewhere below (here the source-recorded surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič are given first; after the dash is the variant of the same surname, also found in the source, without the suffix; after the period is the current equivalent of the latter surname; abbreviations are as in “Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas”). Franciscus Anuževič (9, 6), Josephus Anuževič (6), Nicolao Anuževič (6), Stanislau­s Anuževič (1, 26) Bartholomeus Anuževič (41) — Bartholomeo Anuzis (22), Nicolaus Anuzis (31 et al.), Stanislau­s Anuzis (30), Francisco Anuzis (66, 42 et al.), Josephus Anuzis (42), Josepho Anuzys (61), Stanislau­s Anuzys (56), Nicolaus Anuzys (61). Cf. Ānūžis Grg 5, Kl 5, Krt 20, Krtn 8, and elsewhere. Dominicus Brasewicz (60) — Dominikus Brajus (26). Cf. Brāsas Krt, Krtn 2, and elsewhere farther from Kuliuose. Casimiro Buczniewicz (9), Thomas Buczniewicz (59), Joanes Buczniewicz (27) — Antonio Bucznis (12), Stanislau­s Bucznis (19), Joanne Bucznis (67). Cf. Bučnys Kl, Rt 3, and elsewhere. Josephus Dyburewicz (66) — Josephus Dyburis (6, 44), Franciscus Diburis (59). Cf. Dýburis Grg 2, Kl 4, Krt 8, and elsewhere near Kuliuose. Feliciano Drakszewicz (6) — Feliciano Drakszas (67). Cf. Drākšas Kl 3, Krt 13, Krtn 5, and elsewhere. Martino Gielżynowicz (24), Victorius Gielżynowicz (65), Petro Gielżynowicz (28), and others — Martino Gielžinis (41), Martino Gielžynis (52), Petro Gielžynis (62). Cf. Gelžinis Grg 5, Krt 3, Krtn 2, and elsewhere. Bonaventura Gryksztowicz (23, 40, 59), Martinus Grykſtowicz (23), Franciscus Grykſtowicz (65), Mathas Grykſtowicz (34, 68), and others — Mathao Gryksztas (43). Cf. Grikštas Grg 7, Kl 6, Krt 12, Krtn 3, and elsewhere. Thoma Jokniewicz (6) — Valentino Joknis (23, 55, 68), Martino Joknis (57). Cf. Joknys Kl 2, Rt, and elsewhere. Stanislauo Jurgulewicz (66) — Mathaus Jurgulis (7, 12, 25, 57), Stanislau­s Jurgulis (57). Cf. Jurgūlis Grg 4, Kl 5, and elsewhere. Isidoro Kalnikowicz (10) — Jsidoro Kalnikas (39), Jsidoro Kalniks (63). Cf. Kalnikas Rt 4, and elsewhere. Vincentio Lożewicz (4, 42, 63) — Vincentius Lozis (48), Casimiro Lozis (29, 30, 62), Wincentius Lozis (25, 39). Cf. Ložys End 2, Ms 4, Pln, and elsewhere. Josepho Metrykiewicz (55) — Antonio Metryk(i)s (3), Jozepho Metrikis (22), Mathia Metrikis (14), Bartholomeo Metrikis (10), Stanislau­s Metrikis (65). Cf. Mētrikis Kl 6, Rt 2, and elsewhere. 63 Josepho Styrbowicz (39), Ignatius Styrbiewicz (66) — Josephus Styrbis (1, 18, 60), Iosephus Stirbis (35). Cf. Stirbys Rt and others. Jacobus Strawkieiwicz (32, 35, 58), Georgius Strawkieiwicz (3, 30, 45, 46, 55, 62 and others), Gaspero Strawkieiwicz (38), Andreas Strawkieiwicz (31, 44), Casimirus Strawkieiwicz (2, 29, 30, 47), Bartholomeus Strawkieiwicz (5), Joane Strawkieiwicz (16), Constantinus Strawkieiwicz (44), Isidorus Strawkieiwicz (37) — Jacobo Strawkas (14), Josephus Strawkas (16), Jzidorus Strawkas (67). Cf. Straūkas Rt 3 and others, Straūkas Kl 17, Krt 5 and others. Stanislao Stupelewicz (26) — Antonius Stupelis (66), Ignatio Stupelis (2, 36, 59), Dominico Stupelis (59), Stanislao Stupelis (41, 57), Vincentius Stupelis (43, 55), Joanne Stupelis (44). Cf. Stuopēlis Grg 4, Kl 9, Krtn 9 and others. Bartholomeus Szakinowicz (55) — Bartholomeo Szakinis (35), Georgio Szakinis (2, 35), Simone Szakinis (48, 49, 