Daiktavardžio „širdis“ semantika

LITHUANIAN LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS XXXVII (1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAPHY AND LEXICOLOGY Zita ŠIMĖNAITĖ THE CORE OF THE NOUN SEMANTICS Today, the structuralist thesis about the systemic nature of language (Ivič 1973: 71) is generally accepted in linguistics: language is regarded as a system, and the word — as an element of the system. We could mention the constantly repeated statement in the works of the French linguist G. Guillaume that “language is a system of systems”. (Gijom 1992: 6, 12, 53). A dictionary is also a system: it presents and describes words in a certain order. Any explanatory dictionary is already semantic knowledge. The article of the word in the dictionary is the beginning of semantic analysis. The dictionaries carry out the primary study of the meaning of a word, it can even be said that “lexicographic practice [...] plays a major role in describing lexical semantics” (Kotelova 1974: 48). The science of semantics uses what is collected and systematized by lexicography (Kasares 1958: 63; also Kuznecova 1982: 48). All lexical semantic analysis works are based on the interpretations of meanings presented in dictionaries and their illustrative material. The task of further semantic analysis is to look at the word as a part of the language as a whole, to determine how it functions in relation to other language elements. In the 14th volume of the Academic Lithuanian Language Dictionary, we described the noun širdis (LKŽ XIV 850-897) lexicographically: we presented 23 meanings and distinguished about 500 phraseologisms. In the article we will try to examine the semantic relationships of this word with other words, find its place in the language system and clarify the semantic laws of its meanings. We will list the most common semantic features (sems) organizing the heart microsystem, discuss the motivation of meanings, their hierarchy, regular polysemy. Language expression, the formal structure of words can be described quite systematically. The systematization of language content and word meanings is more difficult and complicated, because most words are polysemantic. However, in the text, the word is always used in one meaning (at most two). The lexical semantic system cannot be precisely defined, because the words are not homogeneous, their relationships are the most diverse. A universal semantic system of lexicon has not yet been created (Paulauskas 1987: 6). The idea of creating a semantic system of words based on any single criterion should be abandoned immediately (Stepanov 1981: 46). The meaning of all words cannot be described by one method either (Fillmor 1983: 50; Jakaitienė 1988: 102). It is not easy to formalize multi-semantic groups. Meanings often have no precise boundaries, differ in their linguistic status (Nikitin 1983: 23, 49), and have different 62 historical developments. Basic value 1. The noun heart, in terms of the main meaning S)s belongs to the class of words of specific semantics, the lexical-semantic group of names of body parts (somatizmy). The entire vocabulary of the language is systematized by the relations of genus-species (hyponymic) and part-total (partonymic) (Nikitin 1988: 73). The names of the body parts are connected by the relationship of part and whole. Somatisms are parts of an “indivisible whole” (“Hepaz6opHoro Irejroro" Arutiunova 1980: 173, “Kepa3sėMHoro nejioro" Ufimceva 1986: 122). The body is an “indivisible whole”, since its component parts cannot function independently, because they depend on the whole: we can list them — in the process of thinking they emerge as certain concepts — but none of them can replace the whole — the body (Karaulov 1976: 133). Between the Heart and the body there is a partonymic relationship: the body — the whole, the Heart — a part of the body. This is a private opposition (having/not having a sign), characteristic of hyponymy. There are equipolent oppositions (equal relationships) between the names of the individual parts of the body: they are partnoms, denoting parts of the whole, united by a common integral sema — “part of the body”. The “indivisible whole” is characterized by topographical, configurational and functional division (Arutiunova 1980: 175): somatisms differ according to their position in the reflection of the whole, according to their form and function. Body parts can be divided into external and internal (internal organs). We could distinguish the following differential sems of the heart of parthenon: “inside”, “center”, “function- ”. The main meaning of the Heart is "the internal part of the body, the central blood-moving organ, resembling the shape of an inverted cone". The name of the heart is important as the name of the object, but the characteristics of the heart are no less important: “In the structure of depth, all characteristics of the object can be defined in general terms as what belongs to the object — its existence, action, characteristic” (Paulauskienė 1994: 166). 2.1. When we hear the word Heart, the question arises: Whose heart? Pending clarification. The analysis of syntactic relationships of words shows with which words or groups of words s7rdis can form compounds. The most common, typical compounds help to distinguish integral semis. In many noun conjugations, Širdis is defined by the vowel of another noun's genitive: the significance of the possessive pronoun reveals the relationship between the whole and the part, e.g. : The human heart is about the size of his fist LKZ XIV 850 63 (Sighs)*. On demand, the heart of a capybara just dildo, just dildo LKŽ XIV 851 (MI). Don't give me a colt's heart, it'll be good. LKŽ XIV 850(Lz). 