Terminų pateikimas „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ III leidime

(1997) PROBLEMS OF LEXICOGRAFY AND LEXICOLOGY Vida ŽILINSKIENĖ PRESENTATION OF TERMS IN THE THIRD EDITION OF THE “MODERN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY- ?” The computer analysis program of the third edition of the “Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary” prepared at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics helped to analyze in detail the words, their meanings and specific dictionary articles that have term references, and to compare some of them. Although the terms in the dictionary make up only a relatively small part of it, it still contains 3940 words and 2248 combinations of meanings or words. The number of terms in specific fields is as follows (the first digit indicates how many words, their meanings or combinations of words in the dictionary have a certificate of a particular field, and in parentheses — how many heading words have this certificate): agr. -4 (2) physiol. -31 (23) anat. —148 (91) fot. -14 (7) archit. -27 (14) geogr. —130 (74) astr. —40 (16) geol. -64 (43) av. -13 (4) geom. -20 (12) bazn. - 133 (76) grams. 89 (54) biol. —100 (51) istori. —407 (248) bot. —-1236 (1057) kar. —145 (59) chem. -186 (62) com. -6 (4) ekon. -47 (28) bullets. -7 (59) ethnogr. —219 (55). language. -204 (115) farm. -21 (19) lit. —115 (51) fil. -57 (27) log. -2 (1) fin. -18 (11) mat. —181 (74) fiz. —145 (72) med. -227 (54) min. -4 4) stat. —40 (26) mit. —34 (15) theatre. —21 (7) men. -181 (103) tech. —592 (430) polit. —54 (37) law, —98 (49) psych. -17 (7) text. -3 (1) relig. -9 (2) fat. = 12 (6) spec. -TI (31) sole. -796 (657) sport. —141 (95) zemd. —9 (7) It is very clear from the data provided that the number of terms varies considerably in specific areas. some are only a few (agr., com., log., min., text.), and others hundreds 46 (bot., lingv., muz., istor., tech., zool.). Although the list of abbreviations has a mark ped. (pedagogics), but there is no word or meaning marked with this abbreviation in the dictionary. When looking at the terms in those areas, which are only a few, it is clear that the dictionary actually contains a lot more words that should also be marked as certain terms. For example, the predicate has the statement log. If logic is a science that studies the laws of thinking, reasoning and its forms, then this evidence could have been at least deduction (deducing one decision from another according to the laws of logic), the first meaning of induction (obtaining conclusions from separate statements: e.g., education) or the third meaning of the subject (the logical factor). If the words agate, amethyst, pyrite, zirconium have a min. (mineralogy) certificate, then the question arises why diamond, granite, corundum, emerald and many others like them do not have this certificate. The certificate text. (the textile) has: the wool strip that has come out of the wool machine, the third value of the print (hereinafter written in digits) (the stain of prematurely folded fabric caused by undried printing ink), the third value of the proreta (a row of thinned loops). When comparing this word and these meanings, it is quite clear that they are quite different concepts. They, of course, fit this certificate, but if textiles are fabrics, then why the certificate text. does not have many dictionary names for fabrics, e.g. velvet, 2 atlas, bajus, batiste, drape, canvas, gelumbe, crepe, mila, satin, etc. In addition, there are several words that name the fabric according to the way of weaving, it is eight-fold, ten-fold, nine-fold, two-fold, three-fold, of which the only ten-fold has a certificate ethnogr. (ethnography). There are also corresponding adjectives: aštunytas, -a, dešimtnytas, -a, dvylikanytis, -€, trinytas, -a. If you look closer at the terms of the related fields or of a certain science and some of its branches, you can see that there are a lot of differences. There are even between linguistic and grammatical terms? *, although it is clear to every linguist where the grammar and where the linguistics term. The term is also used in mathematics and geometry. Only all the names of trigonometric functions in the dictionary have the mark mat.: cosine, sine, cotangent, tangent, cosecant, secant. The names of the branches of mathematics some have a measure — algebra, arithmetic, others have no measure — geometry, trigonometry, stereometry. As in the case of grammar terms in linguistics, certain adjectives and verbs are considered terms in mathematics. There are exactly the same adjectives and verbs that terminate! Dictionary of Modern English. 