52), Thaddeus Szakinis (46). Cf. Šakinis Kl 17, Krtn 3, Rt 2 and others. Antonio Szeputowicz (59) — Antonius Sžeputis (12, 44, 49, 51). Cf. Šēputis Grg, Krt, Krtn 10 and others. Thaddeo Szleyniewicz (35), Franciscus Szleynowicz (29, 30 and others) — Franciscus Szleynius (52), Franciscus Szleyno (65), Francisco Szleynis (66). Cf. Šlēninis Kl 14, Krt 3, Krtn and others. Mathias Szlimowicz (36) — Iacobus Szlimas (36), Thoma Szlimas (46, 48), Mathias Szlimas (44), Antonius Szlimas (53 and others), Stephanus Szlimas (6, 54) and others. Cf. Šlýmas Kl 4, Krt 5 and others. Georgio Tylwikowicz (2, 25, 42 and others), Nicodemus Tylwikowicz (14), Mathias Tylwikowicz (37) — Mathia Tylwikas (32, 43). Cf. Tilvikas Grg 2, Kl 14, Krt 6, Rt 2 and others. Joanne Warnelewicz (1), Joanes Warnelewicz (17) — Joanne Warnelis (32, 54, 68), Joannes Warnelis (46). Cf. Varnēlis Kl, Krtn, Rt 3 and others. Jacobus Woycewicz (26), Joanne Woycewicz (58) — Jacobus Woycis (44), Jacobo Woycis (64). Cf. Vaičius Kl 2, Krt 6, Krtn 2 and others. Two parallels should also be mentioned here. The counterparts of their surnames with the suffix -evič have been reconstructed solely from surnames known in southeastern Lithuania, and therefore cannot be connected with surnames from Kulių parish. These are: Stanislaus Salawicz (5), Simon Salewicz (37), Stanislao Salewicz (3) — Simon Salis (59, 60), Simeone Salis (67). Cf. *Salevičius Pbrd, Trak and Salys Kl 8, Krt 8, Krtn 4 and others. Francisco Zygiewicz (66) — Augustino Žigus (50), Augustino Žygus (52). Cf. *Žygevičius V and Žýgus Kl 5, Krt and others. 2. Surnames in Kulių parish with the suffixes -ovič and -evič, as well as their variants without suffixes, also have counterparts among contemporary surnames. However, contemporary surnames with Slavic suffixes are recorded—that is, prevalent—only in parts of Lithuania farther from Kulių, whereas surnames without the suffixes -avičius and -evičius occur in Kuliuose or nearby as well, for example: Joane Bernatowicz (22, 36, 38), Filiphus Bernatowicz (56) — Franciscus Bernotas (9), Filiphus Bernotas (57), Joannes Bernotas (44). Cf. Bernatāvi- 64 čius. Bernotāvičius (widespread in various parts of Lithuania; likewise in other cases) and Bernōtas Kl 6, Krt 4, Rt 3, etc. Mathias Jucewicz (46) — Sylwestro Jucis (45). Cf. Jucēvičius ir Jucỹs Grg 5, Kl 13, Rt 2, etc. Josephus Jurgutowicz (62) — Stanislaus Jurgutis (69), Joanne Jurgutis (44), Mathao Jurgutis (38). Cf. Jurgutāvičius ir Jurgūtis Grg, Krtn 11, Rt 3, etc. Stanislaus Lawkowicz (29, 30, 34), Joanes Lawkowicz (17, 29). Cf. Laukāvičius ir Laukỹs Dr 3, Krt, Pln 4, etc. Georgius Lingiewicz (11, 47), Georgio Lingiewicz (6), Laurentius Lingiewicz (35) — Georgio Lingę (42), Philhipho Lingis (69). Cf. Lingēvičius ir Lingė Grg, Kl, Krtn 2, Rt 6, etc.; Lingis Grg, Krt, etc. Antonius Lukszewicz (6) — Antonio Lukszas (28, 55), Antonius Lukszas (36). Cf. Lukšēvičius ir Lūkšas Grg 2, Kl 3, Krtn 2, etc. Fortunatus Lutkiewicz (59) — Fortunatus Lutkus (66). Cf. Liutkēvičius ir Liūtkus Kl, Pln, Rt 7, etc. Antonius Momkiewicz (69) — Bonaventura Momkus (56). Cf. Momkēvičius ir Momkus Grg 4, Kl 2, Krt 2, etc. Francisko Narkiewicz (11, 18, 32, 37, 40, 56, etc.), Joanne Narkiewicz (3, 8, 54), Michaele Narkiewicz (11, 18, 39, 69), Georgius Narkiewicz (66), Dominicus Narkiewicz (18), Ignatius Narkiewicz (9, 17, 