Afrikatų „č“, „dž“ raida kaltinėniškių šnektoje

LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XXXVII (1997) LEKSIKOGRAFIJOS IR LEKSIKOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS Sigita JANKAUSKAITĖ DEVELOPMENT OF THE AFFRICATES č, dž IN THE KALTINĖNAI SUBDIALECT The standard language affricates č, dž are reflected as t<*tja, d<*dja before word endings in many Samogitian subdialects. This pronunciation became established before *ā. After the glide, Samogitians fronted the short a and turned it into e even before the emergence of affricates (Zinkevičius 1966: 141). In D. Poška’s “Writings,” affricates do not occur before ā, *ā, *ān, *ān, e.g., pauksztey, meldenos, norintem, szirde, pate. Thus, at the beginning of the 19th century, when there was as yet no influence from the standard language, the use of t>*tj, d<*dj in the southeastern dunininkai subdialect was apparently more regular (Grinaveckis 1973: 291). V. Grinaveckis has established that in the songs of S. Stanevičius (Viduklė), and the writings of S. M. Slavocinškis (Nemakščiai) and S. Valiūnas (Raseiniai), affricates are absent only before the short final -a (Grinaveckis 1973: 291). According to V. Grinaveckis, the western subdialects of Southern Samogitian lack affricates before ā and *a, *ān, *ān, as do the Central Samogitian subdialects (Telšiai, Žarėnai, Nevarėnai, Luokė, Rietavas, Tverai, Varniai, Pavandenė, Laukuva, Kaltinėnai, Šilalė, Kvedarna, Švėkšna, Gardumas), e.g., m’ē·d’ē·<*m e-djā (~mēdžio), s o p ā t’ē<*p a t’ā (~su pačia), etc. E. Vitkauskas, who studied the language of S. Stanevičius’s writings, recorded the Viduklė subdialect and documented the absence of affricates č, dž before e, ei (<*ia, *iai): p a n t e y (~pánčiai), r u p e s t e i (~rūpesčiai), Ž e m a y t e y (~žemaičiai), p a u k s z t ę m s (~paúkščiams), d i d e m (~didžiám), s t a t s (~stačias), n u p u t (~nūpučia), p r a l e i d (~pralėidžia), etc. (Vitkauskas 1992: 55). Thus, in the second half of the 19th century, the realization of affricates č, dž as t, d was still unchanged in the Viduklė–Nemakščiai subdialect, but now, according to V. Vitkauskas, this rule has largely receded, since the following pronunciations have been recorded: p ā.ū. k š’ č’ e i, g a i d ž’ē.; s p ā. u d ž’ (Vitkauskas 1992: 59). P. Jonikas noted and demonstrated with examples that already at the beginning of the 20th century, the realization of the clusters *dj, *tj in the Pagramantis subdialect area was considerably mixed, e.g., s u d’ i-d’ ž’ ē n’ j e // d’ i d’ ē. n’ j e “with the big one”, k a r’ t’ š’ ē. n’ s’ e s // k a r t’ ē n’ s’ e s “the bitter ones” (Jonikas 1939: 24). In the Kaltinėnai subdialect, the realization of affricates č, dž as t, d before word endings is still often preserved by older speakers. In this subdialect, affricates are often absent in the plural nominative, dative, and instrumental forms of nouns, e.g., j á. u t’ e, j á. u t e m s, j á. u t’ e. s (~jaučiai, jaučiams, jaučiais), g a i d’ ē., g a i d’ ē. m s, g a i d’ ē. s (~gaidžiai, gaidžiams, gaidžiais), m’ ē. d’ e. (~medžiai), m’ ē. d’ e m’ s (~medžiams), m’ ē. d’ e. s (~medžiais), p ā. ū. k š’ t’ e. (~paukščiai), p ā. ū. k š’ t’ e m s (~paukščiams), p ā. ū. k š’ t’ e s (~paukščiais). Under the influence of the standard language, younger speakers often use corresponding forms with affricates alongside the examples mentioned, e.g., j á. u č’ e m s (~jaučiams), m’ ē. d’ ž’ e m s (~medžiams), g a i d’ ž’ ē. s (~gaidžiais). 206 Without the affricate č, speakers of the Kaltinėnai subdialect pronounce the nominative singular of jó-stem words ending in -ias, e.g., t’r’èc (~trėčias), stāč (~stãčias), p’íesc (~pėščias). Kaltinėnai speakers also regularly use t, d instead of the standard language affricates č, dž in adjectival adverbs, e.g., stāt’t’e· (~stãčiai), skrād’d’e· (~skradžiai), grā.