3 ed., Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993.? For more details see. : Žilinskienė V. 1995: Terms of the "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language" III edition. — Problems of lexicography: semantics, etymology, presentation of dialectal facts, principles of compiling dictionaries. Thesis of the conference reports. 16-17 March 1995, Vilnius, 37-39. 47 no certificate. E.g.: conjunction, -ė, plural, parts, has mark., they -€, do not have -i algebraic, -ė, differential, -ė, mą conical, -ė, 0 square, second value — -¢ (hereinafter 2 r.), /ygragretus, -i 1 r., periodic, -€ 2 r., probability, fractional, -€, vector, -€, Words: -€. differentiate r., scratch r., 2 divide r., multiply r., 2 reduce r., enlarge r., reduce r., 3 shrink 3 3 3 3 9r., has certificate mat., define] r., 0 subtract r., draw 7 2r., common denominator, subcommon denominator, addition r., division3 5 r., multiplication r., logarithm, multiplication have no certificate. 2 The notation of words that specify precisely geometric ar figures of certain jų elements is completely confused. Comparison: edge geom. 1 polygonal geom. gretasienis geom. 1 square geom. Also confused: circle geom. cylinder 1. geom. ellipse 1. geom. cut 2. geom. radius 4. geom. corner 2. mat. cube mat. cone 2. mat. parallel mat. pyramid 1. mat. angle mat. diamond mat. 1 rectangular mat. 1 triangular mat. trapezi1 um mat. 1 quadrangular 1 pentagonal 1 hexagonal hyperbolic 2. mat. a 3. nuopjova mat. parabola 1. mat. roll mat. 6. ball mat. 1. diameter mat. circle 2. mat. Very differeir nt types of lines (they also belong to geometry) Symbol: aukštinė geom. gulstine geom. horizontal 1. geom. diagonal geom. JZambiné geom. Kirsten's food. vertical edge mat. curve mat. laužtė mat. line mat. 1. slope. pussy-camping mat. pusiaukrastiné mat. Straight mat. There are still quite a few words ar jy values whose definitions indicate that they are mathematical terms, but marks mat. does not have, e.g.: erdvė r., 2 odd, programa -€, xr., vidurkis r., 1 vidurkinis, -ė, vidurkinti etc. ir 48 It is not difficult to distinguish between geometry and mathematical terms, and apparently the discrepancies were caused by the abundance of this material. Similar to the relationship that exists between the terms of grammar, linguistics, geometry and mathematics, it seems that || there should ar be a similar || relationship between the terms of agronomic and agricultural sciences. In the dictionary under consideration, it is written that: agronomia science of agriculture agriculture cultivation, agriculture, science of cultivation. It would appear 1. that the notion of agronomic is narrower 2. corresponds only to agriculture ir 2 - the meaning. Let's compare what words ar jų meaning have the certificates in question: kultūra agr. 4. Jaura 3. zemd. lizdas 9. agr. kūlėnas žemd. mulch agr. fireplace ground poskiepis agr. cultivator zemd. return on land riekė 2. žemd. crop rotation land track change ground green earth In particulaiš r, these specific words make it very clear that the relationship agr. || žemd. does not correspond to the relationshsu ip of a narrower concept with a broader. Secondly, if agronomics is the science of — agriculture, then, apparently, the certificate agr. should have at least: agrotechnics agricultural crop growing system horticulture gardening, vegetable growing science, business soil science soil science horticulture gardening, gardening science Similar words would not be difficult to find more. ir Third, if the vaccine (plant to be į grafted) has a certificate agr., so why this certificate does not have grafted tree grafted. (1. 2. see. skiepūglis), o skiepūglis (a blossomed twig, grafted į another plant) has a certificate bot. (botany). Why is mulch marked agr. ? It seems, that here would be better to use certificate zemmd., but then this certificate would be needed for words: kompostas, mėšlas r., 1 trasa 1 r. ir Mr. Moreover, frgsomaina has a certificate of land. It looks strange ir terms of agriculture, when everyone is in one place. If the fireplace (fireplace) is considered to be an agricultural term, then, apparently, somewhat nė worse terms ne would be horžína, jaja 2, 3 r., laying r., barn 2, 3 1 r. ir Mr. If the cultivator is an agricultural term, then other machinery ar tools used for agricultural work should also have this certificate. But neither mower, nor tractor, nor plough, nor akécios etc. ar this certificate does not have, 0 the combine has a certificate tech. (technical- ). Generally note tech. intersect with 49 other subjects, especially physics. Perhaps, when preparing the new dictionary, it would be better to mark all machines with tech. or