36, etc.), Josephus Narkiewicz (9, 43, 68) — Joannes Narkus (61), Ignatio Narkus (65), Michael Narkus (53). Cf. Narkēvičius ir Narkus Grg, Kl 13, Krt 12, Krtn.2, Rt 2, etc. Philiphus Rymkiewicz (33, 61, 65), Stanislao Rymkiewicz (58), Antonius Rymkiewicz (8), Michael Rymkiewicz (66), Josephus Rymkiewicz (34) — Stanislao Rymkus (31), Michaelis Rymkus (32). Cf. Rimkēvičius ir Rimkus Grg, Kl 2, Krt 11, Krtn 6, Rt 2, etc. Michael Szawlewicz (22) — Simon Szawlis (69), Michaele Szawlis (68). Cf. Šaulēvičius, Šiaulēvičius ir Šiaulỹs Kl 16, Krt 18, Krtn 3, Rt 4, etc. Dominicus Tumowicz (67) — Dominico Tumas (42, 55), Dominicus Tuma (57), Georgius Tumas (42). Cf. Tumāvičius ir Tumà Grg 5, Rt 4, etc.; Tūmà Krt, etc. Josepho Witkiewicz (8), Joannes Witkiewicz (35, 60, 61) — Joannes Witkus (47). Cf. Vitkēvičius ir Vītkus Grg 5, Kl 4, Krtn 12, Rt 4, etc. 3. As in the cases presented above, surnames from the early 19th century, with the suffixes -ovič, -evič and without them, have counterparts among present-day surnames. The latter are recorded, among other places, in or near Kuliuose, for example: Mathia Balsiewicz (57) — Josepho Balsis (37, 66). Cf. Balsēvičius Grg 2, Kl 29, Krt 22, Krtn 4, etc.; Balsys Kl 3, Krt, Krtn 8, etc. Simon Budrewicz (59) — Filipus Budris (49, 51), Franciscus Budris (67), Josepho Budris (36). Cf. Budrēvičius Rt, etc., below and Budrỹs Grg 13, Kl 3, Krt 2, Krtn 5, etc. Thaddeo Butkiewicz (33, 55, 69), Mathias Butkiewicz (15, 33, 36), Adamo Butkiewicz (56), Antonius Butkiewicz (69) — Michaele Butkus (48). Cf. 65 Butkėvičius Krtn, Rt 2 and elsewhere, and Būtkus Grg 17, Kl 20, Krt 12, Krtn 16, Rt and elsewhere. Stanislaus Gudowicz (21, 26) — Casimiro Gudas (10). Cf. Gudāvičius Krtn and elsewhere, and Gūdas Grg, Kl 8, Krt, Krtn, Rt 2 and elsewhere. Casimiro Janikowicz (8, 26), Georgio Janikowicz (16, 18), Michaele Janikowicz (7, 37), Franciscus Janikowicz (31), Josephus Jonikowicz (65) — Casimirus Jonikas (38), Josephus Jonikas (37), Michaele Jonikas (49, 51), Francisco Jonikas (3, 32, 54), Joannes Jonikas (12, 39, 67), Simone Jonikas (39), and others. Cf. Jonikėvičius Rt and elsewhere, and Jonikas Grg 4, Kl 3, Rt 7 and elsewhere. Vincentius Jurkiewicz (25, 32, 39, 48, 59), Thadeo Jurkiewicz (22), Michael Jurkiewicz (8, 10, 38), Jacobus Jurkiewicz (1, 41, 36), Franciscus Jurkiewicz (16), Dominikus Jurkiewicz (44), Georgius Jurkiewicz (41, 26), Nicodemo Jurkiewicz (26) — Gaspare Jurkus (31, 54, 67), Ignatius Jurkus (17, 44, 66), Mathias Jurkus (36, 49, 51, 67), Dominicus Jurkus (67), Thaddeo Jurkus (46), and others. Cf. Jurkėvičius Krtn and elsewhere, and Jurkus Kl 11, Krt 10, Krtn 8, Rt 11 and elsewhere. Wincentio Kuprewicz (10), Stanislao Kuprewicz (9), Casimirus Kuprewicz (43) — Vincentius Kupris (34, 59), Stanislaus Kupris (58), Casimirus Kupris (34), and others. Cf. Kuprėvičius Krt, Krtn and elsewhere, and Kuprys Grg 6, Kl 11 and elsewhere. Simone Szymkiewicz (12, 56), Andrea Szymkiewicz (10) — Andrea Szymkus (35, 60), Thadeo Szymkus (44), Georgius Szymkus (59). Cf. Šimkėvičius Rt 2 and elsewhere, and Šimkus Grg 7, Kl 12, Krt 2, Krtn 10 and elsewhere. Felicjanus Urbanowicz (38), Clement Urbanowicz (5), Franciscus Urbanowicz (5), Petrus Urbanowicz (68), Mathia Urbanowicz (36) — Franciscus Urban (43), Casimirus Urban (46), Josepho Urbonas (6), Clemente Urbonas (65), Mathia