70 birch heart already rotten 'LKŽ XIV 865 (Screaming) Iš shirts of linen hearts, abrous woven LKŽ XIV 865 (Ps.) Carrot heart thin good carrot -— LKŽK (Brb). Ones leaves were, hearts removed [cabbage] LKŽ K (Mr.) To justify the | home), [the vanished sétiniy] hearts to rebuild the Earth nū LKŽ XIV 865 (Pj). Cabbage heart uncrocheted LKŽ XIV 865 (MI). Heart of a meadow full of bees LKŽ XIV (GROANS) Ši rdikes [apple] kiau/ei supyliau Dūn 7.371. Attaches a heart rod to the penis LKZ XIV 865 (M.Valang). It is not always clear to the reader what the meaning of the phrase is. There is also a different context that shows dependence, e.g. : Cipokas ilgai gyvenas: iemi šir d į, Crude — whipworm LKŽ XIV 850 (Aln.) The 1970-71 season saw the club finish in 19th place, 1971–72 in 19th place. The 1968-69 season saw the team finish eighth in the 1965–66 NHL Draft. The heart is made of greek clay, left by one client LKZ XIV 865 (J III 162).The leaves are more medicinal, which have a black crust LKZ K (Tv). Three binds to the heart, oj tarpukus po dudevi pedal[gub oj e] LKZ XIV 865 (Grd). Around the heart revolves cast LKZ XIV 865 (Mšk). On the heart there is a bud LKZ XIV 846 (Krkn). The nasals were zambrians, the middle heart went DanZ 371. In the given examples, the positions of the dependent member are occupied by the names of animals, plants, fruits, flowers, objects. The main meaning of the heart (Sh,) should be clarified by the sems “man”, “beast”. The definition of the meaning would be as follows: "a part of the human or other animal's inner body, the central blood-moving organ, resembling the shape of an inverted cone". The word heart is the only name for this concept. 2.1.1. Other names of the dependent member indicate new things (other wholes) in which there is no “cinema” semas, 0 is updated semas “center- ”. The nouns denoting the whole no longer mean an animal, but have the following meanings: “thing”, “end”. These and other secondary meanings will be discussed later (see page 68). 2.2.The verb subjective compounds are distinguished by abundance, in which the heartcombines with the verbs denoting its activity. There is no specific word for heart functioning. We usually say that the heart beats, beats, e.g. : Heart beats still alive LKŽ X 60 (Jrb). "Heart Beats with Promises" LKŽ X 792 (Ms.) By examining the pulse, we find out how often the heart beats LKZ VIII 457 (sr). 2.2.1. When the heart beats calmly, rhythmically, we do not feel it. Only when the normal rhythm is disturbed do we feel it, hear it. * Illustrative examples are taken from the "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas" (Dictionary of the Lithuanian language- ), its catalogues and dialect dictionaries. Examples collected by the author are also used. 64 dies beating, we use comparisons, e.g. : Goes heart like an engine, legs all pins, heart gives LKŽ K (Slnt). The heart as if it beats LKŽ K (Ticks) Heart over p a, tuk tuktuk like a sheep's tail LKŽK (Sd). The heart beats like su a cone LKŽVI 774 (NmS). Hisheart tuzgen as a cone su LKŽ VI 776 (Rdz). The heart already whistled like a caught bird LKŽ XIII 554 (Sighs). The heart when the colt jumps in the chest LKŽ K (PC). Ne always saying heart beats means calm heart work. In most contexts, the verb bušti denotes a strong heartbeat, e.g.: kelu viedrą, man širdis ima Ka bašt LKŽ VIII 457 (I am). He died of a heart attack at the age of 47. I Was Sick—Heart-Shaking LKZ VIII 447(Imb). Ta the same can be said about the meanings ir of sangraziniy verbs mustis, plakti, dažytis, trakytis, e.g. : Heart flies my, I can't work LKŽ VIII 457 (Švnė). The heart beats, beats, it seems that it will escape LKZ XIV 851 (Grv). The heart is so narrow —tunkst tunkst tunkst LKŽ XVII 23 (Jrb). "The Heart of the Sea" (1975) "Nothing's Gonna Hurt" (1976) 16. Apie smarkiai, su garsu plakančią širdį sakoma, kad ji bilda, bukuliuoja, dunduliuoja, dunkčioja, dunksi, dunksnoja, kala, taksi, takši, tuksi, tunksi, tūzgena. These beating verbs, denoting sound-causing actions, describe various aspects of heart activity, e.g. : My heart started beating, I went to Dr. LKŽ K (Slnt). The heart only b uk uliu oj a, remembering about plagues LKŽ 1,1146 (Gs). Your heart dun d ules like a martens after the morning LKZ 10, 855 (VIk). AS vezu, kas cia bus, ajau $irdis dunk cio[] a] LKZII, 857 (Uv). The Heart broke several times, and I muttered DūnŽ 79. I fell into the potatoes, and my heart just cries, I'm afraid someone wouldn't hear LKŽ XIV 851 (Slv). "Tėp pailsau, ką nat širdis pradėj [o] taksėt" LKŽ XV 740 (Rod). When I found out that the weights came to me, my heart was racing LKŽ XIV 851 (Mrc). "There's Nothing I Can Do" (feat. Keith Richards) 14. When I'm tired, my heart takes a turn LKZ XVII 22(Sil). He rejoiced unwashedly, his heart was in his chest LKZ XVII 198 (LC 1883, 40). 2.2.2. The vocal verb kvakséti can also describe a restless heartbeat, e.g. : Heart only kvaks i, when those shoes "gnaw | foot] LKŽ VI 1036 (Gs). The heart quacks when the chicken: qua, qua, qua LKŽ K (Aln). 2.2.3. Many movement verbs help to describe the restless work of the heart: Heart runs, flies, laps, laughs, plasta, plazda, plazdena, plusta, dances, jumps, tabaluoja, talanduoja, kadalojas, e.g. : But what's wrong with my head, my head, my heart, my heart starts to beat, beating LKŽ K (Lk). Ka heart b é g a (sick), says, man is beautiful LKŽ XIV 852 Heart still 65 (Klk). I'm so scared, my heart just flies, just flies LKŽ XIV 851 (Rs.) 1 e k : will recover, not yet dead LKŽ VII 308 (Plt). I'm so scared of sleep that my heart is racing LKŽ XIV 850 (PC). Heart la psi, laughs, ar Here bare eyes, I don't know LKŽ VII 154 (Al). Even plasta heart of iš joy LKŽ X 75 (Er). The heart of the wicked still shook LKŽ X 120 (I. Simon). The heart beats LKŽ XV 120 (Screaming) Heart plusta as you work DūnŽ 272. Iš the heart of fear that choked, ė mė great fun to dance LKŽ XV 229 (Uzhp.) Very bad fighting, very heart jumping, very panting LKŽK (Aln.) Heart