even two marks. It is unclear what the land was used for. the word pagrąža (a crop which is turned around when working), if soil, plowing 2 r., armour 1 r., oats, potatoes, wheat, rye 1 r., etc. are not considered terms. This statement would probably also apply to the words: sieja 1 and 2 r., anterelis, įsėlis. In addition, it is recalled that in the dictionary all the names of cereals are presented in the singular form and have the certificate bot. From the reasoning presented, it would follow that the certificate of land is sufficient. and it could have many more words and their meanings. Very similar ambiguities are discovered when comparing church and religious terms. The dictionary includes: church 1. house of prayer (e.g. Catholic and Protestant). 2. Christian religious community: Roman Catholic b. Orthodox b. ecclesiastical, -é -> church religion belief in the existence of supernatural forces (God or gods, spirits, etc.), faith: Christian, Muslim r. religious, -ė -> religion It would appear that re/rgia is a wider concept than church, and therefore religious — a wider concept than ecclesiastical. After reviewing the 9 religious and 133 ecclesiastical terms in the dictionary, it can firstly be said that the certificate of church. perhaps only the names of priests’ ceremonial clothes and church festivities are consistently marked. Meanwhile, the marking of other words is difficult to understand. If some words of a certain semantics have a mark in the church, then others, seemingly quite analogous, have no mark. Let's compare: dean? r., deacon, chaplain] r., priest, cleric, vicar have a certificate in the basilica, and altarist, archbishop, priest 1 r., legate, pastor (certificate in the book), pope, bishop have no certificate. All names of monastic orders and their members are without any certificate, but fraternity 3 r., brother 4 r., sister 3 r., monastery, monk has a certificate of the church. There are also verbs considered to be ecclesiastical terms, e.g.: gavéti 1 r., (cf. gavenia bazn.), izgauti 4 r., išrisšti 2 r., kanonizuoti 1 r., melsti 2 r., melstis, pakrikštyti 1 r., fastauti, pasveikinti 1 r., perbažkštyti, peržegnoti] r., poteriauti 1 r., žegnoti, while ordiniti, klebonauti, kristyninti, kunigauti, pastoriauti, vikarauti, episkoputi are presented without any certificates, whereas baptizi 1 is already with a religious certificate. It would seem that by adding a prefix one moves from a religious term to a church term or from a non-term to a term. By comparing the meanings of words or words (ascetic 1 r., asceticism 1 r., sacrifice 4 r., aureole 1 r., God, baptism 1 r., baptize 1 r., soul 3 r.), having a certificate of religious, it is impossible to understand by what sign they are attributed. Perhaps this mark would also be suitable for the names of other (non-Christian) religions and similar related words, e.g. Buddhism, Islam, etc. Apparently, religious and ecclesiastical terms could be qualifiedly distinguished only by these 50 field specialists or maybe it would suffice a broader meaning of relig. On the other hand, it seems that the dictionary contains almost twice as many words in the same field as the number indicated. Among them we can mention: a/phorius, celibacy, Calvinism, canon 4 r., confession, Christianity, cross 1 r., liturgy, Protestantism, Reformation, synod, Orthodoxy, etc. After examining the terms of architecture and construction, the idea again arises that either they need to be more strictly (if possible) distinguished from each other, or leave a broader meaning statement stat. In the dictionary there is only one word arch double marked archit., stat., but immediately falls into the eye and other analogous words with one mark, e.g.: cokolis, fasadas, kolona 1 r., niša—archit., ferma 3 r., santvara, skliautas 2 r. —stat., O arabeska 1 r., baliustrada, balkonas 1 r., galerija 3 r., nave, pasažas 1 r. and others. nothing marked. Architecture and art styles are presented unevenly: Gothic is marked archit., and Baroque, Classicism, Neo-Gothic, Neoclassicism, Rococo have no markings, perhaps because the definitions of the last four words refer only to the art direction or style. It is unclear why the architectural certificates have cross section 1 r. (arch support), overhang (upper window section), when, say, trusses (construction of joined rods), columns (window or door opening partition), pillar (upright support) are considered construction terms. Among the marked construction terms are several names of building materials: clay, brick 1 r., brick, mortar 1 r., filler, but a lot of such materials names are without any markings, e.g.: stone concrete, alabaster, asbestos