Urbonas (5). Cf. Urbonāvičius Grg 3, Krtn, Rt 3 and elsewhere, and Ūrbonas Grg 8, Kl 8, Krt 7, Krtn 6, Rt 7 and elsewhere. Fabianus Waytkiewicz (5), Antonius Woytkiewicz (6), Nicolao Woytkiewicz (8, 52, 53), Isidoro Woytkiewicz (21, 47), Ignatius Woytkiewicz (10, 47, 52, 67), Josepho Woytkiewicz (31), and others — Petrus Waytkus (53), Josepho Waytkus (57), Joanne Waytkus (47), Ignatius Waytkus (48, 49, 50), Ignatius Woytkus (51), and others. Cf. Vaitkėvičius Krt 3 (one person's surname Vaitkus), Krtn, Rt 2 and elsewhere, and Vaitkus Grg 6, Kl 15, Krt 18, Krtn 25 and elsewhere. Bonawentura Zylewicz (41), Josepho Zylewicz (47), Ignatius Zylewicz (65), Bartholomeus Zylewicz (10) — Josephus Zylis (15). Cf. Žilėvičius Grg 2, Rt 3 and elsewhere, and Žilius Grg 30, Kl 17, Krt 2, Krtn and elsewhere. Cases to be mentioned here as well include: Josephus Martynkiewicz (1, 24, 27), Mathias Martynkiewicz (66) — Josephus Martynkus (4), Bonifacio Martynkus (10, 34), Sylwester Martinkus (27, 46), Mathias Martinkus (43). Cf. Martinkėvičius Pln 2 (one person's surname is Martinkus), and elsewhere, and Martinkus Grg 3, Kl 8, Krt 8, Krtn 5, Rt 2 and elsewhere. Leone Rudowicz (38, 69), Leo Rudewicz (1), Josephus Rudzewicz (46) — Leone Rudis (54), Laurentius Rudis (66). Cf. Rudāvičius Pln (one person's surname 66 Rūdė) and others further on, Rudovičius Rt 2, Rudėvičius, Rudzėvičius – far from Kuliai, and Rūdis Grg 7, Krtn and others further on, Rudys Grg 2, Kl 12, Krtn 2 and others further on. The latter two cases may partly be assigned to the examples given in both subsection 2 and subsection 3. Some of the surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič used in the Kuliai parish at the beginning of the 19th century have no variants without these suffixes. It is unclear whether such surnames were not known at all at that time, or whether their bearers simply were not mentioned in the parish register (if they were not godparents or did not have their infants baptized at the time). Such cases are rare. As current surnames attest, more often they have not survived to the present day. However, surnames of the same origin without the aforementioned Slavic suffixes are now known in Kuliai or nearby, for example: Thadeorus Barbszewicz (29), Theodor Barbszewicz (30) – the surname *Barbševičius is unknown; cf. Barbšys End, Grg 6, Barpšys Rt 3. Ioanne Dawgnarowicz (32) – the surname *Daugnoravičius is unknown; cf. Daugnóta Kl 6, Krtn, Pln and others further on. Joanne Janutowicz (37) – the surnames *Janutavičius, *Jonutavičius are unknown; cf. Janu̇tis Krtn 6 (also recorded as Jonūtis), Jonūtis Krt 3, Krtn 2, Rt 2 and others further on. Joannes Petrułowicz (1) – the surname *Petrutavičius is unknown; cf. Petrūtis Kl 2, Krt 2, Krtn and others further on. Other cases attest that surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič from the Kuliai parish in the early 19th century have survived to the present day. Current surnames of this formation are known, among other places, in Kuliai or nearby, for example: Nicodemus Eytowicz (29, 36, 48), Vincentio Eytowicz (29, 30), Adamo Eytowicz (32, 55), Joannes Eytowicz (9). Cf. Eitāvičius Dr 2, Grg, Krt 3, Krtn 3 and others. Josepho Jurewicz (40, 57, 68), Simone Jurewicz (3), Stanislao Jurewicz (37, 58), Mathas Jurewicz (57), Joanne Jurewicz (44, 57). Cf. Jurevičius