clear munLKZ XVII 239 (Vdk). Heart muno tabaluo[ja] ready LKŽ XV 634 (Kv). The 1954-55 season saw the team finish eighth in the 1954–55 NHL Draft. When I'm in my heart, I stretch my legs DūnŽ 117. The absent, restless heartbeat is indicated by the verbs drebėti, virpeti, tirtėti, dildyti, truksėti, tvakčioti, tvaksėti, tvinkčioti, tvinksėti, e.g. : As soon as you lie on your left side, it means that your heart is in good health. "LKT 313 (Ob). "Ažeina širdis d re bė t, plaktis —aš žemuolių lapus verdu" (in Lithuanian). The heart is beating all over, and the air is such "is LKŽ K(Rnv). If you have a heart, you have a heart, and if you have a heart, you have a heart. I drank the ninth, my heart was examined LKŽ XVI 426 (LTR(Giš)). The 1956 version of the song was released as a single, only containing the tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Heart very long and pagerklin dusinal KZ. 1979) 1977 – Sgt. "Kla usykias, kaip mano širdelė tv a kčio[ja]" LKŽ XIV 850 (Skd.) The heart is clear, even the chest Judinas LKZ XVII 208 (Rod). Each heart shine with it, remembering the lightness of old days LKZ XVII 294 (S.Dauk). I'm afraid, even my heart beats LKZ XVII 295 (Vv). 2.2.4. The salutary meaning of the beating and moving verbs related to the heart is determined by the exclusive subject Širdis. To more accurately describe the various differences in the activity of the heart, verbs are selected, by which the actions expressed can be compared with the work of the heart. The nominal aspect is dominant, not the figurative, so these meanings are not considered to be portative. The interpretation of these secondary meanings "strongly, meaninglessly beating" asks to be clarified, that it is about the heart (this is the most common interpretation in the LCZ, although, unfortunately, inconsistent). In the LKŽ 15 t. the verbs taksétiir taksenti are wrongly considered to have a primary meaning related to Shfrdimi. In the thousandth slot, it is presented as a secondary, and the main is the meaning associated with a specific sound-emitting action. DZ, takseti is interpreted as “tvaskéti” and illustrated by the combinations Heart taxi, Clock taxi, although DZ, two meanings were distinguished, denoting different actions. In modern dictionaries, the verbs twinkcioti and twinksėtilidės are not quite accurate. According to DZ, (DZ,, DZ,) the heart flickers, flickersand pulses. In LKZ 17 t. tvinkti and tvinksėti the main meaning is “pulse in a trembling way”, and the secondary — “strongly beat, twist (about the heart)”. A. Juška's sentence draws attention: Gys/a tvinksi, o širdis taksi. The most obvious compounds would be heart beats, blood pulses, tendons squeeze. 66 DZ, (DZ, DZ.) širdis dunksi, musa, plaka, plasta, plazda, šokinėja, taksi, tvaksi, tvakcéioja, tvaska, tuksi, tvinkcioja tvinksi. ir According to LKZ, only A. In your dictionary the heart dunks, kicks, kicks, kleccioja, tvakscioja, only E. Neselman —dunda, only Clavis —/ekioja (C II 245), only E. Ruigio and K. G. Milkaus —/eketuoja (R 226, MZ 301). In the old scriptures, the heart is called plasta, trukteri, e.g. The heart does not hurt to hear her praising the DP 440. Your heart dZiaugsmais plastés PK 94. And when [David| the territory of Saul [sermégos] had been cut off, the heart of jo LKŽ XVI 982 (BB 1 Sam. 24, 6). 2.2.5. Various peculiarities of heart activity are helped to express by repeated sound-determining pronouns: b/uk, dukt, dunks, dunkt, dusku, dvakt, kadakst, kiūst, klapt, kop, kva, Iek, plast, plupt, pur, put, tak, takš, tuk, tuks, tūks, tūkst, tunk, tunkst, tvak, tvaks, e.g. : As soon as I heard, mal|n) heart bluk, bluk! LKT 157 (Grz). "Viskas širdis dukt dukt plasta" LKZ II, 810 (Rd.) Advika's heart beats: dunks, dunks, dunks! LKZ II, 857 (I. Simon). What you run to that mountain, what your heart does not feel, it seems, dunkt dunkt dunkt LKŽK (End). The Heart of the Sea 80. "Dvakt dvakt širdis pradėjo plakti" LKŽ IL, 935 (Sts.) "The 42-year-- old who made the X-Men (2000)". He was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece and of the Order of the Golden Star (1392–1395- ). The heart beats very densely: klapt, klapt, klapt LKŽ XIV 850 (Ant.) Just to hear our hearts beating. Head, head, head LKŽ VI 345 (tsp). The heart quaks and whistles: kva, kva LKŽK (Aln). When I met the cow, my heart leapt, leapt, leapt, leapt —and I could do nothing LKŽ VII 297 (Plt.) When you get scared — plast plast heart LKŽ X 74 (Škn). "Maria's heart beats terriblely from exhaustion: plupt, plupt... from afar heard LKŽ X 364 (S I 72). "The 1481-1485 Crusade" (PDF). The heart like a bag of moss put, put tvaksi LKŽ X 1117 (13). The 15th century is marked by the creation of the 733 (Pv) LKŽ XV. Heart in my chest, even I can hear it. LKŽ XV 742 (Pt.) The heart tuk tuk — goes into the cap an thread LKŽ XVI 1071 (Prn). An empty empty heart for me —not very good! LKZ XVI 1074 (Mžš). Tūks tūks —teip širdis muša LKŽ XVI 1075 (MZ). I bed jkritau, ta sirdj tunk tunk tunk musa LKŽ XVII 22 (Sts. The heart beats—tunk st tunkst tunkst LKZ XVII 23 (Jrb). Sirdis tvak tvak tvak LKZ XVII 208 (Grill). My little heart twicks twicks twicks! 2017-08-08. (in German). The most widely used heartbeat iStiktukas fuk LKŽ XVI 1071 (Dkš, Lkv, Krš, Er, Ssk and others), and others — only once another record. The LKŽ volumes did not include the consonants D/uk, kirūst, klapt and the consonants dunkt, kva, pur, meaning related to the heart. DZ "provides only one heartbeat exponent p/ast, but not distinguished by a separate meaning. DZ, and DZ, It is given a separate meaning and explained by the synonym fuk, which is not included in these editions of the dictionary. The verb combinations in which the noun of the Heart goes with the verbs of beating and movement (and the corresponding pronouns) showed how the actions 67 performed by the heart, the "blood-moving organ", are described. 