ū. d’e· (~graūdžiai). In the Kaltinėnai subdialect, as in most of the Samogitian dialect area, jó-stem verbs have shifted to the ō stem, e.g., áud (~áudžia), gā.ū.d (~gaūdžia), k ē.n. tam (~kenčiam), s’ūñtam (~siunčiam), l’é·idat (~lėidžiat), sná·udat (~snaūdžiat). Z. Zinkevičius states that, having lost the short vowel of the unstressed third-person ending, Samogitians merged the ia- and a- stem forms, cf. á.ud (“áudžia”) and v’é.rd (~vérda). “As a result, over time they remodeled the entire conjugation of the ia stem, introducing the endings of the ā stem” (Zinkevičius 1966: 142). In the Kaltinėnai subdialect, speakers use t, d instead of the standard-language č, dž -jó-stem nominal words in the singular genitive, and ia-stem nouns in the plural nominative, e.g., já.ut’į (~jaučio), pā.u.kš’t’i (~paukščio), ā.ū.kš’t’i (~aukščio), mē·d’i (~medžio), gā.i.d’i (~gaidžio), pā·t’es (~pačios), mā.r’.t’es (~marčios), skā.u.d’es (~skaudžios). Nevertheless, it seems that the plural nominative of jā-stem words is more often used with affricates č, dž, since alongside the forms mentioned, pā·t’e·s, mā.r’.t’es, skā.u.d’es, forms with affricates occur more frequently: pā·č’e·s, mā.r’.č’e·s, skā.u.d’ž’e·s. Loanwords in the Kaltinėnai subdialect always retain affricates, e.g., bažn’í·č’e (~bažnyčia), česnāks (~česnãkas). Affricates are always pronounced in ju-stem nouns, e.g., sùkč’ùs (~sùkčius), rā·č’ùs (~rāčius), pē·č’ùs (~pėčius), as well as in suffixed nouns, e.g., barzdù.ō.č’ùs (~barzdõčius), kar’š’ī.n.č’ùs (~karšínčius). In words where affricates do not occur before an ending, they are likewise retained, e.g., d’ž’a.ū.k.smas (~džiaugsmas), pā·n’č’uot’į (~pánčioti). Kaltinėnai speakers also pronounce affricates in onomatopoeic words, e.g., č’ā.ud’ie’t’į (~čiūdėti), č’i.r’.škals (~čiirškalas), čā.iž’įt’į (~čaižyti), d’ž’e.r’.kš’t’į (~džeržkti). Thus, in the Kaltinėnai subdialect, t<*tj, d<*dj instead of the standard-language affricates č, dž before word-final *ā and *ā are still preserved fairly systematically, especially in the speech of older speakers. The younger generation more often pronounces affricates č, dž in the position mentioned. Thus, in the Kaltinėnai subdialect, as in most border subdialects, this affricate rule is disappearing. LITERATŪRA G r i n a v e c k i s V. 1986: Pietų žemaičių tekstai 2, Varniškiai, Vilnius. G r i n a v e c k i s V. 1973: Žemaičių tarmių istorija (fonetika), Vilnius: Mintis. J o n i k a s P. 1939: Pagramančio tarmė, Kaunas. LKA II – Lietuvių kalbos atlasas 2, Fonetika, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1982. V i t k a u s k a s V. 1992: Simono Stanevičiaus raštų kalba ir vidukliškių praradimai. – Aitvarai 3, 55–59. 207 Zinkevičius Z. 1966: Lietuvių dialektologija, Vilnius: Mintis. EVOLUTION OF THE AFRICATES č, dž IN THE DIALECT OF THE KALTINĖNAI REGION Summary The africates č, dž in standard Lithuanian are pronounced as t<*tja, d<*dja before the endings *a, *a in a number of the Samogitian dialects. The famous modern scientists V. Grinaveckis, P. Jonikas, V. Vitkauskas, Z. Zinkevičius and others have described the existence of this law within the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. It has been observed that at the beginning of the twentieth century the above law of affricates started losing its stingency. Only the representatives of older generation speaking the dialect of the Kaltin enai region pronounce t<*t′jā, *t′jā, d<*djā, *djā before the endings *a, *a instead of the general language affricates č, dž while representatives of younger generation quite often pronounce the affricates č, dž in the same position. Consequently, the above law of affricates in the dialect of the Kaltin enai region as well as in the majority of marginal dialects has become more flexible. 208