Kl 3, Krtn 4, Rt 3 and others further on. There is also the surname Jūras, recorded far from Kuliai. Thadeo Juszkiewicz (38), Casimirus Juszkiewicz (18, 31, 43, 58), Francisco Juszkiewicz (12), Stanislaus Juszkiewicz (63), Antonius Jułkiewicz (27). Cf. Juškėvičius Grg, Krtn, Rt and others further on. Although the surname Juškà is also known, it is recorded, among other places, in Grg 2, Kl 4, Krt 3, Krtn, Rt 7 and others further on. The data presented show that some of the surnames with the Slavic suffixes -ovič, -evič in the Kuliai parish in the early 19th century have not survived to the present day. These are all the surnames in the first group and probably most of those in the second group (if we take into account the possibility that some surnames migrated). Some of the surnames presented in the third group could also be included among them. This is supported, among other things, by the fact that most current surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius, with which the Kuliai parish surnames were identified, are relatively (and sometimes very) common and widespread in various parts of Lithuania. As noted, their geographic distribution rarely confirms the present-day occurrence of these surnames in Kuliai itself (in Kuliai specifically!). Meanwhile, most current surnames without the aforementioned Slavic suffixes, identified with analogous ones in the parish register 67 Surnames of this kind are also known in Kuliai (where several or even a dozen of them are recorded). It can therefore be stated that most surnames with the Slavic suffixes -ovič and -evič found in the Kuliai parish in the early 19th century have not survived to the present day. The situation is different with parish surnames that have another feature of Slavic formation, namely various suffixes of the -sk- type. A comparison with present-day surnames shows that nearly all surnames of this type from the early 19th century have survived to the present day. Here are most of the parallels between surnames with -sk- type suffixes from the early 19th century and present-day surnames (the source data are given first, followed by a dash and the present-day surname, with its distribution and frequency indicated): Joanne Alczewski (31), Taddeus Alczew[s]ki (42) — Alčauskis Kl 5, Rt 3, etc. Stephano Alwin[s]ki (9) — Alvinskis Rt, Žr, etc. Michael Beržan[s]ki (5, 32) — Beržanskas Kl 5, etc. Laurentius Durwian[s]ki (22, 66, 31, 44), Simone Dyrwianski (38, 19), Joanne Dyrwian[s]ki (52, 2), Wincentius Dyrwian[s]ki (3, 46), Josephus Dyr-wianski (28) — Dirvónskis Kl 2, Krt 6, Krtn 3, etc.; Dirviánskas Klp, Krtn 3, etc. Franciscus Grygalow[s]ki (22, 26), Casimirus Grygalow[s]ki (24), Petrus Grygalow[s]ki (52) — Grigaláuskas Kl 10, Krt 7, Krtn, etc. Antonio Gudow[s]ki (52, 35, 43, 9), Joannes Gudow[s]ki (6), Michaele Gudow[s]ki (27, 28, 65), Carolo Gudewski (9) — Gudaúskis Krtn, Rt, etc. Ignatio Karbow[s]ki (48), Josepho Karbow[s]ki (17), Michael Karbow[s]ki (67) — Karbáuskas, Karbáuskis Kl, Rt, etc. Georgius Kawecki (35, 47, 12, 67, 61), Joannes Kawecki (35), Benedictus Kawecki (32, 38), Thomas Kawecki (37), etc. — Kavečkis, Kavečkis Kl 9, Rt 2, etc. Clemente Kierpowski (19) — Kerpáuskis Krt, Pln 5, etc.; continuing below. Dominicus Luczynski (32, 40, 19), Petrus Luczynski (52, 53), Joanne Luczyn[s]ki (40), Antonius