2.3. mentioned verb combinations, in which the heart goes with the pain-denoting verbs of the state žaudyti, sopéti, mygti, spausti, varstyti, etc. In this case, the final (sometimes the nominative) of the heart is an object that experiences pain-related states, e.g. : The heart hurts against the ugly weather LKŽ XIV 851 (Smln). The head s usop, or the heart —nepriszvauksi LKZ XIV 851 (Klt). "The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time" LKZ XIV 851 (Kit). Sirdj press, wheels with sour milk LKŽ XIV 851 (Tv). Sopuliai versto širdį LKŽ XIV 851 (Screaming) 2.4. The question remained unanswered: what kind of heart? In noun compounds, the heart is defined by adjectives indicating its physical characteristics: strong, unhealthy, weak, bad, good, dilated, cold. DUSsI, e.g. : "My heart is very strong, I don't feel my heart" LKZ XIV 851 (Kvr). The man had no health, the heart is ill LKZK(Sts). The heart of a man's pomenke, aches greatly LKŽ XIV 852 (Krž). The heart bleeds very badly, 7lungs —everything suire LKZ, K(Sdb). The heart is good, it is strong LKZ XIV 851 (Ps. The heart expanded and weakened LKZ XIV 852 (Pst. Speaking of the Heart as the "central blood-moving organ", we have shown that it, as a physical object, is characterized by the actions it performs, the physical sensations it experiences, and the physical characteristics that are characteristic of it. Healthy values 1. Let us return to the noun combinations where Heart goes with the possessive genitive (see pp. 63-64). When the nouns denoting the whole do not denote an animal, but the names of plants or objects, the name of the heart is transferred to other objects according to the similarity of its position with respect to the body. Therefore, special values arise, motivated by basic values. The heart is called jvarious (a) plants, fruits, flowers and (b) central, intermediate parts of articles: (a) S,. —‘middle softer part of wood’, Si ‘middle fiber of flax’, S,, ‘middle part of some vegetables’; Šų-“mid leaflets of the sprout”, $,, —“middle part of the fruit, seclalid”, Ši —“middle of the flower”, Š. —“grain kernel”, b) S,,-“middle of the cluster —usually three bound feet”, 8, —“mestuvy middle blade, axle”, S,, —“girny blade, spire”, S, —“bell cancale”, S, —“central part of the plough, Sara”, S,, —“blade, connecting the front end of the wheels with the back end, break, inshoots- *, ŠA, —“pad of the blade, holding the crossbar with the columns of the reel, rope”. 1.1. The word serdis is a synonym for most of the listed meanings —Š Šilas. 15-19? 68 In his dictionary K. Sirvydas called the middle part of the tree the core (SD'27), and in “Punktų sakymai” — the heart, e.g. : And I will take tiegashish heart cedar high LKZ XIV 865 (SP I 310). E Ruigys and K. G. Milkus in their dictionaries translated “Mark im Baum” as core (R 251, MZ 335), and “Kern im. Holz” — hearts (R 222, MŽ 296). In the first dictionaries, the middle part of the tree was called twice, but its main name is the Core. The meaning of the noun heart “tree core” (Š "is recorded in the first dictionaries, 0 other secondary meanings (Šiems) are newer, appeared later. In dialects, the meaning of the word is often used as "the core of the tree", "the middle leaves of the shoot", "the middle of the heap". “Core of grain” is recorded in A. Juška’s explanatory dictionary (JII 162), “central part of the plough” —V. "Northeast Indians in the 1970s" (PDF). The interruption and the spinning wheel turnip, called the heart in Gruzdžių and Juodupės neighborhoods according to the “Atlas of Lithuanian Language” (LKA I 91, LKA I 127), would be of occasional significance. In Žemaitija, “the middle of the gubba” is not only called the core of LKZ XIV 647 (Ms, Rs, Šts, Slnt, Erž), but also Jonu LKZ K (End, Plt), krikštu LKZ VI 585 (MTt VIII 110) (Tek), tripédziu LKZ XVI 897 (Vz), and in Suvalkija —boba LKZ1, 959 (Grl, PnmA, Prn, VI). 1.2, Heart’s secondary meanings, naming new objects—- plants and the middle parts of things—are neutral, so-called lexical metaphors (CCS 123), characteristic of many languages (Ufimceva 1986: 122). They are considered to be direct nominatives because they have a substantive purpose and are synonyms of other words (see Kėzytė 1961: 235). Such secondary nomination is also characteristic of other somatisms. According to the similarity of position in space, special meanings have the head, teeth, ears, nose, hand, foot, etc., e.g. : Poppy head SD 140. Head of cabbage soft LKŽ III 79 (J). Pypkos galva LKŽ III 80 (Šts). Makes head, teeth and rake DrskŽ 92. 266 pp. (2nd ed.). "Spider-Man: No Way Home" 266. 11, 266 (Jnšk). "Rare toothbrush, ugly linen comb" LKŽ II, 266 (Rdm). LKZ I, 502 (Gs). "The broken ears of the ridgeback" LKŽ I, 503 (Kb). 503 (Ms.) Drill ears for LKZ I, 503 (Pls). "Never Give Up" (feat. the 1978-1981 rapper, 1978-1981 rapper, 1978-1981 rapper) 1. "Iron Man 3: Iron Man 3 (2017)". Bed leg R69, MŽ92. The foot is painted R342,MZ457. The 291st Infantry Division was placed in the 291st Infantry Division (S.V.) "Snowboarding in the 1960s: The 1960s and 1970s" (PDF) pp. 291. The plough arm broke LKŽ XI 156 (Rdš). 156 pp. (in German). [Mintuvų] hand written on two boards DrskZ 295. 2. The dependent position of noun conjunctions may contain various composite objects, e.g. : From Užventis the road led to Varniai, in the heart of Žemaitija LKŽ XIV 69 865 (sighs). The heart of the manor: brick houses, impeccable gardens (ps.) LKZ XIV 865 (Wolf). Ship Heart Atomic — Reactor LKŽ XIV 865 (tsp). The name of the heart is transferred according to the similarity of the function, its importance. We could separate semas ‘function’, ‘importance’, ‘center’. Si value (There is a „) transference because of the strong emotional evaluation, imagery. 