cement, concrete, bitumen, cement 1 r., cement concrete, gypsum cement, lime, expanded clay, expanded clay concrete, molybdenum concrete, monolith 2 x., reinforced concrete, foam concrete, ruberoid, etc. Also, among the terms marked in this field, there are a lot of words denoting various details of the structure, e.g.: afotrauka 2 r., staircase, bed 3 r., foundation 1 r., roofing 1 r., roof gutter, roof pipe, etc., but a lot of similar words, it seems, the term mark does not have, e.g.: cerpé 1 r., siding, driblenté 1 r., girder, ribbed, formwork 3 r., construction 2 r., foundation 1 r., support 1 and 2 r., beam, sijynas. Careful collection of these words would result in much more construction terms. When looking at the words marked spec. (special), it is not at all clear what these words are or their meanings. Very striking are the verbs with this certificate. Let's compare them: apmokestinti, mulėti, apseklinti, gyslineti, įdarbinti, išsėlinėti, odulineti, boulinėti, 2 mielinti, nuskaityti 5 r.,, senėti 2 r., vesti 6 r. It is also completely unclear what is in common between the following words bearing this certificate: apnasa, 1 kolonėlė 1 r., fašina, galvomatis, glutimas, nobilybė 2 r., blužynė 3 r., monopolis 1 1., raštas 8 r., sluoksnė 2 r., vandentalpa. In addition, some clear physics terms have this certificate, e.g. frequency, deformation, sensitivity, 2 knots, deviation, four devices —mill 2 r., turbodrill, turbogenerator, turbocompressor, names of two disciplines —ice-cream science, book science (other 27 words with accent —science has no certificates, and /edoscience has certificate geogr. (geography). Perhaps a clearer 51 group is made up of the meanings of words that define as if general scientific concepts: axis 2 r., state 2 r., declaration 2 r., effect 3 r., row 5 r., figure 3 r., filter 2 r., background 3 r., formula? r., fraction 3 xr., grid 2 r., group3 r., information 2 r., shift 1 r., threshold] r., point 5 and T r., step 4 r., etc. But then also these words or their meanings should have analogous indications, e.g.: area, test 2 r., cycle, diagram, doctrine, experiment, phase, genesis, 1 graph, hierarchy, hypothesis, conclusion, catalog, class 3 x., classification, component, method, subgroup, change, problem, process r., forecast and many others. The distinction between physical and technical terms is very unclear: some measuring instruments, e.g. ammeter, manometer, wattmeter, have a physical certificate, others, e.g. altimeter, frequency meter, dynamometer, voltmeter —tech., and thirds, e.g. barometer, chronometer, hygrometer, colorimeter, have no certificate at all. However, when hundreds of such words are presented, they should be analyzed in a separate work. Here perhaps one more remark would be appropriate, that units of measurement, which are sometimes marked physically or technically or otherwise, and usually have no certificates, could have a certificate (e.g. metrology- ). Compare: ampere, micrometer2 r., ohm, watt, volt mark physic. ; mylia, svaras 2 r. istor. ; 2 knots —spec. ; Light Years — astr. ; 1 aras] r., 3 bar, centimeter, inch, decibel, decimeter, 1 gram, hectare, hertz, kilogram, kilowatt —unmarked. It should be emphasized that this analysis of terms is not intended to show that there are many differences between words marked with terms of a particular field. It is perfectly understandable that a person cannot accumulate and systematize such a large number of words in his head. And the program prepared for the analysis of the dictionary allows you to easily collect words according to the appropriate notes or even write them down and then sort them according to them, after which it remains to compare the words and, if necessary, adjust them. In addition, after selecting the terms of the scientific fields, they can be easily checked by specialists in the respective fields, and it will be easier for horticulturalists to find articles of terms of one or another scientific field, compare them and unify them both substantively and formally. PRESENTATION OF TERMS IN THE THIRD EDITION OF “DABARTINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ZODYNAS” Summary The paper aims to show how the computer analysis programme worked out at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics for the 3d edition of “Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos Zodynas” provides new possibilities of analysing words and their meanings having certain markings. The terms of agronomy, architecture, geometry, logics, mathematics, minerology, religion, construction, textile, agriculture and special terms are discussed. The terms of related fields of science are compared. 52