Luczynski (2), etc. — Lučinskas Grg, etc.; continuing below. Iosephus Lukowski (33), Michaele Lukowski (32), Gregorius Lukowski (19), Gabriel Lukowski (8), Petro Lukowski (1), etc. — Lukáuskis, Lukáuskis Grg 27, Kl 8, Krt 22, Krtn 11, etc. Antonius Maciulski (44), Bartholomeo Maciulski (50), Antonio Maczul[s]ki (45) — Mačiulskis Kl 3, etc. Michaele Rawecki (68), Michaele Rawicki (34, 53), Dominico Rawicki (46) — Ravéckis Rt, etc.; Ravickas Kl, etc. Mathaus Skulski (44, 9) — Skulskis Kl 7 and elsewhere. Antonius Szlewin[s]ki (26, 16), Casimiro Szlewin[s]ki (17), Michaele Szlewin-ski (16) — Šlevinskis End 3, Pln 2, Rt 4, and elsewhere below. Vincentio Szuliński (35, 62) — Šulinskis Kl, Rt, and elsewhere below. Joannes Szwętachow[s]ki (7), Joannes Szwęntochowski (51) — Šventakáuskis Rt. 68 Joannes Teleszynski (58) — Telšinskis Grg 5, Kl, and elsewhere. Joanne Tomaszewski (5, 54, 55, and elsewhere), Vincentio Toma[zew]ski (25) — Tamašauskis, Tamašauskis Krtn 8 and elsewhere below. Antonius Turowski (5), Stanislaus Turowska (31, 30, 62, and elsewhere) — Turáuskas, Turauskos Krtn and elsewhere, Turáuskis Krt and elsewhere. Mathia Waynowski (24) — Vaináuskis Grg 2, Rt 2, and elsewhere below. Laurentius Walskis (41) — Válskis Grg 3 and elsewhere, Volskis Krt and elsewhere. Iacobus Wasilewski (32), Michaele Wasilewski (37, 9), Gasper Wassilewski (52, 49), Bonaventura Wa[s]ylewski (9), Simone Wasilewski (69) — Vasiliáuskis, Vasiliauskis Grg 5, Kl 5, Krt 8, Krtn 3, Rt 2, and elsewhere. Georgio Wysocki (6, 27, 42, 58), Laurentio Wysocki (1, 15), Antonius Wisockis (68) — Visockis Kl 3 and elsewhere below. Casimiro Wi[?]zniewski (14) — Višniáuskis, Višniauskis Rt 10 and elsewhere. Vincentio Zebrowski (15, 42, 52, 66) — Žebrauskis Grg, Krt 2, and elsewhere. To sum up what has been said, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. In the first half of the 19th century, Lithuanian surname forms had not yet become firmly established. This is particularly true of surnames with the Slavic patronymic suffixes -ovič and -evič. 2. The data in the baptismal register books of the Kulių parish for 1802—1807 convincingly show that most Lithuanian surnames of this formation have not survived to the present day14. 3. The transience of most variants of surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič in the first half of the 19th century is not entirely easy to understand. It could be explained in various ways. 3.1. Perhaps this is related to the dropping of patronymic suffixes—in this case, the Slavic -ovič, -evič? This possibility is suggested, among other things, by the fact that most surnames with -sk- type suffixes recorded in the church register of the Kuliai parish have survived to the present day and remain in use within the parish territory. If the possibility that patronymic suffixes were dropped is rejected, one would have to acknowledge the differing status of Slavic suffixes (-ovič, -evič and -sk- type) in the overall context of the Slavicization of Lithuanian surnames. 