3. The heart is a shape that has the shape of a blood-driven organ. (Sv) e.g. : There was no master John Draikos, who would embellish the roofs with horses, and carve out clovers and hearts in the shutters LKŽ XIV 866(K.Saj- ). Atkalciy cut in the middle heart LKZ XIV 866 (I.Simon). Hearts like they had when they were LKŽ XIV 866 (Km). 4. The sema”form” is updated also when we heart 3.) is a type of card marked with heart-shaped marks. It is a name that came with reality, recorded in the dictionaries of this century (Sh, NdZ). Synonyms —core LKZ XIV 647 (NdŽ, Sint), chirva LKZ II 131 (Dkš, Ēr, Kp, Lnkv), chirva LKZ II 131 (Gs, Ss, Grž) raudė, raudis ir (NdZ). 5. Abstract meaning was given to the heart by K. Sirvydas: Koniec spraw… End of work, the setting, the heart, with which every thing is made SD 102. In his dictionary Heart (Ši) means purpose, actualizing the sema “importance”. 6) Attention is drawn to verb combinations in which the noun sirdis is used to indicate the cause of the actor’s state: sirga širdis, guli širdis, mirė širdis (the same can also mean correspondingly modified combinations with the prefix su), e.g. : When the heart is sick or around the heart, these remains are well 'LKZ XIV 853 (Klt.) "Boba with a heart disease". This heart lay in the hospital LKŽ XIV 853 (Krš). "I'm in the hospital with my heart" LKŽXIV 853 (Kb). He goes there, attacks and dies with this heart DrskŽ 375. 706j heart beat and beat out of one—and died heart LKZ XIV 850 (Kpē). In the last sentence, Heart is used in two meanings: the primary (Š,)— “central blood driving organ” and the secondary (Š,,)—“heart disease”. The meaning of Saluting is also illustrated by noun compounds, where the position of the main démen is the name of medicines or herbs, and the preposition from with the originator of Širdies indicates the purpose of the main démen, e.g. : Tiesit[vaistai]y[ra] nu heart LKZ K(End). 1984) 1954 – Richard C. (b. The 231st Infantry Division of the 231st Infantry Division. 6.1. The specific relationship of metonymy "part of the body" — "disease of that part of the body" is characteristic of many somatisms. This is an example of regular polysemy. Similar compounds are found with the names of body parts eye, mouth, head, kidneys, yeck, neck, bones, abdomen, lungs, atrial, ventricular, muzzle, stomach, side, veédar, intestines, etc., e.g. : I had not been ill for a century LKZ XII 576 (Všv). What are you here with her, the eternity of this feeling, for example. : 70 The 14th century, but the 15th century is not clearly identified. "The Old and the New" (1959) 8. I know, the cheeks will not be white — let at least the heart in the chest not age V.Myk-Put. 10. In noun compounds, adjectives in the subject may indicate not only physical (see 3.7.) but also spiritual characteristics of the heart, e.g. : All people are born not of gold, but of a good heart LKŽ XIV 860 (Stl.) "Available in trouble, good-hearted man" LKZ XIV 860 (Dge). The man of a sensitive heart LKŽ XIV 861 (Dkš). He was a member of the 1481–1486 House of Lords (Lordship). Tour angry heart, angered LKZ XIV 861 (Rsn). He is of a forgiving heart, i.e., he will let you down because he is angry. The children of Novijo were hired, they were terrible §irdziy DūnŽ 219. Rods, y many monks who nabagelį burg from evil heart for a while drimelį time K.Donel. In this case, the heart has a meaning that helps to characterize a person: we would consider it a symbol of human spiritual characteristics, character, inclinations (Ss e.g. : If all people have the same heart, it's bad LKŽ XIV 860 (Skr). The 1960-61 season was not as successful as the 1960-61 season (88–89). I'm such a § and dies that I can't forget a good man LKŽ XIV 860 (Skr). I love you more than your heart than your crown LKZ XIV 860 (J.Balė). 10.1. 8 is recorded in the first dictionaries, we find it in ancient writings, e.g. : Heart as mother R 262. The fatherly heart did not leave LKŽ XIV 860 (C1396). Good Will, Good Heart SD'22. Prepare yourselves with weapons and be brave of heart LKZ XIV 861 (BB 1 Mac 3, 58). God does good to those who are good and upright in heart DP 30. 10.2. In order to describe the human way more vividly and convincingly, comparisons are used, e.g. : The hearts of men are like stones: they eat each other LKŽ XIV 860 (Krish). The man's heart — stone, the woman's — wax LKZ XIV 862 (Erz). The 1960s were not a good time for the band, and they broke up in 1964. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1964. It is said without any reference to comparison, simply that man is of a stone, golden, hard, soft, cold heart. The symbolic meaning of the heart in combinations with adjectives of figurative meaning, denoting the personal attributes of the person, creates conditions for the formation of phraseologisms, characterizing the person in various ways. 11. Heart, used with adjectives denoting spiritual qualities, may synecdochically denote a person with certain spiritual qualities (Š,), pv: 2016. pp. 142. "About Us - 862.com". 862.com. From the... 77 dis, that it thunder —lying must! 862) (c. Thus the walls are falling down, sadder every day, grieving the sensitive heart of not one Mair. P 1kta srce pesmi ne mara LKŽ XIV 862 (TŽ V 602 (AI). 12. The heart can be called simply a human characteristic. Then it means good spiritual qualities: sincerity, kindness, sensitivity, compassion (Sy), e.g. : ! "Kainéra Herzens, das sind fremde Häuser, fremde Felder" LKZ XIV 862 (DKS). Thank you, thank you for the heart LKŽ XIV 862 (Bb). "The Heart of the Earth" (1962) 12. I taught my children the heart D.Mushinskas. A very good person can be equated with a heart, for example. : Oh aunt, heart, not a man, already so good, so good B.Radz. 12.1 The metonymy relationship “part of the body instead of characteristic” (Pikčilingis II 251) is characteristic of other somatisms as well: ga/va can mean headiness, knowledge, nagi —naginess, tongue — eloquence, e.g. : Need a head for that work LKŽ III 78 (Jnšk). The nails were what ans didn't work! 498 pp. (in German). Some nails, others head bread earn LKŽ IX 773 (PPr 55). 458 pp. (in German). "There's Nothing I Can't Do" (feat. 13. The heart has special value, therefore it is said, e.g. : Love him as your brother, as your heart LKZ XIV 858 (Tat). Loves as a heart, binds as a thief (develops a child) LKZ XIV 859 (LTR). The semantic value is actualized when the heart is used in the position of the sign as a permanent epithet (Š,) and performs the function of a sign, e.g. : Grandmother mother, grandmother little heart, did you have a big poor man, until you raised me? LKŽ XIV 864 (Niem 4). Sesule viešnele, dalyk spodkus: tévuliui širdelei —palšijaučiai, motulei širdelei —margos karvės LKŽ XIV 864 (VoL 392 (Onš). Melting heart, white silver cone (d.) LKŽ XIII 556 (Mrc). This generalized deminutive use of the heart is typical of folk songs: heart diminutives are usually emotional companions of mother and father. 14. The semantic value becomes particularly pronounced when the heart is used as a reference (Ši) e.g. : My dear, gather in joy: your eldest sister Zenyjasi LKZ XIV 864 (LB 168). Sister, dear, sweetest, dearest, dearest, offer to holy Anna, offer! 864 (Lt. Col.) I didn't call jjjj a little name,—hearty, love, serves my LKZ XIV 864 (JV 880). The phrase is used to express gratitude, love, or affection. The significance of the gracious address, formed on the basis of the deminutive meaning of pleasure, is generalized to the persons of both families (Šimėnaitė 1995: 150). 14.1. Similarly, metaphorically, a close, dear person is addressed by the deminutive names of birds, berries, flowers, gold, silver or other pleasant, beautiful, valuable things (Šimėnaitė 1990: 66-67). Such kind addresses are recorded as early as the beginning of the 18th century in the manuscript dictionary of J. Brodovski: Mano širdel, mano sakalél, mano auksel LKŽ XIV 864 (B 690). 14.2.The meaning of the heart address 78 was the prerequisite for calling a person of good, gentle manner or one who constantly uses this address, Heart, Hearty, Hearty, Hearty, Hearty, Hearty and even Hearty (L Pr 406). Of the same origin would be the name Sirdukas (LPZ II 936 (Kv). 15.A sweet, dear, beloved person can be called simply Heart, little heart (She), e.g. : I will not see my little heart in the squares parling home LKŽ XIV 863 (Grk). There is, that is, three weavers, there is, that there is not, the heart of the moon XIV 863 (D 29). Synonyms for these examples would be beloved, -oji; dear, -ioji. 16. Interestingly, the heart does not always mean love, kindness. In combinations with the verbs (pa)imti, užeiti, pereiti it (Ši) is a synonym of anger, e.g. : Ažu itius darbus paskutinė ši rdis ima LKŽ XIV 864 (Arm). That took my heart on it! 864 (14th ed.). It was not until 1964 that the 864 was replaced by the 865. I'm already speaking nicely again, because, $ir dis parėjo LKŽ XIV 865 (DI). 16.1. Only the wider context helps to distinguish between opposite meanings of the same word, e.g.: | There were no people with a heart LKZ XIV 862 (Uzv). And a Sparrow with a heart! (said about something small, angry) LKZ XIV 865 (Krok). The heart accommodates all kinds of feelings and attitudes, so it can be understood that it can be not only the expression of kindness, but also of anger (about the polar meanings of the same word and the archaic nature of this phenomenon, see Ermanytė 1996: 53-59). 16.2. From these opposite meanings of Heart are made adjectives of opposite meanings Hearty, -a; hearts, -i and nouns Hearts, e.g. : a) That kind-hearted man, neighbor of our behaviour, always loved the Lithuanian sow K.Donel. She is such a great wife LKŽ XIV 900 (Jrb). Tavo dantys išbyrės, išbyrės, nė širdžiukas nemylės, nemylės LKŽ XIV 900 (JV b) Anas labai širdingas, nekliudyk geriau LKŽ XIV 849 (Dbg). He is the only person to have a 1000-point score (9999). It is the only known species of the genus, with only one known species, 900 mm (3.9 ft) long. The meanings of these vedas related to anger can be adjectively linked to the heart meaning of “wrath, anger” and to the verb $irst/"to be angry, to rage" (Šimėnaitė 1995: 153, 152). Obvious semantic 718). connections between heart (Š, „) and heart (Skardžius 1943: 487, 534; FrnW) are not typical. The first-person shooter has its own style of shooting. 16.3. draw attention to the fact that heart in the meaning of "malice, anger" is most often used in southern and eastern Lithuania (LKŽ XIV 864-865). These meanings are not found in the ancient written dictionaries. 79 ir First recorded in a manuscript ji Oriental dictionary (RtŽ). The synonyms of anger, širdas* and širsmas, are recorded only once each (LKŽ XIV 846, 905), while the plural noun s7rdas “piktumai, kivirčai" is more frequent, e.g. : The 1948-49 season was not as successful as the 1950-51 season (14–15). From the heart dų fight LKŽ XIV 845 (LP). 16.5. The somatism heart in the meaning of “wrath, anger” is used by Latvians (ME III 843-844, EIV III 351, LLVV VII, 324), Belarusians (TCBM V, 439), Russians (CCPJIA XIII 683, see more in Šanskij 1985: 227). In these languages, as well as in the Hittite, Albanian, and Armenian languages, the name of the heart can be compared with the verb having the same root, used in the meaning of "to be angry" (Tischler 1980: 524). 16.6. The meaning of “wrath, anger” has also the somatism fu/Zis, e.g. : I'm not a bad guy, take a sip and calm your gall LKŽ K(J.Balė). I poured out all the bile, it is even easier LKŽ K (Dbk). The original meaning of the international words me/ancholia, spleen, meaning negative feelings, is related to the Greek somatisms fu/Zis (chol€) and spleen (splēn). The 145th Infantry Regiment (German: 145th Infanterie-Regiment) was an infantry regiment of the Wehrmacht (Wehrmacht). 