3.2. The appearance of surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič in the church register of the Kuliai parish may be related to Slavicization: the person who wrote the document added these suffixes to surnames that did not have them. The forms of surnames with Slavic suffixes remained recorded only in the church register, while the authentic forms without suffixes continued to be used and have survived to the present day. However, it remains unclear why Slavic suffixes were added to some surnames but others were left un-Slavicized. If one assumes that this was done in accordance with the surname bearer's wishes or preference, one would still have to answer another 14 After this article was written, research into the historical anthroponymy of the first half of the 19th century continued. It was noted that cases of variation between surnames with the suffixes -ovič, -evič and those without them also occur in administrative legal documents. Surnames formed in different ways were compared with present-day surnames. Once again, the comparison showed that forms with Slavic suffixes quite often did not survive to the present day. 69 question—why most surnames that were deliberately Slavicized of their bearers’ own accord did not survive to the present day. 4. Further research into 19th-century anthroponymy may help clarify many of the uncertainties surrounding the problem of the stabilization of forms of surnames that had the Slavic suffixes -ovič, -evič. What has already been observed—above all, the fact that most surnames of this formation that were in use in the 19th century did not survive to the present day—at least partly calls for a more cautious assessment of the influence of Slavicization through the addition of the suffixes -ovič, -evič on present-day Lithuanian surnames. 5. The dropping of the suffixes -ovič, -evič discussed here should not be linked to the change of Lithuanian surnames that took place in the first half of the 20th century and was called Lithuanianization. As already mentioned, the intention at the time was to abandon all suffixes of Slavic origin. Thus, the stability of surname forms with -sk- type suffixes would contradict such a link. Moreover, “Lithuanianization” had not become widespread in interwar Lithuania. ON THE ASSESSMENT OF LITHUANIAN SURNAMES WITH THE SUFFIXES -avičius, -evičius Summary In examining the formation and stabilization of the distinctive features of Lithuanian surnames, the emergence of the three main types of surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius was discussed. One group was formed from patronymics assembled in the 15th–17th centuries from Lithuanian personal names of various origins. Another group consists of foreign surnames of this formation type; the third consists of Slavicized Lithuanian names formed with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius. Such possible origins of surnames are also recognized by other linguists (A. Salys, Z. Zinkevicius). However, it is emphasized that assessments of surnames with the suffixes -avičius, -evičius particularly accentuate the emergence of Slavicized surnames. It seems that the possibility of these surnames having different origins has been leveled out; no attempt is made to explain how many surnames of this formation type arose in one way or another. The article presents and comments on anthroponymic data from baptismal records in the registration books (1802–1807) of the Kuliai parish. In part, these data prompt a more cautious assessment of the influence of Slavicization in the use of the suffixes -avičius, -evičius in contemporary Lithuanian surnames. 70