17.In subjective compounds Heart can go with verbs denoting physical, physiological states experienced by it, e.g. : Eat what your heart desires, drink what your heart desires LKŽ XIV 863 (Btg). "Sweet Dreams" 4:38 3. The heart recovered as I drank water LKZ XIV 863 (J I 147). The 313 is a 313-sided triangle. Heart filled with seal milk liquid LKŽ XIV 863 (Ggr). "I've Begun to Feel Bad, Seeing the Blood" LKZ XIV 863 (Jz). 256. The Heart of the Sea 15, 65; SD 31. In these examples, the heart is craving, craving, wanting, recovering, dehydrating, rushing, getting worse, nauseous, angry: its state depends on the context of physiological needs, usually food or other physical reactions. It synecdochically means a person reacting to physiological stimuli, it is the center of vital functions. We would define this meaning as follows: “a symbol of the reaction, needs, physiological state of the human organism” (S,,). 17.1. J; the definition of this heart's meaning is too specific: "stomach, throat as the basis of the taste (rarely smell) reflex". The heart is neither the stomach nor the throat. Again, the relationship between part and whole is addressed: The heart is a symbol of the human being, the possessor of physiological sensations, reactions. * LKŽ14t. J. Bretkūno Bible sentence with the incorrectly deciphered word širdas (LKZ XIV 846 (BB Na 2,1): must be myrrh. The word $77dis (2) in A. Lyberis' "Thesaurus of Synonyms" with reference to the nest pyktis (Lyberis 1980: 425) does not prove the academic "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" record. 80 CONCLUSIONS The lexical-semantic structure of the noun heart would be as follows: 1. "the internal part of the body, the central blood-moving organ, resembling an inverted cone". 2. “to organo liga”. 3. “place of the chest po where the organ is located“. 4. prk. “this organ as a symbol of human feelings, attitudes, the center of experiences, the inner world“. 5. prk. "this organ as a symbol of love, favor, attachment". 6. prk. “this organ as a symbol of man's spiritual qualities, character, inclinations". 7. prk. "a person with certain spiritual qualities". 8th prk. “sincereness, kindness, sensitivity, compassion- ”. 9. scom.ppr.dem. "a gracious epithet". 10. scom. ppr. them. "a gracious appeal". 11. scom ppr. them. “the beloved, -oi; dear, -i0ji”. 12th prk. “annoyance, anger". 13th prk. “this organ as a symbol of the human organism's reactions, needs, physiological state". 14th prk. “the most important part, the middle, the center". 15. ‘middle softer part of the wood, core’. 16. ‘flax straw middle fibre’. 17. ‘middle part of certain vegetables’. 18. ‘mid-spring leaves’. 19. ‘middle part of the fruit, testicle’. 20. "the middle of the ring". 21. ‘grain kernel’. 22. "the middle of the fold—usually three bound feet". 23. ‘shooter centre stick, axis’. 24. “mill shaft, spindle”. 25. ‘warp canvas’. 26. ‘central part of the plough, iSara’. 27. “cartridge connecting the front end of the wheels to the rear end, break, inshoes”. 28. “the pad of the bearing wheel, supporting the crossbar with the columns of the reel, rope”. 29. “circular figure, the top of which is curved, 0 the bottom tapered”. 30. "red heart-shaped eyes marked card". 31. ‘purposes’. The polysemy of the noun heart is mixed (see diagram, p. 82), although the first, main sememe “the blood-driven organ” motivates all literal and figurative meanings, united by common semes (see table, p. 83; the plus indicates that the sememe has such a semem). 81 82 A person with these characteristics mailes, symbol of affection su physiological state symbol of feelings, attitudes symbol under which is the heart heart disease pleasant epithet The heart of the noun sememos ir Semos sniyelisqe SNJOIUOY SIUTUTULID) sewredou SIUTOW sewrer5a) 212A BQIBAS renjalqo rerumapns sepjrep se[edne Seunaks sngowz SIUISBAP 21081 snpIA Senuad BULIOJ seurnjns sofioyury eflibyjuny BUINSIA SHEP SOWHES 7 vw SIRDIS SEMEMOS vį »w »n ww Šu 12 13 1%] PU Nn 14 Sin S. 15-22 29 83 Two groups of Heart values can be distinguished. 1) The first consists of nominal (denotative) meanings: the main one, naming the internal part (organ) of the human or other animal body, and secondary meanings, naming other objects of reality. Faded metaphors, when similar objects are called part of the body, are characteristic of many somatisms: this is a universal transfer of meaning "part of the body" — "part of the object". 2) Another group of meanings consists of secondary figurative meanings, expressing the inner, spiritual world of man. These are phraseologically related meanings that reveal the symbolic content of the Heart. The opposition body-heart, showing the relationship of the whole and the part, developing the system of meaning of the heart, becomes the basic opposition of direct and figurative meanings, the semantic opposition of body--spirit, matter--- spirit. The heart is transferred from physical to mental activity and connects the two sides of the world—the material and the spiritual world. The noun heart is not only somatism. The heart is a microsystem, connecting the tangible part of objects, the concrete material world, and the invisible, undefined spiritual world through various associative relationships. This word is the most powerful metaphor: its system of meanings, determined by the importance of reality, is a striking example of the anthropocentrism of language. LITTERACY AND SOURCES Alekna V. 1980: Frequency Dictionary of Salomėja Nėries Poetry. —Literature and Language 16, 167— 423. 1980. pp. 100. "A. J. A. A.". I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry. Acnektsr CEMAHTHYECCKHX HCC/IE/J[OBaHHĖ,MockBa: Hayka, 156-249. Babickieneé Z. 1985: Presentation of Regulary Derivative Meanings in Lithuanian and Russian Translational Dictionary. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 24, 223-235. BB —Biblia tatai esti wissas Schwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai perguldytas per Janą Bretkuną Liet. The King's Speech (1590). BP —Postilla...Per Jana Bretkuna...Karaliaucziuie... 1591. Parts I and II. B.Braz-B. Brazdzonis, his writings. Ch' —Lithuanian Bible of Chyliriski. New Testament 2, Tékst, Poznan: Zaktad narodowy im. Ossoliriskich in Wrocław, 1958; 3, Index, Poznan: State Scientific Publishing House, 1964. Daujotytė V.1984: Basics of Lyric Theory, Vilnius: Mokslas. K.Donel-K.- Donelaitis (1714-1780), his writings. DP —Postilla Catholicka...Per Kunigą Mikaloiv Davksią...ižtękicezko perguldita...Vilniui Drukarnioi Akademijos... 1599. DrskZ-Naktiniené G.,Paulauskiené A, Vitkauskas V. Druskininkai dialects Zodynas. London: Routledge, 1988. DūnŽ-Vitkauskas V. North-Eastern dialects of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976. DZ, —Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: State Political and Scientific Literature Publishers, 1954. DZ, —Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mintis, 1972. DZ, —Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. 84 HIV III - Kagaine. E. Ergemes izloksnes vārdnīca 3, Riga: Zinatne, Ermanytė I. 1983. 1997: A few remarks on enantiosemias. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, Fillmor C. 1983: ®wuMop Y. O6 opraHH3anumH CEMaHTHYECKOH HHOOpMAIMH B CIOBape — HoBoe B 3apybexro¥i muursucrke 14, Mocksa: Ilporpecc, 53-59. 23-60. FrnW -E. Fraenkel. Lithuanian etymological dictionary 1-2, Heidelberg-Gottingen, Gijom G. 1992: I'mitom I. JIpHHIHITEI TeOpETHYECKOH JIHHTBHCTHKH, Mocksa: IIporpecc. R.Gran-R. Granauskas, writings. 1955-1965. jo Ivič M. 1973: Linguistic directions, Vilnius: Mintis. 1988: Lexical semantics, Vilnius: Mokslas. Jurgaitienė I. 1970: Maironio "Spring Voices" frequently used dictionary. —Literature 13(1), Karaulov J. N. 1976: Kapaynos IO.H. O6mas H pycckas naeorpagrs, Mocksa: Hayka. Kasares Ch. 133-153. 1958: Kacapec X. Bpegenwe B coBpeMeHHYIO JIeKcHKorpagmio, Mocksa: M3jiaTeJibCTBO HHOCTpaHHOH JIUTEPATYPHI. Kėzytė S. 1961: The meaning of the word „perkeltinés“ and its presentation in “Lietuvių kalbos Zodyne”— Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 4, 233-253. Kotelova N.Z. 1974: Korenosa H.3. UcKycCTBEHHBIN cCeMaHTHYUeCKHŪ S3BIK (TeOpeTHUeCKHe TIDEJNIOCEIJIKH). —Bompocsr ILIKOZHaHHA 5, 48-63. V.Krév-V. Krévé-Mickevicius (1882-1954), his writings. KTŽ-Gaivenis K,Keinys S. Dictionary of Language Terms, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1990. Kudzinowski Cz 1977: Indeks-sfownik do “Daukšos Postilė" 2, oprac. Cz. Kudzinowski, Poznan:Wydawnictwo naukowe uniwersytetu im. Adam Mickiewicz. Kuznecova Ė. V. 1982: Kysueuosa D.B. Jexcuxororus pycckoro a3sika, Mocksa: Bricinas Likon. L e x —Lexicon Lithuanicum, prepared by V.Drotvinas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1987 (Rankrastinis XVII a. vokieciy-- lietuviy kalbų žodynas). Lyberis A. 1980: —Synonyms Dictionary, Vilnius: Mokslas. LKA 1 -Lithuanian Language Atlas 1, Lexikon, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977. 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Paulauskienė A. 1994: Morphology of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Encyclopedia ir of Science Fiction. Pikčilingis J. II: Lithuanian language stylistics 2, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1975. PK —Polish with Lithuanian Catechism- ... Naktadem.- .. Malchera Pietkiewicza...W Wilnie: Drukowat Stanislaw Wierzeyski ...1598. R —Lithuanian-German and German-Lithuanian lexicon... collected by Philipp Ruhig... Kėnigsberg: Printed and published by I. H. Hartung, 1747. B. Radz-B. Radzevičius (1940-1980), his writings. SD —Dictionarium trium lingvarum- ... Avtcore.. Constantino Szyrwid..- Ovinta editio...Vilnae. SD! —first edition of the same dictionary (about 1690). Skardžius P 1943: Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius. Skv —Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments... translated and commented by Rev. J. Skvireckas... vol. I-V —-1913-1937, vol. VI —1911. B. Sruoga —B. 1896–1947), his writings. CCPJIS XIII-CospemeHFBIH C/IOBAapE pyCCKOIO JHTEpaTypHoro sssika 13, Mocksa-JIeHMHIpan: UsnarensctBo Akanemuu Hayk CCCP, 1962. ST—The Holy Scriptures. The Old Testament. Translated from Hebrew and Greek by Fr. A. Rub šys. Putnam. CT: “Christian in Life", 1994-1995. Stepanov J.S. 1981: Crenanos O.C. Hmera. Ilpenuxarsir. Ilpe/vroxerna, Mocksa: Hayka. Šanski et al. 1985: Illancxuū H.M. B mupe c/roB, Mocksa: IlpocBemenne. 1990: The Great Depression. —Language Culture 59, 65-67. 1995: The Heart of the Sea. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 35, 148— 168. Tischler J. 1980: Hittite etymological glossary. With contributions by Gūnter Neumann. Delivery time 3. —Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 20, 403—600. TCBM V, —TrymavansHsl CIoijHiK Oe/rapyckaii MOBBI 5,, Minck: Benapyckas CoBenkas Duusiknanensis ima Ilerpycs Bpoyki. Ufimceva A.A. 1986: Youmuesa A.A. Jlexcuveckoe 3Haverne, Mocksa: Hayka. Urbas D. 1996: Dictionary of Martynas Mažvydas' Writings, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Vaižg-Vaiz gantas (J.Tumas) (1869-1933), his writings. ŽemŽemaitė (J.Žymantienė) (1945-1921), her writings. Abbreviations from other sources as LKZ. SEMANTICS OF THE NOUN ŠIRDIS Summary In the 14th century In the volume of “Lietuvių kalbos žodynas” (published by the Institute of Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences) the noun Širdis is described from a lexicographical point of view. In this article, the semantic relationships of this word to other words are examined in order to establish the place of the noun to be analyzed in the linguistic system and to recognize its different meanings. In the analysis of the semantics of šfrdis, paradigmatic and syntagmatic 86